40:
196:
The preferred treatment of congenital glaucoma is surgical, not medical. The initial procedures of choice are goniotomy or trabeculotomy if the cornea is clear, and trabeculectomy ab externo if the cornea is hazy. The success rates are similar for both procedures in patients with clear corneas.
99:
becomes clinically apparent after three years of age and before age 40, according to certain authors. Infantile glaucoma presents between one month and three years, while true congenital glaucoma causes signs of increased intraocular pressure within the first month of life. True congenital
209:
In the United States, the incidence of primary congenital glaucoma is about one in 10,000 live births. Worldwide, the incidence ranges from a low of 1:22,000 in
Northern Ireland to a high of 1:2,500 in Saudi Arabia and 1:1,250 in Romania. In about two-thirds of cases, it is bilateral. The
2216:
2209:
2202:
164:(IOP) can be measured in the office in a conscious swaddled infant using a Tonopen or hand-held Goldmann tonometer. Usually, the IOP in normal infants is in the range of 11-14 mmHg.
1654:
210:
distribution between males and females varies with geography. In North
America and Europe, it is more common in boys, whereas in Japan it is more common in girls.
1051:
1723:
1649:
201:
is necessary in some intractable cases but should be avoided whenever possible because of its potential adverse effects on the lens and the retina.
663:
1671:
1666:
1491:
2516:
274:
1531:
1644:
1639:
1526:
1093:
551:
533:
1254:
432:
1394:
1359:
572:
Juvenile open-angle glaucoma: 22-year-old
Caucasian female referred in 1990 for evaluation of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP)
2279:
1934:
1452:
1364:
1354:
1083:
152:
protein dysfunction. Myocilin gene mutations are identified in approximately 10% of patients affected by juvenile glaucoma.
245:
2302:
1447:
1338:
1204:
2404:
481:
Turalba AV, Chen TC (2008). "Clinical and
Genetic Characteristics of Primary Juvenile-Onset Open-Angle Glaucoma (JOAG)".
1845:
1536:
1521:
197:
Trabeculectomy and shunt procedures should be reserved for those cases in which goniotomy or trabeculotomy has failed.
2396:
2237:
733:
691:
656:
622:
1661:
1457:
1431:
1389:
1384:
1249:
1122:
1110:
1066:
1728:
1127:
133:
1840:
1634:
1326:
1073:
81:
1379:
1350:
974:
939:
571:
225:
Most cases are sporadic (90%). However, in the remaining 10% there appears to be a strong familial component.
144:
Primary congenital glaucomas most commonly occur sporadically. Juvenile open-angle glaucoma is typically an
92:
development that obstruct aqueous outflow in the absence of systemic anomalies or other ocular malformation.
2480:
1850:
1604:
1404:
924:
917:
2284:
2119:
2089:
2024:
2019:
1746:
1024:
889:
649:
89:
88:
and is diagnosed between three years of age and early adulthood. It is caused due to abnormalities in the
100:
glaucoma, infantile glaucoma and juvenile glaucoma together constitute the primary congenital glaucomas.
2062:
1738:
198:
188:, a condition in which the diameter of the cornea is larger than usual and the eye is otherwise normal.
333:
Morisette J, Côté G, Anctil JL, Plante M, Amyot M, Héon E, Trope GE, Weissenbach J, Raymond V (1995).
1835:
1421:
1416:
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1189:
1105:
240:
161:
2194:
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2225:
2140:
2014:
1814:
1697:
1689:
1477:
1441:
1426:
1281:
1061:
841:
335:"A common gene for juvenile and adult-onset primary open-angle glaucomas confined on chromosome 1q"
184:
that results from hereditary dystrophies is usually symmetric. Corneal enlargement may result from
128:
Two of the more commonly encountered disorders that may be associated with congenital glaucoma are
113:
85:
2526:
2294:
1751:
1501:
1409:
1333:
1286:
1098:
1034:
1019:
879:
828:
506:
145:
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2316:
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1991:
1756:
1616:
1399:
1056:
962:
529:
498:
455:
428:
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356:
304:
270:
235:
56:
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1882:
1872:
1718:
1693:
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1511:
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1132:
1029:
884:
771:
761:
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390:
346:
169:
548:
2339:
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1949:
1913:
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1496:
1321:
1308:
1242:
1199:
1117:
929:
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781:
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555:
181:
109:
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2335:
2179:
2031:
1976:
1819:
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1214:
1168:
1039:
912:
846:
836:
395:
378:
351:
334:
2510:
2455:
2099:
1954:
1894:
1611:
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1506:
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1137:
1046:
851:
756:
117:
61:
510:
2427:
2422:
2331:
1964:
1792:
1173:
1088:
996:
874:
869:
814:
809:
185:
108:
The typical infant who has congenital glaucoma usually is initially referred to an
17:
448:
Chardoub, Abd
Alkader Jafer; Blair, Kyle (26 December 2022). "Juvenile Glaucoma".
2471:
2229:
2163:
2114:
2057:
2052:
2009:
1987:
1898:
1889:
1809:
1787:
1599:
1571:
1369:
1237:
1078:
899:
776:
728:
675:
449:
298:
297:
Kaur, Kirandeep; Gurnani, Bharat (11 June 2023). "Primary
Congenital Glaucoma".
165:
48:
377:
Wiggs, JL; Damji, KF; Haines, JL; Pericak-Vance, MA; Allingham, RR (Jan 1996).
2084:
2047:
1971:
1959:
1903:
1864:
1770:
1706:
1685:
1575:
934:
799:
631:
494:
379:"The distinction between juvenile and adult-onset primary open-angle glaucoma"
2269:
2264:
2259:
2135:
2109:
1983:
1929:
1917:
1802:
1797:
1782:
1778:
1316:
1014:
991:
804:
751:
746:
723:
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613:
502:
459:
308:
404:
360:
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1939:
1473:
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907:
149:
129:
96:
120:
and photophobia may be missed until the corneal edema becomes apparent.
39:
2368:
2001:
1944:
1486:
1293:
1224:
1194:
1184:
791:
2447:
2414:
2246:
2104:
1006:
983:
703:
602:
112:
because of apparent corneal edema. The commonly described triad of
2076:
1156:
718:
598:
593:
589:
584:
2198:
2161:
1557:
960:
689:
645:
636:
632:
GeneReview/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on
Primary Congenital Glaucoma
269:(22nd ed.). New Delhi, India: Elsevier. 15 July 2015.
549:
Diagnosis and
Treatment of Primary Congenital Glaucoma
2464:
2446:
2413:
2395:
2377:
2354:
2324:
2315:
2293:
2245:
2236:
2128:
2075:
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2000:
1912:
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1828:
1769:
1737:
1705:
1684:
1625:
1570:
1466:
1307:
1267:
1223:
1164:
1155:
1005:
982:
973:
898:
860:
827:
790:
711:
702:
454:. Treasure Island, Florida: StatPearls Publishing.
303:. Treasure Island, Florida: StatPearls Publishing.
67:
55:
32:
172:can often be seen in case of congenital glaucoma.
1650:arteritic anterior (AAION or arteritic AION)
292:
290:
288:
286:
219:Incidence: one in every 10000-15000 live births.
524:Basic and clinical science course (2011–2012).
328:
326:
180:Corneal cloudiness may have myriad of causes.
2210:
657:
372:
370:
8:
1724:Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
1052:Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy
628:Congenital Primary Glaucoma on patient.info
470:– via National Libraries of Medicine.
319:– via National Libraries of Medicine.
148:, inherited condition. A primary cause is
2321:
2242:
2217:
2203:
2195:
2158:
1922:
1711:
1702:
1580:
1567:
1554:
1161:
979:
970:
957:
708:
699:
686:
664:
650:
642:
38:
29:
394:
350:
418:
416:
414:
257:
51:, developed due to congenital glaucoma.
528:. American Academy of Ophthalmology.
423:Yanoff, Myron; Duker, Jay S. (2009).
7:
2303:Congenital lacrimal duct obstruction
1532:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy
574:. EyeRounds.org. September 17, 2008.
1655:non-arteritic anterior (NAION)
1492:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
570:Lively GD, Alward, WL, Fingert JH.
2228:malformations and deformations of
1527:Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis
383:American Journal of Human Genetics
339:American Journal of Human Genetics
25:
1255:Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
1360:Central retinal artery occlusion
427:(3rd ed.). Mosby Elsevier.
222:Bilateral in up to 80% of cases.
1365:Branch retinal artery occlusion
1094:Terrien's marginal degeneration
160:The diagnosis is clinical. The
1395:Bietti's crystalline dystrophy
1355:Central retinal vein occlusion
1084:Pellucid marginal degeneration
1:
1448:Vitelliform macular dystrophy
1339:Posterior vitreous detachment
1205:Persistent pupillary membrane
2517:Congenital disorders of eyes
1935:Leber's congenital amaurosis
1846:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
1537:Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease
1522:Persistent fetal vasculature
1453:Leber's congenital amaurosis
267:Parsons' diseases of the eye
734:Meibomian gland dysfunction
82:primary congenital glaucoma
2548:
1458:Birdshot chorioretinopathy
1432:Central serous retinopathy
1250:Focal choroidal excavation
1123:Corneal neovascularization
940:Subconjunctival hemorrhage
2170:
2157:
1925:
1841:Convergence insufficiency
1714:
1583:
1566:
1553:
1482:Primary juvenile glaucoma
1327:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
969:
956:
742:
698:
685:
676:Diseases of the human eye
495:10.1080/08820530701745199
483:Seminars in Ophthalmology
246:Weill–Marchesani syndrome
78:Primary juvenile glaucoma
46:
37:
33:Primary juvenile glaucoma
2405:Axenfeld–Rieger syndrome
1351:Ocular ischemic syndrome
71:Goniotomy, trabeculotomy
2481:Coloboma of optic nerve
1851:One and a half syndrome
1605:Foster Kennedy syndrome
637:Glaucoma entry on PGCFA
47:A child with right eye
2285:Marcus Gunn phenomenon
2090:Argyll Robertson pupil
890:Periorbital cellulitis
176:Differential diagnosis
90:anterior chamber angle
2063:Scintillating scotoma
1729:Kearns–Sayre syndrome
1672:Toxic and nutritional
1645:posterior (PION)
1128:Kayser–Fleischer ring
623:Glaucoma for Children
199:Cyclophotocoagulation
134:Sturge–Weber syndrome
124:Systemic associations
116:(excessive tearing),
84:that develops due to
1836:Conjugate gaze palsy
1707:Paralytic strabismus
1640:anterior (AION)
1422:Retinitis pigmentosa
1417:Macular degeneration
1190:Intermediate uveitis
1106:Keratoconjunctivitis
241:Peters-plus syndrome
162:intraocular pressure
2141:Childhood blindness
2120:Parinaud's syndrome
1690:Extraocular muscles
1478:Ocular hypertension
1442:Epiretinal membrane
1427:Retinal haemorrhage
1282:Congenital cataract
214:Congenital glaucoma
86:ocular hypertension
18:Congenital glaucoma
2295:Lacrimal apparatus
1667:Leber's hereditary
1334:Retinal detachment
1287:Childhood cataract
1099:Post-LASIK ectasia
880:Orbital cellulitis
829:Lacrimal apparatus
554:2014-10-19 at the
146:autosomal dominant
2504:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2311:
2310:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2095:Marcus Gunn pupil
2071:
2070:
1992:Visual impairment
1859:
1858:
1765:
1764:
1752:Fourth-nerve (IV)
1680:
1679:
1617:Optic disc drusen
1549:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1263:
1262:
1151:
1150:
1057:Corneal dystrophy
952:
951:
948:
947:
823:
822:
609:Juvenile Glaucoma
276:978-81-312-3818-9
265:"The glaucomas".
236:Axenfeld syndrome
75:
74:
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2539:
2397:Anterior segment
2322:
2275:Blepharophimosis
2243:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2196:
2159:
1923:
1914:Vision disorders
1873:Refractive error
1815:Brown's syndrome
1771:Other strabismus
1757:Sixth-nerve (VI)
1747:Oculomotor (III)
1719:Ophthalmoparesis
1712:
1703:
1694:Binocular vision
1627:Optic neuropathy
1593:optic papillitis
1581:
1568:
1555:
1444:(Macular pucker)
1162:
1143:Band keratopathy
980:
971:
958:
885:Orbital lymphoma
772:Blepharophimosis
762:Blepharochalasis
709:
700:
687:
666:
659:
652:
643:
558:
546:
540:
539:
521:
515:
514:
478:
472:
471:
469:
467:
445:
439:
438:
420:
409:
408:
398:
374:
365:
364:
354:
345:(6): 1431–1442.
330:
321:
320:
318:
316:
294:
281:
280:
262:
80:is a subtype of
42:
30:
21:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2496:
2460:
2442:
2409:
2391:
2373:
2350:
2340:Cryptophthalmos
2307:
2289:
2232:
2223:
2193:
2184:
2166:
2145:
2124:
2067:
2036:
1996:
1950:Color blindness
1916:
1908:
1855:
1829:Other binocular
1824:
1761:
1733:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1676:
1621:
1574:
1562:
1541:
1497:Ocular hypotony
1462:
1322:Chorioretinitis
1303:
1259:
1243:Chorioretinitis
1219:
1200:Rubeosis iridis
1178:
1147:
1118:Corneal opacity
1074:Corneal ectasia
1001:
965:
944:
930:Pseudopterygium
894:
856:
819:
786:
782:Ankyloblepharon
738:
694:
681:
680:
670:
581:
567:
565:Further reading
562:
561:
556:Wayback Machine
547:
543:
536:
523:
522:
518:
480:
479:
475:
465:
463:
447:
446:
442:
435:
422:
421:
412:
376:
375:
368:
332:
331:
324:
314:
312:
296:
295:
284:
277:
264:
263:
259:
254:
232:
207:
194:
182:Corneal opacity
178:
158:
142:
126:
110:ophthalmologist
106:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2545:
2543:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2509:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2492:Norrie disease
2489:
2487:Hydrophthalmos
2484:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2438:Cornea plana 2
2435:
2433:Cornea plana 1
2430:
2425:
2419:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2383:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2364:Ectopia lentis
2360:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2346:Microphthalmia
2343:
2336:Cystic eyeball
2328:
2326:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2299:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2199:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2180:Onchocerciasis
2177:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2032:Quadrantanopia
2029:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2006:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1977:Oguchi disease
1969:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1892:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1869:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1820:Duane syndrome
1817:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1790:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1743:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1700:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1631:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1588:Optic neuritis
1584:
1578:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1517:Phthisis bulbi
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1400:Coats' disease
1397:
1392:
1390:of prematurity
1387:
1382:
1377:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1313:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1299:Ectopia lentis
1296:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1273:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1235:
1229:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1157:Vascular tunic
1153:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1040:Photokeratitis
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1011:
1009:
1003:
1002:
1000:
999:
994:
988:
986:
977:
967:
966:
961:
954:
953:
950:
949:
946:
945:
943:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
921:
920:
913:Conjunctivitis
910:
904:
902:
896:
895:
893:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
866:
864:
858:
857:
855:
854:
849:
847:Dacryocystitis
844:
839:
837:Dacryoadenitis
833:
831:
825:
824:
821:
820:
818:
817:
812:
807:
802:
796:
794:
788:
787:
785:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
743:
740:
739:
737:
736:
731:
726:
721:
715:
713:
706:
696:
695:
690:
683:
682:
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2428:Megalocornea
2423:Keratoglobus
2332:Anophthalmia
1990: /
1986: /
1965:Monochromacy
1897: /
1793:Heterophoria
1781: /
1481:
1480: /
1476: /
1380:hypertensive
1353: /
1174:Ciliary body
1089:Keratoglobus
997:Episcleritis
875:Enophthalmos
870:Exophthalmos
815:Trichomegaly
810:Distichiasis
712:Inflammation
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489:(1): 19–25.
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464:. Retrieved
450:
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389:(1): 243–4.
386:
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342:
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313:. Retrieved
299:
266:
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208:
205:Epidemiology
195:
186:megalocornea
179:
159:
143:
127:
107:
104:Presentation
94:
77:
76:
2472:Buphthalmos
2115:Cycloplegia
2058:Photophobia
2053:Hemeralopia
2010:Hemianopsia
1988:Vision loss
1899:Aniseikonia
1890:Astigmatism
1810:Cyclotropia
1788:Hypertropia
1600:Papilledema
1572:Optic nerve
1405:Sickle cell
1385:Purtscher's
1370:Retinopathy
1238:Choroiditis
1079:Keratoconus
900:Conjunctiva
777:Xanthelasma
729:Blepharitis
462:. NBK562263
311:. NBK574553
166:Buphthalmos
49:buphthalmos
2532:Pediatrics
2511:Categories
2325:Entire eye
2280:Ablepharon
2226:Congenital
2164:Infections
2085:Anisocoria
2048:Asthenopia
2041:subjective
2025:homonymous
2020:bitemporal
1972:Nyctalopia
1960:Dichromacy
1904:Presbyopia
1865:Refraction
1686:Strabismus
1576:Optic disc
935:Pinguecula
800:Trichiasis
451:StatPearls
300:StatPearls
252:References
2527:Blindness
2270:Distichia
2265:Entropion
2260:Ectropion
2136:Nystagmus
2110:Mydriasis
1984:Blindness
1930:Amblyopia
1918:Blindness
1878:Hyperopia
1803:Exophoria
1798:Esophoria
1783:Exotropia
1779:Esotropia
1317:Retinitis
1015:Keratitis
992:Scleritis
925:Pterygium
805:Madarosis
752:Ectropion
747:Entropion
724:Chalazion
625:on AAPOS.
618:eMedicine
614:eMedicine
466:1 October
315:1 October
192:Treatment
156:Diagnosis
95:Juvenile
68:Treatment
57:Specialty
2522:Glaucoma
2477:Coloboma
2387:Aniridia
2175:Trachoma
1940:Diplopia
1635:Ischemic
1560:Pathways
1474:Glaucoma
1375:diabetic
1277:Cataract
1215:Synechia
1067:Meesmann
1035:Exposure
1020:herpetic
918:allergic
908:Chemosis
842:Epiphora
552:Archived
526:Glaucoma
511:12527263
503:18214788
460:32965934
309:34662067
230:See also
150:myocilin
140:Genetics
130:Aniridia
114:epiphora
97:glaucoma
2369:Aphakia
2015:binasal
2002:Anopsia
1945:Scotoma
1739:palsies
1502:Red eye
1487:Floater
1294:Aphakia
1225:Choroid
1195:Hyphema
1185:Uveitis
792:Eyelash
405:8554064
396:1914955
361:7762566
352:1801110
2448:Retina
2415:Cornea
2255:Ptosis
2247:Eyelid
2238:Adnexa
2105:Miosis
1883:Myopia
1662:Kjer's
1410:photic
1309:Retina
1062:Fuchs'
1030:fungal
1007:Cornea
984:Sclera
767:Ptosis
704:Eyelid
692:Adnexa
603:CYP1B1
599:137750
590:137750
585:231300
532:
509:
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458:
431:
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359:
349:
307:
273:
2465:Other
2317:Globe
2129:Other
2077:Pupil
1467:Other
1111:sicca
963:Globe
862:Orbit
507:S2CID
2379:Iris
2356:Lens
2230:eyes
1269:Lens
1169:Iris
719:Stye
594:MYOC
530:ISBN
499:PMID
468:2023
456:PMID
429:ISBN
401:PMID
357:PMID
317:2023
305:PMID
271:ISBN
168:and
132:and
616:on
612:at
491:doi
391:PMC
347:PMC
2513::
2338:,
601:;
592:;
505:.
497:.
487:23
485:.
413:^
399:.
387:58
385:.
381:.
369:^
355:.
343:56
341:.
337:.
325:^
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136:.
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2479:(
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2334:(
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665:e
658:t
651:v
538:.
513:.
493::
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407:.
363:.
279:.
20:)
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