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their infrastructure projects. There are construction-based configuration management tools that aim to document change orders and RFIs in order to ensure a project stays on schedule and on budget. These programs can also store information to aid in the maintenance and modification of the infrastructure when it is completed. One such application, CCSNet, was tested in a case study funded by the
Federal Transportation Administration (FTA) in which the efficacy of configuration management was measured through comparing the approximately 80% complete construction of the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transit Agency (LACMTA) first and second segments of the Red Line, a $ 5.3 billion rail construction project. This study yielded results indicating a benefit to using configuration management on projects of this nature.
1123:
orderly management of system information and system changes for such beneficial purposes as to revise capability; improve performance, reliability, or maintainability; extend life; reduce cost; reduce risk and liability; or correct defects. The relatively minimal cost of implementing CM is returned manyfold in cost avoidance. The lack of CM, or its ineffectual implementation, can be very expensive and sometimes can have such catastrophic consequences such as failure of equipment or loss of life.
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standardized, systematic approach that ensures consistency, and proposed changes are evaluated in terms of their anticipated impact on the entire system. CM verifies that changes are carried out as prescribed and that documentation of items and systems reflects their true configuration. A complete CM program includes provisions for the storing, tracking, and updating of all system information on a component, subsystem, and system basis.
25:
1441:(CMDB) as a means of achieving industry best practices for Configuration Management. CMDBs are used to track Configuration Items (CIs) and the dependencies between them, where CIs represent the things in an enterprise that are worth tracking and managing, such as but not limited to computers, software, software licenses, racks, network devices, storage, and even the components within such items. CMS helps manage a
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1359:. They occur either at delivery or at the moment of effecting the change. A functional configuration audit ensures that functional and performance attributes of a configuration item are achieved, while a physical configuration audit ensures that a configuration item is installed in accordance with the requirements of its detailed design documentation.
1563:. This data is analyzed on board or at a remote location by computer to evaluate its current serviceability and increasingly its likely future state using algorithms which predict potential future failures based on previous examples of failure through field experience and modeling. This is the basis for "predictive maintenance".
1078:) is a management process for establishing and maintaining consistency of a product's performance, functional, and physical attributes with its requirements, design, and operational information throughout its life. The CM process is widely used by military engineering organizations to manage changes throughout the
1475:, CM can be defined as the management of security features and assurances through control of changes made to hardware, software, firmware, documentation, test, test fixtures, and test documentation throughout the life cycle of an information system. CM for information assurance, sometimes referred to as
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Configuration identification is the process of identifying the attributes that define every aspect of a configuration item. A configuration item is a product (hardware and/or software) that has an end-user purpose. These attributes are recorded in configuration documentation and baselined. Baselining
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Configuration
Verification and Audit: an independent review of hardware and software for the purpose of assessing compliance with established performance requirements, commercial and appropriate military standards, and functional, allocated, and product baselines. Configuration audits verify that the
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Configuration Status
Accounting: includes the process of recording and reporting configuration item descriptions (e.g., hardware, software, firmware, etc.) and all departures from the baseline during design and production. In the event of suspected problems, the verification of baseline configuration
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called the "480 series" (i.e., MIL-STD-480, MIL-STD-481 and MIL-STD-483) that were subsequently issued in the 1970s. In 1991, the "480 series" was consolidated into a single standard known as the MIL–STD–973 that was then replaced by MIL–HDBK–61 pursuant to a general DoD goal that reduced the number
1479:(SCM), relies upon performance, functional, and physical attributes of IT platforms and products and their environments to determine the appropriate security features and assurances that are used to measure a system configuration state. For example, configuration requirements may be different for a
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The software configuration management (SCM) process is looked upon by practitioners as the best solution to handling changes in software projects. It identifies the functional and physical attributes of software at various points in time, and performs systematic control of changes to the identified
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The consumers of this data have grown more numerous and complex with the growth of programs offered by original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). These are designed to offer operators guaranteed availability and make the picture more complex with the operator managing the asset but the OEM taking on
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Configuration
Identification (CI): consists of setting and maintaining baselines, which define the system or subsystem architecture, components, and any developments at any point in time. It is the basis by which changes to any part of a system are identified, documented, and later tracked through
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over time. CM implements the policies, procedures, techniques, and tools that manage, evaluate proposed changes, track the status of changes, and maintain an inventory of system and support documents as the system changes. CM programs and plans provide technical and administrative direction to the
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Complex assets such as aircraft, ships, industrial machinery etc. depend on many different components being serviceable. This serviceability is often defined in terms of the amount of usage the component has had since it was new, since fitted, since repaired, the amount of use it has had over its
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The SCM process further defines the need to trace changes, and the ability to verify that the final delivered software has all of the planned enhancements that are supposed to be included in the release. It identifies four procedures that must be defined for each software project to ensure that a
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A structured CM program ensures that documentation (e.g., requirements, design, test, and acceptance documentation) for items is accurate and consistent with the actual physical design of the item. In many cases, without CM, the documentation exists but is not consistent with the item itself. For
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CM applied over the life cycle of a system provides visibility and control of its performance, functional, and physical attributes. CM verifies that a system performs as intended, and is identified and documented in sufficient detail to support its projected life cycle. The CM process facilitates
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More recently configuration management has been applied to large construction projects which can often be very complex and have a huge number of details and changes that need to be documented. Construction agencies such as the
Federal Highway Administration have used configuration management for
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Configuration management is used to maintain an understanding of the status of complex assets with a view to maintaining the highest level of serviceability for the lowest cost. Specifically, it aims to ensure that operations are not disrupted due to the asset (or parts of the asset) overrunning
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to track requirements throughout the life-cycle through acceptance and operations and maintenance. As changes inevitably occur in the requirements and design, they must be approved and documented, creating an accurate record of the system status. Ideally the CM process is applied throughout the
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In the military, this type of activity is often classed as "mission readiness", and seeks to define which assets are available and for which type of mission; a classic example is whether aircraft on board an aircraft carrier are equipped with bombs for ground support or missiles for defense.
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CM emphasizes the functional relation between parts, subsystems, and systems for effectively controlling system change. It helps to verify that proposed changes are systematically considered to minimize adverse effects. Changes to the system are proposed, evaluated, and implemented using a
1235:), where it inventories the assets on hand. The key difference between CM and AM is that the former does not manage the financial accounting aspect but on service that the system supports or in other words, that the later (AM) is trying to realize value from an IT asset.
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Availability of accurate and timely data is essential in order for CM to provide operational value and a lack of this can often be a limiting factor. Capturing and disseminating the operating data to the various support organizations is becoming an industry in itself.
1201:. Many of these functions and models have redefined CM from its traditional holistic approach to technical management. Some treat CM as being similar to a librarian activity, and break out change control or change management as a separate or stand alone discipline.
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in the 1950s as a technical management discipline for hardware material items—and it is now a standard practice in virtually every industry. The CM process became its own technical discipline sometime in the late 1960s when the DoD developed a series of
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Configuration
Control: includes the evaluation of all change-requests and change-proposals, and their subsequent approval or disapproval. It covers the process of controlling modifications to the system's design, hardware, firmware, software, and
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which may be as simple as a single server, or as complex as the entire IT department. In large organizations a configuration manager may be appointed to oversee and manage the CM process. In ITIL version 3, this process has been renamed as
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life and several other limiting factors. Understanding how near the end of their life each of these components is has been a major undertaking involving labor-intensive record keeping until recent developments in software.
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The CM process for both hardware- and software-configuration items comprises five distinct disciplines as established in the MIL–HDBK–61A and in ANSI/EIA-649. Members of an organization interested in applying a standard
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development and implementation of the procedures, functions, services, tools, processes, and resources required to successfully develop and support a complex system. During system development, CM allows
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The benefits of a CMS/CMDB includes being able to perform functions like root cause analysis, impact analysis, change management, and current state assessment for future state strategy development.
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4. CM LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING 5. CONFIGURATION IDENTIFICATION 6. CONFIGURATION CONTROL 7. CONFIGURATION STATUS ACCOUNTING 8. CONFIGURATION VERIFICATION AND AUDIT 9. DATA MANAGEMENT
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design, development, testing, and final delivery. CI incrementally establishes and maintains the definitive current basis for
Configuration Status Accounting (CSA) of a system and its
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this reason, engineers, contractors, and management are frequently forced to develop documentation reflecting the actual status of the item before they can proceed with a change. This
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Understanding the "as is" state of an asset and its major components is an essential element in preventive maintenance as used in maintenance, repair, and overhaul and
1304:
system and subsystem configuration documentation complies with the functional and physical performance characteristics before acceptance into an architectural baseline.
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Configuration status accounting is the ability to record and report on the configuration baselines associated with each configuration item at any moment of time.
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1523:, with a practical implementation on present day computer systems in the software CFEngine able to perform real time repair as well as preventive maintenance.
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Configuration change control is a set of processes and approval stages required to change a configuration item's attributes and to re-baseline them.
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an attribute forces formal configuration change control processes to be effected in the event that these attributes are changed.
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that functions as part of an organization's
Internet boundary versus one that functions as an internal local network firewall.
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attributes for the purpose of maintaining software integrity and traceability throughout the software development life cycle.
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M. Burgess, Configurable immunity for evolving human-computer systems, Science of
Computer Programming 51 2004, p197-213
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1161:(SDO). This marked the beginning of what has now evolved into the most widely distributed and accepted standard on CM,
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process IEEE 12207.2 also has these activities and adds "Release management and delivery". The five disciplines are:
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IEEE 828-2012 Standard for
Configuration Management in Systems and Software Engineering, published date:2012-03-16
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Defense Acquisition Guidebook, elements of CM at 4.3.7 SE Processes, attributes of CM at 5.1.7 Lifecycle support
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1292:(CIs) throughout their lifecycle (development, production, deployment, and operational support) until disposal.
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Configuration Management and the Federal Transportation Administration (FTA) National Lessons Learned Program
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CM Planning and Management: a formal document and plan to guide the CM program that includes items such as:
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1165:–1998. Now widely adopted by numerous organizations and agencies, the CM discipline's concepts include
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process is wasteful in terms of human and other resources and can be minimized or eliminated using CM.
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Configuration Management Compliance Validation: Critical Review and Technology Assessment(CR/TA)Report
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2407:"IEEE 828-2012 - IEEE Standard for Configuration Management in Systems and Software Engineering"
2190:"Getting Started with Configuration Management. ;login: issue: April 2011, Volume 36, Number 2"
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M. Burgess, Cfengine: a site configuration engine, USENIX Computing systems, Vol8, No. 3 1995
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1098:. Outside the military, the CM process is also used with IT service management as defined by
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2371:"Configuration Management Standards: an extensive list of CM and related industry standards"
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These terms and definitions change from standard to standard, but are essentially the same.
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EIA-836 Consensus Standard for Configuration Management Data Exchange and Interoperability
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2290:"NISTIR 7339 Analysis of Standards for Lifecycle Management of Systems for US Army"
1975:
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Many types of component use electronic sensors to capture data which provides live
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GEIA Standard 836–2002 Configuration Management Data Exchange and Interoperability
1454:(CM) is an ITIL-specific ITSM process that tracks all of the individual CIs in an
1243:
process will employ these disciplines as policies and procedures for establishing
2427:"ISO 10007:2017(en) Quality management — Guidelines for configuration management"
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Configuration Management Plan United States Dept. of Defense Acquisition document
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Administrative meeting guidelines, including a definition of procedures and tools
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MIL-STD-3046 Configuration Management, 6 March 2013 and canceled on June 1, 2015
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IEEE Standard for Configuration Management in Systems and Software Engineering
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A number of standards support or include configuration management, including:
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2295:. National Institute of Standards and Technology. August 2006. Archived from
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466:
368:
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ISO 10007:2017 Quality management – Guidelines for configuration management
16:
Process for maintaining consistency of a product attributes with its design
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ANSI/EIA-649-1998 National Consensus Standard for Configuration Management
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NATO STANAG 4427 Configuration Management in Systems Life Cycle Management
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ANSI/EIA-649-1998 National Consensus Standard for Configuration Management
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ANSI/EIA-649B, ""National Consensus Standard for Configuration Management
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Configuration Management for Transportation Management Systems Handbook
2124:"The ISO 19770-1 standard: A guide to implementing IT asset management"
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EIA-649-A 2004 National Consensus Standard for Configuration Management
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2003:
Memorandum, Specifications and Standards – A New Way of Doing Business
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Systems Engineering Fundamentals, Chapter 10 Configuration Management
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MIL-STD-973 Configuration Management (cancelled on 20 September 2000)
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SAE EIA-649-C 2019 Global Consensus Configuration Management Standard
1210:
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1974:. Defense Acquisition University Press. January 2001. Archived from
1803:
MIL-HDBK-61A, ""Military Handbook: Configuration Management Guidance
1595:
Quality management systems – Guidelines for configuration management
1186:
1111:
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2223:"Choosing between the leading open source configuration managers"
2155:. Department of Defense: United States of America. p. iii–iv
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Extended List of Configuration Management & Related Standards
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NATO ACMP 2100 Configuration Management Contractual Requirements
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specifies the use of a configuration management system (CMS) or
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CM is the practice of handling changes systematically so that a
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2375:
CMPIC - The Configuration Management Process Improvement Center
2353:"Standards for CM | Institute of Configuration Management"
1699:
GEIA-HB-649 – Implementation Guide for Configuration Management
1662:
CMII-100E CMII Standard for Enterprise Configuration Management
1367:
546:
18:
1705:
MIL-HDBK-61B Configuration Management Guidance, 7 April 2020
1674:
ECSS-M-ST-40C Rev.1 Configuration and information management
1752:
Comparison of open source configuration management software
1893:"Institution of Civil Engineers What is Civil Engineering"
1659:
CMMI for Development, Version 1.2 Configuration Management
1273:
Configuration control and configuration-status accounting
1807:. Department of Defense. 7 February 2001. Archived from
42:
2150:"Military Handbook: Configuration Management Guidance"
2068:"Guide to configuration management databases (CMDBs)"
1690:
NATO ACMP-2009 – Guidance on configuration management
1671:
ISO 20000:1 2011& 2018 Service Management System.
1300:
and approved modifications can be quickly determined.
2007:. Secretary of Defense. 29 June 1994. Archived from
1693:
ANSI/EIA-632-1998 Processes for Engineering a System
1492:
limits of planned lifespan or below quality levels.
1355:
Configuration audits are broken into functional and
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NATO ACMP 2009 Guidance on Configuration Management
1508:configuration files. Many of these systems utilize
1647:NATO ACMP 2000 Policy on Configuration Management
1504:Configuration management can be used to maintain
1227:. Most professionals mix up or get confused with
1067:Top level Configuration Management Activity model
1668:ITIL Service Asset and Configuration Management
2177:National Information Systems Security Glossary
1519:of configuration maintenance was developed by
2655:
2496:"Defense Acquisition Guidebook [DAG]"
1044:
8:
2229:. Lawrence, Kansas: Linux New Media USA LLC.
1571:the liability to ensure its serviceability.
1324:sound SCM process is implemented. They are:
1861:"History and Heritage of Civil Engineering"
1837:. TechAmerica. 1 April 2011. Archived from
1402:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1153:of military standards in favor of industry
1143:Configuration Management originated in the
2662:
2648:
2640:
2094:"Getting started with IT asset management"
1461:Service Asset and Configuration Management
1051:
1037:
67:
1500:Operating system configuration management
1422:Learn how and when to remove this message
2705:Earth systems engineering and management
2040:. Defense Technical Information Center.
1609:Standard for Software Test Documentation
2337:
2335:
1792:
70:
2548:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2541:
2221:Loschwitz, Martin (14 November 2014).
1512:to define and maintain configuration.
2474:"ASSIST-QuickSearch Document Details"
2452:"ASSIST-QuickSearch Document Details"
1939:Federal Transportation Administration
1175:Capability Maturity Model Integration
7:
2322:"ASSIST-QuickSearch - Basic Profile"
1400:adding citations to reliable sources
1282:Subcontractor/vendor CM requirements
2613:Configuration Management Case Study
2324:. 27 September 2011. Archived from
2202:from the original on 9 October 2022
2047:from the original on 9 October 2022
1772:Continuous configuration automation
1762:List of software engineering topics
1145:United States Department of Defense
1106:in the civil engineering and other
2498:. 13 February 2013. Archived from
1742:Configuration lifecycle management
1159:standards developing organizations
14:
2740:Sociocultural Systems Engineering
1747:Granular Configuration Automation
1439:configuration management database
1364:Configuration management database
1315:Software configuration management
1110:segments such as roads, bridges,
1025:Business and economics portal
36:to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s
1967:Systems Engineering Fundamentals
1372:
1199:Application Lifecycle Management
1018:
23:
2564:"Configuration Management Plan"
1477:secure configuration management
1334:Configuration status accounting
2822:Systems development life cycle
2715:Enterprise systems engineering
2690:Biological systems engineering
2590:Federal Highway Administration
1261:Responsibilities and resources
1:
2781:System of systems engineering
2695:Cognitive systems engineering
1357:physical configuration audits
680:management information system
331:Chief human resources officer
2355:. 2 May 2012. Archived from
2227:Admin Network & Security
1622:10.1109/IEEESTD.2012.6170935
1328:Configuration identification
1195:product lifecycle management
1171:Integrated Logistics Support
674:Enterprise resource planning
502:Financial statement analysis
2858:Quality function deployment
2771:Verification and validation
1539:enterprise asset management
1185:project management method,
3110:
2720:Health systems engineering
1552:
1530:
1312:
3038:
2868:Systems Modeling Language
2092:Galusha, C. (June 2001).
336:Chief information officer
168:Limited liability company
3064:Configuration management
2883:Work breakdown structure
2761:Functional specification
2756:Requirements engineering
2700:Configuration management
1452:Configuration Management
1072:Configuration management
349:Chief technology officer
283:Mergers and acquisitions
253:Constitutional documents
78:Management of a business
49:may contain suggestions.
34:may need to be rewritten
3079:Version control systems
3074:Technical communication
2730:Reliability engineering
2725:Performance engineering
1114:, dams, and buildings.
409:Environmental economics
389:International economics
340:Chief marketing officer
326:Chief financial officer
321:Chief operating officer
317:Chief executive officer
278:International trade law
72:Business administration
3005:Industrial engineering
2710:Electrical engineering
2619:PACO Technologies, Inc
1599:Federal Standard 1037C
1555:Predictive maintenance
1549:Predictive maintenance
1533:Preventive maintenance
1527:Preventive maintenance
1510:Infrastructure as Code
1108:industrial engineering
1068:
978:International business
963:Business judgment rule
308:Chief business officer
208:Annual general meeting
188:State-owned enterprise
178:Privately held company
2939:Arthur David Hall III
2909:Benjamin S. Blanchard
2685:Aerospace engineering
2476:. Quicksearch.dla.mil
2454:. Quicksearch.dla.mil
2328:on 27 September 2011.
1767:Interchangeable parts
1473:information assurance
1467:Information assurance
1445:collection of CMDBs.
1331:Configuration control
1264:Training requirements
1066:
654:Customer relationship
590:Business intelligence
552:Financial institution
527:International finance
477:Cash conversion cycle
384:Development economics
345:Chief product officer
93:Management accounting
3094:Software engineering
3084:Computer occupations
3030:Software engineering
3000:Computer engineering
2502:on 13 February 2013.
2276:3 March 2012 at the
2257:24 July 2011 at the
1911:on 23 September 2006
1777:System configuration
1561:condition monitoring
1396:improve this section
1337:Configuration audits
1270:Baselining processes
595:Business development
439:Economic development
201:Corporate governance
98:Financial accounting
3089:Systems engineering
3010:Operations research
2995:Control engineering
2964:Joseph Francis Shea
2671:Systems engineering
2302:on 21 December 2016
2110:10.1109/6294.939973
1981:on 11 February 2006
1945:on 7 September 2012
1873:on 16 February 2007
1487:Maintenance systems
1290:configuration items
1167:systems engineering
1155:technical standards
1133:reverse engineering
1096:information systems
1005:Business statistics
988:International trade
973:Business operations
669:Electronic business
574:Types of management
462:Financial statement
444:Economic statistics
312:Chief brand officer
268:Corporate liability
183:Sole proprietorship
163:Joint-stock company
3069:Method engineering
3020:Quality management
3015:Project management
2843:Function modelling
2766:System integration
2735:Safety engineering
2530:on 31 January 2017
2188:C. Lueninghoener.
2011:on 21 October 2013
1782:Systems management
1279:Audits and reviews
1276:Naming conventions
1220:program management
1150:military standards
1069:
968:Consumer behaviour
770:Product life-cycle
557:Capital management
522:Managerial finance
213:Board of directors
3051:
3050:
2974:Manuela M. Veloso
2914:Wernher von Braun
2625:on 26 August 2016
2130:. 30 January 2018
1631:978-0-7381-7232-3
1432:
1431:
1424:
1241:change-management
1102:, and with other
1092:military vehicles
1061:
1060:
948:Business analysis
517:Corporate finance
487:Capital budgeting
424:Knowledge economy
218:Supervisory board
64:
63:
38:quality standards
3101:
2979:John N. Warfield
2949:Robert E. Machol
2878:Systems modeling
2873:Systems analysis
2812:System lifecycle
2797:Business process
2664:
2657:
2650:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2621:. Archived from
2607:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2547:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2529:
2523:. Archived from
2518:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2349:
2343:
2339:
2330:
2329:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2301:
2294:
2286:
2280:
2267:
2261:
2248:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2201:
2194:
2185:
2179:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2160:
2154:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2046:
2039:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1980:
1973:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1941:. Archived from
1927:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1910:
1904:. Archived from
1897:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1869:. Archived from
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1841:on 1 August 2012
1827:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1811:on 20 March 2012
1797:
1737:Change detection
1635:
1481:network firewall
1427:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1407:
1376:
1368:
1229:Asset management
1225:system lifecycle
1080:system lifecycle
1053:
1046:
1039:
1023:
1022:
1000:Business process
542:Financial market
379:Labour economics
374:Public economics
133:Corporation sole
68:
59:
56:
50:
27:
19:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3034:
3025:Risk management
2983:
2924:Harold Chestnut
2919:Kathleen Carley
2887:
2863:System dynamics
2838:Decision-making
2826:
2802:Fault tolerance
2785:
2744:
2673:
2668:
2638:
2628:
2626:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2594:
2592:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2540:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2516:
2514:"Archived copy"
2512:
2511:
2507:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2479:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2435:
2433:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2333:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2278:Wayback Machine
2268:
2264:
2259:Wayback Machine
2249:
2245:
2238:
2234:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2171:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2133:
2131:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2098:IT Professional
2091:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2014:
2012:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1874:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1844:
1842:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1812:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1733:
1724:
1681:
1632:
1612:
1577:
1557:
1551:
1535:
1529:
1502:
1489:
1469:
1428:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1393:
1377:
1366:
1317:
1311:
1207:
1141:
1120:
1084:complex systems
1057:
1017:
1010:
1009:
953:Business ethics
943:
933:
932:
873:
865:
864:
575:
567:
566:
562:Venture capital
492:Commercial bank
482:Insider dealing
457:
449:
448:
399:Planned economy
364:
354:
353:
298:
296:Corporate title
288:
287:
263:Corporate crime
243:
233:
232:
228:Audit committee
203:
193:
192:
148:Holding company
128:Corporate group
123:
116:Business entity
108:
107:
88:
60:
54:
51:
41:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3107:
3105:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3056:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2988:Related fields
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2954:Radhika Nagpal
2951:
2946:
2944:Derek Hitchins
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2899:James S. Albus
2895:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2644:
2637:
2636:
2602:
2573:
2555:
2505:
2487:
2465:
2443:
2418:
2398:
2380:
2362:
2359:on 2 May 2012.
2344:
2331:
2313:
2281:
2262:
2243:
2232:
2213:
2180:
2169:
2141:
2115:
2084:
2058:
2022:
1992:
1956:
1922:
1884:
1852:
1822:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1732:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1630:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1576:
1573:
1553:Main article:
1550:
1547:
1531:Main article:
1528:
1525:
1517:Promise theory
1501:
1498:
1488:
1485:
1468:
1465:
1430:
1429:
1380:
1378:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1313:Main article:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1296:documentation.
1293:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1231:(AM, see also
1213:maintains its
1206:
1203:
1140:
1137:
1119:
1116:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1002:
997:
996:
995:
985:
983:Business model
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
944:
939:
938:
935:
934:
931:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
874:
871:
870:
867:
866:
863:
862:
857:
852:
851:
850:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
814:
813:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
751:
750:
739:
734:
733:
732:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
701:
700:
692:Human resource
689:
684:
683:
682:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
634:Communications
631:
630:
629:
619:
618:
617:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
576:
573:
572:
569:
568:
565:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
512:Public finance
509:
507:Financial risk
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
458:
455:
454:
451:
450:
447:
446:
441:
436:
434:Macroeconomics
431:
429:Microeconomics
426:
421:
419:Market economy
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
365:
360:
359:
356:
355:
352:
351:
342:
333:
328:
323:
314:
305:
299:
294:
293:
290:
289:
286:
285:
280:
275:
273:Insolvency law
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
248:Commercial law
244:
239:
238:
235:
234:
231:
230:
225:
223:Advisory board
220:
215:
210:
204:
199:
198:
195:
194:
191:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
124:
114:
113:
110:
109:
106:
105:
100:
95:
89:
84:
83:
80:
79:
75:
74:
62:
61:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3106:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2934:Barbara Grosz
2932:
2930:
2929:Wolt Fabrycky
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2904:Ruzena Bajcsy
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2776:Design review
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2660:
2658:
2653:
2651:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2614:
2606:
2603:
2591:
2587:
2585:
2577:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2475:
2469:
2466:
2453:
2447:
2444:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2314:
2298:
2291:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2236:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2214:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2085:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2059:
2043:
2036:
2034:
2026:
2023:
2010:
2006:
2004:
1996:
1993:
1977:
1970:
1968:
1960:
1957:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1934:
1926:
1923:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1840:
1836:
1834:
1826:
1823:
1810:
1806:
1804:
1796:
1793:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1728:
1721:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1562:
1556:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1540:
1534:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1423:
1415:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1381:This section
1379:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1308:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1233:ISO/IEC 19770
1230:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1157:supported by
1156:
1151:
1146:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1104:domain models
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1065:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
994:
991:
990:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
958:Business plan
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
945:
942:
937:
936:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
888:Communication
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
875:
869:
868:
861:
858:
856:
853:
849:
848:administrator
846:
845:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
812:
809:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
749:
746:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
731:
730:administrator
728:
727:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
699:
696:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
681:
678:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
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414:Open economy
404:Econometrics
143:Conglomerate
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2521:www.dau.mil
2436:29 November
2306:25 November
2206:23 November
2128:The SHI Hub
2066:Atlassian.
993:Trade route
908:Engineering
903:Development
755:Performance
698:development
659:Distributed
532:Liquidation
173:Partnership
158:Corporation
153:Cooperative
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2959:Simon Ramo
2534:11 January
1788:References
1757:Dependency
1679:Guidelines
1249:IEEE 12207
1086:, such as
860:Technology
742:Operations
622:Commercial
615:innovation
605:Capability
497:Derivative
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2749:Processes
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2072:Atlassian
1644:including
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720:Materials
710:Knowledge
687:Financial
627:Marketing
472:Factoring
467:Insurance
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362:Economics
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3043:Category
2790:Concepts
2629:28 March
2595:28 March
2568:AcqNotes
2544:cite web
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2197:Archived
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1731:See also
1616:. 2012.
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1205:Overview
1179:ISO 9000
1177:(CMMI),
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2431:iso.org
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2134:20 July
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