52:
41:
32:
81:
61:
101:
92:
72:
688:
246:
both establish a "Council of
Censors" separate from the other branches of government, with the task of "recommending to the legislature the repealing of such laws as appear to them to have been enacted contrary to the principles of the constitution," an institution somewhat similar to a modern
279:, which came into effect on 2 February 1920, was the first to provide for a dedicated court for judicial review of parliamentary laws, but the court did not convene until November 1921. The organization and competences of both courts were influenced by constitutional theories of
1242:
1018:
they were known as charter courts, as republics are the only federal subjects to have their own constitutions. Constitutional and charter courts were completely independent and were not subordinate courts to the
319:
Following list consists countries with separate constitutional courts. Yet some other countries do not have separate constitutional courts, but instead delegate constitutional judicial authority to their
2083:
416:
875:. It has the power of judicial review, the power to review electoral complaints and the power to hear cases concerning complaints against referendums and popular initiatives among others.
283:. Subsequently, this idea of having a separate special constitutional court that only heard cases concerning the constitutionality of the national legislature's acts became known as the
1414:
Romeu F.R., The
Establishment of Constitutional Courts: A Study of 128 Democratic Constitutions, „Review of Law & Economics”, 2 (1), Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 2006, p. 104.
1706:
731:
596:
526:
819:(state parliament), one of the three state constitutional institutions and has the power of judicial review: It may examine the compatibility of state laws with the
1852:
Constitutional Law of the
Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) from 15 June 2002 No. 16-z N 363-II "On the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)"
2088:
2043:
953:
431:
386:
1506:
1038:
826:
2078:
1297:
426:
120:
335:
has been called the world's oldest constitutional court because it was one of the earliest courts in the world to invalidate a law as unconstitutional (
904:
1182:
456:
133:
1986:
1822:
Constitutional Law of the
Republic of Ingushetia from 28 December 2001 No. 10-RKZ "On the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Ingushetia"
1058:
626:
441:
272:
777:
51:
2233:
883:
726:
611:
491:
159:
1383:
2238:
1026:
Constitutional and charter courts used to hear cases relating to conformity with regional constitutions or charters of laws adopted by
2278:
2213:
2143:
2023:
1399:
661:
511:
436:
396:
366:
332:
1128:, the constitutional courts were abolished by the republican constitutional laws in 2018 and 2019, respectively. In the republics of
2218:
2153:
2128:
2118:
1710:
1356:
1113:
899:
461:
314:
239:
154:
2258:
2248:
2228:
2223:
2188:
2163:
2068:
2053:
641:
621:
606:
601:
571:
551:
521:
411:
391:
276:
2273:
2203:
2193:
2168:
2158:
2123:
2113:
2108:
2093:
2073:
2058:
2033:
2028:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
878:
656:
581:
576:
546:
471:
466:
451:
376:
371:
361:
356:
346:
128:
2298:
2268:
2263:
2253:
2208:
2198:
2183:
2148:
2138:
2098:
2048:
1027:
1020:
790:
772:
651:
646:
591:
586:
536:
516:
501:
401:
260:
243:
141:
115:
695:
2243:
2173:
2133:
2103:
2063:
2038:
616:
561:
496:
481:
446:
421:
406:
381:
285:
146:
1863:
1841:
Law of the
Republic of Karelia from 7 July 2004 No. 790-ZRK "On the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Carelia"
1677:
925:
2178:
1232:
785:
636:
566:
556:
531:
1943:
1140:, the disestablished constitutional courts were transformed into constitutional councils, without any judicial powers.
1918:
920:
846:
671:
341:), even though it is not a separate constitutional court, hearing as it does cases not touching on the Constitution.
666:
506:
486:
351:
1890:"Суд удаляется из совещания. Госсовет Татарстана внес законопроект об упразднении конституционного суда республики"
1889:
1782:
1756:
1731:
1275:, VfGH) is the oldest constitutional court in the world established in 1921, resided in the building of the former
1187:
1005:
753:
541:
40:
1979:
1811:
Rustam B. Mamaev. The
Establishment of Constitutional Justice Bodies in the Republics of the North Caucasus.
1222:
1099:
185:, i.e. whether they conflict with constitutionally established rules, rights, and freedoms, among other things.
31:
1530:
1015:
2303:
820:
264:
256:
1579:
229:
80:
1349:
The political culture of the sister republics, 1794-1806: France, the
Netherlands, Switzerland, and Italy
1034:
decrees, and in this category of cases constitutional and charter courts were courts of single instance.
1197:
865:
225:
203:
60:
1371:
100:
91:
1972:
761:
749:
1084:
1001:
870:
71:
1824:
1192:
1164:
1147:
1079:
814:
337:
178:
1044:
As for 2020, constitutional courts remained in force in the 12 (out of 22) following republics:
331:. Nonetheless, such courts are sometimes also called "constitutional courts". For example, the
1479:
1352:
1237:
1202:
1157:
1104:
1031:
1010:
857:
268:
1152:
1089:
809:
476:
182:
1396:
1828:
1555:
1492:
1403:
1268:
1212:
757:
213:
199:
1604:
1137:
766:
745:
328:
321:
221:
771:), it has a number of other powers and responsibilities which are assign to it by the
2292:
1425:
1217:
1129:
1054:
1037:
Constitutional and charter courts of the federal subjects were disestablished by the
851:
631:
325:
290:
174:
20:
1944:"Госсовет РТ ликвидировал Конституционный суд республики — вместо него будет совет"
1652:
1177:
1964:
1919:"Госсовет Татарстана проголосовал за ликвидацию Конституционного суда республики"
1227:
280:
181:. Its main authority is to rule on whether laws that are challenged are in fact
1783:"И суда нет. Парламент Татарстана готовится к ликвидации Конституционного суда"
1556:"Bayerischer Verfassungsgerichtshof - Bayerisches Staatsministerium der Justiz"
1507:"Bundesverfassungsgericht - International perspectives - Links to other courts"
1328:
Dudley Odell McGovney, "The
British Origin of Judicial Review of Legislation",
1893:
1867:
1786:
1685:
1074:
838:
267:
came into effect, upon which the court gained the power to review the laws of
217:
1384:"Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 | PHMC > Our Documentary Heritage"
1947:
1207:
1133:
1109:
209:
1922:
1628:
1851:
1121:
1069:
1064:
1897:
1810:
1790:
1760:
1735:
1301:
1094:
804:
302:
1840:
1831:- Constitutional Court of the Republic of Ingushetia. Official website
1243:
Association of Asian
Constitutional Courts and Equivalent Institutions
232:, envisaged an organ of magistrates reviewing constitutional law, the
1707:"Путин подписал закон об увольнении судей за отказ от гражданства РФ"
1678:"Зачем Петербургу нужен Уставный суд, рассматривающий два дела в год"
1450:
1284:
1048:
842:
294:
19:
For highest ordinary courts with power of constitutional review, see
1864:"КС РФ разрешил окончательно упразднить Конституционный суд Бурятии"
1372:
https://sos.vermont.gov/vsara/learn/constitution/1777-constitution/
1143:
Until 2020, charter courts existed in following federal subjects:
298:
233:
947:
Constitutional Court of
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (VerfG MV)
263:, which however existed in name only until 10 October 1920, when
1305:
1125:
1968:
900:
State Constitutional Court of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen
289:, and it was subsequently adopted by many other countries e.g.
682:
216:
by their courts, following shared principles of their similar
1629:"Startseite - Staatsgerichtshof der Freien Hansestadt Bremen"
1471:
977:
Constitutional Court of the Free State of Saxony (VerfGH SN)
324:
system, with the final decision-making power resting in the
1821:
1051:(known as the Constitutional Chamber of Adygea until 2000)
259:
established the first dedicated constitutional court, the
1946:(in Russian). Business Online. 2022-10-20. Archived from
971:
Constitutional Court of Rhineland-Palatinate (VerfGH RP)
1921:(in Russian). Idel.Realities. 2022-10-20. Archived from
1347:
Oddens, Joris; Rutjes, Mart; Jacobs, Erik (2015-05-01).
194:
Before establishment of independent constitutional court
699:
251:
After establishment of independent constitutional court
989:
Constitutional Court of Schleswig-Holstein (VerfG SH)
950:
State Constitutional Court of Lower Saxony (StGH NDS)
1757:"Уставный суд Свердловской области прекратил работу"
1004:
had their own constitutional courts, while in other
738:
Verfassungsgerichthof für das Land Baden-Württemberg
1605:"Start | Verfassungsgericht des Landes Brandenburg"
1296:The picture shows hall for plenary sessions of the
958:
Verfassungsgericht für das Land Nordrhein-Westfalen
16:Court that deals primarily with constitutional law
983:Constitutional Court of Saxony-Anhalt (VerfG ST)
954:Constitutional Court of North Rhine-Westphalia
941:State Constitutional Court of Hesse (StGH HE)
911:Staatsgerichtshof der Freien Hansestadt Bremen
1980:
1709:(in Russian). 8 December 2020. Archived from
1039:2020 amendments to the Constitution of Russia
974:Constitutional Court of Saarland (VerfGH SL)
208:Prior to 1919, the United States, Canada and
8:
1732:"Уставный суд Петербурга ликвидируют 1 июля"
992:Thuringian Constitutional Court (VerfGH TH)
890:Verfassungsgerichthof des Landes Brandenburg
855:
849:. It is located in the same building as the
803:) is the state constitutional court for the
744:) is the constiutional court for the German
1866:(in Russian). 24 March 2015. Archived from
845:which is simultaneously the capital of the
1987:
1973:
1965:
1580:"Verfassungsgerichtshof des Landes Berlin"
1298:Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic
220:, which they, in turn, had inherited from
110:Seats of independent constitutional courts
1426:"U.S. Court Is Now Guiding Fewer Nations"
1397:Constitutional Court of Austria - History
1308:. History of the Court follows up to 1920
756:on the state level. Besides its power of
727:Constitutional Court of Baden-Württemberg
866:Constitution of the city-state of Berlin
1759:(in Russian). July 2022. Archived from
1657:www.hamburgisches-verfassungsgericht.de
1321:
1260:
1183:Constitutional Council (disambiguation)
831:Verfassungsgerichthof des Landes Berlin
134:Federal Constitutional Court of Germany
1488:
1477:
1330:University of Pennsylvania Law Review
1059:Constitutional Court of Bashkortostan
837:) is the constitutional court of the
7:
1560:www.bayern.verfassungsgerichtshof.de
228:'s constitution of 1799, written by
160:Constitutional Court of South Africa
1424:Liptak, Adam (September 17, 2008).
879:Constitutional Court of Brandenburg
1653:"Hamburgisches Verfassungsgericht"
333:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
1676:Viktor Ovsyukov (25 April 2018).
1609:verfassungsgericht.brandenburg.de
1114:Constitutional Court of Tatarstan
797:Bayrischer Verfassungsgerichthof;
679:Subnational Constitutional Courts
315:List of supreme courts by country
240:1776 Constitution of Pennsylvania
155:Constitutional Court of Guatemala
2084:Democratic Republic of the Congo
932:Hamburgisches Verfassungsgericht
864:and is authorized by Article 84
686:
417:Democratic Republic of the Congo
238:, but lasted only 6 months. The
99:
90:
79:
70:
59:
50:
39:
30:
1633:www.staatsgerichtshof.bremen.de
1511:www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de
1267:Austrian Constitutional Court (
921:Constitutional Court of Hamburg
497:Republic of Korea (South Korea)
261:Constitutional Court of Austria
129:Constitutional Court of Armenia
121:Constitutional Court of Czechia
116:Constitutional Court of Austria
1995:Constitutional Courts of World
1351:. Amsterdam University Press.
1300:in the building of the former
1021:Constitutional Court of Russia
827:Constitutional Court of Berlin
309:National Constitutional Courts
265:the country's new constitution
142:Constitutional Court of Turkey
1:
1888:Kirill Antonov (2022-10-20).
1781:Kirill Antonov (2021-12-15).
786:Bavarian Constitutional Court
147:Constitutional Court of Korea
1734:(in Russian). Archived from
1684:(in Russian). Archived from
1233:Rule According to Higher Law
1167:was disestablished in 2014.
244:1777 Constitution of Vermont
1343:The battle over "democracy"
847:Federal Republic of Germany
813:(state government) and the
537:Republic of North Macedonia
212:had adopted the concept of
2320:
1472:https://www.constcourt.tj/
1281:Bohemian Court Chancellery
1188:Constitutional institution
632:Republic of China (Taiwan)
312:
197:
177:that deals primarily with
18:
2000:
1451:"Tribunal Constitucional"
1280:
1223:Parliamentary sovereignty
807:. It is, along with the
269:Austria's federal states
218:common law legal systems
1586:(in German). 2023-02-01
1273:Verfassungsgerichtshof'
257:First Austrian Republic
2044:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1272:
856:
387:Bosnia and Herzegovina
247:constitutional court.
2299:Constitutional courts
1332:vol. 93, no. 1, 1–49.
1198:Constitutional review
1163:The charter court of
1028:regional legislatures
1000:Before 2020, several
805:Free State of Bavaria
226:Parthenopean Republic
204:Constitutional review
198:Further information:
1535:Baden-Württemberg.de
1283:), Judenplatz 11 in
1277:Böhmische Hofkanzlei
1250:Notes and references
1120:In the republics of
1100:North Ossetia–Alania
754:constitutional organ
700:adding missing items
171:constitutional court
1002:republics of Russia
2089:Dominican Republic
1827:2018-10-19 at the
1430:The New York Times
1402:2012-08-26 at the
1193:Constitutional law
1165:Chelyabinsk Oblast
1148:Kaliningrad Oblast
1080:Kabardino-Balkaria
821:state constitution
773:state constitution
698:; you can help by
432:Dominican Republic
338:Marbury v. Madison
224:colonial law. The
179:constitutional law
2286:
2285:
1531:"Zuständigkeiten"
1487:Missing or empty
1238:Venice Commission
1203:Constitutionalism
1158:Sverdlovsk Oblast
858:Oberlandesgericht
750:Baden-Württemberg
716:
715:
273:1920 Constitution
2311:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1966:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1896:. Archived from
1885:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1860:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1838:
1832:
1819:
1813:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1789:. Archived from
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1475:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1406:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1374:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1339:
1333:
1326:
1309:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1265:
1153:Saint Petersburg
1006:federal subjects
929:
908:
887:
874:
861:
794:
781:
770:
735:
711:
708:
690:
689:
683:
183:unconstitutional
103:
94:
83:
74:
63:
54:
43:
34:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2282:
1996:
1993:
1963:
1962:
1953:
1951:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1928:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1903:
1901:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1873:
1871:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1835:
1829:Wayback Machine
1820:
1816:
1809:
1805:
1796:
1794:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1766:
1764:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1741:
1739:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1716:
1714:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1691:
1689:
1682:Busy Petersburg
1675:
1674:
1670:
1661:
1659:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1637:
1635:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1613:
1611:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1589:
1587:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1564:
1562:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1540:
1538:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1515:
1513:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1486:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1456:
1454:
1453:(in Portuguese)
1449:
1448:
1444:
1434:
1432:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1404:Wayback Machine
1395:
1391:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1346:
1340:
1336:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1295:
1291:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1213:Judicial review
1173:
998:
960:; abbreviated:
934:; abbreviated:
923:
913:; abbreviated:
902:
892:; abbreviated:
881:
868:
833:; abbreviated:
810:Landesregierung
788:
775:
764:
762:Normenkontrolle
758:judicial review
740:; abbreviated:
729:
721:
712:
706:
703:
687:
681:
676:
317:
311:
286:Austrian System
253:
214:judicial review
206:
200:Judicial review
196:
191:
167:
166:
165:
164:
151:
138:
125:
106:
105:
104:
96:
95:
86:
85:
84:
76:
75:
66:
65:
64:
56:
55:
46:
45:
44:
36:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2317:
2315:
2307:
2306:
2304:Courts by type
2301:
2291:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2079:Czech Republic
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1969:
1961:
1960:
1935:
1910:
1892:(in Russian).
1880:
1855:
1844:
1833:
1814:
1803:
1785:(in Russian).
1773:
1748:
1723:
1698:
1668:
1644:
1620:
1596:
1571:
1547:
1522:
1498:
1463:
1442:
1416:
1407:
1389:
1375:
1364:
1357:
1334:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1304:Parliament in
1289:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1118:
1117:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1052:
1016:federal cities
997:
994:
752:and thereby a
720:
717:
714:
713:
693:
691:
680:
677:
675:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
427:Czech Republic
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
343:
329:ordinary court
322:ordinary court
310:
307:
277:Czechoslovakia
252:
249:
195:
192:
190:
187:
163:
162:
157:
150:
149:
144:
137:
136:
131:
124:
123:
118:
108:
107:
98:
97:
89:
88:
87:
78:
77:
69:
68:
67:
58:
57:
49:
48:
47:
38:
37:
29:
28:
27:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2316:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1950:on 2022-10-20
1949:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1925:on 2022-10-20
1924:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1900:on 2022-10-20
1899:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1881:
1870:on 2017-03-03
1869:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1793:on 2021-12-17
1792:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1774:
1763:on 2022-07-26
1762:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1738:on 2021-09-09
1737:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1713:on 2020-12-08
1712:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1688:on 2021-05-12
1687:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1669:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1585:
1584:www.berlin.de
1581:
1575:
1572:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1494:
1481:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1431:
1427:
1420:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1358:9789048522415
1354:
1350:
1344:
1341:Mauro Lenci,
1338:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1218:Jurisprudence
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1130:Bashkortostan
1127:
1123:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1055:Bashkortostan
1053:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1003:
995:
993:
990:
988:
984:
982:
978:
975:
972:
969:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
948:
946:
942:
939:
937:
933:
927:
922:
918:
916:
912:
906:
901:
897:
895:
891:
885:
880:
876:
872:
867:
863:
860:
859:
853:
852:Kammergericht
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
822:
818:
817:
812:
811:
806:
802:
799:abbreviated:
798:
792:
787:
783:
779:
774:
768:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
733:
728:
724:
718:
710:
701:
697:
694:This list is
692:
685:
684:
678:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
344:
342:
340:
339:
334:
330:
327:
323:
316:
308:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
291:Liechtenstein
288:
287:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
250:
248:
245:
241:
237:
236:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
205:
201:
193:
188:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
161:
158:
156:
153:
152:
148:
145:
143:
140:
139:
135:
132:
130:
127:
126:
122:
119:
117:
114:
113:
111:
102:
93:
82:
73:
62:
53:
42:
33:
22:
21:Supreme court
2234:South Africa
1952:. Retrieved
1948:the original
1938:
1927:. Retrieved
1923:the original
1913:
1902:. Retrieved
1898:the original
1883:
1872:. Retrieved
1868:the original
1858:
1847:
1836:
1817:
1806:
1795:. Retrieved
1791:the original
1776:
1765:. Retrieved
1761:the original
1751:
1740:. Retrieved
1736:the original
1726:
1715:. Retrieved
1711:the original
1701:
1690:. Retrieved
1686:the original
1681:
1671:
1660:. Retrieved
1656:
1647:
1636:. Retrieved
1632:
1623:
1612:. Retrieved
1608:
1599:
1588:. Retrieved
1583:
1574:
1563:. Retrieved
1559:
1550:
1539:. Retrieved
1534:
1525:
1514:. Retrieved
1510:
1501:
1489:|title=
1466:
1455:. Retrieved
1445:
1433:. Retrieved
1429:
1419:
1410:
1392:
1378:
1367:
1348:
1342:
1337:
1329:
1324:
1292:
1276:
1263:
1178:Constitution
1162:
1142:
1119:
1043:
1036:
1025:
1009:
999:
991:
986:
985:
980:
979:
976:
973:
970:
965:
961:
957:
952:
949:
944:
943:
940:
935:
931:
919:
914:
910:
898:
893:
889:
877:
850:
834:
830:
825:
815:
808:
800:
796:
784:
746:Land (state)
741:
737:
725:
722:
707:October 2023
704:
612:South Africa
336:
318:
305:(1949) etc.
284:
255:In 1919 the
254:
234:
230:Mario Pagano
207:
170:
168:
109:
2239:South Korea
1537:(in German)
1287:until 2012.
1228:Rule of law
924: [
903: [
882: [
869: [
789: [
776: [
765: [
730: [
281:Hans Kelsen
2293:Categories
2279:Uzbekistan
2214:Seychelles
2144:Kyrgyzstan
2024:Azerbaijan
1954:2022-10-20
1929:2022-10-20
1904:2022-10-20
1894:Kommersant
1874:2017-03-03
1797:2021-12-16
1787:Kommersant
1767:2022-07-26
1742:2021-09-09
1717:2020-12-09
1692:2020-03-12
1662:2023-10-24
1638:2023-10-24
1614:2023-10-24
1590:2023-10-24
1565:2023-10-24
1541:2023-10-18
1516:2023-10-18
1457:2023-02-27
1316:References
1279:(English:
1075:Ingushetia
1032:governors'
962:VerfGH NRW
839:city-state
696:incomplete
662:Uzbekistan
637:Tajikistan
557:Montenegro
532:Luxembourg
512:Kyrgyzstan
492:Kazakhstan
367:Azerbaijan
313:See also:
175:high court
2219:Singapore
2154:Lithuania
2129:Indonesia
2119:Guatemala
1208:Judiciary
1134:Tatarstan
1110:Tatarstan
956:(German:
930:(German:
909:(German:
888:(German:
835:VerfGH BE
829:(German:
801:VerfGH BY
795:(German:
742:VerfGH BW
736:(German:
597:Singapore
527:Lithuania
472:Indonesia
462:Guatemala
210:Australia
2259:Thailand
2249:Suriname
2229:Slovenia
2224:Slovakia
2189:Portugal
2164:Mongolia
2069:Colombia
2054:Bulgaria
1825:Archived
1480:cite web
1400:Archived
1302:Moravian
1171:See also
1122:Buryatia
1070:Dagestan
1065:Chechnya
936:VerfG HH
894:VerfG BB
723:Source:
672:Zimbabwe
642:Thailand
622:Suriname
607:Slovenia
602:Slovakia
577:Portugal
552:Mongolia
412:Colombia
392:Bulgaria
301:(1931),
297:(1927),
293:(1925),
2274:Ukraine
2204:Senegal
2194:Romania
2169:Myanmar
2159:Moldova
2124:Hungary
2114:Germany
2109:Georgia
2094:Ecuador
2074:Croatia
2059:Burundi
2034:Belgium
2029:Belarus
2019:Austria
2014:Armenia
2009:Algeria
2004:Albania
1435:June 7,
1095:Mari El
1085:Karelia
1011:oblasts
966:VGH NRW
915:StGH HB
816:Landtag
719:Germany
657:Ukraine
582:Romania
547:Moldova
522:Lebanon
467:Hungary
457:Germany
452:Georgia
437:Ecuador
422:Croatia
397:Myanmar
377:Belgium
372:Belarus
362:Austria
357:Armenia
347:Albania
326:supreme
303:Germany
235:eforato
222:British
189:History
2269:Uganda
2264:Turkey
2254:Taiwan
2209:Serbia
2199:Russia
2184:Poland
2149:Latvia
2139:Kosovo
2099:France
2049:Brazil
1355:
1285:Vienna
1269:German
1136:, and
1049:Adygea
996:Russia
843:Berlin
667:Zambia
652:Uganda
647:Turkey
592:Serbia
587:Russia
572:Poland
517:Latvia
507:Kuwait
502:Kosovo
487:Jordan
352:Angola
295:Greece
271:. The
2244:Spain
2174:Niger
2134:Italy
2104:Gabon
2064:Chile
2039:Benin
1345:. In
1255:Notes
1138:Sakha
1112:(see
1105:Sakha
1057:(see
1008:like
928:]
907:]
886:]
873:]
793:]
780:]
769:]
734:]
627:Syria
617:Spain
562:Niger
542:Malta
482:Italy
447:Gabon
442:Egypt
407:Chile
382:Benin
299:Spain
173:is a
2179:Peru
1493:help
1437:2018
1353:ISBN
1306:Brno
1126:Tuva
1124:and
1090:Komi
1030:and
1014:and
987:Land
981:Land
945:Land
567:Peru
477:Iran
402:Chad
242:and
202:and
964:or
841:of
748:of
702:.
275:of
2295::
1680:.
1655:.
1631:.
1607:.
1582:.
1558:.
1533:.
1509:.
1484::
1482:}}
1478:{{
1428:.
1271::
1132:,
1041:.
1023:.
968:)
938:)
926:de
917:)
905:de
896:)
884:de
871:de
823:.
791:de
782:.
778:de
767:de
732:de
169:A
112::
1988:e
1981:t
1974:v
1957:.
1932:.
1907:.
1877:.
1800:.
1770:.
1745:.
1720:.
1695:.
1665:.
1641:.
1617:.
1593:.
1568:.
1544:.
1519:.
1495:)
1491:(
1474:.
1460:.
1439:.
1386:.
1361:.
1116:)
1061:)
862:)
854:(
760:(
709:)
705:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
