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process of exploring, negotiating, and then implementing tailored measures, including those that promote interaction, information exchange, and constraint. It also entails the development and use of both formal and informal practices and principles associated with the cooperative development of CBMs. When conditions are supportive, the confidence building process can facilitate, focus, synchronize, amplify, and generally structure the potential for a significant positive transformation in the security relations of participating states. Confidence building in this view is a process that constitutes more than the sum of its parts.
245:) is to make the different states' (or opposition groups') behaviour more predictable. This typically involves exchanging information and making it possible to verify this information, especially information regarding armed forces and military equipment. Here, "positive" and "negative" refer to the mathematical nature of the feedback; positive feedback leads to worsening intensity in a conflict, while negative feedback leads to de-escalation of the conflict, a "peace spiral" or
542:
of deployed military equipment of certain types (typically tanks, heavily armoured combat vehicles, self-propelled artillery, combat aircraft, and combat helicopters) with new, more advanced and capable types; no modernization of deployed military equipment of certain specified types in certain key, well-defined respects; no training with new systems; no field testing of new designs; and no production of specified new systems and/or subsystems.
286:
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229:(November 1990) and its iterations of 1992, 1994, 1999, and 2011. Other CBMs during the Cold War included Latin American joint military manoeuvres and exchanges of military observers, with a meeting on 8 January 1984 of Central American states agreeing to set up a detailed registry of military installations, weapons and personnel and methods of direct communication; and the 1975
558:
When confidence building leads to the institutionalization of a collection of new rules and practices stipulating how participating states and non-state actors should cooperate and compete with each other in their security relationship, the restructured relationship can reduce the likelihood of armed
503:
measures: measures requiring or encouraging the opportunity to monitor constrained or limited military forces, facilities, structures, and activities, principally through the use of monitoring devices. Examples include: perimeter monitors; motion sensors for no-go areas; sensors for use in restricted
541:
constraint measures: measures requiring or encouraging participants to avoid or limit the development and/or deployment of specified military technologies, including systems and subsystems, believed by participating states to have a destabilizing character or impact. Examples include: no replacement
554:
Confidence building, according to the transformation view, is a distinct activity undertaken by policy makers with the minimum intention of improving some aspects of a traditionally antagonistic security relationship through security policy coordination and cooperation. It entails the comprehensive
534:
constraint measures: measures requiring or encouraging participants to avoid or limit the provocative stationing or positioning of military forces. Examples include: no threatening manoeuvres or equipment tests; no threatening deployments near sensitive areas (such as tanks near borders); equipment
527:
constraint measures: measures requiring or encouraging participants to avoid or limit specified types of provocative military activity. Examples include: no harassing activities such as "playing chicken" on the high seas; no harassing or provocative close encounters between military aircraft and/or
496:
measures: measures requiring or encouraging the opportunity to inspect constrained or limited military forces, facilities, structures, and activities. Examples include: special observers for sensitive movements and activities; on-site inspections of various forms; and the use of special tagging and
444:
measures: measures requiring or encouraging the opportunity to interact with officials or experts from other countries. Examples include: military personnel exchanges; security expert exchanges; transnational secondments; joint military training and joint military exercises; and seminars discussing
437:
measures: measures requiring or encouraging the provision (exchange) of information about military forces, facilities, structures, and activities. Examples include: publication of defence information; weapon system and force structure information exchange; consultative commissions; publication of
271:
that maintains the conflict. The existing negative and positive feedbacks prevent a change to a state of peace. Confidence-building measures can change the properties of the system, increasing its dimensionality, so that in the higher dimensional system, positive feedback loops to resolve the
489:
measures: measures requiring or encouraging the opportunity to engage in non-focused "looks" at relatively small and generally-specified sections of territory within which activities of interest and/or concern may be occurring or may have recently occurred. Examples include: Open Skies
510:
measures: measures requiring or encouraging participants to facilitate and/or not interfere with agreed verification efforts. Examples include: agreement to not interfere with inspection and/or monitoring efforts and agreements specifying how verification efforts are to be assisted or
188:
form of confidence building occurs directly between ordinary people of different states. Short visits by individual children or groups of children to another state, and longer visits (6–12 months) by secondary and tertiary students to another state, have widely been used in the
807:"Letter dated 97/08/04 from the Permanent Representative of Canada addressed to the Deputy Secretary-General of the Conference on Disarmament transmitting a publication entitled "Confidence building in the arms control process : a transformation view" / by James MacIntosh"
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measures: measures requiring or encouraging the opportunity to observe specified military activities. Examples include: mandatory and optional invitations to observe specified activities (with information about the activity) and rules of conduct for observers and
461:
measures: measures requiring or encouraging the advance, accurate notification of specified military activities. Examples include: advance notification of exercises, force movements, and mobilizations - including associated information about forces
225:(CSCE; which later become the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, OSCE) of the early 1970s. CBMs were a major component of the Helsinki Final Act Document (August 1975), the Stockholm CSBM Document (September 1986), and the
697:
Regulation, limitation and balanced reduction of all armed forces and all armaments; conclusion of an international convention (treaty) on the reduction of armaments and the prohibition of atomic, hydrogen and other weapons of mass
180:
who can explain and resolve misunderstandings due to differences in language and culture which are incorrectly perceived as threatening, or encourage local knowledge of a foreign culture by funding artistic and cultural activities.
935:
1007:
398:. Evidence, however, suggests that the Internet is as likely to inflame opinion and increase conflict (or at least tensions) as individuals are exposed to significantly different points of view.
45:) are actions taken to reduce fear of attack by both (or more) parties in a situation of conflict. The term is most often used in the context of armed conflict, but is similar in logic to that of
221:
914 (x) in 1955, prompted by the U.S. "Open Skies" proposal. CBMs became a significant component of arms control during a series of negotiations and agreements produced by the
253:
455:" for the exchange of crisis-related information; joint crisis control centres; and "cool lines" for the regularized distribution of required and/or requested information.
217:), as well as the European neutral and non-aligned states, to avoid conventional or nuclear war by accident or miscalculation. The term appears to have been first used in
233:
between Israel and Egypt. There are also other historical instances of what appears to be confidence building prior to the Cold War and outside of the
European context.
222:
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Read the 'Agreement between Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and China on
Confidence Building in the Military Field in the Border Area', UN Peacemaker
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model assumed by the confidence-building measure mechanism is correct, then the rapidly developing improvement in communication between ordinary people by the
390:
should provide extremely robust, fast methods of information exchange and verification, as well as improved people-to-people contacts and general building of
559:
conflict by redefining expectations of normal behaviour among participating states in a way that is more likely to handle conflict by non-military means.
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Bazin, A. (2013). Winning trust and confidence: A grounded theory model for the use of confidence-building measures in the joint operational environment.
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218:
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An alternative analytic approach to understanding confidence building looks at broader process concepts rather than concentrating on specific measures.
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as one of the methods of decreasing the tensions which had earlier led to many centuries of inter-European wars, culminating in the first and second
685:(This monograph contains a detailed list of pre-Cold War confidence building examples and a detailed discussion of the CBM literature up to 1984.)
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constraints such as no attack aircraft within range of a neighbour's rear area territory; manpower limits; and nuclear free zones.
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can be interpreted as the result of the reduced dimensionality of a system, in which the system is changing but remains near an
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In international relations, the way that confidence-building measures are intended to reduce fear and suspicion (the positive
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measures: measures requiring or encouraging the creation and/or use of shared means of communication. Examples include: "
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The use of confidence-building measures (CBMs) as an explicit security management approach emerged from attempts by the
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military aircraft and naval or ground forces; and no harassing activities in airspace near territorial boundaries.
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in 1997, Macintosh divides CSBMs into informational type (A), verification type (B) and constraint (C) measures.
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Navigating the
Landscape of Conflict: Applications of Dynamical Systems Theory to Addressing Protracted Conflict
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Confidence (and
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OAS, Permanent
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conflict are able to overcome the negative feedbacks that tend to maintain the conflict.
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418:, rather than a collection of individual measures. In a monograph distributed to the
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Bazin, A. (2014). Trust: A Decisive Point in COIN Operations. Infantry
Magazine.
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Beltrán, Virgilio. "Buscando Nuevos Roles para los Ejércitos de América Latina",
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defence budget figures; and publication of weapon system development information.
414:(CSBMs), can be categorized by three main types. Confidence building can also be
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Confidence building in the arms control process : a transformation view
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Control and International Security, Overview of 2011 Vienna Document
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for many centuries included the existence of and increased activities by
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Existing and proposed confidence-building measures in the context of
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used to reduce conflictual situations among human individuals.
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Conflict in
Central America: Approaches to Peace and Security
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Bazin, A. (2015). Winning trust under fire. Military Review.
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Type A: Information, interaction, and communication measures
415:
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Type B: Verification and observation facilitation measures
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Verification and similar measures, such as those of the
911:, Valparaiso, Chile, 29–31 August 1992, pp. 37–38.
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Organization for
Security and Co-operation in Europe
310:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
96:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
394:networks, reducing the intensity and frequency of
932:, OAS Document CP/GT/CSH-13/92, 12 February 1992.
430:Informational and similar type measures include:
223:Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe
254:modelling of peace and armed conflict situations
209:superpowers and their military alliances (the
579:Confidence-building measures in South America
473:Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe
8:
909:International Congress of Military Sociology
445:doctrine, strategy, and technology issues.
219:United Nations General Assembly resolution
39:confidence- and security-building measures
412:confidence and security-building measures
370:Learn how and when to remove this message
276:Validity of the model in the Internet era
156:Learn how and when to remove this message
402:Typology of confidence-building measures
27:Actions taken to reduce fear of conflict
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547:Confidence building viewed as a process
62:Embassies and people to people contacts
168:Confidence-building measures between
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749:from the original on 28 January 2022
308:adding citations to reliable sources
265:intractable long-term armed conflict
237:Role of confidence-building measures
94:adding citations to reliable sources
504:access areas; and activity sensors.
969:) on peace and conflict resolution
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625:from the original on 2013-09-08
480:Observation-of-movement conduct
295:needs additional citations for
81:needs additional citations for
615:"Confidence-Building Measures"
520:Types of limitations include:
319:"Confidence-building measures"
105:"Confidence-building measures"
1:
965:- online forum and database (
921:International Peace Academy.
914:International Peace Academy.
619:Moving Beyond Intractability
508:Facilitation of verification
416:viewed as an overall process
247:Gradual Reduction in Tension
31:Confidence-building measures
978:Stuck in the "Frenemy Zone"
930:Nuevo Concepto de Seguridad
516:Type C: Constraint measures
51:interpersonal communication
18:Confidence building measure
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613:Maiese, Michelle (2003).
420:Conference on Disarmament
925:, NY: St Martin's, 1986.
231:Sinai Interim Agreement
916:Peacekeeper's Handbook
858:Global Affairs Canada
658:Global Affairs Canada
584:Preventive diplomacy
304:improve this article
178:interpersonal skills
90:improve this article
574:Conflict resolution
487:General observation
778:Berghof Foundation
705:, 1 January 1956,
867:978-0-662-25029-6
497:tracking devices.
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