4628:"Let me begin by saying that I'm not convinced that even the pre-December qualifiers ('const' and 'volatile') carry their weight; I suspect that what they add to the cost of learning and using the language is not repaid in greater expressiveness. 'Volatile', in particular, is a frill for esoteric applications, and much better expressed by other means. Its chief virtue is that nearly everyone can forget about it. 'Const' is simultaneously more useful and more obtrusive; you can't avoid learning about it, because of its presence in the library interface. Nevertheless, I don't argue for the extirpation of qualifiers, if only because it is too late."
4715:"The declared object is a constant if the reserved word constant appears in the object declaration; the declaration must then include an explicit initialization. The value of a constant cannot be modified after initialization. Formal parameters of mode in of subprograms and entries, and generic formal parameters of mode in, are also constants; a loop parameter is a constant within the corresponding loop; a subcomponent or slice of a constant is a constant."
3043:
3109:
type qualifier causes difficulties when the logic of a function is agnostic to whether its input is constant or not, but returns a value which should be of the same qualified type as an input. In other words, for these functions, if the input is constant (const-qualified), the return value should be
1778:
parameter in pass-by-value (or the pointer itself, in pass-by-reference) does not add anything to the interface (as the value has been copied), but indicates that internally, the function does not modify the local copy of the parameter (it is a single assignment). For this reason, some favor using
1730:
More complicated declarations are encountered when using multidimensional arrays and references (or pointers) to pointers. Although it is sometimes argued that such declarations are confusing and error-prone and that they therefore should be avoided or be replaced by higher-level structures, the
2607:
The C language has a need of a loophole because a certain situation exists. Variables with static storage duration are allowed to be defined with an initial value. However, the initializer can use only constants like string constants and other literals, and is not allowed to use non-constant
4023:
variable that cannot be reassigned nor redeclared. It defines a read-only reference to a variable that cannot be redefined, but in some situations the value of the variable itself may potentially change, such as if the variable refers to an object and a property of it is altered.
3073:
The use of the type system to express constancy leads to various complexities and problems, and has accordingly been criticized and not adopted outside the narrow C family of C, C++, and D. Java and C#, which are heavily influenced by C and C++, both explicitly rejected
509:
makes values "easier to understand, track, and reason about", and it thus increases the readability and comprehensibility of code and makes working in teams and maintaining code simpler because it communicates information about a value's intended use. This can help the
3943:
keyword similar to that of C#: it also declares a compile-time constant rather than forming part of the type. However, in Nim, a constant can be declared from any expression that can be evaluated at compile time. In C#, only C# built-in types can be declared as
1391:
As a final note regarding pointer definitions: always write the pointer symbol (the *) as much as possible to the right. Attaching the pointer symbol to the type is tricky, as it strongly suggests a pointer type, which isn't the case. Here are some examples:
1286:
Although C/C++ allows such definitions (which closely match the
English language when reading the definitions from left to right), the compiler still reads the definitions according to the abovementioned procedure: from right to left. But putting
3511:
This allows idiomatic C code but does strip the const qualifier if the input actually was const-qualified, violating type safety. This solution was proposed by
Ritchie and subsequently adopted. This difference is one of the failures of
991:
is to read the declaration from right to left. Thus, everything to the left of the star can be identified as the pointed type and everything to the right of the star are the pointer properties. For instance, in our example above,
425:
may indeed change its value while the program is running. A common example are read only registers within embedded systems like the current state of a digital input. The data registers for digital inputs are often declared as
600:
object, on the other hand, can be reassigned to point to another memory location (which should be an object of the same type or of a convertible type), but it cannot be used to modify the memory that it is pointing to. A
2415:
qualifier, making any object modifiable. The necessity of stripping the qualifier arises when using existing code and libraries that cannot be modified but which are not const-correct. For instance, consider this code:
2375:
will be invoked and thus whether or not the caller is given a reference with which he can manipulate or only observe the private data in the object. The two methods technically have different signatures because their
2972:
qualifier when the pointee is not owned by the container, but this strategy would create compatibility issues with existing code. Thus, for historical reasons, this loophole remains open in C and C++.
3468:
However, in C neither of these is possible since C does not have function overloading, and instead, this is handled by having a single function where the input is constant but the output is writable:
3982:(it has no special meaning). The keyword was included as a means for Java compilers to detect and warn about the incorrect usage of C++ keywords. An enhancement request ticket for implementing
1013:
back up to where you began, and read backwards to the left (i.e., until the beginning of the declaration or to the open-parenthesis matching the closing parenthesis found in the previous step)
3249:
the return value should be as well – most simply because it might return exactly the input pointer, if the first character is a match – but on the other hand the return value should not be
3851:"It served two functions: as a way of defining a symbolic constant that obeys scope and type rules (that is, without using a macro) and as a way of deeming an object in memory immutable."
609:
object can also be declared and can neither be used to modify the apointee nor be reassigned to point to another object. The following code illustrates these subtleties:
3891:. Ritchie was not very supportive of these additions, arguing that they did not "carry their weight", but ultimately did not argue for their removal from the standard.
586:
pointer cannot be reassigned to point to a different object from the one it is initially assigned, but it can be used to modify the value that it points to (called the
493:. In these cases, the logical meaning (state) of the object is unchanged, but the object is not physically constant since its bitwise representation may change.
4400:
1294:
what must be constant quickly introduces mismatches between what you intend to write and what the compiler decides you wrote. Consider pointers to pointers:
4269:
2775:
Another loophole applies both to C and C++. Specifically, the languages dictate that member pointers and references are "shallow" with respect to the
4368:
4335:
2983:
object (implying that the containing class cannot be copied by the usual semantics either) or allow other loopholes by permitting the stripping of
1016:
when you've reached the beginning of the declaration you're done. If not, continue at step 2, beyond the closing parenthesis that was matched last.
3922:
Other languages do not follow C/C++ in having constancy part of the type, though they often have superficially similar constructs and may use the
346:
is modifiable or not. This type-checking is primarily of interest in pointers and references – not basic value types like integers – but also for
1800:
approach for user-defined types (structs and classes), which can have methods as well as member data, the programmer may tag instance methods as
505:, and const-correctness dictates that all variables or objects should be declared as such unless they need to be modified. Such proactive use of
4706:
4813:
61:
4451:
3018:
are among these functions. Some implementations of the C++ standard library, such as
Microsoft's try to close this loophole by providing two
4823:
4767:
1783:
in parameters only for pass-by-reference, where it changes the contract, but not for pass-by-value, where it exposes the implementation.
4527:
3118:
of these functions differs, it requires two functions (or potentially more, in case of multiple inputs) with the same logic – a form of
1750:
static variable (global variable or static local variable) is a constant, and may be used for data like mathematical constants, such as
1010:
read as far as possible to the right (i.e., until the end of the declaration or to the next closing parenthesis, whichever comes first)
124:
4298:
4236:
2964:
might solely own the pointee. For this reason, Meyers argues that the default for member pointers and references should be "deep"
3881:, was suggested at the December 1987 meeting of the X3J11 committee, but was rejected; its goal was ultimately fulfilled by the
2620:
variable that has static storage duration. By carefully constructing a typecast on the left hand side of a later assignment, a
2404:
There are several loopholes to pure const-correctness in C and C++. They exist primarily for compatibility with existing code.
432:
128:
53:
1817:
351:
69:
45:
3933:
keyword, but with radically different and simpler semantics: it means a compile-time constant, and is not part of the type.
3185:
function does not modify the input string, but the return value is often used by the caller to modify the string, such as:
1525:
Bjarne
Stroustrup's FAQ recommends only declaring one variable per line if using the C++ convention, to avoid this issue.
4774:
3513:
2147:
method with the same name (but possibly quite different uses) in a class to accommodate both types of callers. Consider:
1829:
4297:. Vicksburg, Massachusetts, USA: US Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, Major Shared Resource Center.
105:
3974:
as a reserved keyword – i.e., one that cannot be used as variable identifier – but assigns no semantics to it: it is a
3855:
The first use, as a scoped and typed alternative to macros, was analogously fulfilled for function-like macros via the
2636:
variable this way may work as intended, but it causes undefined behavior and seriously contradicts const-correctness:
1813:
457:
136:
109:
4789:
4725:
1808:
qualifier to instance methods thus is an essential feature for const-correctness, and is not available in many other
4390:
3936:
188:
4604:
3133:
function locates a character in a string; formally, it returns a pointer to the first occurrence of the character
2392:
by value, may be overkill in the second method, but the same technique can be used for arbitrary types, as in the
3520:
2995:
2393:
121:
4637:
1731:
procedure described at the top of this section can always be used without introducing ambiguities or confusion.
3540:
472:
132:
97:
89:
4611:", 2003: "X3J11 also introduced a host of smaller additions and adjustments, for example, the type qualifiers
3990:, but was closed in 2005 on the basis that it was impossible to implement in a backwards-compatible fashion.
2787:
members except that member pointees (and referees) are still mutable. To illustrate, consider this C++ code:
481:, indicating that this restriction does not apply to it. In some cases, this can be useful, for example with
3967:, not the type. It has a different object-oriented use for object members, which is the origin of the name.
1858:
471:. This means that non-const functions for this object cannot be called from inside such a function, nor can
335:
4263:
3531:
pointer if one was passed to them and an unqualified pointer if an unqualified pointer was passed to them.
4396:
3987:
3094:
varies significantly, with some projects and organizations using it consistently, and others avoiding it.
530:
qualifier is straightforward. It can go on either side of some types for historical reasons (for example,
4699:
255:
is part of the type, it must match as part of type-checking. For example, the following code is invalid:
4567:, "Extensions of the C Language Type Concept", Bell Labs internal Technical Memorandum, January 5, 1981.
4356:
4323:
4779:
4703:
4661:
3261:
3019:
490:
33:
4676:"Bug ID: JDK-4211070 Java should support const parameters (like C++) for code maintainence [
4416:) by Walter S. Brainerd, Jeanne C. Adams, Jeanne T. Martin, Brian T. Smith, and Jerrold L. Wagener.)
1003:
A more generic rule that helps you understand complex declarations and definitions works like this:
4818:
4503:
4292:"Cray Fortran Pointers vs. Fortran 90 Pointers and Porting from the Cray C90 to the SGI Origin2000"
4224:
3564:
3119:
1770:
parameter in pass-by-reference means that the referenced value is not modified – it is part of the
515:
347:
327:
73:
4364:
4331:
2991:
1797:
1771:
486:
4147:
562:
is more complicated – either the pointer itself, or the value being pointed to, or both, can be
3078:-style type qualifiers, instead expressing constancy by keywords that apply to the identifier (
1221:
When reading to the left, it is important that you read the elements from right to left. So an
4597:
4585:
4564:
4447:
4413:
4232:
4033:
3832:
1759:
482:
4516:
3416:
keyword, which acts as a wildcard for const, immutable, or unqualified (variable), yielding:
3265:
2380:" pointers have different types, allowing the compiler to choose the right one. (Returning a
4357:"Appendix C: Fortran 90 Features and Differences > Features > Cray Character Pointers"
4043:
421:
While a constant does not change its value while the program is running, an object declared
2979:-correct interface, but such classes either do not support the usual copy semantics from a
4710:
4002:
2584:
results in undefined behavior according to the ISO C++ Standard. In the example above, if
1809:
1743:
379:
363:
81:
64:
of languages differs from similar constructs in other languages in that it is part of the
4799:"Const and Invariant" from D programming language specification, version 2 (experimental)
4648:
4463:
4291:
4544:
4066:
is part of the outermost derived type in a declaration; pointers complicate discussion.
3903:
3836:
3115:
501:
In C, C++, and D, all data types, including those defined by the user, can be declared
477:
402:
339:
41:
3042:
4807:
4793:
4608:
4123:
2952:
is constant, which makes all of its members constant, the pointee accessible through
1862:" pointer, which is an implicit argument passed to all instance methods. Thus having
988:
833:
367:
359:
77:
4426:
1746:
or automatic, including global or local). The interpretation varies between uses. A
4439:
387:
343:
85:
4675:
4484:
4324:"Appendix C: Fortran 90 Features and Differences > Features > Cray Pointers"
4171:
3125:
This problem arises even for simple functions in the C standard library, notably
139:. This basic use – to declare constants – has parallels in many other languages.
17:
4784:
4756:
4581:
4220:
4075:
Note that pointer declaration syntax conventions differ between C and C++: in C
4020:
2975:
The latter loophole can be closed by using a class to hide the pointer behind a
828:
Following usual C convention for declarations, declaration follows use, and the
436:. The content of these registers may change without the program doing anything (
4798:
52:) that indicates that the data is read-only. While this can be used to declare
4012:
3257:, since the caller may wish to use the pointer to modify the original string.
2581:
101:
4601:
2956:
is still modifiable, though this may not be desirable from the standpoint of
996:
can be read as a writable pointer that refers to a non-writable integer, and
3129:; this observation is credited by Ritchie to Tom Plum in the mid 1980s. The
2608:
elements like variable names, whether the initializer elements are declared
2100:// Error! Set() is a non-const method and constC is a const-qualified object
1825:
1821:
1528:
The same considerations apply to defining references and rvalue references:
49:
3963:, which can be applied to local "variable" declarations and applies to the
378:
The idea of const-ness does not imply that the variable as it is stored in
2677://initial value depends on const bufferSize, can't be initialized here
514:
as well as the developer when reasoning about code. It can also enable an
4038:
3883:
1000:
can be read as a non-writable pointer that refers to a writable integer.
511:
3948:; user-defined types, including classes, structs, and arrays, cannot be
3547:
keyword denotes data that cannot be modified through any reference. The
1856:
modifier on an instance method applies to the object pointed to by the "
3926:
keyword. Typically this is only used for constants (constant objects).
3245:(since it is not modified by the function), and if the input string is
588:
566:. Further, the syntax can be confusing. A pointer can be declared as a
440:) but it would be ill-formed for the program to attempt write to them (
4248:
2628:
attribute and 'initializing' it with non-constant elements like other
1762:
is happening, though a different value may be used each time, such as
1240:
keyword to be placed to the left of the type. Here are some examples:
3994:
3870:
3014:
3008:
251:
declares a constant pointer to a variable integer. Secondly, because
187:
is part of the type, as if it were parsed "(int const) x" – while in
142:
However, unlike in other languages, in the C family of languages the
4262:"5.1. Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran: 5.1.16 Cray pointers".
3268:, resulting in two functions, so that the return value has the same
2132:", indicating that the method cannot modify its object through the "
4517:"WG14-N3020 : Qualifier-preserving standard library functions"
3840:
93:
2612:
or not, or whether the static duration variable is being declared
3869:
was then adopted in C as part of standardization, and appears in
2576:
However, any attempt to modify an object that is itself declared
987:
Following C++ convention of analyzing the type, not the value, a
398:
do. Note, however, that in the case of predefined data (such as
3873:(and subsequent versions) along with the other type qualifier,
3551:
keyword denotes a non-mutable view of mutable data. Unlike C++
452:
In addition, a (non-static) member-function can be declared as
4761:
4752:
4092:
Idiomatic D code would use an array here instead of a pointer.
3888:
3037:
1754:– realistically longer, or overall compile-time parameters. A
1742:
can be declared both on function parameters and on variables (
342:
whether they modify their arguments or not, and whether their
239:
can be applied to parts of a more complex type – for example,
3114:-qualified), the return value should be as well. Because the
2779:-ness of their owners – that is, a containing object that is
1866:
methods is a way to apply const-correctness to the implicit "
1804:
if they don't modify the object's data members. Applying the
864:
to its right. The C++ convention is instead to associate the
3527:
and the other functions affected by the issue will return a
3523:, this problem is solved with the use of generic functions.
2421:// Prototype for a function which we cannot change but which
1007:
find the identifier whose declaration you want to understand
3863:
notation, were suggested by Dennis
Ritchie and so adopted.
2624:
variable can be written to, effectively stripping away the
2588:
references a global, local, or member variable declared as
370:(C++ and D are either call-by-value or call-by-reference).
3815:// Won't compile. foo.next is of type immutable(Foo).
3722:// Error: Cannot create a mutable view of immutable data.
2359:// Error! (Calls: int const & MyArray::Get(int) const)
1758:
automatic variable (non-static local variable) means that
900:" (the pointer is a pointer to a constant integer). Thus:
592:). Reference variables in C++ are an alternate syntax for
475:
be modified. In C++, a member variable can be declared as
4485:"Dennis Ritchie: Why I do not like X3J11 type qualifiers"
3653:// Error: all views of immutable data must be immutable.
243:
declares a constant pointer to a constant integer, while
4005:
and loop parameters being implicitly constant. Here the
3997:
independently had the notion of a constant object and a
3704:// Works. immutable is implicitly convertible to const.
2371:-ness of the calling object determines which version of
1386:// a constant pointer to pointers to constant int values
4506:, 8.8: Propagating a Qualifier from Parameter to Result
3054:
247:
declares a variable pointer to a constant integer, and
68:, and thus has complicated behavior when combined with
4105:
type constructor, but this is related to use cases of
2909:// Error: s is const, so ptr is a const pointer to int
570:
pointer to writable value, or a writable pointer to a
2616:
or not. There is a non-portable way to initialize a
2933:// OK: the data pointed to by ptr is always mutable,
2407:
The first, which applies only to C++, is the use of
1368:// (ptr, the identifier, being const makes no sense)
974:// constPtrToConst is a constant pointer and points
832:in a pointer is written on the pointer, indicating
192:
155:
27:
Type qualifier denoting the data as being read-only
2987:-ness through inadvertent or intentional copying.
2936:// even though this is sometimes not desirable
1472:// but b is a mere int
953:// constPtr is a constant (int *: integer pointer)
80:. In other languages, the data is not in a single
3141:, and in classic C (K&R C) its prototype is:
2424:// we know does not modify the pointee passed in.
935:// *ptrToConst is a constant (int: integer value)
1638:// ERROR: as references can't change anyway.
1350:// (not a constant pointer to a pointer to ints)
1329:// (not a pointer to a constant pointer to ints)
1281://identical to: int const *const constPtrToConst
558:For pointer and reference types, the meaning of
526:For simple non-pointer data types, applying the
4619:, and slightly different type promotion rules."
4412:(NB. Derived from "FORTRAN 90 HANDBOOK" (1992,
3683:// No mutable reference to nums may be created.
3002:pointer to a character string and return a non-
2764:// warning: might work, but not guaranteed by C
2600:really does not modify the value pointed to by
1326:// a pointer to a pointer to constant int value
4009:is a property of the object, not of the type.
1870:" pointer argument just like other arguments.
3978:(it cannot be used in identifiers) but not a
1347:// a pointer to a const pointer to int values
88:for each use. Languages which use it include
8:
3543:, two keywords relating to const exist. The
3351:These can in turn be defined by a template:
1683:// rref is an rvalue reference, but value is
4662:"Java Language Specification Third Edition"
4577:
4575:
4573:
4392:Fortran Language Reference Manual, Volume 1
3906:) and added two further type constructors,
3110:as well, but if the input is variable (not
2885:// Error: s is const, so val is a const int
2411:, which allows the programmer to strip the
2329:// OK! (Calls: int & MyArray::Get(int))
1608:// ref2 is a reference, but ref3 isn't:
800:// Error! Cannot modify the pointed to data
734:// Error! Cannot modify the pointed to data
390:construct that indicates what a programmer
338:, where functions specify as part of their
3818:// foo.next.num is of type immutable(int).
3090:in C#). Even within C and C++, the use of
1611:// ref3 is a constant int initialized with
1496:// UGLY: both a and b are pointers to ints
4427:"Stroustrup: C++ Style and Technique FAQ"
4290:Fahey, Mark R.; Nagle, Dan (1999-04-19).
2592:, or an object allocated on the heap via
1365:// a constant pointer to pointers to ints
4660:Gosling, James; Joy, Bill; Steele, Guy.
3970:The Java language specification regards
3728:Example of transitive or deep const in D
2139:Often the programmer will supply both a
1022:
550:) generates a warning but not an error.
4496:
4494:
4139:
4055:
3847:. As to motivation, Stroustrup writes:
3632:// bar is a const view of mutable data.
354:. It is concealed by the fact that the
212:declares a constant (a kind of object)
4399:1999 . Document Number: 007-3692-004.
4194:in a member function whose type has a
3237:Thus on the one hand the input string
3006:pointer to a part of the same string.
2968:-ness, which could be overridden by a
2296:// Get a reference to an array element
1260://identical to: int const *ptrToConst,
235:This has two subtle results. Firstly,
4545:"const(FAQ) – D Programming Language"
4446:. pp. 21–23. Boston: Addison Wesley.
4148:"Constant items – The Rust Reference"
3843:, in 1981, and was originally called
1950:// Note the lack of "const"
7:
4249:"Why is the kfree() argument const?"
3859:keyword. Constant pointers, and the
2632:variables and such. Writing into a
326:integer. This matching is a form of
127:, it indicates that the object is a
4768:The C++ FAQ Lite: Const correctness
3587:Example of const vs. immutable in D
3567:, and anything reachable through a
2299:// and modify its referenced value.
1848:methods can only be invoked by non-
815:// Error! Cannot modify the pointer
782:// Error! Cannot modify the pointer
767:// OK: modifies the pointed to data
701:// OK: modifies the pointed to data
2990:Finally, several functions in the
2388:, instead of merely returning the
1796:In order to take advantage of the
836:. For example, in the declaration
538:). On some implementations, using
463:inside such a function is of type
25:
4602:The Development of the C Language
4231:. p. 30. Boston: Addison Wesley.
3898:from C++, where it is known as a
2994:violate const-correctness before
2108:In the above code, the implicit "
1914:// Note the "const" tag
1311:// a pointer to a pointer to ints
1159:a function expecting a double ...
518:to generate more efficient code.
4777:" from the free electronic book
4533:from the original on 2022-10-13.
3041:
4464:"strchr, wcschr, _mbschr (CRT)"
4403:from the original on 2022-12-23
4371:from the original on 2022-12-23
4338:from the original on 2021-09-21
4304:from the original on 2022-12-23
4272:from the original on 2022-12-21
4122:The Ada standard calls this a "
3914:, to handle related use cases.
3253:if the original string was not
3022:versions of some functions: a "
2511:// Error! Drops const qualifier
1236:In some cases C/C++ allows the
1182:returning a constant pointer to
892:" (the value is constant), or "
4126:"; see that article for usage.
3272:-qualified type as the input:
3264:, typically implemented via a
2596:, the code is only correct if
2400:Loopholes to const-correctness
2079:// Ok: nonConstC is modifiable
394:do, not necessarily what they
1:
4814:C programming language family
4790:"Here A Const, There A Const"
3412:In D this is handled via the
1469:// a is a pointer to an int,
1116:function expecting an int ...
358:can often be omitted, due to
135:may not be changed, unlike a
4444:Effective C++, Third Edition
4824:Programming language topics
4501:The D Programming Language,
4019:declaration that defines a
1764:int const x_squared = x * x
1424:// a is a pointer to an int
848:, while the reference form
749:// OK: modifies the pointer
716:// OK: modifies the pointer
467:rather than merely of type
350:or templated types such as
4840:
4704:3.2.1. Object Declarations
4582:Sibling Rivalry: C and C++
4079:is standard, while in C++
3986:correctness exists in the
3514:compatibility of C and C++
1873:This example illustrates:
1830:Managed Extensions for C++
1136:returning a pointer to ...
417:Distinction from constants
4709:October 20, 2014, at the
4638:Nim Manual: Const section
4389:"Chapter 4. Data Types".
3894:D subsequently inherited
2394:Standard Template Library
1836:methods can be called by
1752:double const PI = 3.14159
1070:
1028:
1025:
596:pointers. A pointer to a
4762:"Constant Optimization?"
4265:The GNU Fortran Compiler
3731:
3590:
3470:
3418:
3353:
3274:
3260:In C++ this is done via
3187:
3143:
2789:
2638:
2418:
2149:
1875:
1735:Parameters and variables
1530:
1394:
1296:
1242:
1206:
1192:
1167:
1144:
1124:
1101:
1081:
1029:
902:
840:, the dereferenced form
611:
334:. This allows a form of
310:because the argument to
257:
4251:. lkml.org. 2013-01-12.
3877:. A further qualifier,
1231:const pointer to an int
917:// *ptr is an int value
554:Pointers and references
382:is unwritable. Rather,
336:programming by contract
4397:Silicon Graphics, Inc.
4101:D also introduced the
3988:Java Community Process
3541:D programming language
2710:defaultTextBoxLocation
1227:pointer to a const int
977:// to a constant value
882:int const * ptrToConst
228:, but not part of the
3839:, the predecessor to
3026:" version and a "non-
2960:-correctness because
2058:// Ok: Get() is const
1020:Here is an example:
884:can thus be read as "
868:with the type, as in
542:twice (for instance,
536:char const foo = 'a';
532:const char foo = 'a';
154:. For example, in C,
34:programming languages
4649:const (C# Reference)
4466:. Msdn.microsoft.com
4361:Fortran User's Guide
4328:Fortran User's Guide
4229:C++ Coding Standards
3539:In Version 2 of the
3262:function overloading
2944:Although the object
491:data synchronization
456:. In this case, the
348:composite data types
241:int const * const x;
74:composite data types
4753:"Const-Correctness"
4504:Andrei Alexandrescu
4225:Andrei Alexandrescu
4198:and whose class is
4196:cv-qualifier-seq cv
3955:Java does not have
3120:generic programming
2998:, as they accept a
1844:objects alike, non-
1164:Find the matching (
1121:Find the matching (
1073:(reading downwards)
852:is a pointer to an
516:optimizing compiler
465:object_type const *
328:program correctness
175:declares an object
120:When applied in an
4775:Value substitution
4607:July 15, 2012, at
4365:Oracle Corporation
4332:Oracle Corporation
4180:Draft C++ Standard
4062:Formally when the
3831:was introduced by
3611:// foo is mutable.
3053:. You can help by
2992:C standard library
2737:userTextBufferSize
2698:defaultTextBoxType
2671:userTextBufferSize
2547:// Strip qualifier
1812:languages such as
1798:design by contract
1614:// var's value
1026:Part of expression
487:reference counting
330:, and is known as
150:, not part of the
4770:by Marshall Cline
4598:Dennis M. Ritchie
4586:Bjarne Stroustrup
4565:Bjarne Stroustrup
4547:. Digitalmars.com
4452:978-0-321-33487-9
4414:McGraw-Hill, Inc.
4152:doc.rust-lang.org
4034:Single assignment
3993:The contemporary
3959:– it instead has
3833:Bjarne Stroustrup
3071:
3070:
1760:single assignment
1219:
1218:
1098:Read to the right
876:as modifying the
534:is equivalent to
522:Simple data types
332:const-correctness
18:Const correctness
16:(Redirected from
4831:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4722:
4716:
4697:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4672:
4666:
4665:
4657:
4651:
4646:
4640:
4635:
4629:
4626:
4620:
4595:
4589:
4579:
4568:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4521:
4513:
4507:
4498:
4489:
4488:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4460:
4454:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4423:
4417:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4320:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4309:
4303:
4296:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4245:
4239:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4201:
4193:
4187:
4186:
4175:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4144:
4127:
4120:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4099:
4093:
4090:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4073:
4067:
4065:
4060:
4044:Pointer aliasing
4018:
4008:
4003:input parameters
4000:
3985:
3973:
3962:
3958:
3951:
3947:
3942:
3932:
3925:
3913:
3909:
3900:type constructor
3897:
3886:
3880:
3876:
3868:
3862:
3858:
3846:
3830:
3819:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3807:
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3801:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3753:
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3747:
3744:
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3738:
3735:
3723:
3720:
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3714:
3711:
3708:
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3702:
3699:
3696:
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3690:
3687:
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3681:
3678:
3675:
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3669:
3666:
3663:
3660:
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3654:
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3498:
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3271:
3256:
3252:
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3150:
3147:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3113:
3108:
3100:
3093:
3089:
3085:
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3077:
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3063:
3045:
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3025:
3017:
3011:
3005:
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2986:
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2971:
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2765:
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2714:
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2699:
2696:
2693:
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2687:
2686:setupUserTextBox
2684:
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2599:
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2569:
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2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
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2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
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2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
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2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
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2455:
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2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2414:
2410:
2391:
2387:
2384:reference to an
2383:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
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2345:
2342:
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2297:
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2288:
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2273:
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2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
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2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2120:"; whereas the "
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1855:
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1843:
1839:
1835:
1807:
1803:
1782:
1777:
1769:
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1753:
1749:
1741:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
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1675:
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1663:
1660:
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1497:
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1467:
1464:
1461:
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1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1290:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1239:
1224:
1210:
1203:Read to the left
1198:blocks of 10 ...
1184:a pointer to ...
1177:
1174:
1171:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1131:
1128:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1092:
1085:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1023:
999:
995:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
875:
871:
867:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
831:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
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663:
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654:
651:
648:
645:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
608:
604:
599:
595:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
549:
548:char const const
545:
544:const char const
541:
537:
533:
529:
508:
504:
480:
473:member variables
470:
466:
460:
455:
443:
439:
435:
429:
424:
408:
401:
385:
357:
321:
313:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
223:
219:
215:
211:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
195:
186:
182:
178:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
161:
158:
145:
84:, but copied at
59:
21:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4804:
4803:
4780:Thinking in C++
4749:
4744:
4743:
4734:
4732:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4714:
4711:Wayback Machine
4698:
4694:
4685:
4683:
4674:
4673:
4669:
4659:
4658:
4654:
4647:
4643:
4636:
4632:
4627:
4623:
4596:
4592:
4580:
4571:
4563:
4559:
4550:
4548:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4530:
4519:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4499:
4492:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4469:
4467:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4438:
4434:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4406:
4404:
4395:. Vol. 1.
4388:
4387:
4383:
4374:
4372:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4341:
4339:
4322:
4321:
4317:
4307:
4305:
4301:
4294:
4289:
4288:
4284:
4275:
4273:
4261:
4260:
4256:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4219:
4215:
4206:
4202:is "pointer to
4199:
4191:
4184:
4182:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4165:
4156:
4154:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4130:
4121:
4117:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4091:
4087:
4080:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4052:
4030:
4016:
4006:
3998:
3983:
3971:
3960:
3956:
3949:
3945:
3940:
3930:
3923:
3920:
3918:Other languages
3911:
3907:
3895:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3866:
3860:
3856:
3844:
3828:
3826:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3799:
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3793:
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3787:
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3772:
3769:
3766:
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3700:
3697:
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3691:
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3670:
3667:
3664:
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3649:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3613:
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3607:
3604:
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3598:
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3592:
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3576:
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3544:
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3528:
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3509:
3508:
3505:
3502:
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3475:
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3466:
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3450:
3447:
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3441:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3269:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3111:
3106:
3103:
3098:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3051:needs expansion
3036:
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2460:CallLibraryFunc
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1810:object-oriented
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1686:// a mere int.
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1275:constPtrToConst
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968:constPtrToConst
967:
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904:
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889:
885:
881:
873:
872:, and read the
869:
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849:
845:
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821:
820:
817:
814:
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805:
803:constPtrToConst
802:
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790:
788:constPtrToConst
787:
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781:
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772:
769:
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751:
748:
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718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
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700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
677:constPtrToConst
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
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643:
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634:
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531:
527:
524:
506:
502:
499:
476:
468:
464:
458:
453:
450:
441:
437:
431:
427:
422:
419:
406:
403:string literals
399:
383:
380:computer memory
376:
364:type conversion
355:
319:
311:
308:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
277:
274:
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268:
265:
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259:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
224:is part of the
221:
217:
213:
208:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
184:
180:
176:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
146:is part of the
143:
118:
82:memory location
57:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4837:
4835:
4827:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4806:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4796:
4787:
4771:
4765:
4764:by Herb Sutter
4759:
4748:
4747:External links
4745:
4742:
4741:
4717:
4692:
4682:. Bugs.sun.com
4667:
4652:
4641:
4630:
4621:
4590:
4569:
4557:
4536:
4526:. 2022-06-13.
4508:
4490:
4476:
4455:
4432:
4418:
4381:
4348:
4315:
4282:
4254:
4240:
4213:
4163:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4115:
4094:
4085:
4068:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4029:
4026:
4001:keyword, with
3919:
3916:
3904:type qualifier
3853:
3852:
3837:C with Classes
3825:
3822:
3732:
3591:
3583:respectively.
3563:are "deep" or
3536:
3533:
3471:
3419:
3354:
3275:
3188:
3144:
3137:in the string
3116:type signature
3102:
3096:
3069:
3068:
3048:
3046:
3035:
3032:
2790:
2639:
2580:by means of a
2419:
2401:
2398:
2373:MyArray::Get()
2150:
2130:C const *const
2116:has the type "
1876:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1736:
1733:
1531:
1395:
1297:
1243:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1189:Continue right
1186:
1185:
1180:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1145:
1142:
1141:Continue right
1138:
1137:
1134:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1088:
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1079:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1030:
1027:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
984:
983:C++ convention
981:
903:
825:
822:
612:
555:
552:
523:
520:
498:
495:
449:
446:
418:
415:
375:
372:
366:) and C being
340:type signature
258:
249:int * const x;
245:int const * x;
117:
114:
72:, references,
42:type qualifier
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4836:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4794:Walter Bright
4791:
4788:
4786:
4782:
4781:
4776:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4746:
4731:
4727:
4721:
4718:
4712:
4708:
4705:
4701:
4696:
4693:
4681:
4679:
4671:
4668:
4663:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4645:
4642:
4639:
4634:
4631:
4625:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4609:archive.today
4606:
4603:
4599:
4594:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4561:
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4529:
4525:
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4512:
4509:
4505:
4502:
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4486:
4480:
4477:
4465:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4436:
4433:
4428:
4422:
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4415:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4393:
4385:
4382:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4352:
4349:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
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4316:
4300:
4293:
4286:
4283:
4271:
4267:
4266:
4258:
4255:
4250:
4244:
4241:
4238:
4237:0-321-11358-6
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4217:
4214:
4210:
4205:
4197:
4181:
4177:
4167:
4164:
4153:
4149:
4143:
4140:
4133:
4125:
4124:reserved word
4119:
4116:
4098:
4095:
4089:
4086:
4072:
4069:
4059:
4056:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4014:
4010:
4004:
3996:
3991:
3989:
3981:
3977:
3976:reserved word
3968:
3966:
3953:
3938:
3934:
3927:
3917:
3915:
3905:
3901:
3892:
3890:
3885:
3872:
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3469:
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3267:
3263:
3258:
3240:
3186:
3142:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3097:
3095:
3065:
3062:November 2014
3056:
3052:
3049:This section
3047:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3021:
3016:
3010:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2973:
2788:
2637:
2605:
2594:new int const
2583:
2417:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2148:
2137:
2124:" pointer to
2112:" pointer to
1874:
1871:
1860:
1852:objects. The
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1799:
1791:
1786:
1784:
1773:
1761:
1745:
1734:
1732:
1680:// CONFUSING:
1605:// CONFUSING:
1529:
1526:
1445:// CONFUSING
1393:
1295:
1293:
1241:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1214:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1181:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1089:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1001:
990:
989:rule of thumb
982:
901:
880:to the left.
879:
863:
860:modifies the
835:
834:dereferencing
823:
610:
605:pointer to a
591:
590:
553:
551:
521:
519:
517:
513:
496:
494:
492:
488:
484:
479:
474:
469:object_type *
462:
447:
445:
434:
416:
414:
412:
404:
397:
393:
389:
381:
373:
371:
369:
368:call-by-value
365:
361:
360:type coercion
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
318:integer, but
317:
256:
233:
231:
227:
190:
153:
149:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
123:
115:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
78:type-checking
75:
71:
67:
63:
55:
51:
48:applied to a
47:
43:
39:
35:
30:
19:
4778:
4733:. Retrieved
4729:
4720:
4695:
4684:. Retrieved
4677:
4670:
4655:
4644:
4633:
4624:
4616:
4612:
4593:
4588:, 2002, p. 5
4560:
4549:. Retrieved
4539:
4524:open-std.org
4523:
4511:
4500:
4479:
4468:. Retrieved
4458:
4443:
4440:Scott Meyers
4435:
4421:
4405:. Retrieved
4391:
4384:
4373:. Retrieved
4360:
4351:
4340:. Retrieved
4327:
4318:
4306:. Retrieved
4285:
4274:. Retrieved
4264:
4257:
4243:
4228:
4216:
4203:
4195:
4190:The type of
4189:
4183:. Retrieved
4179:
4166:
4155:. Retrieved
4151:
4142:
4118:
4097:
4088:
4083:is standard.
4071:
4058:
4021:block-scoped
4011:
3992:
3979:
3975:
3969:
3964:
3954:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3899:
3893:
3865:
3854:
3827:
3727:
3726:
3586:
3585:
3538:
3518:
3510:
3467:
3411:
3350:
3259:
3238:
3236:
3180:
3124:
3104:
3072:
3059:
3055:adding to it
3050:
2989:
2974:
2943:
2774:
2606:
2575:
2406:
2403:
2366:
2138:
2107:
1872:
1795:
1738:
1729:
1689:/* write: */
1527:
1524:
1499:/* write: */
1448:/* write: */
1409:/* write: */
1390:
1291:
1285:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1019:
1002:
986:
877:
861:
827:
824:C convention
587:
557:
525:
500:
451:
420:
413:unwritable.
410:
400:char const *
395:
391:
388:compile-time
377:
374:Consequences
344:return value
331:
323:
315:
309:
234:
229:
225:
151:
147:
141:
119:
116:Introduction
86:compile time
65:
37:
31:
29:
4785:Bruce Eckel
4757:Herb Sutter
4221:Herb Sutter
3887:keyword in
3710:mutableNums
3229:' '
3214:'/'
3030:" version.
2598:LibraryFunc
2556:nonConstPtr
2550:LibraryFunc
2520:nonConstPtr
2493:LibraryFunc
2430:LibraryFunc
2136:" pointer.
1223:int const *
998:int * const
994:int const *
898:int const *
886:*ptrToConst
578:pointer to
386:-ness is a
183:type – the
125:declaration
4819:Data types
4808:Categories
4735:2017-10-31
4686:2014-11-04
4551:2013-08-18
4470:2017-11-23
4407:2022-12-23
4375:2022-12-23
4342:2022-12-23
4308:2022-12-23
4276:2022-12-21
4185:2020-03-30
4157:2022-06-22
4134:References
4013:JavaScript
3965:identifier
3575:object is
3565:transitive
3020:overloaded
2948:passed to
2743:bufferSize
2647:bufferSize
2582:const cast
2526:const_cast
2409:const_cast
2332:constArray
2287:constArray
2143:and a non-
2128:has type "
1774:– while a
1695:&&
1647:&&
1557:refToConst
1254:ptrToConst
1229:and not a
1225:becomes a
1078:Identifier
929:ptrToConst
894:ptrToConst
737:ptrToConst
722:ptrToConst
644:ptrToConst
574:value, or
448:Other uses
362:(implicit
352:containers
314:must be a
220:type: the
102:JavaScript
4773:Section "
4313:(8 pages)
3929:C# has a
3908:immutable
3779:immutable
3764:immutable
3692:constNums
3671:immutable
3656:immutable
3635:immutable
3581:immutable
3573:immutable
3561:immutable
3545:immutable
3082:in Java,
2692:textBox_t
2061:nonConstC
2022:nonConstC
1989:nonConstC
1822:Microsoft
890:int const
582:value. A
181:int const
54:constants
50:data type
4707:Archived
4617:volatile
4605:Archived
4528:Archived
4442:(2005).
4401:Archived
4369:Archived
4367:. 2010.
4336:Archived
4334:. 2010.
4299:Archived
4270:Archived
4268:. 2006.
4227:(2005).
4176:pointer"
4107:volatile
4039:restrict
4028:See also
4007:constant
3999:constant
3884:restrict
3875:volatile
3845:readonly
3356:template
3266:template
3088:readonly
3034:Problems
2783:has all
2118:C *const
1840:and non-
1832:. While
1772:contract
1626:constRef
1215:doubles.
1093:is a ...
947:constPtr
870:int* ptr
838:int *ptr
770:constPtr
755:constPtr
659:constPtr
512:compiler
438:volatile
433:volatile
324:constant
316:variable
222:constant
200:constant
137:variable
129:constant
70:pointers
62:C family
32:In some
4726:"const"
4081:char* s
4077:char *s
3980:keyword
3879:noalias
3861:* const
3824:History
3101:problem
2970:mutable
2278:MyArray
2266:MyArray
2155:MyArray
1826:C++/CLI
1792:Methods
1641:// C++:
1071:Meaning
856:. Thus
589:pointee
483:caching
478:mutable
461:pointer
218:INTEGER
203:INTEGER
60:in the
46:keyword
4680:]"
4450:
4235:
4109:, not
4103:shared
4015:has a
3995:Ada 83
3939:has a
3857:inline
3525:strchr
3519:Since
3479:strchr
3433:strchr
3374:strchr
3319:strchr
3283:strchr
3202:strchr
3183:strchr
3152:strchr
3131:strchr
3127:strchr
3099:strchr
3015:strchr
3009:strstr
2792:struct
2755:struct
2749:sizeof
2725:size_t
2704:rect_t
2665:size_t
2641:size_t
2242:return
2200:return
2170:public
2082:constC
2046:constC
2004:constC
1920:return
1896:public
1820:or in
1744:static
1292:before
1209:double
1150:double
1062:double
1032:double
844:is an
497:Syntax
489:, and
392:should
281:// ...
226:object
152:object
131:: its
122:object
108:, and
76:, and
4700:1815A
4613:const
4531:(PDF)
4520:(PDF)
4302:(PDF)
4295:(PDF)
4172:"The
4111:const
4064:const
4050:Notes
4017:const
3984:const
3972:const
3961:final
3957:const
3950:const
3946:const
3941:const
3931:const
3924:const
3912:inout
3902:(not
3896:const
3867:const
3829:const
3734:class
3686:const
3614:const
3577:const
3569:const
3557:const
3553:const
3549:const
3529:const
3488:const
3439:inout
3421:inout
3414:inout
3328:const
3313:const
3270:const
3255:const
3251:const
3247:const
3243:const
3112:const
3107:const
3092:const
3084:const
3080:final
3076:const
3028:const
3024:const
3004:const
3000:const
2985:const
2981:const
2977:const
2966:const
2958:const
2954:s.ptr
2950:Foo()
2900:&
2840:&
2837:const
2785:const
2781:const
2777:const
2734:&
2668:const
2644:const
2634:const
2630:const
2626:const
2622:const
2618:const
2614:const
2610:const
2590:const
2578:const
2568:// OK
2535:*>
2469:const
2413:const
2382:const
2369:const
2302:array
2284:&
2281:const
2272:array
2269:&
2236:const
2218:&
2215:const
2179:&
2152:class
2145:const
2141:const
2126:Get()
2114:Set()
2034:// Ok
2001:&
1998:const
1986:&
1911:const
1878:class
1864:const
1854:const
1850:const
1846:const
1842:const
1838:const
1834:const
1806:const
1802:const
1781:const
1776:const
1768:const
1756:const
1748:const
1740:const
1716:value
1668:value
1623:const
1620:&
1578:&
1575:const
1569:// OK
1554:&
1551:const
1380:const
1374:const
1359:const
1338:const
1317:const
1289:const
1272:const
1263:const
1245:const
1238:const
1176:const
1041:const
965:const
959:const
944:const
923:const
896:is a
888:is a
874:const
858:const
674:const
668:const
656:const
638:const
607:const
603:const
598:const
594:const
584:const
580:const
576:const
572:const
568:const
564:const
560:const
540:const
528:const
507:const
503:const
454:const
442:const
428:const
423:const
411:often
407:const
405:), C
384:const
356:const
322:is a
287:const
272:&
253:const
237:const
185:const
160:const
144:const
133:value
106:Julia
58:const
40:is a
38:const
4615:and
4448:ISBN
4233:ISBN
4223:and
4192:this
4174:this
3910:and
3797:next
3746:next
3716:nums
3698:nums
3662:nums
3559:and
3555:, D
3485:char
3473:char
3445:char
3427:char
3365:>
3359:<
3325:char
3310:char
3289:char
3277:char
3181:The
3158:char
3146:char
3105:The
3086:and
3012:and
2825:void
2659:1024
2562:size
2529:<
2505:size
2484:size
2457:void
2451:size
2427:void
2378:this
2367:The
2257:void
2245:data
2203:data
2164:data
2134:this
2122:this
2110:this
1974:void
1932:void
1868:this
1859:this
1816:and
1814:Java
1766:. A
1698:rref
1650:rref
1593:ref3
1581:ref2
878:type
862:name
842:*ptr
809:NULL
776:NULL
743:NULL
710:NULL
614:void
459:this
430:and
260:void
230:type
148:type
110:Rust
66:type
4792:by
4783:by
4755:by
4730:MDN
4678:sic
4600:, "
3937:Nim
3889:C99
3871:C89
3841:C++
3835:in
3803:num
3791:foo
3785:Foo
3776:new
3770:foo
3767:Foo
3755:num
3752:int
3743:Foo
3737:Foo
3707:int
3689:int
3677:int
3668:new
3659:int
3647:foo
3641:baz
3638:int
3626:foo
3620:bar
3617:int
3605:int
3602:new
3596:foo
3593:int
3579:or
3571:or
3521:C23
3500:int
3457:int
3404:...
3392:int
3340:int
3301:int
3241:be
3239:can
3170:int
3057:.
2996:C23
2921:ptr
2894:ptr
2873:val
2852:int
2828:Foo
2816:ptr
2810:int
2804:val
2801:int
2767:...
2683:int
2680:...
2602:ptr
2586:ptr
2541:ptr
2532:int
2514:int
2499:ptr
2481:int
2475:ptr
2466:int
2448:int
2442:ptr
2436:int
2396:.)
2390:int
2386:int
2338:Get
2308:Get
2260:Foo
2227:int
2221:Get
2212:int
2188:int
2182:Get
2176:int
2161:int
2088:Set
2067:Set
2055:();
2052:Get
2037:int
2031:();
2028:Get
2013:int
1977:Foo
1941:int
1935:Set
1905:Get
1902:int
1887:int
1828:or
1824:'s
1787:C++
1704:int
1692:int
1656:int
1644:int
1632:var
1617:int
1599:var
1587:var
1572:int
1563:var
1548:int
1536:var
1533:int
1502:int
1475:int
1451:int
1427:int
1412:int
1397:int
1383:ptr
1371:int
1362:ptr
1353:int
1344:ptr
1332:int
1323:ptr
1314:int
1305:ptr
1299:int
1266:int
1248:int
1107:int
1091:fun
1084:fun
1059:))(
1056:int
1050:fun
956:int
938:int
920:int
911:ptr
905:int
854:int
850:ptr
846:int
704:ptr
689:ptr
665:int
650:int
635:int
629:ptr
623:int
617:Foo
546:or
444:).
409:is
396:can
284:int
269:int
216:of
189:Ada
179:of
157:int
94:C++
44:(a
4810::
4728:.
4702:,
4584:,
4572:^
4522:.
4493:^
4363:.
4359:.
4330:.
4326:.
4209:".
4204:cv
4188:.
4178:.
4150:.
3952:.
3788:);
3680:);
3516:.
3506:);
3463:);
3448:)*
3430:)*
3346:);
3307:);
3217:))
3190:if
3176:);
3122:.
2861:42
2822:};
2761:);
2604:.
2565:);
2544:);
2508:);
2454:);
2353:42
2323:42
2254:};
2097:);
2094:10
2076:);
2073:10
1971:};
1908:()
1818:C#
1722:10
1713:),
1674:10
1665:),
1542:22
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1320:**
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1173:**
1153:))
1110:))
1065:))
1038:**
485:,
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232:.
209:1_
206::=
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112:.
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4738:.
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4689:.
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4554:.
4487:.
4473:.
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4410:.
4378:.
4345:.
4311:.
4279:.
4207:X
4200:X
4160:.
4113:.
3812:;
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3806:=
3800:.
3794:.
3782:(
3773:=
3761:}
3758:;
3749:;
3740:{
3719:;
3713:=
3701:;
3695:=
3674:(
3665:=
3650:;
3644:=
3629:;
3623:=
3608:;
3599:=
3535:D
3503:c
3497:,
3494:s
3491:*
3482:(
3476:*
3460:c
3454:,
3451:s
3442:(
3436:(
3424:(
3407:}
3401:{
3398:)
3395:c
3389:,
3386:s
3383:*
3380:T
3377:(
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3343:c
3337:,
3334:s
3331:*
3322:(
3316:*
3304:c
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3286:(
3280:*
3232:;
3226:=
3223:p
3220:*
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3208:q
3205:(
3199:=
3196:p
3193:(
3173:c
3167:,
3164:s
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3155:(
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2888:s
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2849:{
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2807:;
2798:{
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2770:}
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2728:*
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2010:{
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1962:j
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1956:i
1953:{
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1938:(
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1517:b
1514:*
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