31:
311:(the king had two votes in this Court's judgements, as in all decisions by the council in the Age of Liberty). The Privy Council did not however function so much as a political institution as in the Age of Liberty, and in these matters the king could put it aside and listen to other advisors and councillors as the king also often did.
369:, the 1772 Instrument of Government had a peculiar status. While the Russian emperors, reigning in Finland as grand dukes, never gave any indication that they considered their autocratic powers limited by any constitution, a theory was developed in Finland that the old Instrument of Government remained in force,
185:
Gustav III was therefore able to attract considerable support for his scheme to overthrow the government and replace the 1720 Instrument of
Government with a new constitution. On 19 August 1772 the king rallied the Stockholm garrison and arrested the Council of the Realm, along with several prominent
264:, and although it invoked ideas like the separation of powers, it provided few practical checks upon the king's power. Moreover, in 1789 Gustav removed many of the few limits which did exist upon his power by compelling the Riksdag to pass the
194:
The
Instrument of Government was a somewhat curious mix of different influences. In part it was based on earlier Swedish political traditions, harking back above all to the reign of the revered
186:
members of the Cap party. Two days later he convened a session of the
Riksdag and compelled it to accept a new constitution which he had drawn up, the 1772 Instrument of Government.
693:
284:
The king governed the civil service and
Parliaments were assembled only at the king's will when the king had to raise taxes and legislate (legislation was regulated in
385:) were an important political faction in Finland at this time, and their legacy of constitutional legalism has had a significant effect on later Finnish politics.
588:
377:. This theory was, however, never put forward officially and never accepted in St. Petersburg. It did gain considerable popular currency in Finland, so that
314:
The king however, had to listen to the advice of the Privy
Council in cases concerning treaties about peace, armistice and alliances with foreign powers and
182:(1757–1762). Indeed, some historians argue that by the early 1770s the situation had deteriorated to the extent that Sweden was on the brink of anarchy.
812:
827:
381:
measures instituted from the 1890s onwards were commonly decried as an "unconstitutional" assault on the country's autonomy. The "Constitutionals" (
842:
807:
862:
686:
396:, as successor to the old Estates of the Realm, moved to assume sovereign power in Finland, based on the old Swedish provisions in case of a
857:
409:
852:
603:
318:
to other countries. In these cases the council also could veto the king, if all members of the
Council shared this view unanimously.
847:
758:
679:
837:
817:
740:
723:
718:
713:
350:
135:
131:
105:
73:
822:
401:
199:
260:
of the
Instrument of Government was rather vague, in part due to its having been written in haste in the aftermath of the
175:
388:
The matter remained officially uncontested and arguably unresolved for more than a century, but after the abdication of
349:
and army officers. The king was forced to abdicate and sent into exile, and a new constitution was then drawn up, the
207:
203:
138:. Under this system, the king played a relatively minor role in the government, which was instead dominated by the
802:
766:
448:
378:
162:
of political and artistic freedom, but it was also characterised by factional struggles between the so-called "
792:
787:
438:
416:
253:
147:
127:
100:, which further strengthened royal power at the expense of the Riksdag. It remained in force throughout the
89:
733:
702:
433:
362:
265:
241:
143:
139:
97:
85:
293:
289:
285:
620:
393:
389:
797:
745:
428:
245:
222:
214:
69:
34:
867:
832:
596:
570:
534:
249:
643:
502:
477:
405:
261:
121:
80:(1719-72). Although in theory the 1772 Instrument merely readjusted the balance of power between
61:
599:
338:
93:
57:
17:
300:
171:
151:
45:
592:
366:
342:
226:
195:
453:
443:
374:
179:
77:
240:
concepts like the separation of powers in theory, in practice he tended to rule as an
781:
308:
269:
237:
230:
101:
663:
229:, drawn up four years later, and indeed Gustav was an avowed admirer of the nascent
328:
315:
167:
163:
109:
53:
533:(in Swedish) (3rd ed.). Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell. pp. 283–284.
397:
334:
257:
218:
30:
280:
Significant provisions of the
Instrument of Government included the following:
346:
213:
On the other hand, large parts of the
Instrument were also inspired by recent
159:
81:
65:
415:
The
Instrument of Government was finally superseded when Finland adopted a
671:
569:(in Swedish) (4th ed.). Stockholm: AV Carlsons. pp. 412–413.
373:, with Finland's position as part of the Empire having the nature of a
638:
497:
472:
574:
538:
225:. This concept would also be one of the main principles behind the
365:, created in 1809 from the eastern third of Sweden as part of the
29:
531:
Historia för gymnasiet: allmän och nordisk historia efter år 1000
621:
Articles 6 and 7 of the Instrument (Instrument of Government or
126:
During the Age of Liberty (1719–1772), Sweden was governed as a
675:
268:, which revised the Instrument of Government in a more nakedly
565:
Borg, Ivan; Nordell, Erik; Rodhe, Sten; Nordell, Erik (1967).
88:(Swedish Parliament), without changing Sweden's status as a
288:). An offensive war also had to be approved by Parliament (
60:
from 1772 to 1809. It was promulgated in the wake of the
341:
was mounted against Gustav's son and successor, King
92:, in practice it is generally seen as instituting an
404:, as well as within Finland, culminating, after the
210:but had fallen out of use in the previous century.
158:). The Age of Liberty is generally remembered as a
96:, especially after its modification in 1789 by the
174:in the Riksdag and by military humiliation in the
146:functions of government being discharged by the
687:
8:
694:
680:
672:
76:, which had been in force for most of the
664:Text of the 1772 Instrument of Government
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
548:
763:Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression
616:
614:
612:
417:new, republican instrument of government
400:. This led to a power struggle with the
353:, which superseded the 1772 Instrument.
299:The Privy Council's justice department (
465:
236:However, while Gustav may have admired
198:; for example, it revived the posts of
307:), functioned as a fairly independent
591:18 October 1776 published in 1992 by
7:
493:
491:
489:
487:
524:
522:
520:
518:
516:
514:
512:
410:Finnish declaration of independence
134:and later under the near-identical
25:
567:Historia för gymnasiet. Årskurs 1
244:, akin to contemporaries such as
813:1809 disestablishments in Sweden
402:Provisional Government of Russia
333:After the Swedish defeat in the
206:, which had once been among the
828:Sweden during the Gustavian era
351:Instrument of Government (1809)
136:Instrument of Government (1720)
132:Instrument of Government (1719)
843:Early modern history of Sweden
18:Constitution of 1772 (Finland)
1:
808:1772 establishments in Sweden
529:Bäcklin, Martin, ed. (1965).
252:of Prussia, rather than as a
106:1809 Instrument of Government
74:1720 Instrument of Government
42:1772 Instrument of Government
863:Political history of Finland
858:Political history of Sweden
884:
326:
208:Great Offices of the Realm
119:
754:
709:
292:) and also new taxation (
853:Legal history of Finland
759:Freedom of the Press Act
449:Russification of Finland
104:, until replaced by the
848:Legal history of Sweden
703:Constitutions of Sweden
439:Constitution of Finland
128:constitutional monarchy
90:constitutional monarchy
838:Grand Duchy of Finland
818:Constitution of Sweden
734:Union and Security Act
434:Constitution of Sweden
363:Grand Duchy of Finland
304:
266:Union and Security Act
254:constitutional monarch
155:
140:Riksdag of the Estates
130:, initially under the
98:Union and Security Act
86:Riksdag of the Estates
49:
37:
823:Defunct constitutions
597:Gunnar von Proschwitz
589:Countess de Boufflers
398:vacancy on the throne
394:Parliament of Finland
357:In Finland after 1809
217:ideas, in particular
33:
246:Joseph II of Austria
223:separation of powers
200:Lord High Chancellor
196:King Gustav II Adolf
178:(1741–1743) and the
148:Council of the Realm
35:Gustav III of Sweden
27:Swedish constitution
506:(1909), pp. 672–673
250:Frederick the Great
142:, with most of the
108:as a result of the
72:, and replaced the
644:Nordisk Familjebok
503:Nordisk Familjebok
478:Nordisk Familjebok
406:October Revolution
305:Justitierevisionen
242:enlightened despot
122:Revolution of 1772
62:Revolution of 1772
38:
775:
774:
767:Act of Succession
383:perustuslailliset
345:, by disgruntled
221:'s notion of the
204:Lord High Steward
94:absolute monarchy
58:Kingdom of Sweden
16:(Redirected from
875:
803:1772 in politics
696:
689:
682:
673:
668:
651:
650:
636:
630:
629:
618:
607:
585:
579:
578:
562:
543:
542:
526:
507:
495:
482:
470:
371:mutatis mutandis
21:
883:
882:
878:
877:
876:
874:
873:
872:
778:
777:
776:
771:
750:
705:
700:
666:
660:
655:
654:
648:
639:Regeringsformen
637:
633:
627:
619:
610:
593:Swedish Academy
586:
582:
564:
563:
546:
528:
527:
510:
496:
485:
473:Regeringsformen
471:
467:
462:
425:
359:
343:Gustav IV Adolf
331:
325:
278:
227:US Constitution
192:
124:
118:
70:King Gustav III
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
881:
879:
871:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
793:1772 in Sweden
790:
788:1772 documents
780:
779:
773:
772:
770:
769:
764:
761:
755:
752:
751:
749:
748:
746:Current (1974)
743:
738:
737:
736:
726:
721:
716:
710:
707:
706:
701:
699:
698:
691:
684:
676:
670:
669:
659:
658:External links
656:
653:
652:
631:
608:
580:
544:
508:
483:
464:
463:
461:
458:
457:
456:
454:Walhalla-orden
451:
446:
444:Diet of Porvoo
441:
436:
431:
424:
421:
375:personal union
367:Russian Empire
358:
355:
327:Main article:
324:
321:
320:
319:
316:(state) visits
312:
297:
294:articles 45-46
286:articles 40-43
277:
274:
191:
188:
180:Pomeranian War
120:Main article:
117:
114:
78:Age of Liberty
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
880:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
785:
783:
768:
765:
762:
760:
757:
756:
753:
747:
744:
742:
739:
735:
732:
731:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
711:
708:
704:
697:
692:
690:
685:
683:
678:
677:
674:
665:
662:
661:
657:
646:
645:
640:
635:
632:
626:
624:
623:Regeringsform
617:
615:
613:
609:
605:
604:91-7119-079-1
601:
598:
594:
590:
584:
581:
576:
572:
568:
561:
559:
557:
555:
553:
551:
549:
545:
540:
536:
532:
525:
523:
521:
519:
517:
515:
513:
509:
505:
504:
499:
494:
492:
490:
488:
484:
480:
479:
474:
469:
466:
459:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
426:
422:
420:
418:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
392:in 1917, the
391:
386:
384:
380:
379:Russification
376:
372:
368:
364:
356:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
330:
322:
317:
313:
310:
309:Supreme Court
306:
302:
298:
295:
291:
287:
283:
282:
281:
275:
273:
271:
270:authoritarian
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
234:
232:
231:United States
228:
224:
220:
216:
215:Enlightenment
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
189:
187:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
123:
115:
113:
111:
107:
103:
102:Gustavian era
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
50:regeringsform
47:
43:
36:
32:
19:
728:
667:(in Swedish)
649:(in Swedish)
642:
634:
628:(in Swedish)
622:
583:
566:
530:
501:
476:
468:
414:
387:
382:
370:
360:
332:
329:Coup of 1809
323:Coup of 1809
279:
235:
212:
193:
184:
125:
110:Coup of 1809
54:constitution
41:
39:
798:1772 in law
390:Nicholas II
339:coup d'état
335:Finnish War
272:direction.
258:phraseology
219:Montesquieu
190:Description
68:mounted by
868:Self-coups
833:Gustav III
782:Categories
587:Letter to
498:Gustaf III
460:References
429:Gustav III
290:article 48
238:republican
160:golden age
116:Background
52:) was the
419:in 1919.
408:, in the
176:Hats' War
144:executive
82:the Crown
66:self-coup
575:10259755
423:See also
347:liberals
84:and the
647:(1915)
539:1610850
361:In the
301:Swedish
276:Details
172:parties
166:" and "
156:riksråd
152:Swedish
56:of the
46:Swedish
606:p. 149
602:
595:Prof.
573:
571:SELIBR
537:
535:SELIBR
481:(1915)
256:. The
741:1809
729:1772
724:1720
719:1719
714:1634
600:ISBN
337:, a
262:coup
248:and
202:and
64:, a
40:The
168:Hat
164:Cap
784::
641:,
625:).
611:^
547:^
511:^
500:,
486:^
475:,
412:.
303::
296:).
233:.
170:"
154::
112:.
48::
695:e
688:t
681:v
577:.
541:.
150:(
44:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
