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A further trend has been the reversal of the burden of proof for the purpose of facilitating confiscation. To the surprise of many, it is actually quite legal for law enforcement agencies to take property from people who haven't been convicted of a crime yet as civil asset forfeiture, a practice
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became a serious problem. By harshly enforcing customs laws, particularly the more obscure regulations, corrupt customs officials could seize property almost with impunity. This caused significant conflict between the United States and Great
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Meanwhile, limited confiscation is often in function of the crime, the rationale being that the criminal must be denied the fruits of their fault, while the crime itself is rather punished in some other, independent way, such as prison term,
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in that it is not primarily meant to match the crime but rather reattributes the criminal's ill-gotten spoils (often as a complement to the actual punishment for the crime itself; still common with various kinds of
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a confiscation order is a court order made under part 2 (England & Wales), part 3 (Scotland) or part 4 (Northern
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which brings in millions of dollars of revenue each year, disproportionately affecting people without means or access to a lawyer.
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requiring a convicted defendant to pay a specified sum of money to the state by a specified date.
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and keep the proceeds. Theoretically, it is possible for owners to buy back confiscated items.
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Originally, in Roman law, confiscation was the seizure and transfer of private property to the
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under legal forms, or of any seizure of property as punishment or in enforcement of the law.
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Inspection Act 2006 - Section 94, Confiscation from pupils
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tool, which went hand in hand with the interest in the criminalization of
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in the case of lands, for crime or in default of heirs (see also
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Revolution
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In the United States among the "war measures" during the
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