429:
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807:. His personality has been described as good-natured; he was easily amused and loved to laugh. He charmed practically everyone who knew him, especially Zoë, whom he enthralled immediately. Constantine spent money without restraints and liked to make several luxurious gifts to his associates. For example, he gave to the
754:
ruddy as the sun, but all his breast, and down to his feet... colored the purest white all over, with exquisite accuracy. When he was in his prime, before his limbs lost their virility, anyone who cared to look at him closely would surely have likened his head to the sun in its glory, so radiant was
644:
system, a sort of
Byzantine feudal contract in which tracts of land (or the tax revenue from it) were granted to particular individuals in exchange for contributing to and maintaining military forces. Constantine could be wasteful with the imperial treasury. On one occasion he is said to have sent an
531:
Constantine IX's preferential treatment of Maria
Skleraina in the early part of his reign led to rumors that she was planning to murder Zoë and Theodora. This led to a popular uprising by the citizens of Constantinople in 1044, which came dangerously close to harming Constantine as he participated in
634:
for the next five years. The emperor's efforts to contain the enemy through diplomacy merely exacerbated the situation, as rival
Pecheneg leaders clashed on Byzantine ground, and Pecheneg settlers were allowed to live in compact settlement in the Balkans, making it difficult to suppress their
454:
Constantine continued the purge instituted by Zoë and
Theodora, removing the relatives of Michael V from the court. The new emperor was pleasure-loving and prone to violent outbursts on suspicion of conspiracy. He was heavily influenced by his controversial wife or mistress,
878:
The mosaic dates between 1042, when Zoe married
Constantine (her third husband), and 1050, when Zoe died, but the heads have been changed and the mosaic probably originally portrayed Zoe with her first husband, Romanos III (1028–34), who also donated funds to the
802:
In addition to his beauty, Constantine was praised for his justice and wisdom, the latter being displayed through his patronage of philosophy and rhetoric, as well as his legislation. Indeed, during his reign there was a "rennaisance" of interest in
346:. At some point Constantine's father Theodosios had been suspected of conspiracy, and his son's career suffered accordingly. Constantine's position improved after he married his second wife, sometimes called Helena or Pulcheria, a daughter of
578:
in
Armenia in 1048 and settled a truce the following year. Even if the Seljuk rulers were willing to abide by the treaty, their unruly Turcoman allies showed much less restraint. The Byzantine forces would suffer a cataclysmic defeat at the
412:
After her first preference displayed contempt for the empress and her second died under mysterious circumstances, Zoë remembered the handsome and urbane
Constantine. The pair were married on 11 June, without the participation of
811:
many objects of great value, including precious sacred vessels, "that surpassed by far all the others as to dimensions, beauty and price". Constantine also showed clemency and mercy, even in cases of treason.
401:, was breaking down. After two months of increasing acrimony between the two, Zoë decided to search for a new husband, thereby hoping to prevent her sister from increasing her popularity and authority.
799:". Psellos described "the symmetry of the emperor's body, his perfect analogies, his ruddy hair which shone like rays of sunlight, his white body which appeared like clear and translucent crystal".
693:
when
Keroularios would not agree to adopt western church practices, and in return Keroularios excommunicated the legates. This sabotaged Constantine's attempts to ally with the Pope against the
622:
and was proclaimed emperor by the army. Tornikios was forced to retreat, failed in another siege, and was captured during his flight. The revolt had weakened
Byzantine defenses in the
797:
a marvel of beauty that Nature brought into being in the person of this man, so justly proportioned, so harmoniously fashioned, that there was no one in our time to compare to him
1073:: "Michaelus in monasterium Elegmorum, 21 die Aprilis... Augusta Zoe nupsit... die Iunii undecima anni eius quem supra indicavimus. postridie coronatus est a patriarcha."
775:, but it was Constantine who finally set the project in motion, funding the reconstruction of the Church and other Christian establishments in the Holy Land.
464:
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2011:
1689:
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648:
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Constantine tried to intervene, but he fell ill and died on 11 January of the following year. He was persuaded by his councillors, chiefly the
687:
512:. As part of the peace negotiations, Constantine married his daughter, Anastasia (by his second wife or Maria Skleraina), to the future Prince
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3198:
1916:
1892:
1795:
1767:
1738:
1590:
1563:
1533:
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536:. The mob was only quieted by the appearance at a balcony of Zoë and Theodora, who reassured the people that they were not in any danger of
2543:
1754:
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448:
280:. Despite the varying success of these campaigns, the Byzantine Empire largely retained the borders established after the conquests of
322:. Constantine, aware of the political and religious consequences of such a disunion, made unsuccessful efforts to prevent the breach.
1878:
1861:
1837:
1818:
1706:
1670:
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871:
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it, and his hair to the rays of the sun, while in the rest of his body he would have seen the purest and most translucent crystal.
508:; it is "incontrovertible that a Rus' detachment took part in the Maniakes rebellion". They too were defeated, with the help of
257:
chose him as a husband and co-emperor in 1042, although he had been exiled for conspiring against her previous husband, Emperor
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3115:
2942:
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1410:
404:
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231:
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Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
772:
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and was about to defeat
Constantine's army in battle, when he was wounded and died on the field, ending the crisis in 1043.
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3144:
2971:
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2790:
1385:
339:
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2004:
761:
653:
588:
501:
570:, but this expansion merely exposed the empire to new enemies. In 1046 the Byzantines first came into contact with the
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3040:
2719:
2185:
771:. Byzantine Emperor Romanos III had secured the right to undertake such a restoration in a treaty with al-Hakim's son
367:
258:
265:. Zoë died in 1050, and Constantine continued his collaboration with Theodora until his own death five years later.
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3235:
3122:
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1971:
863:
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420:, who refused to officiate over a third marriage (for both spouses). Constantine was crowned on the following day.
41:
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436:
of Constantine IX Monomachos. Reverse. Bust of Constantine IX with a beard; on his head is a crown with a cross;
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722:
John, to ignore the rights of the elderly Theodora, daughter of Constantine VIII, and to pass the throne to the
474:
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804:
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1997:
1981:
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543:
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2020:
709:
444:
296:
1687:
Blaum, Paul A. (2004). "Diplomacy Gone to Seed: A History of Byzantine Foreign Relations, A.D. 1047-57".
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1004:. 140 e Congrès national des sociétés historiques et scientifiques , May 2015, Reims, France. p. 26-37.
808:
768:
718:
668:
311:
1959:
672:
355:
303:
254:
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95:
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records the history of Constantine's reign. Psellos left a physical description of Constantine in his
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2925:
2839:
2689:
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1989:
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386:
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156:
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493:, and Maniakes rebelled, declaring himself emperor in September. He transferred his troops into the
373:
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3156:
3091:
3080:
3035:
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2471:
2409:
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Ousterhout, Robert (1989). "Rebuilding the Temple: Constantine Monomachus and the Holy Sepulchre".
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1930:
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Continuité des élites à Byzance durant les siècles obscurs. Les princes caucasiens et l'Empire du
915:
690:
575:
513:
202:
1730:
Streams of Gold, Rivers of Blood: The Rise and Fall of Byzantium, 955 A.D. to the First Crusade
1607:
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in 1042 led to Constantine being recalled from his place of exile and appointed as a judge in
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1702:
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563:
479:
335:
459:, a relative of his second wife, and Maria's family. Constantine had another mistress, an "
397:, where the fragile working relationship between Michael V's successors, Empresses Zoë and
330:
Constantine Monomachos was the son of Theodosios Monomachos, an important bureaucrat under
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The literary circle at the court of Constantine IX included the philosopher and historian
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176:
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Immediately upon ascending to the throne in 1042, Constantine IX set about restoring the
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2419:
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2153:
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1804:
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160:
145:
50:
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Beauty and the Male Body in Byzantium: Perceptions and Representations in Art and Text
17:
3374:
3340:
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2844:
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1904:
615:
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347:
291:), even expanding eastwards when Constantine annexed the wealthy Armenian kingdom of
172:
587:, trying to force it into union with the Orthodox Church. In 1046, he refounded the
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2797:
2620:
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2123:
1853:
1001:
676:
571:
277:
56:
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342:. His mother and her name are unknown. Constantine was born around 980 or 1000 in
295:. Constantine accordingly may be considered the last effective emperor during the
1847:
1728:
1660:
1580:
1553:
1523:
954:
393:. However, before he could commence his appointment, Constantine was summoned to
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1134:. // History of Byzantium, vol. 2, chapter 15, p. 347-352. Moscow: Nauka, 1967 (
680:
315:
712:, believed to be a gift to the Monastery of Saint George of Mangana (ca. 1047).
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2267:
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2033:
819:
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433:
82:
1719:
1135:
2752:
2704:
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2601:
2388:
2317:
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2200:
2148:
2083:
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1623:
1555:
Basileia: Essays on Imperium and Culture in Honour of E.M. and M.J. Jeffreys
657:
627:
414:
273:
478:
Zoë (left), Constantine IX (centre), and Theodora (right) depicted on the
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2215:
2210:
2158:
2133:
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2093:
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784:
732:. However, Theodora was recalled from her retirement and named empress.
537:
359:
331:
281:
697:, who had taken advantage of the disappearance of Maniakes to take over
524:("one who fights alone") was inherited by Vsevolod and Anastasia's son,
2954:
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2564:
2477:
2332:
2108:
694:
640:
623:
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437:
343:
197:
133:
1505:
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2103:
788:
765:
558:
Depiction of a philosophy lesson in the University of Constantinople.
460:
363:
1497:
2327:
2098:
2088:
2068:
1208:
Le sacré et son inscription dans l'espace à Byzance et en Occident
703:
647:
554:
553:
542:
443:
440:
in his right hand, globe with a cross in his left. Constantinople.
427:
403:
372:
1298:
Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries
2073:
2063:
1002:
onstantin IX Monomaque : empereur ou homme de réseau ?
764:
in Jerusalem, which had been substantially destroyed in 1009 by
1993:
724:
614:
In 1047, Constantine was faced by the rebellion of his nephew
592:
292:
1608:"The Mosaic Panel of Constantine IX and Zoe in Saint Sophia"
236:
1172:, Paris, de Boccard, 2006, p. 245. (ISBN 978-2-7018-0226-8)
1181:
A.V. Soloviev, 'Marie, fille de Constantin IX Monomaque',
956:
Imperial Byzantine Portraits: A Verbal and Graphic Gallery
890:
A.V. Soloviev, 'Marie, fille de Constantin IX Monomaque',
1409:
For the date 7 / 8 January, see: Peter Schreiner (1977).
268:
Constantine waged wars against groups which included the
1132:
Rus'-Byzantine Relations in the 11th and 12th Centuries
645:
Arab leader 500,000 gold coins, over two tons of gold.
408:
Arrival of Constantine Monomachos to Constantinople.
3293:
2739:
2636:
2519:
2346:
2184:
2032:
1714:(in French). Paris, France: Éditions Albin Michel.
1552:Nathan, Geoffrey; Garland, Lynda (1 January 2011).
1296:Aleksandr Petrovich Kazhdan, Annabel Jane Wharton,
1270:
1268:
1249:
1247:
1117:
1115:
978:
976:
208:
196:
186:
167:
151:
139:
127:
123:
113:
105:
91:
81:
71:
64:
34:
1486:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
1024:
1022:
1012:
1010:
856:Davies, Wendy; Fouracre, Paul (2 September 2010).
663:In 1054 the centuries-old differences between the
261:. The couple shared the throne with Zoë's sister
638:Constantine seems to have taken recourse to the
485:In August 1042 Constantine relieved the general
302:In 1054, a year before Constantine's death, the
1899:History of the Byzantine Empire from 716 – 1057
1300:, University of California Press, 1985, p. 122.
1528:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 9.
859:The Languages of Gift in the Early Middle Ages
708:Zoë, Constantine and Theodora, depicted on an
2005:
959:. Caratzas Brothers Publishing. p. 101.
385:The death of Michael IV and the overthrow of
8:
1849:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
550:surrenders to Emperor Constantine Monomachos
583:in 1071. Constantine began persecuting the
500:Immediately after the victory, Constantine
2516:
2012:
1998:
1990:
1921:
1909:Conformity and Non-conformity in Byzantium
49:
31:
1708:Le monde byzantin: Vie et mort de Byzance
626:, and in 1048 the area was raided by the
1690:International Journal of Kurdish Studies
1648:, trans. E.R.A. Sewter (Penguin, 1966).
791:in terms of beauty. He was described by
601:
473:
253:from June 1042 to January 1055. Empress
55:Mosaic of Emperor Constantine IX at the
848:
1662:Ioannis Scylitzae Synopsis historiarum
606:Leo Tornikios attacks Constantinople,
1901:, William Blackwood & Sons, 1853.
1733:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1547:
1545:
1517:
1515:
1210:, Publications de la Sorbonne, 2001,
7:
1885:Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium
1813:. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks.
1755:Prosopography of the Byzantine World
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
910:
908:
249:1000 – 11 January 1055) reigned as
27:Byzantine emperor from 1042 to 1055
1285:Historical Dictionary of Byzantium
42:Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans
25:
1911:, Verlag Adolf M. Hakkert, 1997.
1579:Wilson, Nigel (31 October 2013).
562:In 1045, Constantine annexed the
1287:, Scarecrow Press, 2001, p. xxx.
1130:Quoted from: Litavrin, Grigory.
822:
3386:11th-century Byzantine emperors
1748:Jeffreys, Michael, ed. (2016).
1665:. Berlin-New York: De Gruyter.
591:by creating the Departments of
366:by her second husband, Emperor
286:
1873:(Longman, 2nd edition, 1997).
1871:The Byzantine empire 1025–1204
1787:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
1582:Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece
783:Constantine was said to rival
354:. Catching the eye of Empress
318:excommunicating the Patriarch
76:11 June 1042 – 11 January 1055
1:
3411:1050s in the Byzantine Empire
3406:1040s in the Byzantine Empire
1887:(Hambledon/Continuum, 2007).
1856:: Stanford University Press,
1846:Treadgold, Warren T. (1997),
1828:Norwich, John Julius (1993),
1810:Economic History of Byzantium
1606:Oikonomides, Nicolas (1978).
618:, who gathered supporters in
276:and, in the East, the rising
246:
242:
1750:"Konstantinos IX Monomachos"
762:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
671:churches led to their final
654:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
589:University of Constantinople
520:. Constantine's family name
449:Coronation of Constantine IX
237:
143:11 January 1055 (aged 50–55)
1782:"Constantine IX Monomachos"
1727:Kaldellis, Anthony (2017).
1612:Revue des études byzantines
916:"Constantine IX Monomachus"
688:Patriarch of Constantinople
314:took place, culminating in
259:Michael IV the Paphlagonian
3427:
3285:Constantine XI Palaiologos
3236:Andronikos III Palaiologos
3123:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
1926:Constantine IX Monomachos
1204:Byzance vue par les Russes
864:Cambridge University Press
838:List of Byzantine emperors
779:Appearance and personality
516:, the son of his opponent
381:of Zoë and Theodora, 1042.
338:, of the famous and noble
226:
3361:
3258:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
3226:Andronikos II Palaiologos
3051:Constantine IX Monomachos
1978:
1969:
1956:
1951:
1924:
1659:Thurn, Hans, ed. (1973).
1646:Fourteen Byzantine Rulers
1585:. Routledge. p. 60.
467:, likely the daughter of
418:Alexius of Constantinople
219:Constantine IX Monomachos
48:
39:
35:Constantine IX Monomachos
3221:Michael VIII Palaiologos
953:Head, Constance (1982).
805:ancient Greek philosophy
3076:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
2710:Tiberius II Constantine
1624:10.3406/rebyz.1978.2086
1522:Hatzaki, Myrto (2009).
921:Encyclopedia Britannica
830:Byzantine Empire portal
632:continued to plunder it
502:was attacked by a fleet
399:Theodora Porphyrogenita
350:, and niece of Emperor
312:Roman Catholic Churches
263:Theodora Porphyrogenita
238:Kōnstantinos Monomachos
3231:Michael IX Palaiologos
1558:. BRILL. p. 187.
713:
710:illustrated manuscript
660:
611:
559:
551:
482:
451:
441:
409:
382:
297:Macedonian Renaissance
227:Κωνσταντῖνος Μονομάχος
18:Constantine Monomachos
3325:Thessalonian emperors
3319:Trapezuntine emperors
3280:John VIII Palaiologos
3275:Manuel II Palaiologos
3246:John VI Kantakouzenos
3162:Andronikos I Komnenos
2999:Constantine Lekapenos
2027:and empresses regnant
1830:Byzantium: The Apogee
1760:King's College London
1387:Synopsis of Histories
1156:Christian Settipani,
769:al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
719:logothetes tou dromou
707:
651:
605:
557:
546:
477:
447:
431:
407:
376:
212:Theodosios Monomachos
3263:John VII Palaiologos
3211:Theodore II Laskaris
3071:Constantine X Doukas
3011:Nikephoros II Phokas
736:Architecture and art
526:Vladimir II Monomakh
489:from his command in
157:Monastery of Mangana
119:Theodora (1042–1055)
3194:Theodore I Laskaris
3179:Alexios III Angelos
3157:Alexios II Komnenos
3081:Romanos IV Diogenes
3036:Romanos III Argyros
2982:Romanos I Lekapenos
730:Nikephoros Proteuon
691:Michael Keroularios
581:Battle of Manzikert
548:Gagik II of Armenia
518:Yaroslav I the Wise
358:, he was exiled to
352:Romanos III Argyros
320:Michael Keroularios
3381:Macedonian dynasty
3313:Britannic emperors
3307:Palmyrene emperors
3241:John V Palaiologos
3184:Alexios IV Angelos
3133:Constantine Doukas
3128:Alexios I Komnenos
3116:Constantine Doukas
3099:Michael VII Doukas
3061:Michael VI Bringas
2627:Romulus Augustulus
2250:Trebonianus Gallus
2243:Herennius Etruscus
2025:Byzantine emperors
1931:Macedonian dynasty
1883:Harris, Jonathan.
1805:Laiou, Angeliki E.
1778:Kazhdan, Alexander
1447:Treadgold, pg. 596
1392:(Bekker 610, s.18)
714:
661:
612:
560:
552:
514:Vsevolod I of Kiev
483:
452:
442:
410:
383:
356:Zoë Porphyrogenita
255:Zoë Porphyrogenita
181:Zoë Porphyrogenita
3401:Monomachos family
3368:
3367:
3206:John III Vatatzes
3152:Manuel I Komnenos
2891:Michael I Rangabe
2735:
2734:
2577:Petronius Maximus
2176:Severus Alexander
2144:Septimius Severus
1988:
1987:
1979:Succeeded by
1972:Byzantine emperor
1917:978-9-02560-619-0
1893:978-1-84725-179-4
1869:Angold, Michael.
1797:978-0-19-504652-6
1769:978-1-908951-20-5
1740:978-0-1902-5322-6
1681:Secondary sources
1644:Michael Psellus,
1592:978-1-136-78800-0
1565:978-90-04-34489-1
1535:978-0-230-24530-3
1057:Georgius Cedrenus
982:Kazhdan, pg. 1398
966:978-0-89241-084-2
362:on the island of
340:Monomachos family
251:Byzantine emperor
235:
216:
215:
66:Byzantine emperor
16:(Redirected from
3418:
3216:John IV Laskaris
3189:Alexios V Doukas
3174:Isaac II Angelos
3140:John II Komnenos
3066:Isaac I Komnenos
3026:Constantine VIII
3016:John I Tzimiskes
2743:Byzantine Empire
2517:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1991:
1957:Preceded by
1947:
1940:
1922:
1897:Finlay, George.
1866:
1842:
1824:
1800:
1773:
1744:
1723:
1713:
1698:
1676:
1628:
1627:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1549:
1540:
1539:
1519:
1510:
1509:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1466:
1465:Psellos, 126:2–5
1463:
1457:
1456:Garland, pg. 246
1454:
1448:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1407:
1401:
1400:του Ιανουαρίου."
1379:
1373:
1372:Norwich, pg. 316
1370:
1364:
1363:Norwich, pg. 321
1361:
1355:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1336:Norwich, pg. 315
1334:
1328:
1325:
1319:
1318:Norwich, pg. 312
1316:
1310:
1309:Bréhier, pg. 325
1307:
1301:
1294:
1288:
1283:John H. Rosser,
1281:
1275:
1274:Norwich, pg. 314
1272:
1263:
1260:
1254:
1253:Norwich, pg. 341
1251:
1242:
1241:Norwich, pg. 340
1239:
1233:
1230:
1224:
1223:Norwich, pg. 309
1221:
1215:
1213:
1200:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1179:
1173:
1168:
1162:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1139:
1128:
1122:
1121:Norwich, pg. 311
1119:
1110:
1109:Norwich, pg. 310
1107:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1091:Norwich, pg. 308
1089:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1029:
1028:Kazhdan, pg. 504
1026:
1017:
1016:Norwich, pg. 306
1014:
1005:
1000:Eric Limousin. C
998:
992:
991:Norwich, pg. 307
989:
983:
980:
971:
970:
950:
933:
932:
930:
928:
912:
903:
901:
897:
888:
882:
881:
853:
832:
827:
826:
825:
480:Monomachus Crown
336:Constantine VIII
308:Eastern Orthodox
290:
288:
248:
244:
240:
230:
228:
77:
53:
32:
21:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3357:
3301:Gallic emperors
3289:
2977:Constantine VII
2758:Constantine III
2745:
2742:
2731:
2640:
2632:
2571:Valentinian III
2559:Constantius III
2553:Priscus Attalus
2537:Constantine III
2523:
2515:
2405:Valerius Valens
2350:
2342:
2188:
2180:
2139:Didius Julianus
2119:Marcus Aurelius
2036:
2028:
2018:
1984:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1946:11 January 1055
1941:
1935:
1934:
1927:
1864:
1845:
1840:
1827:
1821:
1803:
1798:
1776:
1770:
1747:
1741:
1726:
1711:
1701:
1686:
1683:
1673:
1658:
1641:
1639:Primary sources
1636:
1631:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1521:
1520:
1513:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1474:Finlay, pg. 468
1473:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1438:Finlay, pg. 527
1437:
1433:
1424:Kleinchroniken
1408:
1404:
1382:Skylitzes, John
1380:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1345:Finlay, pg. 504
1344:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1327:Finlay, pg. 515
1326:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1295:
1291:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1266:
1262:Finlay, pg. 520
1261:
1257:
1252:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:Finlay, pg. 503
1231:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1147:Finlay, pg. 514
1146:
1142:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1100:Finlay, pg, 510
1099:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1082:Finlay, pg. 505
1081:
1077:
1054:
1050:
1046:Finlay, pg. 499
1045:
1041:
1037:Finlay, pg. 500
1036:
1032:
1027:
1020:
1015:
1008:
999:
995:
990:
986:
981:
974:
967:
952:
951:
936:
926:
924:
914:
913:
906:
899:
895:
889:
885:
874:
855:
854:
850:
846:
828:
823:
821:
818:
793:Michael Psellos
781:
742:Michael Psellos
738:
585:Armenian Church
487:George Maniakes
457:Maria Skleraina
426:
328:
289: 976–1025
285:
179:
177:Maria Skleraina
175:
163:
144:
132:
118:
117:Zoë (1042–1050)
75:
60:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3424:
3422:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3373:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3260:
3255:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3137:
3125:
3120:
3096:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3056:Theodora (III)
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2952:
2947:
2935:
2923:
2918:
2906:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2871:Constantine VI
2868:
2863:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2835:Theodosius III
2832:
2827:
2822:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2780:Constantine IV
2777:
2772:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2638:Eastern Empire
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2623:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2599:
2592:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2568:
2561:
2556:
2549:
2533:
2527:
2525:
2521:Western Empire
2514:
2513:
2506:
2494:Magnus Maximus
2490:
2488:Valentinian II
2485:
2480:
2475:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2422:
2420:Constantius II
2417:
2415:Constantine II
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2352:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2283:
2278:
2270:
2265:
2247:
2235:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2190:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2114:Antoninus Pius
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2037:27 BC – AD 235
2030:
2029:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1994:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1968:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1952:Regnal titles
1949:
1948:
1928:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1905:Garland, Lynda
1902:
1895:
1881:
1867:
1862:
1843:
1838:
1825:
1819:
1801:
1796:
1780:, ed. (1991),
1774:
1768:
1745:
1739:
1724:
1703:Bréhier, Louis
1699:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1671:
1656:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1618:(1): 219–232.
1598:
1591:
1571:
1564:
1541:
1534:
1511:
1498:10.2307/990407
1476:
1467:
1458:
1449:
1440:
1431:
1412:Kleinchroniken
1402:
1374:
1365:
1356:
1347:
1338:
1329:
1320:
1311:
1302:
1289:
1276:
1264:
1255:
1243:
1234:
1225:
1216:
1195:
1174:
1149:
1140:
1123:
1111:
1102:
1093:
1084:
1075:
1048:
1039:
1030:
1018:
1006:
993:
984:
972:
965:
934:
904:
883:
872:
866:. p. 38.
847:
845:
842:
841:
840:
834:
833:
817:
814:
780:
777:
737:
734:
699:Southern Italy
684:excommunicated
425:
422:
395:Constantinople
327:
324:
223:Medieval Greek
214:
213:
210:
206:
205:
200:
194:
193:
190:
184:
183:
169:
165:
164:
161:Constantinople
155:
153:
149:
148:
146:Constantinople
141:
137:
136:
129:
125:
124:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
93:
89:
88:
85:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
62:
61:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3423:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3360:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2938:Theodora (II)
2936:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2846:
2845:Constantine V
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2830:Anastasius II
2828:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2653:Theodosius II
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2461:Valentinian I
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2384:
2383:Constantine I
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2373:Constantius I
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1983:
1974:
1973:
1966:
1961:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1880:
1879:0-582-29468-1
1876:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1863:0-8047-2630-2
1859:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1839:0-14-011448-3
1835:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1820:0-88402-288-9
1816:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1672:9783110022858
1668:
1664:
1663:
1657:
1655:
1654:0-14-044169-7
1651:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1599:
1594:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1575:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1202:P.P Tolocko,
1199:
1196:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1052:
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1040:
1034:
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1025:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
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994:
988:
985:
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958:
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917:
911:
909:
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893:
887:
884:
880:
875:
873:9780521515177
869:
865:
861:
860:
852:
849:
843:
839:
836:
835:
831:
820:
815:
813:
810:
806:
800:
798:
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790:
786:
778:
776:
774:
770:
767:
763:
758:
756:
751:
750:Chronographia
747:
746:Chronographia
743:
735:
733:
731:
728:of Bulgaria,
727:
726:
721:
720:
711:
706:
702:
700:
696:
692:
689:
685:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
659:
655:
650:
646:
643:
642:
636:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
616:Leo Tornikios
609:
604:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
577:
576:met in battle
573:
569:
565:
556:
549:
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541:
539:
535:
529:
527:
523:
519:
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511:
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402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
380:
375:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:Basil Skleros
345:
341:
337:
333:
325:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
300:
298:
294:
283:
279:
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239:
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224:
220:
211:
207:
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185:
182:
178:
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173:Basil Skleros
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
147:
142:
138:
135:
130:
126:
122:
116:
112:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
86:
84:
80:
74:
70:
67:
63:
58:
52:
47:
44:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3391:1000s births
3268:Andronikos V
3266:
3249:
3197:
3165:
3143:
3131:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3090:
3084:
3050:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2958:
2941:
2929:
2912:
2900:
2894:
2881:Nikephoros I
2856:
2855:
2849:
2816:
2813:Justinian II
2808:Tiberius III
2798:Justinian II
2789:
2783:
2766:
2718:
2690:Anastasius I
2681:
2625:
2621:Julius Nepos
2613:
2606:
2594:
2582:
2575:
2563:
2551:
2542:
2541:
2535:
2508:
2499:
2498:
2492:
2483:Theodosius I
2470:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2400:Maximinus II
2387:
2289:
2272:
2259:
2253:
2241:
2229:
2162:
2124:Lucius Verus
1970:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1908:
1898:
1884:
1870:
1854:Stanford, CA
1848:
1829:
1811:
1808:
1785:
1753:
1729:
1707:
1694:
1688:
1661:
1645:
1615:
1611:
1601:
1581:
1574:
1554:
1524:
1492:(1): 66–78.
1489:
1485:
1479:
1470:
1461:
1452:
1443:
1434:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1405:
1396:
1390:, 478, n.92
1386:
1377:
1368:
1359:
1354:Laiou, pg. 3
1350:
1341:
1332:
1323:
1314:
1305:
1297:
1292:
1284:
1279:
1258:
1237:
1228:
1219:
1207:
1198:
1182:
1177:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1152:
1143:
1131:
1126:
1105:
1096:
1087:
1078:
1066:
1061:
1055:
1051:
1042:
1033:
996:
987:
955:
925:. Retrieved
919:
891:
886:
877:
858:
851:
801:
796:
782:
759:
753:
749:
745:
739:
723:
717:
715:
662:
652:Dome of the
639:
637:
613:
572:Seljuk Turks
561:
532:a religious
530:
521:
499:
484:
453:
411:
384:
378:
329:
306:between the
304:Great Schism
301:
278:Seljuq Turks
267:
218:
217:
171:daughter of
131:c. 1000/1004
87:12 June 1042
57:Hagia Sophia
40:
29:
3396:1055 deaths
3327:(1224–1242)
3321:(1204–1461)
3110:Konstantios
2987:Christopher
2960:Constantine
2950:Michael III
2931:Constantine
2914:Constantine
2896:Theophylact
2825:Philippicus
2775:Constans II
2700:Justinian I
2596:Severus III
2544:Constans II
2298:Claudius II
2274:Silbannacus
2221:Gordian III
2196:Maximinus I
2164:Diadumenian
1832:, Penguin,
681:Pope Leo IX
635:rebellion.
566:kingdom of
506:Kievan Rus'
463:princess",
316:Pope Leo IX
270:Kievan Rus'
92:Predecessor
3375:Categories
3104:Andronikos
3092:Nikephoros
3041:Michael IV
3006:Romanos II
2926:Theophilos
2921:Michael II
2902:Staurakios
2886:Staurakios
2858:Nikephoros
2851:Artabasdos
2763:Heraclonas
2720:Theodosius
2678:Basiliscus
2438:Nepotianus
2431:Magnentius
2425:Constans I
2378:Severus II
2358:Diocletian
2303:Quintillus
2268:Aemilianus
2261:Volusianus
2206:Gordian II
2171:Elagabalus
2034:Principate
1976:1042–1055
1697:(1): 1–56.
1189:33, 1963,
898:33, 1963,
844:References
752:: he was "
673:separation
620:Adrianople
610:chronicle.
597:Philosophy
534:procession
522:Monomachos
510:Greek fire
465:Gurandukht
434:tetarteron
379:histamenon
368:Michael IV
326:Early life
203:Macedonian
83:Coronation
3346:Classical
3331:Empresses
3315:(286–296)
3309:(267–273)
3303:(260–274)
3046:Michael V
2972:Alexander
2785:Heraclius
2753:Heraclius
2705:Justin II
2615:Glycerius
2602:Anthemius
2472:Procopius
2410:Martinian
2389:Maxentius
2318:Florianus
2291:Saloninus
2286:Gallienus
2255:Hostilian
2231:Philip II
2201:Gordian I
2149:Caracalla
2084:Vespasian
2079:Vitellius
1720:490176081
1183:Byzantion
892:Byzantion
658:Jerusalem
628:Pechenegs
608:Skylitzes
415:Patriarch
387:Michael V
274:Pechenegs
232:romanized
192:Anastasia
114:Co-rulers
106:Successor
3341:Usurpers
3336:Augustae
3294:See also
3199:Nicholas
3021:Basil II
2818:Tiberius
2803:Leontius
2791:Tiberius
2768:Tiberius
2746:610–1453
2741:Eastern/
2695:Justin I
2648:Arcadius
2608:Olybrius
2590:Majorian
2531:Honorius
2510:Eugenius
2445:Vetranio
2395:Licinius
2368:Galerius
2363:Maximian
2348:Dominate
2338:Numerian
2308:Aurelian
2281:Valerian
2226:Philip I
2216:Balbinus
2211:Pupienus
2159:Macrinus
2134:Pertinax
2129:Commodus
2094:Domitian
2059:Claudius
2054:Caligula
2049:Tiberius
2044:Augustus
1982:Theodora
1965:Theodora
1807:(2002).
1705:(1946).
1384:(1973)
1214:277-284.
1193:241-248.
927:11 April
902:241-248.
816:See also
785:Achilles
773:al-Zahir
744:, whose
574:. They
564:Armenian
538:regicide
469:George I
360:Mytilene
332:Basil II
282:Basil II
109:Theodora
100:Theodora
3351:Eastern
3251:Matthew
3145:Alexios
2993:Stephen
2955:Basil I
2840:Leo III
2715:Maurice
2658:Marcian
2641:395–610
2565:Joannes
2524:395–480
2478:Gratian
2351:284–610
2333:Carinus
2313:Tacitus
2189:235–285
2109:Hadrian
1939:c. 1006
1634:Sources
1206:, dans
879:church.
695:Normans
677:Legates
669:Western
665:Eastern
641:pronoia
624:Balkans
495:Balkans
438:labarum
344:Antioch
234::
198:Dynasty
134:Antioch
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2967:Leo VI
2943:Thekla
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2466:Valens
2456:Jovian
2451:Julian
2323:Probus
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2238:Decius
2186:Crisis
2104:Trajan
1942:
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809:Church
789:Nireus
766:Caliph
630:, who
391:Greece
364:Lesbos
272:, the
209:Father
168:Spouse
152:Burial
2909:Leo V
2876:Irene
2663:Leo I
2328:Carus
2099:Nerva
2089:Titus
2069:Galba
2021:Roman
1944:Died:
1937:Born:
1712:(PDF)
1502:JSTOR
1071:540-2
679:from
504:from
491:Italy
432:Gold
424:Reign
377:Gold
188:Issue
72:Reign
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3164:(w.
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1792:ISBN
1764:ISBN
1735:ISBN
1716:OCLC
1667:ISBN
1650:ISBN
1587:ISBN
1560:ISBN
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1187:vol.
1063:CSHB
961:ISBN
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896:vol.
868:ISBN
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686:the
667:and
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310:and
245:980/
140:Died
128:Born
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