24:
76:
for the attainment of stated aims. A konfederacja often took the form of an armed rebellion aimed at redressing perceived abuses or trespasses of some (e.g. royal) authority. Such "confederations" acted in lieu of state authority or to force their demands upon that authority. They could be seen as a
155:("rebellion"), although some of the rokosz would be eventually recognized by the king, who could even join them himself. Most pro-royal confederations were usually formed as a response to an anti-royal one, and some would take a form of an extraordinary session of the parliament (
177:
Each confederation had a key document explaining its goals, known as the act of the confederation, which was deposited with the court (usually the local court for the region the confederation was formed). Additional resolutions of the confederates, known as
182:, would also be deposited with the court. Membership of the confederation was voluntary, and required an oath. The executive branch of a confederation was headed by a marshal, and a group of advisers, each known as
55:
144:
With the beginning of the 17th century, confederations became an increasingly significant element of the
Commonwealth's political scene. In the 17th and 18th centuries, confederations were organized by
141:) that if the monarch did not recognize or abused the rights and privileges of the nobility (szlachta), the nobles would no longer be bound to obey him and would have the legal right to disobey him.
93:
In the late 13th century, confederations of cities, aiming to support public safety and provide security from rampant banditry, appeared, with the first confederation being that of several towns (
117:, confederations (essentially vigilance committees) formed to replace the inactive royal court, protect internal order, and defend the country from external dangers. The confederations, as a
215:, unlike the national Sejm, which was paralyzed by the veto during this period. On some occasions, a confederated sejm was formed from the whole membership of the national Sejm, so that the
553:
523:
113:) in 1298. In the mid-14th century, confederations of nobility, directed against the central authorities, emerged, with the first such confederation being that of 1352. During
222:
Confederations were proscribed by law in 1717, but continued to operate, indicating a weakness of the
Commonwealth's central authority. They were also abolished by the
209:" evolved. It was a parliament session (sejm) that operated under the rules of a confederation. Its primary purpose was to avoid being subject to disruption by the
589:
247:
230:
of 1788–1792, itself a confederated sejm). But in practice this prohibition was not observed. The May 3rd
Constitution was overthrown in mid-1792, by the
1109:
1075:
1038:
976:
936:
899:
862:
774:
724:
162:
Confederations where usually formed in one part of the country, and could expand into "general confederations" taking in most or all of the
922:
163:
73:
17:
427:
563:
239:
1163:
167:
304:
359:
85:
in the
Commonwealth, and as a way for the nobles to act on their grievances and against the state's central authority.
455:
291:
223:
509:
499:
489:
198:, but afterwards, majority voting became more common. The chief military commanders of confederations were known as
479:
411:
243:
445:
194:), which made decisions by majority vote. Until around the mid-18th century, resolutions of the council had to be
1132:
Gdańskie
Towarzystwo Naukowe; Gdańskie Towarzystwo Naukowe. Wydział I—Nauk Społecznych i Humanistycznych (1986).
32:
465:
423:
171:
495:
485:
439:
298:
573:
505:
329:
231:
475:
353:
349:
629:
583:
529:
451:
417:
407:
401:
365:
339:
28:
539:
515:
433:
379:
577:
469:
459:
519:
391:
138:
549:
118:
82:
149:, and were either pro- or anti-royal. A confederation not recognized by the king was considered a
23:
316:
126:
1105:
1071:
1034:
972:
932:
895:
858:
770:
764:
720:
559:
206:
1065:
926:
962:
885:
848:
710:
624:
78:
1098:
Bohdan
Ryszewski; Izabella Rdzanek; Poland. Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych (1997).
48:
968:
Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history
891:
Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history
854:
Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history
716:
Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history
619:
601:
567:
533:
373:
275:
259:
242:. The ensuing Russian military intervention led (to the Confederates' surprise) to the
235:
227:
130:
110:
1101:
Archiwistyka i bibliotekoznawstwo: prace dedykowane
Profesorowi Bohdanowi Ryszewskiemu
1157:
323:
211:
1133:
1099:
1028:
1003:
966:
889:
852:
714:
385:
312:
199:
114:
322:
a confederation in Radom, formed by magnates, nobility and town, in support of
166:. However, even such general confederations would be formed separately for the
597:
543:
255:
190:). A confederation would also have a larger council, similar to a parliament (
122:
195:
94:
288:
a confederation of towns from 1349–1350, aiming to provide public safety;
146:
68:
369:
343:
295:
282:
102:
614:
593:
251:
151:
106:
98:
62:
928:
Democratic government in Poland: constitutional politics since 1989
186:. A marshal and associated konsyliarze were known as a generality (
482:, both formed against the Saxon king Augustus II of Poland (1715);
333:
308:
22:
395:
156:
552:
formed by the religious minorities (dissidents) in support of
1064:
J. K. Fedorowicz; Maria
Bogucka; Henryk Samsonowicz (1982).
749:
Juliusz
Bardach, Boguslaw Lesnodorski, and Michal Pietrzak,
693:
Juliusz
Bardach, Boguslaw Lesnodorski, and Michal Pietrzak,
278:
in 1298, aiming to provide public safety, recreated in 1302;
133:
sworn by every Polish king since 1576. They stated (in the
753:(Warsaw: Paristwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1987, pp. 216–217
697:(Warsaw: Paristwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1987, pp. 225–226
382:
of the town and the nobility against a disliked official;
1059:
1057:
1067:
A Republic of nobles: studies in Polish history to 1864
1104:. Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych. p. 90.
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
546:
believers, demanding the restoration of rights (1767);
536:
believers, demanding the restoration of rights (1767);
436:
for the election of Michał Korybut Wiśnowiecki (1673);
72:(nobility), clergy, cities, or military forces in the
957:
955:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
705:
703:
238:
and eventually joined, under extreme duress, by King
205:
Also in the 18th century an institution known as a "
332:, during a dispute about clergy's right to collect
270:Some confederations from Polish history included:
164:voivodeships of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
311:, aiming to provide security for the period of
590:General Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland
248:General Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland
997:
995:
8:
1138:. Gdańskie Towarzystwo Naukowe. p. 126
745:
743:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
675:
673:
671:
669:
667:
665:
554:Karol Stanisław "Panie Kochanku" Radziwiłł
524:Karol Stanisław "Panie Kochanku" Radziwiłł
766:Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945
663:
661:
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
647:
645:
570:and the religious minorities (1768–1772);
294:in Greater Poland, opposing the disliked
285:in 1311, aiming to provide public safety;
66:association formed by Polish–Lithuanian
641:
159:), as happened in 1710, 1717 and 1735.
135:articulus de non praestanda oboedientia
16:For the Polish political alliance, see
931:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 11–12.
576:formed by conservatives opposing the
458:, both formed against the Saxon king
305:Confederation of Bartosz of Odolanowo
47:
7:
1033:. Wydawn. Naukowe PWN. p. 103.
468:formed in support of the Saxon king
448:(Wielkopolska Confederation) (1703);
360:Confederation of Spytek of Melsztyn
751:Historia panstwa i prawa polskiego
695:Historia panstwa i prawa polskiego
410:military and nobility against the
342:, supporting the king against the
18:Confederation (political alliance)
14:
763:Halina Lerski (30 January 1996).
542:(Thorn Confederation) formed by
292:Confederation of Maciej Borkowic
1005:Historia państwa i prawa Polski
971:. EJJ Books. pp. 184–185.
857:. EJJ Books. pp. 136–138.
719:. EJJ Books. pp. 125–132.
362:supporting the Hussites (1439);
1030:Historia ustroju Polski X-XX w
442:supporting Sweden (1703–1709);
168:Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
74:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1:
368:of Prussian towns, formed in
234:of Polish magnates backed by
137:, a rule dating to 1501 from
564:Stanisław August Poniatowski
562:formed by opponents of king
446:Greater Poland Confederation
315:following the death of king
281:a confederation of towns in
274:a confederation of towns in
1070:. CUP Archive. p. 15.
1008:. Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe
428:Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki
224:Constitution of May 3, 1791
1180:
894:. EJJ Books. p. 178.
244:Second Partition of Poland
60:, "confederation") was an
15:
769:. ABC-CLIO. p. 193.
424:Szczebrzesz Confederation
219:would not operate there.
49:[kɔ̃fɛdɛˈrat͡sja]
33:Walery Eljasz-Radzikowski
1002:Juliusz Bardach (1964).
496:Kolbuszowa Confederation
466:Sandomierz Confederation
426:against the election of
258:'s campaign against the
172:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
574:Targowica Confederation
486:Grudziądz Confederation
480:Tarnogród Confederation
440:Starogard Confederation
299:Wierzbięta of Paniewice
232:Targowica Confederation
184:konsyliarz konfederacji
27:The swearing in of the
1027:Marian Kallas (1996).
630:Private defence agency
408:Tyszowce Confederation
402:Zebrzydowski Rebellion
366:Prussian Confederation
330:Piotrków Confederation
266:List of confederations
77:primary expression of
36:
29:Tyszowce Confederation
1164:Polish confederations
578:Constitution of 3 May
510:Stanisław Leszczyński
500:Stanisław Leszczyński
490:Stanisław Leszczyński
476:Gorzyce Confederation
470:Augustus II of Poland
460:Augustus II of Poland
354:Korczyn Confederation
350:Sieradz Confederation
346:invasion (1423–1424);
246:in 1793. In 1812 the
121:, were recognized in
31:in 1655, painting by
26:
584:Grodno Confederation
506:Dzików Confederation
456:Warsaw Confederation
452:Opatów Confederation
392:Warsaw Confederation
340:Wieluń Confederation
139:Privilege of Mielnik
129:(1573), part of the
89:History and function
550:Radom Confederation
540:Toruń Confederation
530:Słuck Confederation
516:Wilno Confederation
434:Gołąb Confederation
418:Lubomirski's Rokosz
380:Lwów Confedeeration
240:Stanisław II August
119:right of revolution
83:right of revolution
127:Henrician articles
37:
1111:978-83-86643-32-5
1077:978-0-521-24093-2
1040:978-83-01-12163-1
978:978-0-7818-0637-4
938:978-0-333-77475-5
901:978-0-7818-0637-4
864:978-0-7818-0637-4
776:978-0-313-03456-5
726:978-0-7818-0637-4
560:Bar Confederation
520:Czaroryski family
207:confederated sejm
1171:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1061:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1013:
999:
990:
989:
987:
985:
959:
950:
949:
947:
945:
919:
913:
912:
910:
908:
882:
876:
875:
873:
871:
845:
788:
787:
785:
783:
760:
754:
747:
738:
737:
735:
733:
707:
698:
691:
600:and against the
596:, in support of
412:Swedish invasion
226:(adopted by the
79:direct democracy
59:
58:
57:
51:
46:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1141:
1139:
1135:Rocznik gdański
1131:
1130:
1126:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1063:
1062:
1055:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1011:
1009:
1001:
1000:
993:
983:
981:
979:
961:
960:
953:
943:
941:
939:
921:
920:
916:
906:
904:
902:
884:
883:
879:
869:
867:
865:
847:
846:
791:
781:
779:
777:
762:
761:
757:
748:
741:
731:
729:
727:
709:
708:
701:
692:
643:
638:
611:
268:
91:
54:
53:
52:
44:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1177:
1175:
1167:
1166:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1124:
1110:
1090:
1076:
1053:
1039:
1019:
991:
977:
951:
937:
923:George Sanford
914:
900:
877:
863:
789:
775:
755:
739:
725:
699:
640:
639:
637:
634:
633:
632:
627:
622:
620:Golden Liberty
617:
610:
607:
606:
605:
602:Russian Empire
587:
581:
571:
568:Russian Empire
557:
547:
537:
534:Greek Orthodox
527:
513:
503:
493:
483:
473:
463:
449:
443:
437:
431:
421:
415:
405:
399:
389:
383:
377:
374:Teutonic Order
372:, against the
363:
357:
347:
337:
327:
320:
302:
289:
286:
279:
276:Greater Poland
267:
264:
260:Russian Empire
250:was formed in
236:Russian Empire
228:Four-Year Sejm
131:pacta conventa
111:Greater Poland
90:
87:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1176:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1137:
1136:
1128:
1125:
1113:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1094:
1091:
1079:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1042:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1023:
1020:
1007:
1006:
998:
996:
992:
980:
974:
970:
969:
964:
963:Jacek Jędruch
958:
956:
952:
940:
934:
930:
929:
924:
918:
915:
903:
897:
893:
892:
887:
886:Jacek Jędruch
881:
878:
866:
860:
856:
855:
850:
849:Jacek Jędruch
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
790:
778:
772:
768:
767:
759:
756:
752:
746:
744:
740:
728:
722:
718:
717:
712:
711:Jacek Jędruch
706:
704:
700:
696:
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
678:
676:
674:
672:
670:
668:
666:
664:
662:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
642:
635:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
612:
608:
603:
599:
595:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
575:
572:
569:
565:
561:
558:
555:
551:
548:
545:
541:
538:
535:
531:
528:
525:
521:
517:
514:
511:
507:
504:
501:
497:
494:
491:
487:
484:
481:
477:
474:
471:
467:
464:
461:
457:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
429:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
371:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
351:
348:
345:
341:
338:
335:
331:
328:
325:
324:Queen Jadwiga
321:
318:
314:
310:
306:
303:
300:
297:
293:
290:
287:
284:
280:
277:
273:
272:
271:
265:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
220:
218:
214:
213:
208:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
175:
173:
169:
165:
160:
158:
154:
153:
148:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
88:
86:
84:
80:
75:
71:
70:
65:
64:
56:
50:
42:
34:
30:
25:
19:
1140:. Retrieved
1134:
1127:
1115:. Retrieved
1100:
1093:
1081:. Retrieved
1066:
1044:. Retrieved
1029:
1022:
1010:. Retrieved
1004:
982:. Retrieved
967:
942:. Retrieved
927:
917:
905:. Retrieved
890:
880:
868:. Retrieved
853:
780:. Retrieved
765:
758:
750:
730:. Retrieved
715:
694:
604:(1812–1813).
592:, formed in
580:(1792–1793);
492:(1733–1734);
420:(1665–1666);
394:, formed in
336:(1406–1407);
307:, formed in
301:(1352–1358);
269:
221:
217:liberum veto
216:
212:liberum veto
210:
204:
200:regimentarze
191:
187:
183:
179:
176:
170:and for the
161:
150:
143:
134:
125:through the
115:interregnums
92:
67:
61:
41:konfederacja
40:
38:
586:(1793); and
508:supporting
498:supporting
488:supporting
386:Chicken War
313:interregnum
188:generalność
782:17 January
636:References
598:Napoleon I
544:Protestant
532:formed by
518:formed by
256:Napoleon I
192:walna rada
123:Polish law
984:13 August
907:13 August
870:13 August
732:13 August
196:unanimous
1158:Category
965:(1998).
925:(2002).
888:(1998).
851:(1998).
713:(1998).
609:See also
522:against
147:magnates
69:szlachta
1142:7 March
1117:7 March
1083:7 March
1046:7 March
1012:7 March
556:(1767);
526:(1764);
512:(1734);
502:(1734);
472:(1704);
462:(1704);
430:(1672);
414:(1655);
404:(1605);
398:(1573);
388:(1537);
370:Kwidzyn
356:(1438);
344:Hussite
319:(1382);
317:Louis I
296:starost
283:Silesia
180:sanctia
103:Gniezno
45:Polish:
1108:
1074:
1037:
975:
944:5 July
935:
898:
861:
773:
723:
615:Sejmik
594:Warsaw
252:Warsaw
152:rokosz
107:Kalisz
99:Pyzdry
95:Poznań
63:ad hoc
625:Thing
334:tithe
309:Radom
1144:2012
1119:2012
1106:ISBN
1085:2012
1072:ISBN
1048:2012
1035:ISBN
1014:2012
986:2011
973:ISBN
946:2011
933:ISBN
909:2011
896:ISBN
872:2011
859:ISBN
784:2012
771:ISBN
734:2011
721:ISBN
478:and
454:and
396:Sejm
352:and
157:sejm
105:and
81:and
254:to
109:in
1160::
1056:^
994:^
954:^
792:^
742:^
702:^
644:^
566:,
262:.
202:.
174:.
101:,
97:,
39:A
1146:.
1121:.
1087:.
1050:.
1016:.
988:.
948:.
911:.
874:.
786:.
736:.
376:;
326:;
43:(
35:.
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
