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1831:
air orifice is controlled by an aneroid valve operator and is directly proportional to atmospheric pressure. As the altitude increases, the pressure decreases and the orifice gets smaller, so the user is provided with a higher proportion of oxygen, and when correctly calibrated, the partial pressure of oxygen in the mixture remains fairly consistent at a value similar to the 0.21 bar at sea level. This system makes efficient use of a combination of ambient and stored oxygen. The function of the aneroid valve operator can be substituted for terrestrial use by a simpler, lighter, and more rugged manually operated orifice selector knob, giving a stepwise range of concentrations which is lighter, more reliable, a bit less efficient, and requires appropriate selection by the user. It also allows the user to manually adjust the mixture to match personal needs. As it is manually selected, It is less suitable for flying, and more suitable for pedestrians who will not change altitude rapidly. The flow rates through the orifice and regulator are sensitive to flow rate of inhalation, and can be designed to provide a somewhat higher oxygen partial pressure at higher inhalation flow rates, which helps compensate for higher exertion.
1229:
wasteful, a constant flow system with reservoir, which when matched to the user demand is more efficient than simple constant flow, and is also relatively simple and reliable, a demand valve system, which automatically follows user demand, but also wastes a significant part of inhaled gas on dead space, a pulse dose demand system, which wastes less gas on dead space, but relies on a relatively complex control system which introduces reliability issues, or a closed circuit system, which is very efficient, but requires a carbon dioxide scrubber. The exothermic carbon dioxide absorption reaction of a rebreather helps keep the scrubber contents from freezing while it is in use, and helps reduce heat loss from the user, but it is bulky and heavy, and is sensitive to freezing when not in constant use. Both chemically generated and compressed gas oxygen have been used in experimental closed-circuit oxygen mountaineering systems, but open circuit constant flow using a reservoir mask has usually been used in the field, although relatively wasteful, as the equipment is reliable.
2217:
for adequate peripheral vision. Field of vision in helmets is affected by mobility of the helmet. A helmet directly supported by the head can rotate with the head, allowing the user to aim the viewport at the target, but peripheral vision is constrained by the dimensions of the viewport. The weight in air and unbalanced buoyancy forces when immersed must be carried by the neck, and inertial and hydrodynamic loads must be carried by the neck. A helmet fixed to a breastplate or space suit is supported by the torso, which can safely support much greater loads, but it does not rotate with the head. The entire upper body must rotate to direct the field of vision. This makes it necessary to use larger viewports so the user has an acceptable field of vision at times when rotating the body is impractical. The need to rotate the head inside the non-rotatable helmet requires internal clearance, therefore a large volume.
990:
847:
2200:
2035:, stamina, joint flexibility, etc. Breathing apparatus should allow as full a range of physical function as reasonably practicable and should be matched to the user, the environment and the task. The interface between equipment and user can strongly influence functionality. Breathing apparatus may be used by a wide range of users and must work for them all. Where correct operation and use of equipment is critical to user safety, it is desirable that different makes and models for the same application should work similarly, to facilitate rapid familiarisation with new equipment. Where this is not possible, additional training for the required skills may be necessary, and for medical interventions it may be necessary for a skilled operator to set up the apparatus and monitor its function while in use.
1062:
2250:
at approximately the same depth as the mouth or lungs to minimise work of breathing. To get consistent breathing effort for the range of postures the diver may need to assume, this is most practicable when the exhaust ports and valves are close to the mouth, so some form of ducting is required to direct the bubbles away from the viewports of helmet or mask. This generally diverts exhaust gases round the sides of the head, where they tend to be rather noisy as the bubbles rise past the ears. Closed circuit systems vent far less gas, which can be released behind the diver, and are significantly quieter. Diffuser systems have been tried, but have not been successful for open circuit equipment, though they have been used on rebreathers, where they improve stealth characteristics.
328:, are breathing apparatus that absorb the carbon dioxide from, and add oxygen to, a user's exhaled breath, allowing unused oxygen and diluent (if present) to be recycled. A rebreather system may be used for any application of a supplied gas breathing set. It may be more complex than open circuit if the mixture must be controlled, and for short endurance applications may be heavier. There may be a greater fire hazard due to high oxygen concentration. In other applications, when long endurance and reasonably light weight is required, it may allow a large saving of gas and be much simpler or lighter than the equivalent open circuit option. Rebreather systems can be closed or semi-closed circuit, have a
154:, which may be powered, using a motor to pass ambient air through the filter, or unpowered, relying on the wearer's breathing to draw ambient air through the filter. The distinguishing features of a respirator in this context appear to be that the air is not significantly compressed at any stage, is filtered, and is at approximately ambient pressure. The HSE definition for breathing apparatus is that they use a supply of breathing quality gas from an independent source, such as air compressors or compressed gas cylinders. In this case compression of the supply gas at some stage is implied. Both respirators and breathing apparatus are classed as
1773:
difference in pressure between inlet of raw material and outlet of product. The membrane used in the process is a generally non-porous layer, so there will not be a severe leakage of gas through the membrane. The performance of the membrane depends on permeability and selectivity. Permeability is affected by the penetrant size. Larger gas molecules have a lower diffusion coefficient. The membrane gas separation equipment typically pumps gas into the membrane module and the targeted gases are separated based on difference in diffusivity and solubility. Product gas can be delivered directly to the user through a suitable breathing apparatus.
1194:) makes a larger part of the oxygen available for inhalation, and it will be selectively inhaled during the initial part of inhalation, which reaches furthest into the lungs, and may also recover the volume inhaled into dead space for re-use on the next breath if it can be accommodated by the reservoir bag. The flow rate must be matched to the breathing interface storage volume and the user's breathing tidal volume and breathing rate for best efficiency, and the tidal volume and breathing rate can vary considerably over a short period with changes in exertion, so these methods are not very effective for an active user.
542:, and some types of escape breathing apparatus. A mouthpiece is simple and effective, with minimal dead space, and reliably seals without need for adjustment, but must be actively held in place by the user, and can cause jaw fatigue over long periods. A mouthpiece retaining strap may be used to reduce jaw fatigue and the risk of losing grip on the mouthpiece in an emergency. A mouthpiece only allows mouth breathing of the delivered gas, and it may be necessary to block the nose to prevent bypass. A mouthpiece makes intelligible speech difficult or impossible, and eating or drinking require temporary removal.
1233:
mountaineer cannot quickly descend to a safe altitude if the equipment fails, so it must be reliable. Another is that the mountaineer must personally carry the breathing apparatus, so the advantage gained by breathing supplemental oxygen must exceed the disadvantage of carrying the extra bulk and weight of the equipment. Other requirements are that the added work of breathing must be low, the equipment must function at low temperatures, and conservation of heat and moisture are desirable. The altitude range for mountaineering is also limited, there are no requirements for pressurisation.
2221:
397:
2147:
2319:
mountain climbing. The user must have as much freedom of movement as is reasonably practicable, and at least enough to safely carry out the expected tasks' while the set must remain securely in place during the necessary maneuvers. Access to the valves and pressure gauge is important for gas management, and it is helpful when equipment is shared by a team that the fit can be easily and quickly adjusted to suit the individual. For diving the buoyancy and buoyancy distribution are important to safety.
1518:
1341:
1967:
hazards are loss of gas supply, contamination of gas supply, and inappropriate gas supply. The consequences may include hypoxia, hyperoxia, hypercapnia, and poisoning or infection by contamination of the breathing gas due to leaks. Where high oxygen concentrations are provided, there may be a fire hazard, where high pressure gas storage is used, there are hazards associated with the high pressure equipment, and where liquid oxygen is used there are hazards of extreme cold.
31:
1877:
2089:
5761:
5785:
2139:
1896:
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1213:
from these devices is discharged to the environment, and the oxygen is lost, so they are less gas-efficient than closed circuit rebreathers, but do not have a carbon dioxide scrubber or counterlungs, which is a saving on weight and bulk, and make use of the oxygen available in the ambient air, so their efficiency is better at lower altitudes.
2163:
Fit of mask affects the seal and comfort and must account for variability of face shapes and sizes. This is less of a problem with full-face masks and less again with diving helmets, but other problems affect these, like overall head size, and neck length and circumference, so there is still a need for adjustment and a few size options.
1155:
pressure in the alveoli that is important to achieve the desired result, and that is strongly dependent on the delivery system of the breathing apparatus and the ambient pressure. Systems providing a constant flow rate of open circuit oxygen at the nose or mouth will waste a lot of the gas to dead space and during exhalation.
563:
the user. A wide range of designs are available depending on the application. The disadvantages are that the user cannot eat or drink while the mask is in place, and some models may interfere with speech, while others may have relatively large dead space. Three basic configurations are distinguished by the area they cover.
1938:(EVA). Modern space suits augment the basic pressure garment with a complex system of equipment and environmental systems designed to keep the wearer comfortable, and to minimize the effort required to bend the limbs, resisting a soft pressure garment's natural tendency to stiffen against the vacuum. A self-contained
2212:
and viewports affording restricted field of vision, and large viewports with large interior volume. Siting the viewport close to the eyes helps provide a better view but is complicated by the need for sufficient clearance in front of the nose for a wide range of divers. Cylindrically curved viewports can introduce
989:
2259:
or 5 adjustable straps, connected at the back of the head, but it is possible for them to be dislodged, so it must be possible for the user to refit them and purge the mask sufficiently to continue breathing. Helmets are much more securely attached, and it is considered an emergency if they come off the head.
1225:
pressure than breathing air at sea level. This results in being able to exert greater physical effort at altitude. The equipment must be lightweight and reliable in severe cold, including not getting choked with deposited frost from the exhaled gas, which is saturated with water vapour at body temperature.
337:
power input (the oxygen in a space suit is circulated by an electric fan). When powered by breathing effort, rebreather units will have an elevated work of breathing, particularly with high gas densities at great depth, which is a limiting factor for diving rebreathers, even when the diluent is helium.
2245:
Users who need optical correction have choices. Contact lenses can be worn under all types of masks and helmets. Regular spectacles can be worn in most helmets, but can not be adjusted. Corrective lenses can be fitted to the inside of some full-face masks, but the distance from the eyes to the lenses
2211:
of the user of a full-face breathing mask or helmet is reduced by opaque parts of the helmet or mask. Peripheral vision can be particularly reduced in the lower areas due to the bulk of the demand valve. Helmet design is a compromise between low mass and inertia, with relatively small interior volume
2162:
If the mask is intended to be used in a hostile environment and contamination of the gas supply must be prevented, the mask must form an airtight or watertight seal around the edges, regardless of the position of the user. This seal is between the elastomer skirt of the mask and the skin of the face.
2042:
Breathing apparatus is used to facilitate breathing in hazardous conditions or where the user needs assistance to respire adequately. The primary requirements are to keep the user alive and healthy during and after use. Secondary requirements include providing user comfort, and sufficient capacity to
1945:
Three types of space suits exist for different purposes: IVA (intravehicular activity), EVA (extravehicular activity), and IEVA (intra/extravehicular activity). IVA suits are meant to be worn inside a pressurized spacecraft, and are therefore lighter and more comfortable. IEVA suits are meant for use
1232:
Although there is considerable similarity in the basic conditions in which aviation and mountaineering breathing apparatus is used, there are differences sufficient to make directly transferable use of equipment generally impracticable. One of the major considerations is that, unlike the aviator, the
1001:
Escape breathing apparatus are a class of self contained atmosphere supplying or air purifying breathing apparatus for use in emergencies, intended to allow the user to pass through areas without a breathable atmosphere to a place of relative safety where the ambient air is safe to breathe. These are
955:
A supplied-air respirator (SAR), also called an airline respirator, is a type of respiratory protection equipment used where the ambient atmosphere is unsuitable to breathe directly or after filtering at the user. The equipment may provide air on demand, at positive pressure, or may supply a constant
562:
A breathing mask, also called a facepiece, is a component which covers the mouth and nose, sometimes also the eyes and other parts of the face, and may seal against the face. A breathing mask is usually effective, allows mouth and nose breathing, and can usually be sealed adequately without effort by
467:
is relatively unobtrusive and is widely used for supplemental oxygen. The basic version is used to deliver continuous flow supplemental oxygen at rates from 1 to 6 litres per minute. It has two short prongs that fit into the nostrils for delivery, that are connected to a common tube, which is usually
454:
The user respiratory interface, also commonly referred to as the facepiece, is the delivery system by which the breathing apparatus controls breathing gas flow to and from the user. The choice of interface type and the fit can significantly influence convenience, effectiveness, comfort, and sometimes
268:
The gas can be supplied continuously, in what is known as a constant flow, continuous flow, or free-flow system. The user inhales from the stream of fresh gas passing the face, and exhales back into the same stream. Supply rate must be sufficient that at reasonably foreseeable work rates, the inhaled
201:
is a breathing apparatus which uses a filter, cartridge, or canister, to remove specific air contaminants by passing ambient air through the air-purifying component. No distinction is made based on the mechanism of passing the air through the purifying component – it may be the lungs of the user or a
2258:
Masks held in place by adjustable straps can be knocked off or moved from the correct position, allowing ambient atmosphere or water to flood in, and the loss of breathing gas. Full-face breathing masks are more easily dislodged due to their size, and need to be more securely supported, usually by 4
2249:
Open circuit breathing apparatus for diving produces exhalation gas bubbles at the exhaust ports. Free-flow systems produce the largest volumes, but the outlet can be behind the viewports so it does not obscure the diver's vision. Demand systems must have the second stage diaphragm and exhaust ports
2119:
gas. It is usually expressed as work per unit volume, for example, joules/litre, or as a work rate (power), such as joules/min or equivalent units, as it is not particularly useful without a reference to volume or time. It can be calculated in terms of the pulmonary pressure multiplied by the change
1966:
Breathing apparatus is usually used as personal protective equipment, and the user should be safer using it than without it in the same environment if it is needed, but there are hazards associated with its use. Some are specific to the apparatus and others are more general. The more obvious generic
1830:
was developed and extensively used for high altitude flying during WWII. A dilutor demand regulator draws ambient air into the mask through an orifice in the regulator, while concurrently being fed with pure oxygen through a demand valve in the regulator. For aeronautical use the size of the ambient
1714:
The amount of supplementary oxygen needed to bring the inhaled partial pressure to sea level equivalent, or any other fixed value greater than that of the ambient atmosphere is a function of the altitude, and increases with an increase in altitude in direct proportion to pressure drop. The amount of
1694:
At high enough altitudes the partial pressure of oxygen in the air is insufficient to support useful work and consciousness, even after acclimatisation, and at even higher altitudes it cannot support human life. At altitudes where the problem is hypoxia, breathing gas with a higher oxygen content at
1685:
An oxygen partial pressure equivalent to sea level can be maintained at an altitude of 10,000 metres (34,000 ft) with 100% oxygen. Above 12,000 metres (40,000 ft), positive pressure breathing with 100% oxygen is essential, as without positive pressure even very short exposures to altitudes
1676:
People can become acclimatised to an altitude of 5,200 to 5,500 metres (17,000 to 18,000 ft) if they remain at high altitude for long enough, but for high altitude rescue work, rescue teams must be rapidly deployed, and the time necessary to acclimatise is not available, making oxygen breathing
1508:
There are three modes of mechanical ventilation, which are the ways in which a breath is delivered by a medical ventilator: In control mode, each breath is mechanically delivered, but may be triggered by a timing mechanism or by patient effort. These breaths may be volume or pressure controlled. In
1212:
Adaptive demand systems are a development in pulse demand delivery. They are devices that automatically adjust the volume of the pulsed bolus to suit the activity level of the user. This adaptive response is intended to reduce desaturation responses caused by exercise rate variation. The exhaled gas
1169:
A closed circuit rebreather is highly effective at conserving stored oxygen, but it makes no use of ambient oxygen, so its effectiveness at minimising use of stored oxygen depends on where it is used. It is most applicable where it is not possible to use enriched ambient gas, either because there is
301:
Both constant flow and demand supply can also provide gas from two sources, one of them being the ambient atmosphere, in what is generally referred to as supplemental oxygen provision, frequently used for medical purposes where the user is at risk for medical hypoxia, and at high altitudes where the
164:
McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms defines breathing apparatus as "An appliance that enables a person to function in irrespirable or poisonous gases or fluids; contains a supply of oxygen and a regenerator which removes the carbon dioxide exhaled", which is the description of
2341:
For supplied gas breathing apparatus, it is usually highly undesirable, and may well be an emergency, to run out of gas unexpectedly. Monitoring remaining gas, identifying low gas levels in time to take appropriate action, and where necessary, bailing out to an available backup system are necessary
2299:
compensate for a potentially large dead space by a high gas flow rate, so that exhaled gas is flushed away before it can be rebreathed. They tend to have a large internal volume, and be heavier than demand helmets, and usually rest on the shoulders to prevent over-stressing the neck, so do not move
2237:
for rinsing. Demand helmets may have a free-flow supply valve which directs dry air over the inside of the facepiece. Full-face diving masks may use either rinsing or free-flow, depending on whether they are intended primarily for scuba or surface-supply. Full-face masks and helmets may also direct
2216:
underwater that can reduce the effectiveness of the diver at judging distance, but are common in masks used in air. Spherical viewport surfaces are generally used in recent atmospheric suits for structural reasons, and work well when the interior volume is large enough. They can be made wide enough
2180:
The gas space in a breathing mask is inherently self-equalising for reasonably gradual pressure changes. If the mask is to be used where the ambient pressure may change significantly, the user must be able to equalise the pressure in the middle ears, which for many people requires a method to block
2049:
is the property that enables a system to continue operating properly in the event of the failure of some of its components. If its operating quality decreases at all, the decrease is proportional to the severity of the failure, as compared to a naively designed system, in which even a small failure
2014:
Human factors in breathing apparatus design are the influence of the interaction between the user and the equipment on the design of the equipment. The user of breathing apparatus relies on the equipment to stay alive or healthy, in reasonable comfort and to perform the tasks required during use of
1780:
are the smallest units, which may weigh as little as 2.3 kilograms (5 lb) Their small size enables the user to waste less of the energy gained from the treatment on carrying them. The unit administers a set volume (bolus) of oxygen enriched air at the start of each breath, which is the part of
1428:
is a characteristic of resuscitation and may be provided by medical ventilators when needed. Two basic types of mechanical ventilation may be distinguished by the limiting mechanism. Some are pressure controlled, in which the delivery stops when a limiting pressure is reached, and others are volume
1400:
devices; strictly speaking, the term "anaesthetic machine" refers only to the component which generates the gas flow, but modern machines usually integrate all these devices into one combined freestanding unit, which is colloquially referred to as the anaesthetic machine for the sake of simplicity.
1224:
provides oxygen at a higher concentration than available from atmospheric air in a naturally hypoxic environment. Breathing pure oxygen results in an elevated partial pressure of oxygen in the blood: a climber breathing pure oxygen at the summit of Mt. Everest has a greater arterial oxygen partial
1197:
Delivery by demand valve avoids wastage of oxygen when the user is not actively inhaling, and when combined with a suitably calibrated dilution orifice can conserve a large proportion of the stored oxygen, but it still wastes oxygen to fill the anatomical and mechanical dead spaces, and it requires
1116:
supplied to passengers in commercial airliners that have lost cabin pressure is also a basic form of built-in breathing system, where the oxygen is generated and supplied as a constant flow for a limited period, which should be sufficient to allow the aircraft to safely descend to an altitude where
472:
is an oxygen conserving supplemental oxygen administration device which accumulates constant flow oxygen in a small reservoir below the nose during exhalation and delivers it in a bolus at the beginning of the next inhalation, which ensures that most of it reaches the parts of the lung in which gas
336:
flow path configuration, and the gas can be circulated by the breathing of the user through non-return valves, (almost all self-contained units), by the energy of the injected fresh gas, (Dräger Modell 1915 "Bubikopf", DM20 and DM40, and US Navy Mk V helium helmet gas extenders,), or by an external
2023:
to component materials. It must be reliable and should not require constant attention or adjustment during use, and if possible performance should degrade gradually in the event of malfunctions, allowing time for corrective action to be taken with minimum risk. It should not excessively burden the
1772:
minerals at high pressure. This type of adsorption system is therefore functionally a nitrogen scrubber, leaving the other atmospheric gases to pass through, with oxygen as the primary gas remaining. Gas separation across a membrane is also a pressure-driven process, where the driving force is the
142:
is usually a mask worn to protect the user from particulate contaminants in the air, but can also mean a device for providing artificial respiration. The usage in the sense of a filtering mask dates to the early 19th century and the artificial respiration sense dates to the second half of the 19th
1806:
A closed circuit oxygen rebreather is the most efficient in terms of oxygen use, but is relatively bulky and requires the use of a carbon dioxide absorbent, which must either be sufficient for the oxygen supply, or must be periodically replaced. If the oxygen supply fails, the loop gas can become
1228:
For mountaineering at high altitudes where the user has to carry the stored oxygen, it is desirable to maximise endurance of the set by efficient use of the gas. The theoretically available delivery systems are: a constant flow system without reservoir, which is simple and reliable, but extremely
786:
The ambient pressure underwater varies with the depth, and diver attitude in the water can affect the variation in pressure between the lungs and the delivered gas in the mouthpiece by up to about 250 mm water (25 mb), but usually less, which can be positive or negative depending on the
292:
Supply can be further classified as positive and negative pressure systems, based on the pressure maintained when flow has stopped, and whether the breathing gas pressure in the apparatus ever drops below ambient pressure. Open circuit systems without mixing during delivery are simple and the gas
1181:
A continuous constant flow rate delivered to the mouth and nose uses a simple regulator, but is inefficient as a high percentage of the delivered gas does not reach the alveoli, and over half is not inhaled at all. A system which accumulates free-flow oxygen during resting and exhalation stages,
1154:
Supplemental oxygen is oxygen additional to that available from atmospheric air at the ambient pressure. This may be necessary or desirable in hypobaric environments, or for medical purposes in any pressure regime. With supplemental oxygen the flow rate is often stipulated, but it is the partial
1104:
chambers the application is similar, but a further function is a supply of breathable gas in case of toxic contamination of the chamber atmosphere. This function does not require external venting, but the same equipment is typically used for supply of oxygen enriched gases, so they are generally
2228:
The inside surface of the viewport of a mask or helmet tends to be prone to fogging when the external environment is colder than the dew pint of the gas inside, where tiny droplets of condensed water disperse light passing through the transparent material, blurring the view. Treating the inside
1970:
The usual methods of risk management include design standards, quality control during manufacture, testing and certification of equipment, appropriate training of operators, regulation of use, as appropriate to the specific equipment and situations in which it is used, and correct selection of
771:
Negative pressure means that the pressure inside the facepiece is lower than the ambient pressure outside the facepiece at some point during inhalation, and a good seal on the facepiece is required to prevent leakage of the ambient gas or liquid into the breathing space. This pressure offset is
651:
Both rebreather and open circuit equipment have been used in this application, where either pure oxygen or supplemental oxygen is provided by the equipment. Minor leakage in either direction usually only affects efficiency and gas endurance, as the ambient air is usually only hypoxic due to low
1657:
is required to approximate the oxygen available in the lower atmosphere, while above 12,000 m (40,000 ft) oxygen must be provided under positive pressure. Above 15,000 m (49,000 ft), respiration is not possible because the pressure at which the lungs excrete carbon dioxide
2363:
to the extent that failing to check gas pressure is reasonably likely, a low gas alarm, a manual reserve switchover, or both are prudent. All three of these may be found on industrial breathing sets used for rescue and firefighting. For underwater diving, pressure gauges are standard, with an
2318:
When the user must carry the gas supply, weight, balance and inertia of the apparatus and the load distribution of the harness can make a large difference to comfort and safety, particularly when the user may be required to do heavy work in difficult conditions, as in firefighting, rescue and
2184:
Diving helmets and most full-face masks do not allow the user finger access to the nose, and various mechanical aids have been tried with varying levels of comfort and convenience. Masks for supplemental oxygen may be soft enough to close the nose with the mask in place, or may be temporarily
2123:
The total work of breathing when using a breathing apparatus is the sum of the physiological work of breathing and the mechanical work of breathing of the apparatus. In a normal resting state the physiological work of breathing constitutes about 5% of the total body oxygen consumption. It can
1108:
In submarines the function is to supply a breathable gas in an emergency, which may be contamination of the ambient internal atmosphere, or flooding. In this application venting to the interior is both acceptable and generally the only feasible option, as the exterior is typically at a higher
277:
The gas can be supplied on demand, when the user inhales, using the pressure drop at the start of inhalation to control the opening of a demand valve, and the automatically stops when there is no demand. This is more conservative in gas usage, but has a higher work of breathing. It requires a
1201:
Since the 1980s, devices have been available which conserve stored oxygen by delivering it during the stage of the breathing cycle when it is more effectively used. This has the effect of stored oxygen lasting longer, or a smaller, and therefore lighter, portable oxygen delivery system being
952:) must be avoided. Open circuit and rebreather systems can be used, and self-contained (SCBA) and remotely supplied systems are used depending on the requirement for mobility. Positive or negative pressure equipment may be appropriate, depending on what is to be protected from contamination.
647:
is used for unpressurised (ambient pressure) aeronautical and mountaineering activities where the oxygen content of the natural atmosphere is insufficient for maintaining physical activity, consciousness, or life, but the atmospheric pressure is sufficient that a pressure suit is not needed.
590:
is a type of respiratory interface that completely covers the head and neck, and optionally the shoulders or upper torso, with a loose-fitting bag, which may have a neck seal or be relatively close fitting at the neck or shoulders. They are used in escape breathing apparatus of several kinds
767:
Positive pressure means that the area around the mouth or nose inside the facepiece remains slightly higher than the ambient pressure outside the breathing apparatus facepiece at all times while in use, so that ambient gas or liquid cannot leak into the breathing space. This also has the
1710:
Where the user must carry the supplementary oxygen supply, and also perform significant work over a fairly long period, as in mountaineering and rescue work, the efficiency of oxygen use and the reliability of the breathing apparatus are more important, and there is a trade-off of these
732:
where the interior of the suit is pressurised above the external environmental pressure. In these applications it is usual to use oxygen rebreather systems, as they are relatively safe, simple and efficient compared to open circuit, and do not inherently affect suit internal pressure.
1173:
The delivery of open circuit supplemental oxygen is most effective if it is made at a point in the breathing cycle when it will be inhaled to the alveoli, where gas transfer occurs. This is during the first part of inhalation. Oxygen delivered later in the cycle will be inhaled into
819:
Negative pressure ventilation occurs when the torso of the patient is subjected to an external pressure below ambient pressure, and ambient pressure air is drawn unto the lungs by the pressure difference induced by expansion of the chest. The equipment is traditionally known as an
683:. Most breathing sets for hyperbaric use are ambient pressure underwater breathing apparatus, but breathing apparatus may be necessary in a pressurised tunnel or caisson due to contamination by hazardous materials. Minor leakage to the environment is usually of little importance.
2238:
the flow of fresh dry gas over the inside surface of the viewport before it is inhaled, and prevent warm, moist exhaled gas from reaching the faceplate by using an oro-nasal insert with a non-return valve in the exhaust flow path. In situations where rinsing is not an option, an
1509:
supported or spontaneous mode, each breath is triggered by the patient, and supported by ventilator. In combination mode, there is a combination of controlled and supported breaths, and there may be a combination of volume controlled and pressure supported or controlled breaths.
2199:
854:
Underwater breathing apparatus is any breathing apparatus intended to allow the user to breathe underwater, and includes open circuit scuba, diving rebreathers and surface supplied diving equipment, and both ambient pressure and controlled pressure single atmosphere systems.
1061:
611:
is usually defined as a rigid respiratory user interface covering the head that also provides head protection against impact and penetration. In medical terminology, a breathing helmet is synonymous with a breathing hood, and need not have any rigid protective structure.
2333:
711:
at different depths which could be toxic if used at the wrong depth, or for closed circuit apparatus which provides reliable control and monitoring of the gas mixture. As a malfunction which cuts off breathing gas supply to a diver at depth could be rapidly fatal,
509:
uses a medical device to provide a patent airway. This requires intervention by a competent person, and may be supraglottic, infraglottic, or surgically placed. These applications are mostly used in emergency medicine and surgery. Devices in this class include
94:
The user respiratory interface is the delivery system by which the breathing apparatus guides the breathing gas flow to and from the user. Some form of facepiece, hood or helmet is usual, but for some medical interventions an invasive method may be necessary.
1209:, (or demand pulse device) senses the start of inhalation and provides a metered bolus, which, if correctly matched to requirements, will be sufficient and effectively inhaled into the alveoli. Such systems can be pneumatically or electrically controlled.
2368:
system selected from a contextually acceptable option of scuba bailout set, gas supplied by a buddy diver, or emergency ascent to the surface. The choice depends on the risk assessment, and in some cases standard operating procedures or code of practice.
2038:
The user of breathing apparatus may be supported by a team who are available to assist to the extent necessary to reduce the risk associated with the use of the apparatus to a level acceptable in terms of the governing regulations and codes of practice.
98:
Any given unit is a member of several types. The well-known recreational scuba set is a self-contained, open circuit, demand supplied, high pressure stored air, ambient pressure, underwater diving type, delivered through a bite-grip secured mouthpiece.
2062:'. Some items of breathing apparatus, and the user, may be regarded as safety critical components of the system, and should therefore be tolerant of faults. In the case of the user, this is achieved by sufficient fitness to perform the intended task,
1127:
are used in many industrial environments where they may be needed to evacuate a building in a fire or other incident which may compromise the ambient air quality but there is likely to be sufficient oxygen remaining to sustain the necessary activity.
815:
Positive pressure ventilation occurs when the breathing gas is delivered at a pressure higher than ambient, and gas is blown into the respiratory passages, inflating the lungs. This system is used by most mechanical ventilators and resuscitators.
1695:
ambient pressure is a viable solution. Supplemental oxygen sufficient to provide an equivalent altitude of a pressurised aircraft cabin (about 8000ft) is sufficient for many purposes, but higher concentrations, such as sea level equivalent (P
1686:
above 13,000 metres (43,000 ft) lead to loss of consciousness. Oxygen conservation devices may be used with open circuit breathing apparatus to improve efficiency of gas use at lower altitudes where ambient pressure breathing is viable.
3734:
912:
provide a limited amount of breathing gas to allow the user to reach the surface from a disabled vessel or vehicle, such as a disabled submarine, a sunken armoured vehicle, or a ditched helicopter. These may also be open or closed
229:
When using a pressurised gas supply, the breathing gas must be supplied to the respiratory interface at a suitable pressure for inhalation, which is close to ambient pressure. This is generally done by a breathing gas regulator, a
737:
has also been used for space suits, which implies an internal suit pressure close to normal atmospheric pressure, and open circuit. Leakage to or from the outside environment generally indicates a system failure and an emergency.
1849:
This is the zone where 100% oxygen at ambient pressure is insufficient, and some form of pressurisation is required to provide a viable inhalation oxygen pressure. The options are partial pressurisation and full pressurisation.
686:
Open and closed circuit, self-contained, and remotely supplied systems are all in common use, but gas composition choice is complicated by the possibility of oxygen toxicity and decompression requirements. The possibilities of
345:
Breathing apparatus can also be categorised as self-contained, where everything is carried by the user, or remotely supplied, with a hose to supply gas from the supply panel and in some cases a return hose for the exhaled gas.
1795:
In a closed circuit system, any unused oxygen is retained and rebreathed, so the utilisation is close to 100%, with some losses possible due to expansion on increased altitude and incidental leakage from the breathing loop.
2354:
of the currently available gas, and how this will be affected by exertion in foreseeable circumstances. Periodical checks on the remaining gas pressure is the usual monitoring method, for which the usual equipment is a
1131:
Emergency and escape breathing apparatus may provide purified ambient air where it has sufficient oxygen and it is reasonably practicable to purify it, or may supply stored breathing gas that is known to be respirable.
566:
The orinasal mask, also called oro-nasal, oral-nasal, or quarter mask, covers the mouth and nostrils and seals to the front of the face on the bridge and sides of the nose and mouth and the chin with little dead space.
1807:
more hypoxic than ambient atmosphere if the loop was not adequately purged or if it gets contaminated by ambient air. In the absence of oxygen monitoring the user may not notice the reduction in oxygen concentration.
1979:
Breathing apparatus of several types may affect the physical work capacity of the wearer if they cause additional breathing resistance or dead space ad by the weight that must be carried. The effects are changes to
1662:, exposed fluids in the throat and lungs will boil away at normal body temperature, and pressure suits are needed. Generally, 100% oxygen is used to maintain an equivalent altitude of 3,000 m (10,000 ft).
943:
Breathing gas must be supplied for work in unbreathable normobaric atmospheres, which may be toxic, irritant, narcotic or hypoxic, and may include firefighting, damage control, exploration, and rescue work, and in
570:
The half-mask extends below the chin, and the full-face mask covers the eyes as well as the nose and mouth, and can have a dead space so large that an inner orinasal mask is provided to reduce the dead space. A
3528:
Donatelli, J.; Gupta, A.; Santhosh, R.; Hazelton, T.R.; Nallamshetty, L.; Macias, A.; Rojas, C.A. (2015). "To breathe or not to breathe: a review of artificial airway placement and related complications".
1170:
none (underwater and in space), because its pressure is too low (extreme altitude), because it does not contain a useful partial pressure of oxygen, or because the contaminants make the risk unacceptable.
2229:
surface with a defogging surfactant can reduce fogging, but it may occur anyway, and it must be possible to actively defog, either by rinsing with water or by blowing dry air over it until it is clear. A
772:
usually constant over all or several breaths, depending on the cause, and has the opposite effect of assisting exhalation and resisting inhalation, also with no net effect on the total work of breathing.
1178:, where it serves no useful purpose as it cannot diffuse into the blood. Oxygen delivered during stages of the breathing cycle in which it is not inhaled is also wasted, unless it is stored temporarily.
1556:, from 1,500 to 3,500 metres (4,900 to 11,500 ft) there are physiological effects of the reduced oxygen partial pressure which include reduced exercise performance and increased respiratory rate.
194:
A supplied-air respirator (SAR), or airline respirator, is a type of atmosphere-supplying breathing apparatus which uses a hose to supply breathing gas from a source which is not carried by the user.
62:, and a life-support system for one person may include breathing apparatus, when the breathing gas is specifically supplied to the user rather than to the enclosure in which the user is the occupant.
161:
Vocabulary.com describes a breathing apparatus as "a device that facilitates breathing in cases of respiratory failure", which is a functional description of a medical ventilator, or a resuscitator.
58:
may also be considered to be breathing apparatus. Equipment that supplies or recycles breathing gas other than ambient air in a space used by several people is usually referred to as being part of a
3134:
3855:
1733:
When there is no limitation on power use and the work is to be done at a fixed location, oxygen concentrators may be an effective solution. An oxygen concentrator is a device that concentrates the
4784:
846:
1702:
of about 0.21 bar), can allow a greater capacity for aerobic work. Balanced against this is the need to conserve oxygen and to minimise the weight carried by the user of breathing apparatus.
3703:
2407:
The endurance of a rebreather or life support system providing gas to a breathing apparatus is also dependent on its ability to remove carbon dioxide from the exhaled gas. This is known as
1781:
the breath most likely to reach the gas exchange regions of the lung beyond the physiological dead space. Their ability to make efficient use of oxygen is key to keeping the units compact.
3726:
1958:, are used outside spacecraft, for either planetary exploration or spacewalks. They must protect the wearer against all conditions of space, as well as provide mobility and functionality.
1803:
if the pressure of the oxygen exceeds about 0.5 bar for extended periods, which could happen at altitudes below 5500 m, where atmospheric pressure is about half of the value at sea level.
1544:
is used in aviation as standard equipment in unpressurised aircraft capable of high altitude flight, as emergency equipment in unpressurised aircraft, and in high altitude mountaineering.
756:
Positive and negative pressure systems can have slightly different meanings in the context of breathing apparatus depending on whether the context is medical or non-medical applications.
2242:
can be applied to the viewport surface to prevent the formation of droplets. A manually operated wiper blade has also occasionally been used for removing condensation from the viewport.
46:
is equipment which allows a person to breathe in a hostile environment where breathing would otherwise be impossible, difficult, harmful, or hazardous, or assists a person to breathe. A
2166:
Seals may be compromised by hair passing under the seal, and the amount of leakage will depend on the amount of hair and in some cases, the position of the compromised part of the seal.
599:). Breathing hoods with full length visors are commonly used with free-flow supplied air respirators for industrial work like in spray painting, boatbuilding, and woodworking workshops.
2092:
Graph of the breathing resistance of an open-circuit demand regulator. The area of the graph (green) is proportional to the net mechanical work of breathing for a single breathing cycle
278:
facepiece that seals moderately well to the user, with a small internal volume to limit dead space. Some demand supplied breathing apparatus can be swithced to continuous flow mode.
1405:, which is designed to provide a supply of medical gases mixed with an accurate concentration of anaesthetic vapour, and to deliver this continuously to the patient at a safe
4215:
2306:
795:
789:
130:. Actual usage varies, and breathing apparatus, breathing set, ventilator and respirator have similar and overlapping meanings which vary depending on the sources chosen.
3583:(4th ed.). Silver Spring, Maryland: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, National Undersea Research Program.
2678:
832:
Breathing apparatus may be used to providing gas suitable for breathing in a range of applications where the ambient environment does not provide suitable breathing gas:
2043:
perform the intended activities. The user is an integral part of the system, which may rely on user competence as well as correct equipment function for safe operation.
2015:
the equipment. The design of the equipment can strongly influence its effectiveness in performing the desired functions. It should be comfortable to wear, and not cause
177:(OSHA) uses the source of the breathing gas to distinguish between types of breathing apparatus, and considers respirators to be a type or class of breathing apparatus:
4893:
2709:
2070:. Equipment must be selected which is appropriate for the specific use, and can be designed, manufactured, and maintained to provide appropriate fault tolerance. Good
1077:
installed in a confined space where an alternative to the ambient gas may be required for medical treatment, emergency use, or to minimise a hazard. They are found in
1092:
The use in hyperbaric treatment chambers is usually to supply an oxygen rich treatment gas which if used as the chamber atmosphere, would constitute an unacceptable
578:
A full-face mask is generally only used when including the eyes in the protected space is necessary, and often includes an inner orinasal mask to reduce dead space.
3239:
1737:
from a gas supply (typically ambient air) by selectively removing nitrogen to supply an oxygen-enriched product gas stream. They are also used industrially and as
180:
An atmosphere-supplying respirator is a breathing apparatus that supplies the user with breathing gas from a source independent of the ambient atmosphere, such as
2953:
728:, where the occupant is kept at surface atmospheric pressure, isolated from the high ambient pressure of the deep underwater environment, and pressure suits and
5120:
1424:
is the provision of breathing gas to the user by the ventilator or resuscitator, when the user is unable to provide the driving forces to induce gas flow. Such
414:
174:
2504:
1604:, with progressive deterioration of physiological function, which exceeds acclimatisation. Consequently, there is no human habitation in this altitude range.
959:
Depending on the nature of the hazardous atmosphere, the user may need to wear personal protective equipment to isolate the entire body from the environment (
4587:
191:
A self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) is a type of atmosphere-supplying breathing apparatus in which the breathing gas source is carried by the user.
5789:
4328:
3121:
2420:
945:
3851:
3673:
3504:
2275:
are often used to minimise internal dead space in helmets and full-face masks, and may also reduce the tendency to fog the inner surface of the viewport.
234:, which reduces the gas supply pressure from the supply line. Exhalation is usually to the surroundings at ambient pressure, but in special cases such as
4793:
1429:
controlled, in which a set volume is delivered for each breath. Both of these methods have limitations and may work sub-optimally in some circumstances.
4555:
3888:
2895:
2787:
2150:
Inside view of a Kirby Morgan 37 showing the oral-nasal mask used to minimise dead space, the microphone and a loudspeaker of the communications system
671:
This subclass includes both self-contained and airline supplied units, and self-contained units may use rebreather technology to extend gas endurance.
356:(SSDE) is diving equipment supplied with breathing gas using a diver's umbilical or airline from the surface, such as from a boat or offshore platform.
3644:
3158:
2645:
2534:
1521:
Edmund
Hillary and Tenzing Norgay, 29 May 1953 after successfully completing the first ascent of Mount Everest using open circuit supplemental oxygen
2284:
2133:
2009:
3695:
138:, a ventilator can be a medical device to provide artificially assisted respiration, or equipment to circulate fresh air through a space, while a
4610:
134:
appears to be a secondary synonym for breathing apparatus, as internet searches appear to all be redirected to breathing apparatus. According to
4936:
4917:
2393:
may have several contingency plans for the reasonably foreseeable situations that could occur that would compromise their breathing gas supply.
2124:
increase considerably due to illness or constraints on gas flow imposed by breathing apparatus, ambient pressure, or breathing gas composition.
114:
implies any set of equipment and materials specifically intended to enable or facilitate breathing, which could include equipment as basic as a
4961:
4492:
660:
Breathing apparatus are used for mine escape and rescue, firefighting, or working in hypoxic or toxic atmospheres at pressures near to normal
4523:
3588:
2594:
781:
2820:
3605:
3450:
3039:
2396:
When more than one breathing gas mixture is available, the risk of selecting a gas unsuitable for the current situation must be minimised.
554:
fits inside the mouth between the teeth and lips, with a guide to prevent the tongue from obstructing the airway. They are not often used.
1649:(where gas trapped in the body expands), and evolved-gas dysbarism (where dissolved gases such as nitrogen may form in the tissues, i.e.
5633:
5356:
5055:"Comprehensive Evaluation of User Interface for Ventilators Based on Respiratory Therapists' Performance, Workload, and User Experience"
4191:
4129:
1206:
1048:
751:
4160:
2856:
869:, any breathing set that is carried entirely by an underwater diver and provides the diver with breathing gas at the ambient pressure:
668:, to prevent contamination by ambient gas, as leakage from the breathing set is generally less harmful than breathing the ambient gas.
5230:
5165:
3212:
1617:
1536:
1221:
934:
436:
408:
260:
Supplied gas breathing apparatus can be categorised by how the gas is supplied to the user. There are several combinations of options
185:
4295:
2154:
Breathing masks and diving helmets both provide a supply of breathing gas to the user. Other functions may differ or partly overlap.
1926:
and temperature extremes. The breathing gas is pure oxygen, which allows the lowest suit pressure. Space suits are often worn inside
787:
relative position of the lungs to the demand valve, exhaust valve of a free-flow helmet, or counterlung of a rebreather. Also called
5523:
5235:
5142:
5113:
5037:
4992:
4185:
4154:
4123:
4096:
4058:
3296:
2929:
1641:
zone extends from 3,600 m (12,000 ft) to about 15,000 m (50,000 ft). In this zone there is an increased risk of
1541:
1526:
699:
as a diluent necessary for use at greater depths. The large range of pressures possible complicate decompression necessary to avoid
644:
3071:
2185:
removed. Masks for use in contaminated atmospheres are usually used at a constant ambient pressure, so this problem may not arise.
1279:. Partial pressures administered range from low flow rates giving slight increases over ambient air up to 2.8 bar absolute used in
4209:
5683:
5668:
5257:
2290:
1021:
286:
155:
1318:
Patients who are not able to breathe sufficiently for themselves are provided with breathing gas by ventilator or resuscitator.
4826:
3756:
2670:
2425:
2399:
In medical equipment, the user interface of the control and monitoring system can influence the probability of operator error.
1631:
2024:
user by its weight or reduce work capacity unnecessarily by dead space, increased work of breathing or obstruction of vision.
5492:
5419:
5312:
5242:
4885:
4011:
In: Roach RC, Wagner PD, Hackett PH. Hypoxia: Into the Next
Millennium (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology Series)
2701:
2564:
841:
255:
4112:
Jamison, D.T.; Breman, J.G.; Measham, A.R.; Alleyne, G.; Claeson, M.; Evans, D.B.; Jha, P.; Mills, A.; Musgrove, P. (2006).
3006:
5777:
5307:
4691:
3797:
1586:
920:, which maintain an internal pressure approximating surface pressure. Their breathing apparatus tend to be closed circuit
768:
physiological effect of assisting inhalation and resisting exhalation, but should not affect the total work of breathing.
725:
515:
3231:
3095:
1942:
supply and environmental control system may be used to allow greater freedom of movement, independent of the spacecraft.
812:
In this context the terms refer to the mechanism of inducing inhalation in a person who is not spontaneously breathing.
5811:
5765:
5153:
5106:
4762:
4677:
2063:
1955:
1777:
1532:
411:(SCBA), used out of water, worn by rescue workers, firefighters and others in contaminated, toxic or hypoxic atmospheres
231:
214:
4913:
Medical
Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing. S.v. "work of breathing." Retrieved September 8, 2015, from
3923:
3421:
994:
396:
5678:
5663:
5335:
5300:
5295:
5204:
3829:
2945:
2220:
1907:
1815:
1280:
665:
289:
is any breathing apparatus that does not recycle any of the breathing gas, and discharges it all to the surroundings.
147:
1971:
equipment for the situation. For some equipment, proper maintenance and pre-use inspection and testing are required.
1283:
of decompression illness and some other indications. Oxygen can be delivered to spontaneously breathing patients via
2496:
1444:, to deliver breaths to a patient who is physically unable to breathe, or breathing insufficiently. Ventilators are
5648:
5574:
2246:
may not be optimal. Bifocal arrangements are available. Defogging of bonded lenses is the same as for plain glass.
2224:
IDA-71 mask, showing the central wiper blade which is operated using the handle projecting from the top of the mask
1557:
1202:
practicable. This class of device can also be used with portable oxygen concentrators, making them more efficient.
1055:
972:
365:
235:
5710:
5405:
4579:
4074:
1800:
1761:
1746:
1716:
1574:, from 3,500 to 5,500 metres (11,500 to 18,000 ft) arterial oxygen saturation falls below 90% and arterial P
1296:
980:
704:
362:(SAR). or airline respirators, use a hose to supply breathing gas from a source which is not carried by the user.
4317:
5414:
5388:
4712:
3665:
3473:
3384:"Choosing the Proper Interface for Positive Airway Pressure Therapy in Subjects with Acute Respiratory Failure"
1989:
1671:
1369:
1256:
1175:
442:
198:
1827:
764:
In this context these terms refer to the protection of the breathing circuit against leakage of contaminants.
4540:
3881:
881:, where the diver carries the gas supply, and exhaled gas is partly or entirely recycled for further use, and
5725:
5693:
5638:
5545:
5461:
5225:
5158:
2884:
2356:
2301:
2296:
2268:
2101:
1935:
1880:
1750:
1456:
1187:
1113:
984:
917:
886:
359:
353:
243:
181:
2781:
2381:
are frequently used by recreational divers in shallow open water with no planned decompression obligation.
1997:
1117:
the ambient air oxygen content is sufficient to support consciousness. These systems vent to the interior.
269:
gas does not include too much of the previously exhaled gas. This is simple, but wasteful of supplied gas.
242:, it may be exhausted to a significantly lower pressure, sometimes at a remote location, and may require a
90:
by purpose: underwater diving, mountaineering, aeronautical, industrial, emergency and escape, and medical.
81:
by ventilatory driving force: the breathing effort of the user, or mechanical work from an external source,
5277:
4865:
Lang, Michael A. (1990). "Scuba
Equipment Standardization". In Lang, Michael A.; Egstrom, Glen H. (eds.).
4705:
Bitterman, Noemi. "10: Human factors and design in recreational diving equipment: A woman's perspective".
3636:
2641:
2526:
2430:
2365:
2293:
is ballasted to be nearly neutrally buoyant underwater so it is not an excessive static load on the neck.
2146:
2055:
1658:(approximately 87 mmHg) exceeds outside air pressure. Above 19,000 m (62,000 ft), known as the
1650:
1448:
1437:
1425:
1421:
807:
700:
1873:). Partial-pressure suits work by providing mechanical counter-pressure to assist breathing at altitude.
5555:
5533:
5518:
2067:
1385:
1331:
1264:
1101:
1006:
949:
898:
632:
where the ambient atmosphere is unbreathable, or supplemental oxygen is needed for medical reasons, and
625:
511:
383:
1981:
4618:
3262:
1517:
5643:
5538:
4932:
Mosby's
Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. S.v. "work of breathing." Retrieved September 8, 2015, from
4685:
3330:
2328:
2059:
1923:
1016:
890:
661:
4933:
4914:
1340:
485:
covers the nose and seals against the upper lip, the sides of the nose, and the bridge of the nose.
221:, chemically generated oxygen, or a combination of ambient atmosphere and another of these sources.
69:
by breathing gas source: self-contained gas supply, remotely supplied gas, or purified ambient air,
5730:
5673:
5441:
5424:
5400:
5346:
4484:
2454:
1728:
1627:
1327:
1191:
1082:
329:
210:
123:
59:
4417:
2586:
724:
At extremes of ambient pressure, the user must be isolated from the environment to survive, as in
34:
In an atmosphere that may be oxygen-deficient, or toxic, an air supply can be carried on the back.
5688:
5528:
5503:
5264:
4466:
4009:; Gabrielova, Ivana; Vann, Richard D (1999). "Mountaineering oxygen mask efficiency at 4572 m.".
3987:
3442:
3413:
3346:
2408:
2382:
2020:
1753:. They are most efficient when the supplemental oxygen does not need to be at a high percentage.
1483:
1472:
1464:
1393:
1308:
1304:
872:
539:
535:
497:
seals on the rim of the nostrils. It is used in stable patients with sleep-disordered breathing.
239:
115:
51:
17:
3031:
2809:
2058:. The ability to maintain functionality when portions of a system break down is referred to as '
1267:. It may also be prophylactically given to maintain blood oxygen levels during the induction of
4033:
3120:
Anthony, Gavin; Mitchell, Simon J. (2016). Pollock, N.W.; Sellers, S.H.; Godfrey, J.M. (eds.).
1950:
suit. They include more protection from the harsh conditions of space, such as protection from
551:
30:
5742:
5737:
5720:
5513:
5434:
5218:
5084:
5033:
4988:
4754:
4658:
4519:
4458:
4391:
4269:
4181:
4175:
4150:
4119:
4113:
4092:
4054:
3979:
3584:
3546:
3496:
3405:
3292:
3208:
2925:
2213:
2194:
2097:
2083:
2051:
2032:
1993:
1947:
1862:
1790:
1642:
1613:
1389:
1292:
1183:
1124:
1097:
878:
747:
692:
688:
538:, usually held in place by a bite-grip, and sealed by the lips, is common in scuba equipment,
523:
519:
506:
494:
469:
375:
315:
150:(HSE) distinguishes between respirators and breathing apparatus. Respirators are described as
119:
4144:
3131:
Rebreathers and
Scientific Diving. Proceedings of NPS/NOAA/DAN/AAUS June 16–19, 2015 Workshop
5466:
5074:
5066:
4746:
4648:
4448:
4381:
4371:
4259:
4249:
4082:
3969:
3913:
U.S. Navy
Supervisor of Diving (April 2008). "Chapter 21: Recompression Chamber Operation".
3538:
3488:
3395:
3338:
2845:
2378:
2071:
1899:
1361:
1260:
859:
608:
572:
4637:"Physiological effects associated with the use of respiratory protective devices. A review"
4940:
4921:
4287:
3727:"Helmet-based ventilation is superior to face mask for patients with respiratory distress"
2390:
2350:
The most fundamental aspect of gas management is to have a realistic idea of the expected
2234:
2208:
2046:
1985:
1876:
1854:
1757:
1659:
1397:
1353:
1276:
1271:. Oxygen therapy is often useful in chronic hypoxemia caused by conditions such as severe
1248:
1011:
916:
Atmospheric pressure underwater breathing apparatus is also used, in the form of armoured
680:
135:
84:
by operational pressure regime: at ambient pressure or in isolation from ambient pressure,
72:
by environment: underwater/hyperbaric, terrestrial/normobaric, or high altitude/hypobaric,
4886:
Adaptive Fault
Tolerance and Graceful Degradation Under Dynamic Hard Real-Time Scheduling
2734:
1413:, which provide gas flow only on demand when triggered by the patient's own inspiration.
875:, where the diver carries the gas supply, and exhaled gas is exhausted to the environment
4854:(Rev. 2 ed.). London: International Marine Contractor's Association. February 2014.
3606:"Rebreather Training Council. Mouthpiece Retraining Strap Safety Guidance Notice, Issue"
3334:
3062:
2300:
with the head. Underwater, excess buoyancy is counteracted by connection to the diver's
1051:
has the similar purpose of providing breathing gas to escape from a ditched helicopter.
5588:
5395:
5366:
5247:
5079:
5054:
4386:
4359:
4264:
4237:
3916:
U.S. Navy Diving Manual. Volume 5: Diving
Medicine and Recompression Chamber Operations
2272:
1951:
1903:
1811:
1742:
1738:
1468:
1452:
1365:
1242:
1164:
1078:
679:
A breathing set intended for use in hyperbaric environments must not supply gas with a
587:
575:
used in scuba and freediving covers the eyes and nose, and is not breathing apparatus.
333:
206:
4453:
4440:
4026:
2120:
in pulmonary volume, or in terms of the oxygen consumption attributable to breathing.
1150:
Rebreather § Rebreathers for unpressurised aircraft and high altitude parachuting
850:
A museum display of diving dry suits with different breathing apparatus configurations
5805:
5628:
5598:
5508:
5429:
4735:"Mechanical Ventilation Competencies of the Respiratory Therapist in 2015 and Beyond"
4680:(Report). US Office of Naval Research. Archived from the original on October 5, 2008.
4678:
Development of comprehensive performance standards for underwater breathing apparatus
2370:
2351:
2028:
2016:
1840:
1654:
1284:
1074:
782:
Human physiology of underwater diving § Positive and negative pressure breathing
708:
464:
400:
Recovery of casualties after the explosion at the Primero coal mine in Colorado, 1910
218:
4818:
3764:
3417:
2088:
5698:
5550:
5471:
5361:
4470:
3991:
2466:
2374:
2360:
2175:
1858:
1622:
In the region from sea level to around 3,000 m (10,000 ft), known as the
1335:
1312:
1109:
pressure than the interior, and external venting is not possible by passive means.
894:
382:, and their main function is likely to be to save expensive helium diluent gas. In
379:
325:
107:
55:
2556:
3088:
Paul, Heather L.; Converse, David; Dionne, Steven; Moser, Jeff (1 January 2010).
2995:
5715:
5658:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5371:
5351:
4884:
González, Oscar; Shrikumar, H.; Stankovic, John. A; Ramamritham, Krithi (1997).
2442:
2386:
2203:
Diver using US Navy Mark 12 freeflow helmet which has unusually large viewports.
1919:
1884:
1373:
1300:
1288:
1141:
1093:
960:
713:
629:
621:
596:
592:
424:
4208:
Bishop, Melody. "Volume Control Ventilation". In Robinson, Amanda Baker (ed.).
3790:
1861:
is too low for an unprotected person to survive, even breathing pure oxygen at
1065:
Navy divers testing the built-in breathing masks inside a recompression chamber
378:. When remotely supplied they are likely to be semi-closed circuit, and called
5705:
5378:
5272:
5195:
4953:
4006:
3542:
3089:
3032:"Diving apparatus 'Modell 1912' Draegerwerk Lübeck, helmet with 'lock system'"
2472:
2460:
2138:
1927:
1915:
1866:
1844:
1597:
1268:
1149:
1145:
1120:
1086:
1033:
1026:
976:
938:
921:
909:
734:
729:
633:
482:
430:
420:
321:
311:
151:
139:
127:
47:
4734:
4254:
3974:
3957:
1596:, above 5,500 metres (18,000 ft), one can expect significant hypoxemia,
893:
This may be free-flow open circuit, demand open circuit, semi-closed circuit
794:
788:
5653:
5593:
5383:
5252:
4376:
3914:
3492:
3383:
2448:
2445: – Protective suit against chemical, bacteriological, and nuclear risks
2116:
1888:
1646:
1601:
1582:
1460:
1252:
1037:
866:
821:
5088:
4758:
4750:
4462:
4395:
4273:
3983:
3821:
3550:
3500:
3409:
3400:
1451:
machines, but patients can also be ventilated with a simple, hand-operated
1096:. In this application the exhaust gas is vented outside of the chamber. In
213:
supplied from an oxygen concentrator, high-pressure stored compressed air,
27:
Equipment allowing or assisting the user to breath in a hostile environment
4662:
1895:
5213:
4541:"Recent progress of oxygen/nitrogen separation using membrane technology"
4053:(69 ed.). British Medical Association. 2015. pp. 217–218, 302.
3643:. US Department of Labor: Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
2644:. US Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
2436:
2239:
2230:
1931:
1765:
1445:
1406:
664:. These may supply breathing gas at a slight overpressure, also known as
392:
Aircraft emergency oxygen systems for passengers in commercial airliners.
5070:
3005:(Report). Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: US Army Land Warfare Laboratory.
2050:
can cause total breakdown. Fault tolerance is particularly important in
1054:
Another type of emergency breathing set, which is remotely supplied, is
889:, where the gas supply is provided from the surface through a hose in a
439:, which provides supplementary oxygen from a supply carried by the user,
4825:. Kew, Richmond, Surrey: Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO). 1977.
4653:
4636:
4087:
3350:
1870:
1769:
1677:
equipment necessary above approximately 3,700 metres (12,000 ft).
1626:, oxygen levels are usually high enough for humans to function without
5098:
3133:. Wrigley Marine Science Center, Catalina Island, CA. pp. 66–79.
2096:
Breathing apparatus must allow the user to breathe with minimum added
1040:
that were unable to surface. Escape sets are also used ashore, in the
5053:
Jiang, M.; Liu, S.; Gao, J.; Feng, Q.; Zhang, Q. (15 December 2018).
3666:"Emergency escape respirators & hoods: The emergency escape hood"
3094:. 40th International Conference on Environmental Systems. Barcelona.
2359:
attached to the regulator first stage. When the user is likely to be
2112:
2108:
1939:
1734:
1491:
1041:
696:
87:
by gas mixture: air, oxygen enriched air, pure oxygen or mixed gases,
78:
by gas supply type: constant flow, supply on demand, or supplemental,
4706:
4539:
Chong, K.C.; Lai, S.O.; Thiam, H.S.; Teoh, H.C.; Heng, S.L. (2016).
3382:
Bahammam, A.S.; Singh, T.D.; Gupta, R.; Pandi-Perumal, S.R. (2018).
3342:
2439: – Protection from inhaling airborne pollutants and toxic gases
1918:
is a garment worn to keep a human alive in the harsh environment of
4852:
IMCA International Code of Practice for Offshore Diving: IMCA D 014
4514:
Ruthven, Douglas M.; Farooq, Shamsuzzman; Knaebel, Kent S. (1993).
2469: – Medical device using positive pressure to inflate the lungs
2373:
are also occasionally still used in low visibility conditions. The
2010:
Human factors in diving equipment design § Breathing apparatus
1891:, with completely self-contained life support for lunar excursions.
4792:. Pretoria: The South African Department of Labour. Archived from
3318:
2463: – Device worn to protect the user from inhaling contaminants
2332:
2219:
2198:
2145:
2137:
2087:
1996:. These effects are more apparent during heavy physical work, and
1894:
1875:
1516:
1487:
1441:
1339:
1060:
988:
845:
395:
29:
4934:
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/work+of+breathing
4915:
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/work+of+breathing
2305:
2134:
Human factors in diving equipment design § Masks and helmets
1653:). Above approximately 4,300 m (14,000 ft) oxygen-rich
1505:. The difference may mainly be in the way the equipment is used.
417:(scuba), used underwater for recreational and occupational diving
3922:. SS521-AG-PRO-010, Revision 6. U.S. Naval Sea Systems Command.
2475: – Device that provides mechanical ventilation to the lungs
1857:
worn by high-altitude pilots who may fly at altitudes where the
1272:
75:
by breathing circuit type: open, semi-closed, or closed circuit,
5617:
5572:
5490:
5333:
5182:
5140:
5102:
2457: – Technology that allows survival in hostile environments
2337:
Airline supplied respirator with emergency gas supply cylinder.
2285:
Human factors in diving equipment design § Helmet buoyancy
1482:
is a device using positive pressure to inflate the lungs of an
1368:
used to generate and mix a fresh gas flow of medical gases and
65:
Breathing apparatus may be classified by type in several ways:
4867:
Proceedings of the AAUS Biomechanics of Safe Ascents Workshop
2491:
2489:
2451: – Negative-pressure mechanically functioning respirator
1560:
is generally still over 90% in healthy people, but arterial P
1401:
In the developed world, the most frequent type in use is the
620:
Breathing apparatus may be used in various pressure regimes:
320:
Closed and semi-closed circuit breathing sets, also known as
4890:
Computer Science Department Faculty Publication Series. 188.
3115:
3113:
4409:
3791:
A Survey and Engineering Design of Atmospheric Diving Suits
3579:
NOAA Diving Program (U.S.) (2001). Joiner, James T. (ed.).
2775:
2497:"'Ventilator' or 'Respirator'? How they differ and overlap"
1715:
supplementary oxygen actually used is also proportional to
4353:
4351:
4349:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3185:
Thomas, Kenneth S.; McMann, Harold J. (23 November 2011).
3070:. Vol. 2. Washington DC: Navy Department. July 1981.
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2591:
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms
3036:
Chronology of Diving in Holland: 1889. Draegerwerk Lübeck
1589:
occurs. In this range severe altitude illness is common.
1384:
The anaesthetic machine is commonly used together with a
956:
flow at a rate greater than the user's peak demand rate.
4439:
Pilmanis, Andrew A.; Sears, William J. (December 2003).
4005:
Hendricks, David M; Pollock, Neal W; Natoli, Michael J;
1776:
Pulse dose (also called intermittent-flow or on-demand)
707:
is fairly common. This either requires the diver to use
386:, exhaled gas is returned to the surface to be recycled.
205:
The breathing gas source may be the ambient atmosphere,
4180:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 217–219.
3951:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3091:
Development of a Fan for Future Space Suit Applications
3064:
US Navy Diving Manual Revision 1 Navsea-0994-LP001-9020
2996:
Oxygen Breathing Equipment For High Altitude Operations
2671:"Tips for Using Oxygen Concentrators at High Altitudes"
1954:
and extreme temperature change. EVA suits, such as the
4641:
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3291:(3rd ed.). Newton Abbott, UK: David and Charles.
1711:
characteristics with the weight that must be carried.
716:
may be carried in addition to the primary gas supply.
209:
supplied from a low pressure compressor in real time,
4823:
Statutory Instruments 1997 No. 2776 Health and Safety
3581:
NOAA Diving Manual, Diving for Science and Technology
2665:
2663:
1818:
during the 1953 British expedition to Mount Everest.
1756:
Pressure swing adsorption oxygen concentrators use a
1044:
industry, and by the military for escape from tanks.
473:
exchange occurs, and little is wasted in dead space.
3472:
Dumont, Cheryl Plate; Tiep, Brian L. (August 2002).
2879:
2877:
2593:(6 ed.). The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2003.
2433: – A built in breathing system in US submarines
1247:
Oxygen therapy is the use of supplemental oxygen as
691:
and excessive gas density causing unacceptably high
256:
Underwater breathing apparatus § Classification
5288:
5202:
5012:. Durban, South Africa: Professional Diving Centre.
4586:. Home Medical Equipment Business. September 2009.
2702:"Breathing Apparatus Stores Cold Supercritical Air"
2636:
2634:
2632:
2271:is important for all breathing apparatus. Internal
1372:agents for the purpose of inducing and maintaining
468:hooked over the ears for support. The more complex
4630:
4628:
4441:"Physiological hazards of flight at high altitude"
4115:Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries
4025:
3604:Haynes, P; Menduno, M; Toomer, P (21 March 2023).
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2107:Work of breathing (WOB) is the energy expended to
1865:. Such suits may be either full-pressure (e.g., a
5030:Doing it Right: The Fundamentals of Better Diving
5023:
5021:
5019:
4892:(Report). University of Massachusetts - Amherst.
4358:Paralikar, S.J.; Paralikar, J.H. (January 2010).
2642:"1910.134 - Respiratory protection - Definitions"
4871:American Academy of Underwater Sciences Workshop
3784:
3782:
3312:
3310:
3308:
2786:. Washington, DC: US Naval Sea Systems Command.
1930:as a safety precaution in case of loss of cabin
1760:to adsorb gases and operate on the principle of
3631:
3629:
3474:"Using a Reservoir Nasal Cannula in Acute Care"
3263:"What Is a Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus?"
1946:inside and outside the spacecraft, such as the
1165:Oxygen therapy § Oxygen conserving devices
3226:
3224:
2885:"Tech Note: Air-Line Supplied Air Respirators"
1910:, which has a remote supply via the umbilical.
5114:
4548:Journal of Engineering Science and Technology
4077:(2009). Stuart M, Kouimtzi M, Hill S (eds.).
3958:"Oxygen conserving devices and methodologies"
3319:"Oxygen Equipment for Climbing Mount Everest"
2989:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2846:"A Guide to Atmosphere-Supplying Respirators"
1810:A closed-circuit oxygen system was tested by
1440:by moving breathable air into and out of the
445:, which filter contaminants from ambient air.
415:Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
175:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
8:
4846:
4844:
3159:"Submarine Built In Breathing System (BIBS)"
1585:may occur during exercise and sleep, and if
1146:Rebreather § Mountaineering rebreathers
595:), and as a route for supplementary oxygen (
4032:. London: Hodder & Stoughton. pp.
3123:Respiratory Physiology of Rebreather Diving
2946:"Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)"
2421:Glossary of breathing apparatus terminology
2004:Human factors in breathing apparatus design
1719:, which depends on the level of exertion.
5784:
5614:
5569:
5487:
5330:
5190:
5179:
5137:
5121:
5107:
5099:
4676:Lundgren, C.E.G.; Warkander, D.E. (2000).
4211:Basic Principles of Mechanical Ventilation
3789:Thornton, Michael Albert (December 2000).
3725:Easton, John; Wood, Matt (25 March 2020).
3207:. Flagstaff, AZ: Best Publishing Company.
3205:International textbook of Mixed Gas Diving
2729:
2727:
2074:minimises the opportunity for user error.
302:oxygen partial pressure is naturally low.
5078:
4954:"Respiratory failure in technical diving"
4652:
4452:
4385:
4375:
4263:
4253:
4203:
4201:
4086:
4081:. World Health Organization. p. 20.
3973:
3399:
3180:
3178:
3176:
2924:. Warner, New Hampshire: Airspeed Press.
2708:. John F. Kennedy Space Center, Florida.
1307:. Delivery may be by continuous flow, by
703:, and the use of special gas mixtures to
4118:. World Bank Publications. p. 689.
4051:British national formulary : BNF 69
4045:
4043:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3189:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1417:Mechanical ventilators and resuscitators
1251:. Acute indications for therapy include
905:Two other types may also be identified:
349:Remotely supplied applications include:
4485:"How does an Oxygen Concentrator Work?"
4146:Caring for the Seriously Ill Patient 2E
3882:"Ultralite 2 BIBS Mask (DE-MDS-540-R0)"
3696:"SATA air vision 5000: Product details"
2485:
2385:may be obliged to carry an independent
1058:in submarines and hyperbaric chambers.
1036:and were typically used to escape from
1002:ambient pressure systems, and include:
939:Rebreather § Fields of application
165:any type or application of rebreather.
143:century, so both are well established.
4985:Perception and Performance Under Water
4683:
3894:from the original on 25 September 2018
3198:
3196:
3042:from the original on 20 September 2016
2922:Scuba regulator maintenance and repair
1581:is reduced to the extent that extreme
1497:There is considerable overlap between
1411:intermittent-flow anaesthetic machines
742:Positive and negative pressure systems
4819:"The Diving at Work Regulations 1997"
4410:"health advice for mountain climbers"
4149:(2 ed.). CRC Press. p. 57.
4013:. Kluwer Academic: New York: 387–388.
3453:from the original on 20 December 2016
3287:Larn, Richard; Whistler, Rex (1993).
3242:from the original on 19 February 2023
1822:Open circuit dilutor demand regulator
1436:is a type of equipment that provides
404:Self-contained applications include:
368:in submarines or hyperbaric chambers.
293:supplied is consistent and reliable.
7:
5772:
4829:from the original on 31 October 2019
4447:. 362 Issue=Special issue: s16–s17.
4420:from the original on 8 February 2009
4298:from the original on 16 October 2023
3852:"A Pocket Guide to Air-Line Systems"
3796:(Report). Texas A&M University.
2994:Drake, Frederick M. (January 1974).
2862:from the original on 19 January 2024
2790:from the original on 3 December 2020
862:underwater breathing apparatus are:
371:Some space suits and pressure suits,
5634:Breathing performance of regulators
5357:Continuous positive airway pressure
4964:from the original on 9 October 2021
3637:"1910.134 - Respiratory protection"
2952:. National Environmental Trainers.
2783:US Navy Diving Manual, 6th revision
2700:Gier, Harold L. (1 November 1999).
1455:. Ventilators are chiefly used in
1403:continuous-flow anaesthetic machine
1207:pulse dose oxygen conserving device
1198:some physical effort by the user.
1105:vented to the exterior by default.
1049:Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device
967:Emergency and escape breathing sets
948:where contamination of the person (
752:Breathing performance of regulators
341:Self-contained or remotely supplied
5231:Self-contained breathing apparatus
5166:Mountaineering breathing apparatus
4590:from the original on 17 April 2015
3929:from the original on 31 March 2014
3261:Ismail, Khaled (3 February 2020).
2675:www.oxygenconcentratorsupplies.com
1869:) or partial-pressure (as used by
1618:Effects of high altitude on humans
1537:Mountaineering breathing apparatus
1222:Mountaineering breathing apparatus
935:Self-contained breathing apparatus
455:safety. Several types are in use:
437:Mountaineering breathing apparatus
409:Self-contained breathing apparatus
217:, oxygen or blended gas mixtures,
186:self-contained breathing apparatus
25:
5524:Surface-supplied diving equipment
5236:Self-contained self-rescue device
5143:High altitude breathing apparatus
4983:Adolfson, J.; Berhage, T (1974).
4733:Kacmarek, Robert M. (June 2013).
4495:from the original on 24 July 2021
4334:from the original on 16 July 2023
4143:Macintosh, M.; Moore, T. (1999).
3832:from the original on 12 July 2023
3737:from the original on 27 July 2023
3706:from the original on 27 June 2023
3676:from the original on 27 July 2023
3098:from the original on 14 July 2023
3077:from the original on 2 July 2019.
2956:from the original on 16 July 2023
2901:from the original on 12 July 2023
2681:from the original on 16 July 2023
2648:from the original on 13 July 2023
2597:from the original on 13 July 2023
2567:from the original on 12 July 2023
2537:from the original on 12 July 2023
2507:from the original on 12 July 2023
1785:Closed circuit oxygen rebreathers
1542:High altitude breathing apparatus
1527:High altitude breathing apparatus
1513:High altitude breathing apparatus
1217:High altitude supplemental oxygen
995:Emergency Escape Breathing Device
887:Surface supplied diving equipment
645:High altitude breathing apparatus
354:Surface-supplied diving equipment
18:Constant flow breathing apparatus
5783:
5771:
5760:
5759:
5684:Respiratory protective equipment
5669:Open circuit breathing apparatus
5258:Powered air-purifying respirator
5184:Occupational breathing apparatus
5010:New Commercial Air Diving Manual
4580:"Continuous Flow vs. Pulse Dose"
4194:from the original on 2017-01-18.
4163:from the original on 2017-01-18.
4132:from the original on 2017-05-10.
2826:from the original on 29 May 2020
2712:from the original on 16 May 2023
2291:lightweight demand diving helmet
1745:. Two methods in common use are
1409:and flow. This is distinct from
1022:Amphibious Tank Escape Apparatus
636:at high altitudes and in space.
287:Open circuit breathing apparatus
156:respiratory protective equipment
5032:. Global Underwater Explorers.
4896:from the original on 2017-07-29
4786:Code Of Practice Inshore Diving
4765:from the original on 2022-06-25
4715:from the original on 2023-03-07
4561:from the original on 2023-07-18
4238:"The basic anaesthesia machine"
4236:Gurudatt, C. (September 2013).
4218:from the original on 2023-07-16
3968:(2). crd.sagepub.com: 109–114.
3858:from the original on 2023-07-27
3803:from the original on 2023-03-19
3647:from the original on 2023-07-13
3510:from the original on 2023-07-21
3424:from the original on 2023-07-30
3140:from the original on 2023-08-11
3012:from the original on 2023-07-15
2426:Breathing mask (disambiguation)
2142:Ocean Reef Full Face Mask (IDM)
1922:, primarily as protection from
1762:rapid pressure swing adsorption
1632:altitude decompression sickness
720:Isolation from ambient pressure
389:Flight crew breathing apparatus
5493:Underwater breathing apparatus
5420:Respiratory gas humidification
4292:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
3232:"Aviation Supplemental Oxygen"
1835:Obligatory pressurisation zone
929:Industrial breathing apparatus
842:Underwater breathing apparatus
836:Underwater breathing apparatus
760:Occupational health and safety
726:single atmosphere diving suits
516:esophageal-tracheal combitubes
423:, including underwater diving
306:Closed and semi-closed circuit
1:
4454:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15059-3
3956:Tiep, B.; Carter, R. (2008).
3854:. MSA Safety. ID 0114-14-MC.
3613:rebreathertrainingcouncil.org
1778:portable oxygen concentrators
1587:high altitude pulmonary edema
1467:(as standalone units) and in
1136:Supplemental oxygen provision
1047:The small open-circuit scuba
1032:Early escape sets were often
681:toxic concentration of oxygen
5154:Aviation breathing apparatus
4518:. Wiley-VCH. p. 6,304.
1975:Physiological effects of use
1624:physiological-efficient zone
1533:Aircraft breathing apparatus
232:pressure reduction regulator
215:supercritical compressed air
5679:Positive pressure breathing
5664:Negative pressure breathing
5336:Medical breathing apparatus
3962:Chronic Respiratory Disease
2501:Merriam-Webster usage notes
2128:Breathing mask construction
2027:Users vary considerably in
1908:International Space Station
1666:Physiogical acclimatisation
1322:Medical breathing apparatus
1281:hyperbaric oxygen treatment
1255:(low blood oxygen levels),
714:bailout breathing apparatus
624:for diving, tunneling, and
148:Health and Safety Executive
5828:
5649:Escape breathing apparatus
5575:User respiratory interface
5313:GB2626 (China), and others
5028:Jablonski, Jarrod (2006).
4364:Indian J Occup Environ Med
2326:
2282:
2192:
2173:
2131:
2100:, and minimise additional
2081:
2007:
1838:
1788:
1726:
1669:
1611:
1558:Arterial oxygen saturation
1530:
1524:
1325:
1240:
1162:
1139:
1056:built-in breathing systems
973:Escape breathing apparatus
970:
932:
839:
805:
779:
745:
450:User respiratory interface
366:Built-in breathing systems
309:
253:
236:built-in breathing systems
5755:
5711:Closed circuit rebreather
5624:
5613:
5581:
5568:
5499:
5486:
5406:Built-in breathing system
5342:
5329:
5308:EN 149/14683/143 (Europe)
5296:42 CFR 84 (United States)
5193:
5189:
5178:
5149:
5136:
4987:. John Wiley & Sons.
4690:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4635:Louhevaara, V.A. (1984).
4516:Pressure Swing Adsorption
4075:World Health Organization
3733:. University of Chicago.
3543:10.1007/s10140-014-1271-8
2735:"Aircraft Oxygen Systems"
2561:Vocabulary.com Dictionary
2342:items of gas management.
2029:anthropometric dimensions
1801:pulmonary oxygen toxicity
1747:pressure swing adsorption
1717:respiratory minute volume
1449:microprocessor-controlled
1297:built-in breathing system
1159:Oxygen conserving devices
1071:built-in breathing system
981:Built-in breathing system
796:negative static lung load
790:positive static lung load
443:Air-purifying respirators
5415:Positive airway pressure
5389:Non-invasive ventilation
4952:Mitchell, Simon (2015).
4615:chemistry.ohio-state.edu
4360:"High-altitude medicine"
4318:"Ventilator Terminology"
4255:10.4103/0019-5049.120138
4079:WHO Model Formulary 2008
3975:10.1177/1479972308090691
3731:www.uchicagomedicine.org
3323:The Geographical Journal
3289:Commercial Diving Manual
2297:Free-flow diving helmets
1992:due to increases in the
1990:carbon dioxide retention
1934:, and are essential for
1828:dilutor demand regulator
1672:Altitude acclimatisation
1490:, in order to keep them
1370:inhalational anaesthetic
1257:carbon monoxide toxicity
1188:partial rebreather masks
1176:physiological dead space
918:atmospheric diving suits
858:The major categories of
705:accelerate decompression
616:Ambient pressure regimes
360:supplied-air respirators
199:air-purifying respirator
182:supplied-air respirators
5726:Carbon dioxide scrubber
5694:Constant flow regulator
5546:Atmospheric diving suit
5462:Partial rebreather mask
5226:Supplied-air respirator
5159:Emergency oxygen system
4960:. DAN Southern Africa.
4783:Diving Advisory Board.
4377:10.4103/0019-5278.64608
3493:10.4037/ccn2002.22.4.41
3317:Roxburgh, H.L. (1947).
3203:Lettnin, Heinz (1999).
3038:. www.divinghelmet.nl.
2950:www.natlenvtrainers.com
2357:cylinder pressure gauge
2240:anti-fogging surfactant
2056:safety-critical systems
1936:extravehicular activity
1751:membrane gas separation
1639:physiological-deficient
1548:Environmental influence
1457:intensive-care medicine
985:Emergency oxygen system
946:normobaric environments
244:back-pressure regulator
225:Breathing gas regulator
5278:Elastomeric respirator
5243:Particulate respirator
4751:10.4187/respcare.02546
3401:10.4187/respcare.05787
2920:Harlow, Vance (1999).
2810:"Reclaim Basic Set Up"
2780:US Navy (2006). "21".
2431:Emergency Air Breather
2366:alternative gas supply
2338:
2225:
2204:
2151:
2143:
2093:
1911:
1892:
1651:decompression sickness
1522:
1471:(as a component of an
1438:mechanical ventilation
1426:artificial ventilation
1422:Mechanical ventilation
1345:
1344:An anaesthetic machine
1066:
998:
851:
808:Mechanical ventilation
701:decompression sickness
512:laryngeal mask airways
401:
384:helium reclaim systems
250:Breathing circuit type
122:, or as complex as an
35:
5556:Helium reclaim system
5534:Helicopter escape set
5519:Full-face diving mask
4028:The Ascent of Everest
3822:"Airline Respirators"
2587:"breathing apparatus"
2557:"Breathing apparatus"
2336:
2283:Further information:
2223:
2202:
2149:
2141:
2091:
2068:situational awareness
1998:maximum work capacity
1988:, and the associated
1898:
1879:
1853:A pressure suit is a
1789:Further information:
1681:Theoretical solutions
1670:Further information:
1608:Physiological effects
1520:
1386:mechanical ventilator
1343:
1332:Mechanical ventilator
1265:decompression illness
1163:Further information:
1102:surface decompression
1064:
1007:Helicopter escape set
992:
849:
806:Further information:
780:Further information:
746:Further information:
399:
254:Further information:
33:
5644:Emergency gas supply
5539:Submarine escape set
4711:. pp. 189–204.
2403:Rebreather endurance
2329:Scuba gas management
2060:graceful degradation
1723:Oxygen concentrators
1380:Anaesthetic machines
1192:non-rebreather masks
1083:hyperbaric treatment
1017:Submarine escape set
897:, or closed circuit
662:atmospheric pressure
169:Breathing gas source
103:Definition and scope
5812:Breathing apparatus
5731:Semi-closed circuit
5674:Oxygen concentrator
5442:Non-rebreather mask
5425:Supplemental oxygen
5401:Hyperbaric medicine
5347:Anaesthetic machine
5130:Breathing apparatus
5071:10.12659/MSM.911853
4873:. pp. 187–196.
4294:. Merriam-Webster.
4174:Dart, R.C. (2004).
4024:Hunt, John (1953).
3531:Emergency Radiology
3481:Critical Care Nurse
3335:1947GeogJ.109..207R
3236:www.cfinotebook.net
2455:Life-support system
2383:Occupational divers
2233:may be provided on
1799:There is a risk of
1729:Oxygen concentrator
1628:supplemental oxygen
1350:anaesthetic machine
1328:Anaesthetic machine
1311:, on demand, or on
950:hazmat environments
802:Medical ventilation
246:to do this safely.
240:gas reclaim systems
211:oxygen enriched air
202:mechanical device.
124:anaesthetic machine
112:breathing apparatus
60:life-support system
40:breathing apparatus
5689:Pressure regulator
5504:Open-circuit scuba
5265:Chemical cartridge
4939:2023-07-19 at the
4920:2023-07-29 at the
4799:on 9 November 2016
4708:Women and pressure
4654:10.5271/sjweh.2327
4611:"Cryogenic Safety"
4325:www.passy-muir.com
4177:Medical Toxicology
3447:Medical Dictionary
3360:– via JSTOR.
2706:www.techbriefs.com
2563:. Vocabulary.com.
2409:scrubber endurance
2339:
2226:
2214:visual distortions
2205:
2152:
2144:
2094:
2021:allergic reactions
1982:breathing patterns
1912:
1902:worn by astronaut
1893:
1883:worn by astronaut
1572:very high altitude
1523:
1473:anesthesia machine
1465:emergency medicine
1398:patient monitoring
1358:anesthesia machine
1346:
1309:bag reservoir mask
1305:hyperbaric chamber
1184:reservoir cannulas
1125:escape respirators
1067:
999:
879:Diving rebreathers
873:Open circuit scuba
852:
675:Hyperbaric systems
656:Normobaric systems
652:ambient pressure.
524:tracheostomy tubes
520:endotracheal tubes
402:
376:diving rebreathers
52:medical ventilator
36:
5799:
5798:
5751:
5750:
5743:Escape respirator
5738:Work of breathing
5721:Oxygen rebreather
5609:
5608:
5564:
5563:
5514:Diving rebreather
5482:
5481:
5435:Reservoir cannula
5325:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5174:
5173:
4609:Spencer, Eric W.
4525:978-0-471-18818-6
4214:. Sault College.
3757:"NASA Spacesuits"
3590:978-0-941332-70-5
3030:Dekker, David L.
2379:emergency ascents
2195:Underwater vision
2098:work of breathing
2084:Work of breathing
2078:Work of breathing
2052:high availability
2033:physical strength
1994:work of breathing
1863:positive pressure
1791:Oxygen rebreather
1706:Practical aspects
1655:breathing mixture
1614:Altitude sickness
1394:suction equipment
1293:artificial airway
1098:saturation diving
891:diver's umbilical
776:Underwater diving
748:Work of breathing
693:work of breathing
689:nitrogen narcosis
666:positive pressure
640:Hypobaric systems
507:artificial airway
501:Artificial airway
495:nasal pillow mask
489:Nasal pillow mask
470:reservoir cannula
316:Diving rebreather
152:filtering devices
120:artificial airway
16:(Redirected from
5819:
5787:
5786:
5775:
5774:
5763:
5762:
5615:
5570:
5488:
5467:Simple face mask
5331:
5191:
5180:
5138:
5123:
5116:
5109:
5100:
5093:
5092:
5082:
5050:
5044:
5043:
5025:
5014:
5013:
5008:Jameson, Grant.
5005:
4999:
4998:
4980:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4949:
4943:
4930:
4924:
4911:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4862:
4856:
4855:
4848:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4798:
4791:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4745:(6): 1087–1096.
4739:Respiratory Care
4730:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4702:
4696:
4695:
4689:
4681:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4656:
4632:
4623:
4622:
4617:. Archived from
4606:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4576:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4566:
4560:
4554:(7): 1016–1030.
4545:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4456:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4389:
4379:
4355:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4333:
4322:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4267:
4257:
4242:Indian J Anaesth
4233:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4205:
4196:
4195:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4090:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4047:
4038:
4037:
4031:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3977:
3953:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3928:
3921:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3893:
3886:
3878:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3802:
3795:
3786:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3763:. Archived from
3753:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3670:en.safetygas.com
3662:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3633:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3610:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3576:
3555:
3554:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3509:
3478:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3403:
3388:Respiratory Care
3379:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3314:
3303:
3302:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3228:
3219:
3218:
3200:
3191:
3190:
3182:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3139:
3128:
3117:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3069:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3011:
3003:Report No. 74-06
3000:
2991:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2900:
2889:
2881:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2861:
2850:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2825:
2817:www.subseasa.com
2814:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2777:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2731:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2667:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2638:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2493:
2391:technical divers
2309:
2302:weighting system
2235:standard helmets
2072:ergonomic design
1900:Orlan space suit
1881:Apollo spacesuit
1594:extreme altitude
1390:breathing system
1362:American English
1261:cluster headache
1114:emergency oxygen
860:ambient pressure
798:
792:
709:several mixtures
695:make the use of
609:breathing helmet
603:Breathing helmet
573:diving half-mask
21:
5827:
5826:
5822:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5817:
5816:
5802:
5801:
5800:
5795:
5747:
5620:
5605:
5585:Breathing mask
5577:
5560:
5495:
5478:
5338:
5317:
5301:ANSI K13.1-1973
5284:
5198:
5185:
5170:
5145:
5132:
5127:
5097:
5096:
5052:
5051:
5047:
5040:
5027:
5026:
5017:
5007:
5006:
5002:
4995:
4982:
4981:
4977:
4967:
4965:
4958:www.youtube.com
4951:
4950:
4946:
4941:Wayback Machine
4931:
4927:
4922:Wayback Machine
4912:
4908:
4899:
4897:
4883:
4882:
4878:
4864:
4863:
4859:
4850:
4849:
4842:
4832:
4830:
4817:
4816:
4812:
4802:
4800:
4796:
4789:
4782:
4781:
4777:
4768:
4766:
4732:
4731:
4727:
4718:
4716:
4704:
4703:
4699:
4682:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4634:
4633:
4626:
4621:on 7 June 2008.
4608:
4607:
4603:
4593:
4591:
4578:
4577:
4573:
4564:
4562:
4558:
4543:
4538:
4537:
4533:
4526:
4513:
4512:
4508:
4498:
4496:
4489:oxygentimes.com
4483:
4482:
4478:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4423:
4421:
4408:
4407:
4403:
4357:
4356:
4347:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4320:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4301:
4299:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4221:
4219:
4207:
4206:
4199:
4188:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4157:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4126:
4111:
4110:
4106:
4099:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4061:
4049:
4048:
4041:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3955:
3954:
3941:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3870:
3861:
3859:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3835:
3833:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3793:
3788:
3787:
3780:
3770:
3768:
3767:on May 20, 2010
3755:
3754:
3750:
3740:
3738:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3709:
3707:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3679:
3677:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3650:
3648:
3635:
3634:
3627:
3617:
3615:
3608:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3591:
3578:
3577:
3558:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3476:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3443:"nasal cannula"
3441:
3440:
3436:
3427:
3425:
3381:
3380:
3365:
3355:
3353:
3343:10.2307/1789440
3329:(4/6): 207–16.
3316:
3315:
3306:
3299:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3271:
3269:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3245:
3243:
3230:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3202:
3201:
3194:
3187:U.S. Spacesuits
3184:
3183:
3174:
3164:
3162:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3126:
3119:
3118:
3111:
3101:
3099:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3045:
3043:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3015:
3013:
3009:
2998:
2993:
2992:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2894:. August 2015.
2887:
2883:
2882:
2875:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2793:
2791:
2779:
2778:
2753:
2743:
2741:
2733:
2732:
2725:
2715:
2713:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2684:
2682:
2669:
2668:
2661:
2651:
2649:
2640:
2639:
2610:
2600:
2598:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2570:
2568:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2540:
2538:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2510:
2508:
2495:
2494:
2487:
2482:
2417:
2405:
2348:
2331:
2325:
2316:
2287:
2281:
2279:Helmet buoyancy
2273:oro-nasal masks
2265:
2263:Internal volume
2256:
2209:field of vision
2197:
2191:
2178:
2172:
2160:
2136:
2130:
2086:
2080:
2047:Fault tolerance
2012:
2006:
1986:hypoventilation
1977:
1964:
1952:micrometeoroids
1855:protective suit
1847:
1839:Main articles:
1837:
1824:
1793:
1787:
1764:of atmospheric
1758:molecular sieve
1739:medical devices
1731:
1725:
1708:
1701:
1700:
1692:
1683:
1674:
1668:
1660:Armstrong limit
1620:
1610:
1580:
1579:
1566:
1565:
1550:
1539:
1529:
1515:
1419:
1382:
1354:British English
1338:
1326:Main articles:
1324:
1299:demand mask or
1277:cystic fibrosis
1249:medical therapy
1245:
1239:
1219:
1167:
1161:
1152:
1140:Main articles:
1138:
1079:diving chambers
1073:is a source of
1012:Mine escape set
987:
971:Main articles:
969:
941:
931:
844:
838:
830:
810:
804:
784:
778:
762:
754:
744:
722:
677:
658:
642:
618:
605:
584:
560:
548:
532:
503:
491:
479:
461:
452:
343:
318:
310:Main articles:
308:
299:
284:
275:
266:
258:
252:
227:
171:
136:Merriam-Webster
105:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5825:
5823:
5815:
5814:
5804:
5803:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5793:
5781:
5769:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5734:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5703:
5702:
5701:
5696:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5618:
5611:
5610:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5589:Full facepiece
5582:
5579:
5578:
5573:
5566:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5542:
5541:
5536:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5491:
5484:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5438:
5437:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5408:
5396:Oxygen therapy
5393:
5392:
5391:
5386:
5376:
5375:
5374:
5369:
5367:Bag valve mask
5359:
5354:
5349:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5334:
5327:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5304:
5303:
5292:
5290:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5267:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5248:N95 respirator
5240:
5239:
5238:
5228:
5223:
5222:
5221:
5210:
5208:
5200:
5199:
5194:
5187:
5186:
5183:
5176:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5168:
5163:
5162:
5161:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5134:
5133:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5118:
5111:
5103:
5095:
5094:
5045:
5038:
5015:
5000:
4993:
4975:
4944:
4925:
4906:
4876:
4857:
4840:
4810:
4775:
4725:
4697:
4668:
4647:(5): 275–281.
4624:
4601:
4571:
4531:
4524:
4506:
4476:
4431:
4401:
4345:
4309:
4288:"Resuscitator"
4279:
4228:
4197:
4186:
4166:
4155:
4135:
4124:
4104:
4097:
4066:
4059:
4039:
4016:
3997:
3939:
3905:
3868:
3843:
3813:
3778:
3748:
3717:
3687:
3657:
3625:
3596:
3589:
3556:
3537:(2): 171–179.
3520:
3464:
3434:
3394:(2): 227–237.
3363:
3304:
3297:
3279:
3253:
3220:
3214:0-941332--50-0
3213:
3192:
3172:
3161:. Apeks diving
3150:
3109:
3080:
3053:
3022:
2967:
2937:
2930:
2912:
2873:
2837:
2801:
2751:
2723:
2692:
2659:
2608:
2578:
2548:
2531:www.hse.gov.uk
2527:"What is RPE?"
2518:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2423:
2416:
2413:
2404:
2401:
2371:Reserve valves
2347:
2344:
2324:
2323:Gas management
2321:
2315:
2312:
2280:
2277:
2267:The volume of
2264:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2190:
2187:
2181:the nostrils.
2171:
2168:
2159:
2156:
2129:
2126:
2082:Main article:
2079:
2076:
2005:
2002:
1976:
1973:
1963:
1960:
1904:Michael Fincke
1836:
1833:
1823:
1820:
1812:Tom Bourdillon
1786:
1783:
1743:oxygen therapy
1727:Main article:
1724:
1721:
1707:
1704:
1698:
1696:
1691:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1667:
1664:
1645:, trapped-gas
1609:
1606:
1577:
1575:
1563:
1561:
1549:
1546:
1525:Main article:
1514:
1511:
1486:person who is
1469:anesthesiology
1453:bag valve mask
1418:
1415:
1381:
1378:
1366:medical device
1323:
1320:
1243:Oxygen therapy
1241:Main article:
1238:
1237:Oxygen therapy
1235:
1218:
1215:
1160:
1157:
1137:
1134:
1085:chambers, and
1030:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
968:
965:
930:
927:
926:
925:
914:
903:
902:
899:helium reclaim
884:
883:
882:
876:
840:Main article:
837:
834:
829:
826:
803:
800:
777:
774:
761:
758:
743:
740:
721:
718:
676:
673:
657:
654:
641:
638:
617:
614:
604:
601:
588:breathing hood
583:
582:Breathing hood
580:
559:
558:Breathing mask
556:
547:
544:
531:
528:
502:
499:
490:
487:
478:
475:
460:
457:
451:
448:
447:
446:
440:
434:
427:
418:
412:
394:
393:
390:
387:
372:
369:
363:
357:
342:
339:
307:
304:
298:
295:
283:
280:
274:
271:
265:
262:
251:
248:
226:
223:
207:compressed air
170:
167:
104:
101:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
73:
70:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5824:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5792:
5791:
5782:
5780:
5779:
5770:
5768:
5767:
5758:
5757:
5754:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5708:
5707:
5704:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5629:Breathing gas
5627:
5626:
5623:
5616:
5612:
5600:
5599:orinasal mask
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5583:
5580:
5576:
5571:
5567:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5509:Diving helmet
5507:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5498:
5494:
5489:
5485:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5431:
5430:Nasal cannula
5428:
5427:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5397:
5394:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5380:
5377:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5341:
5337:
5332:
5328:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5287:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5244:
5241:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5203:Regulated by
5201:
5197:
5192:
5188:
5181:
5177:
5167:
5164:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5148:
5144:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5124:
5119:
5117:
5112:
5110:
5105:
5104:
5101:
5090:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5065:: 9090–9101.
5064:
5060:
5059:Med Sci Monit
5056:
5049:
5046:
5041:
5039:0-9713267-0-3
5035:
5031:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5016:
5011:
5004:
5001:
4996:
4994:0-471-00900-8
4990:
4986:
4979:
4976:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4948:
4945:
4942:
4938:
4935:
4929:
4926:
4923:
4919:
4916:
4910:
4907:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4880:
4877:
4872:
4868:
4861:
4858:
4853:
4847:
4845:
4841:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4814:
4811:
4795:
4788:
4787:
4779:
4776:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4729:
4726:
4714:
4710:
4709:
4701:
4698:
4693:
4687:
4679:
4672:
4669:
4664:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4605:
4602:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4575:
4572:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4542:
4535:
4532:
4527:
4521:
4517:
4510:
4507:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4480:
4477:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4435:
4432:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4405:
4402:
4397:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4330:
4326:
4319:
4313:
4310:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4283:
4280:
4275:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4248:(5): 438–45.
4247:
4243:
4239:
4232:
4229:
4217:
4213:
4212:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4193:
4189:
4187:9780781728454
4183:
4179:
4178:
4170:
4167:
4162:
4158:
4156:9780340705827
4152:
4148:
4147:
4139:
4136:
4131:
4127:
4125:9780821361801
4121:
4117:
4116:
4108:
4105:
4100:
4098:9789241547659
4094:
4089:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4070:
4067:
4062:
4060:9780857111562
4056:
4052:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4029:
4020:
4017:
4012:
4008:
4007:Hobbs, Gene W
4001:
3998:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3925:
3918:
3917:
3909:
3906:
3890:
3883:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3857:
3853:
3847:
3844:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3817:
3814:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3721:
3718:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3691:
3688:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3661:
3658:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3597:
3592:
3586:
3582:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3524:
3521:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3465:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3435:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3298:0-7153-0100-4
3294:
3290:
3283:
3280:
3268:
3267:hsseworld.com
3264:
3257:
3254:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3124:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3084:
3081:
3073:
3066:
3065:
3057:
3054:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3023:
3008:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2933:
2931:0-9678873-0-5
2927:
2923:
2916:
2913:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2822:
2818:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2740:
2739:skybrary.aero
2736:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2693:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2549:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2346:Gas endurance
2345:
2343:
2335:
2330:
2322:
2320:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2307:jocking strap
2303:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2286:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2262:
2260:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2210:
2201:
2196:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2157:
2155:
2148:
2140:
2135:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2090:
2085:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2017:stress injury
2011:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1841:Pressure suit
1834:
1832:
1829:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1816:Charles Evans
1813:
1808:
1804:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1712:
1705:
1703:
1689:
1687:
1680:
1678:
1673:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1573:
1568:
1567:is reduced.
1559:
1555:
1554:high altitude
1547:
1545:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1519:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1488:not breathing
1485:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1285:nasal cannula
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1177:
1171:
1166:
1158:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1100:chambers and
1099:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1075:breathing gas
1072:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1003:
996:
991:
986:
982:
978:
974:
966:
964:
962:
957:
953:
951:
947:
940:
936:
928:
923:
919:
915:
911:
908:
907:
906:
900:
896:
895:gas extenders
892:
888:
885:
880:
877:
874:
871:
870:
868:
865:
864:
863:
861:
856:
848:
843:
835:
833:
827:
825:
823:
817:
813:
809:
801:
799:
797:
791:
783:
775:
773:
769:
765:
759:
757:
753:
749:
741:
739:
736:
731:
727:
719:
717:
715:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
684:
682:
674:
672:
669:
667:
663:
655:
653:
649:
646:
639:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
615:
613:
610:
602:
600:
598:
594:
589:
581:
579:
576:
574:
568:
564:
557:
555:
553:
545:
543:
541:
537:
529:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
508:
500:
498:
496:
488:
486:
484:
476:
474:
471:
466:
465:nasal cannula
459:Nasal cannula
458:
456:
449:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
428:
426:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
406:
405:
398:
391:
388:
385:
381:
380:gas extenders
377:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
351:
350:
347:
340:
338:
335:
331:
327:
326:gas extenders
323:
317:
313:
305:
303:
296:
294:
290:
288:
281:
279:
272:
270:
264:Constant flow
263:
261:
257:
249:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
224:
222:
220:
219:liquid oxygen
216:
212:
208:
203:
200:
195:
192:
189:
187:
183:
178:
176:
168:
166:
162:
159:
157:
153:
149:
144:
141:
137:
133:
132:Breathing set
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
102:
100:
96:
89:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
71:
68:
67:
66:
63:
61:
57:
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5699:Demand valve
5551:Gas extender
5472:Venturi mask
5362:Resuscitator
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2500:
2467:Resuscitator
2406:
2398:
2395:
2375:buddy system
2349:
2340:
2317:
2314:SCBA harness
2295:
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2266:
2257:
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2170:Ear clearing
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2000:is reduced.
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1906:outside the
1859:air pressure
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1446:computerized
1433:
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1420:
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1336:Resuscitator
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1313:pulse demand
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597:oxygen hoods
593:escape hoods
585:
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533:
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492:
480:
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425:bailout sets
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344:
319:
300:
297:Enriched gas
291:
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282:Open circuit
276:
267:
259:
228:
204:
196:
193:
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179:
172:
163:
160:
158:by the HSE.
145:
131:
111:
108:Semantically
106:
97:
93:
64:
56:resuscitator
43:
39:
37:
5716:Counterlung
5659:Hazmat suit
5457:Oxygen tent
5452:Oxygen mask
5447:Oxygen hood
5372:Pocket mask
5352:Bubble CPAP
5289:Regulations
5269:Facepieces
4686:cite report
4370:(1): 6–12.
4088:10665/44053
2892:www.dhs.gov
2853:www.cdc.gov
2443:Hazmat suit
2387:bailout set
2361:task loaded
1920:outer space
1885:Buzz Aldrin
1494:and alive.
1484:unconscious
1374:anaesthesia
1301:oxygen hood
1142:Oxygen mask
1121:Smoke hoods
1094:fire hazard
1034:rebreathers
961:hazmat suit
922:rebreathers
910:Escape sets
730:space suits
421:Escape sets
322:rebreathers
184:(SARs) and
110:, the term
5706:Rebreather
5639:Dead space
5379:Ventilator
5273:Smoke hood
5207:and others
5196:Respirator
4900:2023-07-17
4833:6 November
4769:2024-04-03
4719:2023-07-17
4594:27 January
4565:2023-07-18
4222:2023-07-16
3933:2009-06-29
3862:2024-04-03
3807:2023-09-15
3651:2023-07-13
3514:2023-07-21
3428:2023-07-30
3144:2023-08-16
3016:2023-07-15
2716:10 October
2480:References
2473:Ventilator
2461:Respirator
2327:See also:
2269:dead space
2193:See also:
2174:See also:
2132:See also:
2102:dead space
2064:competence
2008:See also:
1948:Gemini G4C
1928:spacecraft
1916:space suit
1867:space suit
1845:Space suit
1690:Management
1612:See also:
1598:hypocapnia
1531:See also:
1499:ventilator
1492:oxygenated
1434:ventilator
1269:anesthesia
1123:and other
1087:submarines
1038:submarines
1027:Smoke hood
977:Smoke hood
933:See also:
735:Liquid air
630:normobaric
622:hyperbaric
536:mouthpiece
530:Mouthpiece
483:nasal mask
477:Nasal mask
431:rebreather
312:Rebreather
140:respirator
128:space suit
48:respirator
5654:Facepiece
5594:Half mask
5384:Iron lung
5253:Dust mask
4968:6 October
4499:10 August
3887:. Divex.
2449:Iron lung
2352:endurance
2117:breathing
1889:Apollo 11
1647:dysbarism
1634:is rare.
1602:alkalosis
1583:hypoxemia
1461:home care
1289:face mask
1253:hypoxemia
867:Scuba set
822:iron lung
634:hypobaric
552:oral mask
546:Oral mask
5806:Category
5790:Glossary
5766:Category
5219:Canister
5214:Gas mask
5089:30552313
4962:Archived
4937:Archived
4918:Archived
4894:Archived
4827:Archived
4763:Archived
4759:23709202
4713:Archived
4588:Archived
4556:Archived
4493:Archived
4463:14698113
4418:Archived
4396:20808661
4329:Archived
4296:Archived
4274:24249876
4216:Archived
4192:Archived
4161:Archived
4130:Archived
3984:18539725
3924:Archived
3889:Archived
3856:Archived
3830:Archived
3798:Archived
3735:Archived
3704:Archived
3674:Archived
3645:Archived
3551:25266155
3505:Archived
3501:12166054
3451:Archived
3449:. 2009.
3422:Archived
3418:10835352
3410:29089459
3356:5 August
3240:Archived
3135:Archived
3096:Archived
3072:Archived
3040:Archived
3007:Archived
2954:Archived
2896:Archived
2857:Archived
2830:10 March
2821:Archived
2794:6 August
2788:Archived
2710:Archived
2679:Archived
2646:Archived
2595:Archived
2565:Archived
2535:Archived
2505:Archived
2437:Gas mask
2415:See also
2254:Security
2231:spitcock
1932:pressure
1766:nitrogen
1407:pressure
1295:, or by
993:US Navy
913:circuit.
540:snorkels
330:pendulum
188:(SCBA).
5778:Commons
5619:General
5529:Snorkel
5080:6319161
4663:6395324
4471:8210206
4424:12 July
4387:2923424
4338:16 July
4265:3821260
3992:6141420
3836:12 July
3741:27 July
3710:27 July
3680:27 July
3618:3 April
3457:21 July
3351:1789440
3331:Bibcode
3272:3 April
3246:12 July
3102:14 July
2960:16 July
2905:12 July
2866:2 April
2744:3 April
2685:16 July
2652:13 July
2601:13 July
2571:12 July
2541:12 July
2511:12 July
1871:aircrew
1770:zeolite
1643:hypoxia
1364:) is a
626:caisson
173:The US
146:The UK
116:snorkel
5087:
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4991:
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3061:"12".
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2304:or by
2189:Vision
2113:exhale
2109:inhale
2066:, and
1962:Safety
1940:oxygen
1924:vacuum
1735:oxygen
1463:, and
1396:, and
1334:, and
1148:, and
1042:mining
997:(EEBD)
983:, and
697:helium
628:work,
522:, and
273:Demand
5205:NIOSH
4797:(PDF)
4790:(PDF)
4559:(PDF)
4544:(PDF)
4467:S2CID
4332:(PDF)
4321:(PDF)
4036:–262.
3988:S2CID
3927:(PDF)
3920:(PDF)
3892:(PDF)
3885:(PDF)
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3347:JSTOR
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3010:(PDF)
2999:(PDF)
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2860:(PDF)
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1442:lungs
1356:) or
1303:in a
433:sets,
429:Most
374:Some
126:or a
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5085:PMID
5034:ISBN
4989:ISBN
4970:2021
4835:2016
4805:2016
4755:PMID
4692:link
4659:PMID
4596:2015
4520:ISBN
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4459:PMID
4426:2023
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4270:PMID
4182:ISBN
4151:ISBN
4120:ISBN
4093:ISBN
4055:ISBN
3980:PMID
3900:2018
3838:2023
3773:2015
3761:NASA
3743:2023
3712:2023
3682:2023
3620:2024
3585:ISBN
3547:PMID
3497:PMID
3459:2023
3406:PMID
3358:2023
3293:ISBN
3274:2024
3248:2023
3209:ISBN
3167:2018
3104:2023
3048:2016
2962:2023
2926:ISBN
2907:2023
2868:2024
2832:2020
2796:2016
2746:2024
2718:2023
2687:2023
2654:2023
2603:2023
2573:2023
2543:2023
2513:2023
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2207:The
2158:Seal
2111:and
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1826:The
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