239:(2014) noted that U.S. and Japanese claims of aerial victories in the Pacific theatre were often far removed from reality. 'From the first dedicate fighter sweep on December 17 through the month's end, IJN records 25 Zero losses among 492 sorties, whereas US Marine Corps squadrons alone claimed 79 victories. US Navy pilots added nine more, so excluding USAAF and RNZAF claims, the naval squadrons reckoned 3.5 victories for every actual Japanese loss.' He went on to argue: 'If the Americans were often excessive in their victory claims, the Japanese dealt in fantasy. Frequently, Rabaul's fighter pilots claimed 50 victories in a day, the record being January 28, 1943 when the claimed 79 kills, plus probables. American records indicate five airplanes were missing and one fatally damages on that date. The remarkable thing is that the Japanese believed their own figures, despite the fact that as no successful Solomons air campaign could have sustained such grievous losses.'
936:
bombers, 14 Il-2s, 2 La-5 fighters and 1 Yak-9 fighter. One Tu-2 bomber, 3 Il-2s, 2 La-5 and 2 Airacobra fighters were missing in action. 2 badly damaged Il-4 bombers were later written off
Archieves of 275 Fighter Division of VVS confirmed that 2 La-5s MIA were actually shot down in air combat (14 June, one pilot died, other wounded) while 2 Airacobras MIA were lost in collision (15 June, both pilots died). So FiAF shot down in air combat 10-14 aircraft, including 3 fighter aircraft. FiAF claimed 9 times more Soviet fighters than VVS and PVO actually lost in air combat. During this 7 days period VVS KBF, Baltic Fleet, reported to have lost 1 Il-2 shot down (15 June), 3 Il-2s damaged (14 June) by anti aircraft artillery and 1 Pe-2 force landing (10 June, reason unknown) .
126:, 'was first coined by the French in 1915. There are no governing international bodies controlling the label or screening entry into the club. The enemy you fight does not have to die for you to be credited with a victory. Therefore the expression "kills" used when discussing aces is misleading. It is confirmed victories, not deaths in air combat that produces aces.' Ralph argued that 'books about aces create mythologies of good, better and best, portraying air-to-air combat as a kind of international sporting event where bronze, silver and gold medals are awarded based on scores. Any conclusions drawn from such simplistic rankings are meaningless.'
171:
great disservice to all fighter pilots. (...) he standard of due diligence in crediting victories to individual pilots varies according to the country, the war being fought, how well or badly the war is going, the doctrine of the opposing air forces, and the leaders in command of individual fighter squadrons and flights. Many other variables affect these alleged rankings. The process of crediting victories is not immune to subjective concerns such as ambition, both individual and institutional, and exaggeration, either deliberate or inadvertent. Aerial combat is almost always confusing. The oft-used term "
162:
often recognised overclaiming in WW2, even for non-aerial victories, and a process of dividing figures by 2 was often observed to come to a closer understanding of the reality of the claims. Overclaiming as a whole was very common in World War II, against aerial, naval or ground targets. A good and commonly observed method of cross-examining claims is to corroborate them with the recorded losses by the other side, where overclaiming is often contrasted strongly against real losses.
771:, the USAAF stated that they shot down 309 German fighters, broken-down as follows: gunners on the bombers claimed 288, Spitfire pilots claimed 7, and P-47 pilots claimed 14. Luftwaffe records show 40 aircraft lost. The United States overclaimed their victories by more than 650 percent. The Luftwaffe claimed that they shot down 101 bombers and 5 fighters shot down. USAAF records show that 60 B-17s and no fighters were lost but that
754:. German records show 39 losses. The Soviet Union claimed that they destroyed a total of 878 German aircraft; this is significantly more airplanes than the Luftwaffe had in the air. Luftwaffe records show that there were 97 losses from all causes, including those from flak and accidents. Losses due to Soviet fighter pilots were 80. The Soviet Union overclaimed by more than 750 percent.
218:
were made by pilots with established records. Unlike all of the other air forces that fought during World War II, the
Luftwaffe did not accept shared claims, but sometimes it happened. Each claim should have referred to a particular aircraft, but some victories were awarded to other pilots who had claimed the destruction of the same aircraft. From mid-year 1943 through 1944, the
35:
816:
Soviet data suggests that they lost 5 Yak fighters, 1 of which was shot down by AA fire, and that a Yak-1 of l-t
Khalatjan was slightly damaged on c/m and bellylanded in friendly territory. However, the Soviet Union habitually, and to a high degree, overstated their victories and understated their losses throughout WWII.
1051:
Pilots of II./JG54 Broch, Rudorffer, Tangermann and Thyben claimed 14 Il-2 shot down at 11.44–11.56 and Ludwig Böes of 2./JG54 two other Il-2 (half hour later). Soviet losses of that day in Libau area where just three Il-2. Two Il-2 of 47 ShAp were shot down more likely by
Rudorffer or Tangermann or
554:
24th
Fighter Squadron claimed that they had inflicted on Soviet Baltic Fleet the following: 2 Pe-2, 1 Hurricane and 13 I-16 aircraft shot down. The VVS KBF Suffered 6 losses: 4 I-16 fighters and 2 Pe-2 bombers. Baltic Fleet claimed 4 "Capron" and 3 Bf 109.Actually FiAF lost just one Brewster fighter
217:
rolls of wartime records that had not been seen since
January 1945. The records show that, although the Luftwaffe generally did not accept a "kill" without a witness, some pilots habitually submitted unwitnessed claims and sometimes these made it through the verification process, particularly if they
96:
describes a combatant (or group) that claims the destruction of more enemy aircraft than actually achieved. The net effect is that the actual losses and claimed victories are unequal, and that the claiming side is inaccurately reporting their combat achievements, thereby potentially undermining their
998:
Pilots of III./JG5 claimed 37 (at 18.59–19.30)including Schuck and Glöckner both having 7. Soviet data checked by Rune Rautio and Yuri Rybin found only 2 Soviet aircraft lost in that action. Most of 7 VA aircraft had been deployed further south against
Finnish forces in Svir-Petrozavodsk Offensive
170:
Ralph (2008) noted: 'In the First World War, the Second World War and also the Korean War, overclaiming was common; it varied by theatre, nation and individual, but it was inevitable.' 'Comparing aces, within or between nations, based solely on their victory scores is an absurd exercise, and does a
153:
In some instances of combat over friendly territory a damaged aircraft may have been claimed as an aerial victory by its opponent, while the aircraft was later salvaged and restored to an operational status. In this situation the loss may not appear in the records while the claim remains confirmed.
724:
The Soviet Union sent 3 DB-3f, 2 Hampdens (9 BAP), and 2 Il-2 (46 ShAP VVS SF) attacked a German convoy near
Kirkenes. In following air combat, the 7./JG 5 and 8./JG 5 Luftwaffe pilots claimed 7 Hampdens, 6 Pe-2s, 5 Il-2s, and 2 Boston bombers. Soviet records show that 6 aircraft were shot down: 1
862:
dispatched the 1st and 2nd Air
Divisions, comprising the 95th, 100th, and 390th Bomb Groups. The USAAF claimed they shot down 179 Luftwaffe fighters, broken-down as follows: B-17 gunners claimed 97 and their fighter escort claimed 82. German records show that 66 fighters were lost. The Luftwaffe
815:
The Soviet army pushed the retreating German army to the west of Kiev. The
Luftwaffe attempted to hold the line. Yak fighters of 256 iad were ordered to patrol to the west of Kiev. Erich Rudorffer of II./JG 54 claimed that he shot down 13 fighters and his wingman, Tangermann claimed 5 near Kiev.
209:
In theory the German approval process for the confirmation of aerial victories was very stringent and required a witness. The final destruction or explosion of an enemy aircraft in the air, or bail-out of the pilot from the aircraft, had to be observed on gun-camera film or by at least one other
161:
reasons. It was common for both sides to inflate figures for "kills" or deflate figures for losses in broadcasts and news reports. Overclaiming during World War II has been the centre of much scrutiny, partly because of the significant amount of air combat relative to other conflicts. Leadership
1039:
Pilots of III./JG 5 claimed 40 Soviet aircraft during that day (35 found in 'supplementary claim from lists') . Soviet data checked by Rune Rautio and Yuri Rybin: 4 shot down by German fighters, 7 shot down by AA and one destroyed for unknown reason. From early June to late August just 2 Soviet
974:
A Red Air Force unit from the 324th fighter division claimed 39 Finnish Curtiss, 18 Brewster, 6 Morane and 1 Bf 109 shot down during Svir-Petrozavodsk Offensive. Finnish records are showing just 4 Morane and 2 Brewster shot down by Soviet air craft. 3 Morane and 3 Curtiss were shot down by anti
419:
During this period RAF Fighter Command launched a sustained 'fighter offensive' over Northern Europe, designed to tie down Luftwaffe fighter units, and hence indirectly take pressure off the Eastern Front, and to hopefully draw those Luftwaffe units encountered into a war of attrition. Fighting
129:
Mike Spick (1996/2011) stated: 'Fighter pilots differ from most other warriors in that there is a practical, as opposed to subjective, yardstick by which their deeds can be measured. This is the number of aerial victories they score. To pre-empt comments about overclaiming, the author wishes to
935:
Fighter pilots of FiAF claimed they had inflicted on Soviet VVS and PVO losses of 56 aircraft including 27 fighters at the Karelian Isthmus. VVS and PVO actually lost 8 aircraft shot in air combat: 4 bombers, 3 Il-2s and 1 Yak-9 fighter. 20 aircraft were shot down by anti aircraft artillery: 3
227:
Defenders of the German fighter pilots maintain that overclaims were eliminated during the confirmation process, but the microfilms show that this was not always the case. Stringent reviews and comparisons of Allied archives and German archives show that 90 percent of the claims submitted were
924:. American fighter pilots claimed 19 victories: 13 Bf 109s destroyed, 1 probable destruction, and 5 damaged. The Hungarians suffered 2 losses: 1 Bf 109G was destroyed in air combat and 1 Bf 109G was destroyed in a forced landing as a result of air combat. The USAAF overclaimed by 850 percent.
796:, USAAF gunners aboard the B-17 bombers claimed to have shot down 138 German fighters. German records show that 38 were lost and 20 were damaged. German fighter pilots claimed they shot down 121 bombers and 1 fighter. USAAF records show that 60 bombers and 1 fighter were lost, 17 bombers were
947:
Pilots of III./JG5, Dörr and Norz claimed both 12 Soviet aircraft. Soviet data checked by Rune Rautio and Yuri Rybin indicated that no Soviet aircraft were lost in that action. Most 7 VA aircraft had been deployed further south against Finnish forces in Svir-Petrozavodsk Offensive.
210:
human witness. The witness could be the German pilot's wingman, another in the squadron, or an observer on the ground. If a pilot reported shooting down an aircraft without this confirmation it was considered only a "probable" and did not count in the victory scoring process.
986:
Pilots of III./JG 5 claimed they shot down 26 Soviet aircraft.. Soviet data checked by Rune Rautio and Yuri Rybin indicated that 2 Soviet aircraft were lost. Most of 7 VA aircraft had been deployed further south against Finnish forces in Svir-Petrozavodsk Offensive.
53:
1052:
both (or one by Thyben). 8 GvShAP lost one Il-2 and most likely shot down by Broch. None of claims of Ludwig Böes can be found on Soviet loss data of that day. Total German claims were 16 Il-2. Soviet confirmed losses of 3 Il-2. 47 ShAp logbook states:
692:, the USAAF's 91st and 306th Bomb Groups claimed 63 German fighters destroyed, 15 probable destructions, and 17 damaged. Only two were confirmed destroyed, with nine damaged. Therefore, the USAAF overstated their victories by more than 750 percent.
975:
aircraft artillery. Soviet 324th fighter division with 3 regiments was not only Soviet fighter unit there operating north from Lake Ladoga. Other units were 197th, 435th, 415th, 773th, 152rd, 195th, 19th Guards and 20th Guards fighter regiments.
840:
The United States claimed that they destroyed 241 German fighters, broken-down as follows: bomber crews claimed 210 and their fighter escort claimed 31. German records show they lost 39 fighters. The USAAF overclaimed by more than 500 percent.
1056:
On the other hand, Soviet sources have confirmed Soviet losses been 28 aircraft failed to return and 10 force landed. Total German claims of that day in Courland: 28 by fighters, 31 by AA-troops. Details of Soviet losses are missing.
582:
and RAF records report the loss of five aircraft (a further Allied fighter was lost to friendly ground fire). The Allies claimed two destroyed, two probables, and three damaged in the same engagement. The Germans lost Lt. Hoffmann of
829:'Available Japanese figures for January 1944 look like 73 Zero losses versus 302 US Marine Corps claims (59 on the 23rd alone) and 91 by the US Navy. (...) the Americans were overclaiming at a rate of more than five-to-one.'
148:
when an individual simply wished to claim unjustified credit for downing an opponent, based on poor eyewitness testimony of thinking having seen it go down in a split second, but being unable to verify it in the heat of the
447:-Rukajärvi area and four destroyed on the ground. Not a single Finnish aircraft was confirmed by Finnish records. Soviet pilot V. I. Solomatin claimed to have shot down five Brewster fighters and was later honoured with
420:
exclusively over enemy territory, and thus usually unable to accurately verify their pilot's combat reports, Fighter Command claimed 711 Luftwaffe fighters shot down, while losing 411 of its own fighters. The loss to
130:
stress that a victory is not necessarily a kill: it is a combat in which an enemy aircraft appears to be hit, and goes down in such a manner as to make the successful pilot believe that it is a total loss.'
1196:
224:(communiques from the head of the armed forces) often overstated Allied bomber losses by a factor of up to two; these claims existed only in the communiques and were not used in victory scoring.
913:
1103:), quote 65 claims and 12 probables. Just 31 Allied aircraft were hit. 15 were shot down in aerial combat, two were destroyed whilst on take-off and seven were damaged by enemy action.
1143:
records show four Me 262s were lost. The bombers also made substantial claims, making it impossible to tell which units were actually responsible for those individual four kills.
404:
amount to 3,879, anti-aircraft units claimed 752, and a further 3,257 were claimed destroyed on the ground. The Luftwaffe reported the loss of 3,827 aircraft to all causes on the
1072:, claimed perhaps 25 Mosquitoes shot down by night and two further Mosquitoes by day while flying the Me 262, adding to his previous seven Mosquito kills in "hot-rodded"
2308:
711:, the 339th Fighter Squadron claimed to have shot down three twin-engined Betty bombers and two Zero fighters. In fact, the Japanese lost two bombers, and no fighters.
646:
pilots submitted claims for ten enemy aircraft shot down, five probable, and one damaged. The 64th Sentai lost one Ki-43 and three Ki-48s from 8th Sentai were damaged.
2298:
1054:"8 Il-2 came under attack of 8 Fw 190 and lost 2 a/c. Both Il-2 were shot up by fighters, and crashed in flames in the sea 8–9 km SW from Libau. Both crew killed."
1028:'s SG.2 and Hungarian Stukas of 102/2. Dive Squadron and I./Stg 77. USAF Claims of 26 to 28 Enemy aircraft. Axis loss were from 9 to 21 depending on source.
2303:
893:
who was recorded by a ground radio unit saying, "Keep clear. The bastards are shooting at us." Both Spitfires returned safely to base, without damage.
639:
512:
claimed to have shot down 606 Soviet aircraft while destroying another 107 on the ground. Actual losses of 8 VA were 230 aircraft – 114 fighters, 70
1471:
Hannu Valtonen: Luftwaffen pohjoinen sivusta: Saksan ilmavoimat Suomessa ja Pohjois-Norjassa 1941–1944. Hannu Valtonen: The north flank of Luftwaffe
617:
602:
The USAAF claimed that they had inflicted on the Luftwaffe the following: 56 kills, 26 probable kills, and 20 aircraft severely damaged. President
192:
s aerial victory recognition procedure was based on directive 55270/41 named "Recognition of aerial victories, destructions and sinking of ships" (
145:
when an aircraft appeared to be no longer in a flying condition, but managed to recover on a lowe altitude without crashing, and landing safely;
2235:
2168:
2134:
1957:
1938:
1919:
1900:
462:
6 GIAP/VVS ChF claimed nine German aircraft shot down in a single action. Not a single German aircraft of any type was recorded as lost.
2204:
2065:
2049:
2006:
1871:
664:
1829:
71:
104:
developed methods and procedures for confirmation of claimed aerial victories in an attempt to more reliably report actual losses.
1543:
Keskinen, Kalevi; Stenman, Kari: Suomen ilmavoimien historia 26 – Ilmavoitot osa 1. Espoo: Kari Stenman, 2006. ISBN 952-99432-8-8.
1191:
400:
in October and another 54 in November. Only 31 Bf 109s were recorded as lost by the Luftwaffe in this period. VVS claims on the
112:
There are disagreements over the terminology to be used in assessing "aerial victories". Former Canadian Armed Forces pilot and
2112:
Iván, Pataki – LászlĂł, Rozsos – Gyula, Sárhidai: LĂ©gi háborĂş Magyarország felett. Második kötet. Budapest: ZrĂnyi KiadĂł, 1988.
1119:
2281:
2267:
2253:
2218:
2189:
2152:
2117:
2107:
2093:
2083:
2034:
2020:
1992:
1975:
768:
45:
1073:
905:
405:
401:
1398:
206:(Luftwaffe high command). This directive was first issued in 1939 and was updated several times during World War II.
748:, 58 aircraft were lost to all causes, including those from flak and accidents. The 16. VA unit claimed 391 against
373:
Overall, the Germans claimed they shot down approximately 3,600 aircraft, nearly twice as many as the British lost.
1080:
fighters. As far as can be ascertained, just three of his Me 262 claims over Mosquitoes coincide with RAF records.
793:
579:
202:
451:. Finns claimed to have shot down 2 bombers and 12 fighters; actual USSR air losses were 1 bomber and 6 fighters.
917:
606:
reported these numbers to the American public in a nationwide broadcast. In fact, the Luftwaffe suffered 1 loss.
603:
114:
17:
1672:
318:
The Germans claimed 22 British aircraft destroyed, actual British losses were 3. In one engagement Bf 109s from
228:
confirmed, or found to be "in order" for confirmation, up to the time the system broke down altogether in 1945.
882:
fired at two approaching aircraft and later claimed to have shot down two Japanese fighters. The fighters were
448:
1174:
documents, and no hostile encounter between American and Soviet aircraft were found in the documents either.
2076:
Bodenplatte: The Luftwaffe's Last Hope – The Attack on Allied Airfields, New Year's Day 1945
1095:
the Luftwaffe claimed 55 destroyed and 11 probably destroyed in air-to-air combat (according to document:
1021:
1017:
1013:
297:
1762:
Vaiettu Elisenvaaran pommitus : evakkohelvetti 20. kesäkuuta 1944, Erkki Rahkola, Carl Fredrik Geust
393:
1213:
1092:
660:
397:
355:
863:
claimed that they shot down 108 bombers and 20 fighters. USAAF losses were 69 bombers and 11 fighters.
2126:
Aces, Warriors and Wingmen: The Firsthand Accounts of Canada's Fighter Pilots in the Second World War
1218:
1131:
909:
1115:
704:
655:
494:
481:"Zero" pilots claimed more than 40 American fighters shot down and several probably destroyed. The
374:
288:
1007:
960:
643:
142:
when more than one person attacked the same target and each claimed its destruction afterwards;
2277:
2263:
2249:
2231:
2214:
2200:
2185:
2164:
2148:
2130:
2113:
2103:
2089:
2079:
2061:
2045:
2030:
2016:
2002:
1988:
1971:
1953:
1934:
1915:
1896:
1867:
1223:
1186:
1159:
1077:
574:
490:
482:
378:
271:
267:
89:
1968:
Desert Warriors: Australian P-40 Pilots at War in the Middle East and North Africa, 1941–1943
1136:
859:
708:
621:
565:
474:
440:
302:
220:
1838:
737:
236:
193:
123:
1399:
Military History Journal – Vol 5 No 1 Myths of the Battle of Britain by Major D. P. Tidy
1981:
1155:
478:
213:
During the 1990s, the German archives were made available to the public in the form of
157:
Separate from problems with confirmation, overclaiming can also occur for political or
381:, nearly twice as many as the Germans lost, including losses from flak and accidents.
2292:
1208:
1171:
875:
444:
292:
275:
100:
In order to reduce the risk of overclaiming, the various militaries participating in
908:, 15 P-38 Lightning escorts from 49th Squadron, 14 Fighter Group were engaged by 32
673:
Each side claimed three enemy aircraft destroyed. Neither side suffered any losses.
668:
1167:
1123:
1101:
LuftwaffenfĂĽhrungsstab Ic, Fremde Luftwaffen West, Nr. 1160/45 g.Kdos.vom 25.2.1945
750:
528:
101:
2225:
2124:
1069:
2088:
Peart, Alan. "From North Africa to the Arakan". Grub Street Publishing, 2008.
1480:
Geust C-F.: Geust C-F, 4/1997 p. 16, airbattle in Tiiksjärvi 6th of April 1942
1203:
1025:
890:
685:
625:
172:
158:
119:
1048:
Luftwaffe II./JG54 and 2./JG54 vs Soviet Air Force 8 GvShAP/47 ShAP in Libau
886:
537:
339:
The Germans claimed 147 aircraft destroyed, recorded British losses were 68,
214:
185:
2100:
Messerschmitt Bf 109 im Einsatz bei Stab und I./Jagdgeschwader 27 1939–1945
1134:
jet fighters; they were credited with three Me 262 jets of the Luftwaffe's
591:
to a midair collision, killing Prien. No further losses had been reported.
341:
the British claimed 144 aircraft destroyed, recorded German losses were 69.
1154:
There is no evidence from either the American or the Soviet archives that
1162:
shot down any aircraft on the final day of the war. No losses around the
1122:(DUC) for a mission, flown on 24 March 1945, escorting B–17s to bomb the
2058:
Jagdgeschwader 300 "Wilde Sau" – Volume One: June 1943 – September 1944
921:
486:
1127:
1091:
On this date German pilots overclaimed by between 4 and 3:1 . During
855:
689:
86:
confirmation and overclaiming of aerial victories during World War II
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
343:
By coincidence each side had overclaimed the other's losses by 50%.
1552:
A. Uitto & C.F Geust: Taistelu Suomenlahden ulkosaarista, 2016.
2098:
Prien, Jochen & Rodeike, Peter & Stemmer, Gerhard (1998).
425:
323:
97:
credibility to all parties participating and observing the war.
1163:
879:
744:
were shot down. German records show 41 losses. According to the
421:
319:
198:
Anerkennung von Abschüssen, Zerstörungen und Schiffsvernichtung
1197:
German and Allied aircraft losses during Operation Bodenplatte
883:
428:, the principal opponents, were reportedly just 103 fighters.
28:
1986:
The Most Dangerous Enemy: a History of the Battle of Britain.
1815:
1813:
326:
claimed 14. Only one fighter was shot down and six damaged.
274:. The RAF recorded one lost Hurricane in a collision with a
1595:
Caldwell, Donald L.; JG26: Top Guns of the Luftwaffe; 1991.
1591:
1589:
1912:
Stalingrad – The Air Battle: November 1942 – February 1943
959:
The Luftwaffe claimed 39 B-24s and 5 P-51s shot down over
377:
reported that they shot down 2,692 German aircraft in the
2078:. Ottringham, United Kingdom: Hikoki Publications, 2004.
1040:
fighter regiments were operating in sector of III./JG 5.
878:
occurred during the Burma campaign when the crew of a US
2027:
The Other Battle: Luftwaffe Night Aces vs Bomber Command
725:
DB-3, 2 Hampdens, 2 Il-2, and 1 Pe-2 of 118 RAP VVS SF.
2042:
Verified Victories: Top JG 52 Aces Over Hungary 1944–45
1864:
Verified Victories: Top JG 52 Aces Over Hungary 1944–45
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
307:
StG 1 recorded the loss of only two Ju 87s shot down.
2246:
Hitler's Stuka Squadrons: The Ju 87 at war, 1936–1945
2013:
B-17 Flying Fortress: Combat and Development History
1970:. Maryborough, Queensland, Australia: Banner Books.
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
2129:. Mississauga: John Wiley & Sons. p. 288.
118:
editor Wayne Ralph (2008) cautioned that the term "
1097:Fernschreiben II.JakoIc Nr.140/44 geh.vom 3.1.1945
740:, the Soviet 2. VA unit claimed 487 aircraft from
358:", the RAF claimed 185 German aircraft shot down.
134:Causes of overclaiming and efforts at confirmation
2274:Messerschmitt Bf 110 Zerstörer Aces World War Two
2227:US Marine Corps Fighter Squadrons of World War II
1952:. London: Casemate / Vaktel Forlag. p. 336.
1933:. Manchester: Classic Publications. p. 144.
396:claimed 85 Bf 109s. A further 53 were claimed by
232:American and Japanese overclaiming in the Pacific
179:German recognition procedure for aerial victories
18:Confirmation and overclaiming of aerial victories
2015:. St. Paul, Minnesota: Motorbook International.
1999:The Luftwaffe over Germany: Defense of the Reich
1099:). Other German sources (according to document:
1997:Caldwell, Donald & Muller, Richard (2007).
1893:Barbarossa – The Air Battle: July–December 1941
1394:
1392:
48:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
1866:. England: Helion & Company. p. 149.
1673:"Death on the High Road: The Schweinfurt Raid"
889:, one of which was piloted by New Zealand ace
620:: 50th Sentai pilots submitted claims for six
408:in 1941. The VVS overclaiming more than 100%.
1950:Battle of Britain: An Epic Conflict Revisited
516:, 29 Pe-2s, four Su-2s and 13 night bombers.
322:claimed six RAF fighters, while bombers from
8:
1914:. Hersham: Midland Publishing. p. 144.
1895:. Hersham: Midland Publishing. p. 144.
527:These units claimed 18 and 12 kills against
1302:
439:A Red Air Force unit claimed seven Finnish
2213:Annapolis: Naval Institute Press (1990).
2056:Lorant, Jean Yves; Goyat, Richard (2005).
1640:
1531:
1519:
1498:
1489:Suomen Ilmailuhistoriallinen lehti 4/1997.
1433:
1421:
246:
1837:, AFHRA Maxwell AFB, 1969, archived from
1583:Prien, Rodeike, and Stemmer 1998, p. 175.
1409:
914:101. Honi Légvédelmi Vadászrepülő Osztály
72:Learn how and when to remove this message
2309:Air-to-air combat operations and battles
1753:Pataky-Rozsos-Sárhidai, 1988. pp. 41–53.
166:Procedures of crediting aerial victories
2044:. England: Helion & Company, 2022.
1714:
1356:
1344:
1313:
1311:
1234:
138:Overclaiming by individuals can occur:
2299:Lists of World War II aerial victories
2230:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 336.
628:. Not one Hurricane was even damaged.
1565:, 1969), cited by Brown 2000, p. 258.
1281:
1262:
1250:
871:United States Army Air Forces vs RAF
543:The Italian unit lost three Macchis.
524:Soviet Air Force: 434 IAP and 512 IAP
7:
2060:. Hamilton, Montana: Eagle Edition.
1862:Horvath, Daniel & Gabor (2022).
1771:Caldwell & Muller 2007, p. 211.
1744:Peart, 2008. Highlight Loc 1925–29.
1449:(Grub Street, London, 1996) p. 199.
1335:Caldwell & Muller 2007, p. 96."
746:Generalquartiemeister der Luftwaffe
733:Soviet Air Force: 2. VA and 16. VA
578:claimed 19 aerial victories, while
2304:Information operations and warfare
1561:Christopher Shores and Hans Ring (
1166:area were found when checking the
963:. 13 B-24s and 2 P-51s were lost.
665:Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service
614:Imperial Japanese Army Air Forces
443:shot down in a single action over
25:
1931:Kursk – The Air Battle: July 1943
1819:Caldwell and Muller 2007, p. 276.
1789:Manrho and Pütz 2004, p. 272–273.
1696:Caldwell and Muller 2007, p. 136.
1661:Caldwell and Muller 2007, p. 114.
2260:Bf 109 Defence of the Reich Aces
2163:. Frontline Books. p. 248.
1192:Equipment losses in World War II
360:German recorded losses were 60.
33:
1671:Crawford, Bruce (24 May 2018).
175:" applies equally to air war.'
2029:. London: Zenith Press, 1996.
1831:Air Force Historical Study 82.
901:United States Army Air Forces
874:An unusual incident involving
837:United States Army Air Forces
769:Schweinfurt-Regensburg mission
700:United States Army Air Forces
681:United States Army Air Forces
599:United States Army Air Forces
502:20 July 1942 – 10 August 1942
203:Oberbefehlshaber der Luftwaffe
1:
2040:Horvath, Daniel & Gabor.
1929:Bergström, Christer (2007c).
1910:Bergström, Christer (2007b).
1891:Bergström, Christer (2007a).
1807:Manrho and PĂĽtz 2004, p. 290.
1798:Manrho and PĂĽtz 2004, p. 287.
1447:The JG 26 War Diary, Volume 1
1130:. American pilots claimed 11
849:United States Army Air Forces
787:United States Army Air Forces
762:United States Army Air Forces
684:During a mission against the
636:United States Army Air Forces
1948:Bergström, Christer (2015).
906:Oil Campaign of World War II
2180:Shores, Christopher (2005)
2001:. London: Greenhill Books.
1120:Distinguished Unit Citation
570:Royal Australian Air Force)
2325:
2211:Wildcat: The F4F in WW II.
794:Second Raid on Schweinfurt
730:5 July 1943 – 8 July 1943
413:June 1941 – December 1941
386:June 1941 – December 1941
354:On the day termed as the "
253:Claiming Air Force (unit)
2248:. Eagles of War. London.
2224:Tillman, Barrett (2014).
2074:Manrho, John, Putz, Ron.
2011:Hess, William N. (1994).
1574:Brown, pp. 166–167.
968:10 June to 1 August 1944
918:Royal Hungarian Air Force
773:between 58 and 95 bombers
642:: 16th Fighter Squadron,
604:Franklin Delano Roosevelt
2276:. London: Osprey, 1999.
1563:Fighters over the Desert
1317:Brown 2000, pp. 281–282.
854:On a bombing mission to
707:mission to kill Admiral
449:Hero of the Soviet Union
243:Examples of overclaiming
200:) and was issued by the
2147:. New York: Ivy Books.
2102:. struve-druck, Eutin.
1966:Brown, Russell (2000).
1303:Lorant & Goyat 2005
800:, and 121 bombers were
533:21 Gruppo Autonomo C.T.
470:Japanese Imperial Navy
122:", emerging during the
2184:. London: Grub Street
2161:Luftwaffe Fighter Aces
2145:Luftwaffe Fighter Aces
1705:Caldwell 2007, p. 137.
1022:309th Fighter Squadron
1018:308th Fighter Squadron
1014:307th Fighter Squadron
298:Sturzkampfgeschwader 1
197:
84:This article explores
2197:Griffon Spitfire Aces
2123:Ralph, Wayne (2008).
1631:Weal 2006, pp. 22–23.
1214:Military intelligence
1093:Operation Bodenplatte
356:Battle of Britain Day
2244:Ward, John. (2004).
2159:Spick, Mike (2011).
2143:Spick, Mike (1996).
2025:Hinchcliffe, Peter.
1386:Bungay 2000, p. 208.
1219:Selective perception
1111:U.S. Army Air Force
1036:Luftwaffe III./JG 5
983:Luftwaffe III./JG 5
944:Luftwaffe III./JG 5
508:During this period,
495:Grumman F4F Wildcats
2258:Weal, John (2006).
1622:Thomas 2008, p. 71.
1613:Shores 2005, p. 45.
1604:Shores, 2005 p. 40.
1510:Tillman 1990, p. 53
1293:Spick 1996, p. 217.
1116:332nd Fighter Group
995:Luftwaffe III./JG5
932:Finnish Air Forces
721:Soviet Union 7. VA
719:Luftwaffe III./JG 5
705:Operation Vengeance
551:Finnish Air Forces
398:anti-aircraft units
394:South Western Front
392:The Soviets of the
375:RAF Fighter Command
289:No. 56 Squadron RAF
2262:. Oxford: Osprey.
2209:Tillman, Barrett.
2199:. London: Oxford.
1008:31st Fighter Group
961:Schleswig-Holstein
644:23rd Fighter Group
560:15 September 1942
348:15 September 1940
52:You can assist by
2237:978-1-78200-953-5
2182:Air War for Burma
2170:978-1-78337-578-3
2136:978-0-470-15814-2
1959:978-1-61200-347-4
1940:978-1-903223-88-8
1921:978-1-85780-276-4
1902:978-1-85780-270-2
1735:Hess 1994, p. 84.
1726:Hess 1994, p. 71.
1652:Hess 1994, p. 60.
1377:Ward 2004, p. 97.
1368:Weal 1999. p. 45.
1359:, pp. 50–51.
1347:, pp. 49–50.
1224:Verification bias
1187:Confirmation bias
1178:
1177:
971:Soviet Air Force
742:Fliegerkorps VIII
633:25 December 1942
622:Hawker Hurricanes
611:15 December 1942
575:Jagdgeschwader 27
568:(Royal Air Force
510:Fliegerkorps VIII
491:Brewster Buffalos
489:, had sent up 25
483:U.S. Marine Corps
459:Soviet Air Force
441:Brewster Buffalos
436:Soviet Air Force
389:Soviet Air Force
379:Battle of Britain
272:Hawker Hurricanes
82:
81:
74:
16:(Redirected from
2316:
2241:
2195:Thomas, Andrew.
2174:
2140:
2071:
1963:
1944:
1925:
1906:
1878:
1877:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1843:
1836:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1808:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1781:
1780:Hinchcliffe 1996
1778:
1772:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1703:
1697:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1584:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1566:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1450:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1396:
1387:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1318:
1315:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1137:Jagdgeschwader 7
1126:tank factory at
1045:28 October 1944
860:Eighth Air Force
809:6 November 1943
784:14 October 1943
709:Isoroku Yamamoto
661:No. 457 Squadron
566:Desert Air Force
475:Battle of Midway
416:Royal Air Force
370:Royal Air Force
351:Royal Air Force
336:Royal Air Force
303:Isle of Portland
285:Royal Air Force
247:
221:Wehrmachtbericht
191:
77:
70:
66:
63:
57:
37:
36:
29:
21:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2238:
2223:
2171:
2158:
2137:
2122:
2068:
2055:
1982:Bungay, Stephen
1960:
1947:
1941:
1928:
1922:
1909:
1903:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1874:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1641:Bergström 2007c
1639:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1532:Bergström 2007b
1530:
1526:
1520:Bergström 2007b
1518:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1499:Bergström 2007b
1497:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1453:
1445:Caldwell, Don.
1444:
1440:
1434:Bergström 2007a
1432:
1428:
1422:Bergström 2007a
1420:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1321:
1316:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1280:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1249:
1236:
1232:
1183:
1085:1 January 1945
1033:17 August 1944
929:9–15 June 1944
850:
834:6 January 1944
825:
824:US Marine Corps
788:
763:
759:17 August 1943
738:Battle of Kursk
720:
663:
658:
656:No. 54 Squadron
624:shot down over
596:9 October 1942
569:
564:
548:18 August 1942
542:
531:of the Italian
369:
359:
342:
340:
335:
331:18 August 1940
312:12 August 1940
306:
301:destroyed over
245:
237:Barrett Tillman
234:
189:
181:
168:
136:
124:First World War
110:
78:
67:
61:
58:
51:
38:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2322:
2320:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2270:
2256:
2242:
2236:
2221:
2207:
2205:978-1846032981
2193:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2169:
2141:
2135:
2120:
2110:
2096:
2086:
2072:
2067:978-0976103400
2066:
2053:
2050:978-1915070876
2038:
2023:
2009:
2007:978-1853677120
1995:
1979:
1964:
1958:
1945:
1939:
1926:
1920:
1907:
1901:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1873:978-1915070876
1872:
1854:
1844:on 30 May 2008
1821:
1809:
1800:
1791:
1782:
1773:
1764:
1755:
1746:
1737:
1728:
1719:
1707:
1698:
1689:
1663:
1654:
1645:
1643:, p. 120.
1633:
1624:
1615:
1606:
1597:
1585:
1576:
1567:
1554:
1545:
1536:
1524:
1512:
1503:
1491:
1482:
1473:
1451:
1438:
1436:, p. 118.
1426:
1424:, p. 117.
1414:
1412:, p. 280.
1410:Bergström 2015
1402:
1388:
1379:
1370:
1361:
1349:
1337:
1319:
1307:
1295:
1286:
1284:, p. 218.
1267:
1255:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1189:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1156:Erich Hartmann
1152:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1118:was awarded a
1112:
1109:
1108:24 March 1945
1105:
1104:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1010:
1005:
1001:
1000:
996:
993:
989:
988:
984:
981:
977:
976:
972:
969:
965:
964:
957:
954:
950:
949:
945:
942:
938:
937:
933:
930:
926:
925:
902:
899:
895:
894:
872:
869:
865:
864:
852:
847:
843:
842:
838:
835:
831:
830:
827:
822:
818:
817:
813:
810:
806:
805:
790:
785:
781:
780:
765:
760:
756:
755:
734:
731:
727:
726:
722:
717:
713:
712:
701:
698:
697:18 April 1943
694:
693:
682:
679:
678:17 April 1943
675:
674:
671:
652:
648:
647:
637:
634:
630:
629:
615:
612:
608:
607:
600:
597:
593:
592:
571:
561:
557:
556:
552:
549:
545:
544:
525:
522:
518:
517:
506:
503:
499:
498:
479:Mitusbishi A6M
471:
468:
464:
463:
460:
457:
453:
452:
437:
434:
430:
429:
417:
414:
410:
409:
390:
387:
383:
382:
371:
366:
362:
361:
352:
349:
345:
344:
337:
332:
328:
327:
316:
313:
309:
308:
295:"Stuka"s from
291:claimed seven
286:
283:
279:
278:
265:
262:
258:
257:
254:
251:
244:
241:
233:
230:
180:
177:
167:
164:
151:
150:
146:
143:
135:
132:
109:
106:
90:aerial warfare
80:
79:
41:
39:
32:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2321:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1875:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1855:
1840:
1833:
1832:
1825:
1822:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1777:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1717:, p. 52.
1716:
1711:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1534:, p. 58.
1533:
1528:
1525:
1522:, p. 62.
1521:
1516:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1501:, p. 47.
1500:
1495:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1338:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1305:, p. vi.
1304:
1299:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1265:, p. 71.
1264:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1209:Ghost of Kyiv
1207:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1172:17th Air Army
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1068:Oberleutnant
1067:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:25 July 1944
1003:
1002:
997:
994:
992:17 July 1944
991:
990:
985:
982:
979:
978:
973:
970:
967:
966:
962:
958:
955:
953:18 June 1944
952:
951:
946:
943:
941:17 June 1944
940:
939:
934:
931:
928:
927:
923:
920:over central
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
900:
898:14 June 1944
897:
896:
892:
888:
885:
881:
877:
876:friendly fire
873:
870:
868:? April 1944
867:
866:
861:
857:
853:
848:
846:3 March 1944
845:
844:
839:
836:
833:
832:
828:
823:
821:January 1944
820:
819:
814:
811:
808:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
786:
783:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
761:
758:
757:
753:
752:
747:
743:
739:
735:
732:
729:
728:
723:
718:
715:
714:
710:
706:
702:
699:
696:
695:
691:
687:
683:
680:
677:
676:
672:
670:
666:
662:
657:
653:
651:2 March 1943
650:
649:
645:
641:
638:
635:
632:
631:
627:
623:
619:
616:
613:
610:
609:
605:
601:
598:
595:
594:
590:
586:
581:
577:
576:
572:
567:
562:
559:
558:
553:
550:
547:
546:
540:
539:
534:
530:
529:Macchi C.200s
526:
523:
521:26 July 1942
520:
519:
515:
511:
507:
504:
501:
500:
497:, losing 15.
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
469:
466:
465:
461:
458:
455:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
435:
433:6 April 1942
432:
431:
427:
423:
418:
415:
412:
411:
407:
406:Eastern Front
403:
402:Eastern Front
399:
395:
391:
388:
385:
384:
380:
376:
372:
367:
364:
363:
357:
353:
350:
347:
346:
338:
333:
330:
329:
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1839:the original
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1715:Tillman 2014
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1253:, p. 1.
1140:
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1124:Daimler-Benz
1100:
1096:
1074:Bf 109G-6/AS
1053:
980:4 July 1944
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797:
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751:Luftflotte 6
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716:4 July 1943
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456:8 June 1942
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102:World War II
99:
94:overclaiming
93:
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83:
68:
59:
46:copy editing
44:may require
43:
26:
1848:16 February
1148:8 May 1945
1070:Kurt Welter
1012:31st FG HQ/
904:During the
736:During the
703:During the
688:plant near
514:Shturmoviks
270:claimed 12
108:Terminology
92:, the term
62:August 2024
2293:Categories
2282:1855327538
2268:1841768790
2254:1862272468
2219:0870217895
2190:1904010954
2153:0804116962
2118:9633271630
2108:3923457464
2094:190650203X
2084:1902109406
2035:0760302650
2021:0879388811
1993:1854108018
1976:1875593225
1677:HistoryNet
1282:Spick 2011
1263:Spick 2011
1251:Ralph 2008
1230:References
1204:Fog of war
1151:Luftwaffe
1088:Luftwaffe
1078:Fw 190 A-8
1065:Luftwaffe
1062:1944–1945
1026:Hans Rudel
956:Luftwaffe
910:Bf 109G-6s
891:Alan Peart
851:Luftwaffe
812:Luftwaffe
792:After the
789:Luftwaffe
767:After the
764:Luftwaffe
686:Focke-Wulf
626:Chittagong
587:and Uffz.
505:Luftwaffe
485:squadron,
445:Tiiksjärvi
368:Luftwaffe
334:Luftwaffe
315:Luftwaffe
268:III./ZG 26
264:Luftwaffe
173:fog of war
159:propaganda
120:flying ace
54:editing it
2175:(reprint)
1682:21 August
912:from the
887:Spitfires
585:I. Gruppe
563:Luftwaffe
538:Fall Blau
477:Japanese
215:microfilm
186:Luftwaffe
1984:(2000).
1181:See also
826:US Navy
798:scrapped
922:Hungary
802:damaged
777:damaged
669:Kōkūtai
535:during
487:VMF-221
473:In the
149:moment.
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1937:
1918:
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1870:
1158:of I./
1132:Me 262
1128:Berlin
856:Berlin
690:Bremen
667:202nd
256:Notes
194:German
1842:(PDF)
1835:(PDF)
1160:JG 52
775:were
659:RAAF
640:Burma
618:Burma
589:Prien
426:JG 26
365:1940
324:KG 54
250:Date
190:'
115:Wings
88:. In
2278:ISBN
2264:ISBN
2250:ISBN
2232:ISBN
2215:ISBN
2201:ISBN
2186:ISBN
2165:ISBN
2149:ISBN
2131:ISBN
2114:ISBN
2104:ISBN
2090:ISBN
2080:ISBN
2062:ISBN
2046:ISBN
2031:ISBN
2017:ISBN
2003:ISBN
1989:ISBN
1972:ISBN
1954:ISBN
1935:ISBN
1916:ISBN
1897:ISBN
1868:ISBN
1850:2007
1684:2024
1170:and
1164:Brno
1141:JG 7
1114:The
880:B-25
858:the
654:RAF
580:RAAF
493:and
424:and
422:JG 2
320:JG 2
183:The
1168:5th
1076:or
1024:vs
884:RAF
2295::
2155:.
1812:^
1675:.
1588:^
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