Concentration of media ownership

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Council regulation 4064/89/EEC on the control of concentrations between undertakings as part of European competition legislation covered also media concentration cases. The need for sector-specific regulation has been widely supported by both media scholars and the European Parliament. In the 1980s, when preparing legislation on cross-border television many experts and MEPs argued for including provisions for media concentration in the EU directive but these efforts failed. In 1992, the Commission of the European Communities published a policy document named "Pluralism and Media Concentration in the internal Market – an assessment of the need for Community action" which outlined three options on the issue of media concentration regulation at the Community level, i.e. no specific action to be taken; action regulating transparency; and action to harmonize laws. Out of these options, the first one was chosen but the debate on this decision lasted for years. Council regulation as a tool for regulating media concentration was excluded and the two proposals on a media concentration directive advanced in the mid 1990s were not backed by the commission. As a consequence, efforts at legislating media concentration at Community level were phased out by the end of the 1990s.

1794:). These groups generally control a high market share in the countries in which they operate, and have gradually emerged through the acquisition of existing channels or by establishing new companies in countries in which they were not already present. The four groups RTL Group, CME, Modern Times Group and Sanoma are major players (in the top 4 regarding audience share) in 19 European countries (RTL Group, CME and Modern Times Group are major players in 17 countries). Pan‐European broadcasters operate with a unique identity and well recognized brands across Europe. Most of them are based in the United States and have progressively expanded their activities in the European market. In many cases, these groups evolved from being content creators to also deliver such contents through channels renamed after the original brands. 844:(OSCE)'s Office of the Representative on Freedom of the Media, argued market concentration among media—whether driven by domestic or foreign investors—should be "closely monitored" because "Horizontal concentration may cause dangers to media pluralism and diversity, while vertical concentration may result in entry barriers for new competitors." Von Dohnanyi argues that to "safeguard free and independent print media and protect professional journalism as one of the cornerstones of constitutional democracy" there should be standards for editorial independence, better labor protections for professional journalists, and independent institutions "to monitor the implementation and observance of all laws and regulations regarding concentration processes, media pluralism, content diversity and journalistic freedoms." 1686:

and to prepare a Green Paper on the issue by the end of 2003. The European Commission failed to meet this deadline. In the following years, during the process of amending the Televisions Without Frontiers directive, which was adopted by the EP and the Council in 2007, the issue of media concentration was discussed, but it did not represent the core of the debate. In 2003, the European Commission issued a policy document named "The future of European Regulatory Audiovisual Policy" which stressed that, in order to ensure media pluralism, measures should aim at limiting the level of media concentration by establishing "maximum holdings in media companies and prevent cumulative control or participation in several media companies at the same time".

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which can be shared between 'different' stations), the greater the opportunity to reap economies". Though the main concern of pluralism is that different organization under different ownership may buy the same e.g. news stories from the same news-supplier agency. In the UK, the biggest news-supplier is The Press Association (PA). Here is a quoted text from PA web site: "The Press Association supplies services to every national and regional daily newspaper, major broadcasters, online publishers and a wide range of commercial organisations." Overall, in a system where all different media organizations gather their stories from the same source, we can't really call that system pluralist. That is where diversity of output comes in.

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terrestrial channel SKAI and several radio stations. The rise of the Internet has added a concentration problem as the highest-visited websites include those of the mainstream publishing groups like DOL, Pegasus and also MEGA channel. In the last decade, the problem of media concentration worsened significantly., as demonstrated by the following data: in 2008 the four leading publishing houses controlled 69.7% of the market compared to 57.3% in 2000, 62.9% in 1995 and 59% in 1990. The publishers of such outlets adopted a diversification strategy, leading to investment into other sectors and industries.

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diversity and reduce news quality; the CRTC and Competition Bureau's ineffectiveness at stopping media ownership concentration; the lack of federal funding for the CBC and the broadcaster's uncertain mandate and role; diminishing employment standards for journalists (including less job security, less journalistic freedom, and new contractual threats to intellectual property); a lack of Canadian training and research institutes; and difficulties with the federal government's support for print media and the absence of funding for the internet-based news media.

897:, the concept of media pluralism is broader as it touches many aspects, from merger control rules to editorial freedom, the status of public service broadcasters, the working conditions of journalists, the relationship between media and politics, representation of local and regional communities and the inclusion of minorities' voices. Also, it embraces all measures guaranteeing citizens' access to diversified sources so to allow the formation of a plurality of opinions in the public sphere without undue influence of dominant powers. 918:"Within any free market economy, the level of resources available for the provision of media will be constrained principally by the size and wealth of that economy, and the propensity of its inhabitants to consume media." Those countries that have a relatively large market, like the United Kingdom, France or Spain have more financial background to support diversity of output and have the ability to keep more media companies in the market (as they are there to make profit). More diverse output and fragmented ownership will support 2121:), which draw 95% of audience share. Concerning the diversity of output, this is limited by a series of factors: the average low level of professional education among Czech journalists is compensated by "informal professionalization", leading to a degree of conformity in approaches; political parties hold strong ties in Czech media, especially print, where more than 50% of Czech journalists identify with the Right, while only 16% express sympathy for the Left; and the process of commercialization and " 922:. In contrast, small markets like Ireland or Hungary suffer from the absence of the diversity of output given in countries with bigger markets. It means that "support for the media through direct payment" and "levels of consumers expenditure", furthermore "the availability of advertising support" are less in these countries, due to the low number of audience. Overall, the size and wealth of the market determine the diversity of both media output and media ownership. 599: 2419:

natural person owning or managing a media company, thus not every media owner is known. Also for the horizontal concentration and cross-media ownership, there are no laws offering specific thresholds and limits. The Media Pluralism Monitor 2015 for Latvia shows a high risk for concentration of media ownership, and a medium risk on regards to the concentration of cross-media ownership and to transparency of media ownership.

2894: 648: 1562:. Manifests itself by the presence of a TV channel with a large audience, often linked to TV Globo and by the existence of two daily newspapers, in which the one with the largest circulation is linked to the major television channel and to a network of radio stations, that almost always reproduces articles and the editorial line of the newspaper " 1474:: the failure of legal norms that limit the equity interest of the same economic group in various broadcasting organizations; a short period (five years) for resell broadcasting concessions, facilitating the concentration by the big media groups through the purchase of independent stations, and no restrictions to the formation of national 1620:, including on the issue of concentration. However, the emphasis of both the organisations was more on strengthening media diversity and pluralism than on limiting concentration, even though they have often expressed the need for common European media concentration regulations. However, the European Union enforces a common regulation for 1762:

Germany, Ireland, Latvia, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Sweden. Finally, only five countries face a low risk: Croatia, Cyprus, Malta, Slovenia and Slovakia. In the monitoring carried out in 2014, 7 of 9 countries (Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, France, Hungary, Italy, the UK) scored a high risk in audience concentration.

1358:. Each of these companies holds a diverse mix of television, specialty television, and radio operations. Bell, Rogers, Shaw, and Quebecor also engage in the telecommunications industry with their ownership of internet providers, television providers, and mobile carriers, while Rogers is also involved in publishing. 944: 2244:

liberalisation by abolishing some older regulations. A 2014 amendment to the above Law further relaxed ownership and cross-media ownership requirements by allowing partnerships between electronic media businesses of the same type (television, online, or radio) if this results in a cut of operating costs (through

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Media ownership can pose serious challenges to pluralism when owners interfere with journalists' independence and editorial line. However, in a free market economy, owners must have the capacity to decide the strategy of their company to remain competitive in the market. Also, pluralism does not mean

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The concentration of media ownership is commonly regarded as one of the crucial aspects reducing media pluralism. A high concentration of the media market increases the chances to reduce the plurality of political, cultural and social points of views. Even if ownership of the media is one of the main

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policies, which is a market-driven approach. Deregulation effectively removes governmental barriers to allow for the commercial exploitation of media. Motivation for media firms to merge includes increased profit-margins, reduced risk and maintaining a competitive edge. In contrast to this, those who

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Compared to the rival Ekspress Grupp, Postimees Group owns a larger number of assets across different media categories – newspapers, TV and radio stations in Estonia, online websites in Latvia and Estonia, including an advertising network. In 2014, what was known back then as Eesti Meedia bought the

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As for the broadcasting sector, after the deregulation process of the late 1980s, the number of private television stations increased significantly. However, despite the large number of media outlets, the media scene is dominated by five private channels (MEGA, Ant1, Alpha, Star and Alter) belonging

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In 2015, the MPM was carried out in 19 European countries. The results of the monitoring activity in the field of media market concentration identify five countries as facing a high risk: Finland, Luxembourg, Lithuania, Poland and Spain. There are nine countries facing a medium risk: Czech Republic,

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In 2002, the European Parliament tried to revitalize the efforts on regulating media concentration at the European level and adopted a resolution on media concentration which called on the European Commission to launch a broad and comprehensive consultation on media pluralism and media concentration

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Despite a wide consensus over the idea that the vital importance of contemporary media justifies to regulate media concentration through sector-specific concentration rules going beyond the general competition policy, the need for sector specific regulation has been challenged in recent years due to

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Commercial outlets completely rule over the radio sector. However, the Venezuelan government funds a good number of radio shows and TV stations. The primary newspapers of Venezuela are private companies that are frequently condemning of their government. These newspapers being produced in Venezuela

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across the United States, and came to own more than 1,200 stations. However, the radio broadcasting industry in the United States and elsewhere can be regarded as oligopolistic regardless of the existence of such a player. Because radio stations are local in reach, each licensing a specific part of

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and monopolization of mass media. De facto, any criticism of president Lukashenko and his government is considered a criminal offense, the country is in a state of ‘legal default’, bureaucracy uses politicized court rulings to oppress independent media and any voices except ones that are completely

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Indeed, media concentration issues can be addressed both by general competition policies and by specific media sector rules. According to some scholars, given the vital importance of contemporary media, sector-specific competition rules in the media industries should be enhanced. Within the EU, the

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has favoured the idea that, considering the crucial role that media play in the functioning of democratic systems, policies in this field should prevent excessive concentration in order to guarantee pluralism and diversity. On the other hand, the European Commission has privileged the understanding

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The Senate report expressed particular concern about the concentration of ownership in the province of New Brunswick, where the Irving business empire owns all the English-language daily newspapers and most of the weeklies. Senator Joan Fraser, author of the report, stated, "We didn't find anywhere

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have a near duopoly on newspapers and magazines in New Zealand. In May 2016, NZME and Fairfax NZ announced merger talks, pending Commerce Commission approval. The merger was abandoned in 2018 following a Court of Appeal ruling that judged that the "detriments clearly outweigh benefits, and not by a

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In Greece, the "levels of concentration of media ownership and cross-media concentration are high". The main reason for this lies in the diversification and deregulation process which led several newspaper groups to invest in electronic media. This happened in a poorly regulated media environment.

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in Brazil there is an environment very conducive to concentration. Sectorial legislation has been timid, by express intention of the legislator, by failing to include direct provisions that limit or control the concentration of ownership, which, incidentally, goes in the opposite direction of what

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The Senate Committee's final report, released in June 2006, expressed concern about the effects of the current levels of news media ownership in Canada. Specifically, the committee discussed their concerns regarding the following trends: the potential of media ownership concentration to limit news

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of cost functions and cost-sharing. Cost-sharing is a common practice in monomedia and cross media. For example, "for multi-product television or radio broadcasters, the more homogeneity possible between different services held in common ownership (or the more elements within a programme schedule

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is also at stake when media mergers occur. Net neutrality involves a lack of restrictions on content on the internet, however, with big businesses supporting campaigns financially they tend to have influence over political issues, which can translate into their mediums. These big businesses, that

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Critics of media deregulation and the resulting concentration of ownership fear that such trends will only continue to reduce the diversity of information provided, as well as to reduce the accountability of information providers to the public. The ultimate consequence of consolidation, critics

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Concerning the regulation of media concentration, the relevant law, i.e. Law 2328/1995 did not prevent high levels of concentration, whereas the more recent Law 3592/2007 named "New Act on concentration and Licensing of Media Undertakings" provided more opportunities for deregulation and market

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As a consequence, scholars Harcourt and Picard argue that "the trend has been to remove ownership rules and restrictions on media ownership within Europe in order that 'domestic champions' can bulk up to 'fend off' the US threat. This has been a key argument for the loosening of ownership rules

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Between 1990 and 2005 there were a number of media corporate mergers and takeovers in Canada. For example, in 1990, 17.3% of daily newspapers were independently owned; whereas in 2005, 1% were. These changes, among others, caused the Senate Standing Committee on Transport and Communications to

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Furthermore, media pluralism has a two-fold dimension, or rather internal and external. Internal pluralism concerns pluralism within a specific media organisation: in this regard, many countries request public broadcast services to account for a variety of views and opinions, including those of

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For those critics, media deregulation is a dangerous trend, facilitating an increase in concentration of media ownership, and subsequently reducing the overall quality and diversity of information communicated through major media channels. Increased concentration of media ownership can lead to

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In Latvia, there are no binding rules on publishing ownership structures or reporting any changes in the media ownership structure. Although media companies are asked to provide legal information about the owners to the Register of Enterprises, this does not ensure transparency on the legal or

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Public inquires into the concentration of ownership and its impact upon democracy. The Canadian regulatory framework imposes requirements upon the protection and enhancement of Canadian culture (through regulation, subsidies and the operation of the CBC). Increasing acceptance of media/news as

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As for the print sector, the three largest press groups - Lambrakis Press SA (DOL), Tegopoulos Publishing, and Pegasus SA (Bobolas family) - are also shareholders in the main terrestrial channel MEGA. Press Institution SA holds shares in terrestrial channel STAR, and the Alafouzos family owns

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The Council of Europe's initiative promoting media pluralism and curbing media concentration dates back to the mid-1970s. Several resolutions, recommendations, declarations by the Council of Europe Committee of Ministers and studies by experts' groups have addressed the issue since then. The

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in Florence on a variety of aspects affecting media pluralism, including also the concentration of media ownership is considered. To assess the risk that media ownership concentration in a given country may actually hinder media pluralism, the MPM takes into account three specific elements:

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that would trigger automatic reviews of a proposed media merger if certain thresholds are reached, and CRTC regulation revisions to ensure that access to the broadcasting system is encouraged and that a diversity of news and information programming is available through these services.

1654:(EC). Even if Member states do not publicly challenge the need for common regulation on media concentration, they push to incorporate their own regulatory approach at the EU level and are reluctant to give the European Union their regulatory power on the issue of media concentration. 1511:: integration of the different phases of production and distribution, eliminating the work of independent producers. In Brazil, unlike the United States, it is common for a TV network to produce, advertise, market and distribute most of its programming. TV Globo is known for its 970:

and a rise in national private and foreign public stations targeting the Arab region. The reduction of direct government ownership over the whole media sector is commonly registered as a positive trend, but this has paralleled by a growth in outlets with a sectarian agenda.

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The "Independent Study on Indicators for Media Pluralism in the Member States – Towards a Risk-Based Approach" provided a prototype of indicators and country reports for 27 EU member states. After years of refining and preliminary testings, the study resulted in the

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The community-centred media ownership model continues to survive in some areas, especially in isolated, rural or disadvantaged areas, and mostly pertaining to radio. Through this model, not-for-profit media outlets are run and managed by the communities they serve.

2165:, in 2006, was withdrawn due to large concerns by regulation authorities as well as by parts of the public. The company is also active in Hungary, where it is the biggest publisher of regional newspapers, and in Poland, where it owns the best-selling tabloid 3150:

local oligopolies. The similar market structure exists for television broadcasting, cable systems and newspaper industries, all of which are characterized by the existence of large-scale owners. Concentration of ownership is often found in these industries.

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is one of the largest newspaper publishing companies in Europe, claiming to have over 150 newspapers and magazines in over 30 countries in Europe. In the 1960s and 1970s the company's media followed an aggressive conservative policy (see

2337:. In January 2006, O'Brien took a stake in Tony O'Reilly's Independent News & Media (IN&M). As of May 2012, he holds a 29.9% stake in the company, making him the largest shareholder; the O'Reilly family's stake is around 13%. 1396:. Later that year, Bell also announced that it would acquire the remaining shares of CTVglobemedia (which was originally majority owned by Bell when it was formed in 2001; Bell had reduced its stake in the following years), forming 1036:

Media outlets in Armenia are many and diverse, and law against concentration exist. However, law are bypassed and there are concentration problems. The passage from analog to digital broadcasting was particularly damaging for media

3086:(this despite the fact that the CW was, in fact, partially owned by one of the Big Four in CBS). In television, the vast majority of broadcast and basic cable networks, over a hundred in all, are controlled by seven corporations: 1093:

commercial radio networks in metropolitan and regional areas of Australia. Formed in 1996, it has since become one of the largest radio media companies in the country. The company currently own more than 60 radio stations across

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exported to dozens of countries; it keeps under permanent contract the actors, authors, and the whole production staff. The final product is broadcast by a network of newspapers, magazines, radio stations and websites owned by

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There are many media outlets in the Romanian market, but few media conglomerates control most of the audience, leaving pluralism only on the surface. Media ownership is highly concentrated and state advertising also poses a

978:, some private media outlets have maintained close ties to governments or individual politicians, while media houses owned by politically non-aligned individuals have struggled to survive, often in the face of advertising 2555:

have halted this takeover. In 2019, despite the British government granting formal permission for a new take over of Sky (conditional on the divestiture of Sky News), Fox were outbid by American conglomerate Comcast.

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In a 2020 article, Herzog and Scerbinina argued that CNN's coverage in 2017 of a potential merger between its parent company Time Warner and AT&T was "self-centered, self-promoting, and self-legitimizing."

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Slovenia has laws limiting concentration of ownership, but flaws exist and implementation is weak. Media ownership changes often and it is difficult to map it, but it is quite concentrated and politicized.

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Since the 1980s, a significant debate has developed at the European level concerning the regulation of media ownership and the principles to be adopted to regulate media ownership concentration. Both the

1306:) began wholesaling Sky content in 2002. However, in 2011, TelstraClear CEO Allan Freeth warned it would review its wholesale agreement with Sky unless it allowed TelstraClear to purchase non-Sky content. 3025:

An infographic created by Jason at Frugal Dad states that in 1983, 90% of US media was controlled by 50 companies, and that in 2011, 90% was controlled by just 6 companies. One of the companies listed,

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or the airwaves, could possibly make the content available biased from their political stand point, or they could restrict usage for conflicting political views, therefore eliminating net neutrality.

5124: 1528:: ownership of different kinds of media (TV, newspapers, magazines, etc.) by the same group. Initially, the phenomenon occurred in radio, television and print media, with emphasis on the group of " 1327:(CRTC), an independent governing agency that aims to serve the needs and interests of citizens, industries, interest groups and the government. The CRTC does not regulate newspapers or magazines. 1432:

commercial enterprise in 1990s driven by: hegemony of new-liberalism, role of commodified information technology in economic growth, commitment to private sector "champions" of Canadian culture.

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About 70% of Venezuelan TV and radio stations are privately owned, while only about 5% or less of these stations are currently state-owned. The remaining stations are mostly community owned.

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council's approach has been mainly addressed at defining and protecting media pluralism, defined in terms of pluralism of media content in order to allow a plurality of ideas and opinions.

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Following this debate, the European Commission commissioned a large, in depth study published in 2009 aiming to identify the indicators to be adopted to assess media pluralism in Europe.

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neutrality and lack of opinion, as having an editorial line is an integral part of the role of editors provided that this line is transparent and explicit to both the staff and audience.

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A Free and pluralistic media to sustain European democracy. The report of the High Level Group on Media Freedom and Pluralism, European Commission, January 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2016.

2191:, which is one of the two major private TV companies in both Germany and the Netherlands and also owning assets in Belgium, France, UK, Spain, Czech and Hungary. Bertelsmann also owns 4322: 876:

argue, is a poorly informed public, restricted to a reduced array of media options that offer only information that does not harm the media oligopoly's growing range of interests.

1728:. Unexpectedly, the Irish liberals made an exception by voting against the directive, and later revealed that they had been pressured by the Irish right-wing government to do so. 3172:

was the only state TV channel in Venezuela only about a decade ago. For the last decade, through the present day, the Venezuelan government operates and owns five more stations.

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company buys another. In 2008, Joseph Straubhaar, Robert LaRose and Lucinda Davenport described the landscape of corporate media ownership in the United States of America as an

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Arab States Broadcasting Union. 2015. Arab Satellite Broadcasting Annual Report 2015. Available at <http://www.asbu.net/medias/ NewMedia_2016/text/asbu_report_2015. pdf>.

2848:. SRM university owner Pachamuthu, a member of Parliament, has stakes in Pudhiyathalaimurai News Channel. AMMK General Secretary TTV Dinakaran, MLA's close aides run Jaya TV. 997:

have emerged in the past five years that have spurred new questions about where to draw the line between media and other industries. A notable case has been the acquisition of

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Commission of the European Communities, Commission staff working document - Media pluralism in the Member States of the European Union, Brussels, 16.1.2007 SEC(2007) 0032, p.9

2701: 2915: 4581: 1062:(ACMA). Even with laws in place Australia has a high concentration of media ownership. Ownership of national newspapers and those of each capital city are dominated by 5445: 1717: 901:

minority groups. External pluralism applies instead to the overall media landscape, for instance in terms of the number of media outlets operating in a given country.

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European Broadcasting Union (EBU). 2015. Funding of Public Service Media 2015. Available at <https://www.ebu.ch/ publications/funding-of-public-servicemedia>.

1809:, pan‐European distribution groups (cable and satellite operators), companies that operate at the European level in the distribution sector via cable, satellite or 792:

Some believe media integrity to be at risk when ownership of the media market is concentrated. Media integrity refers to the ability of a media outlet to serve the

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and divides them into different categories: multi‐country media groups, controlling "channels that play an important role in various national markets (for example

6133: 4895: 4303: 1059: 1256:, although 100% state-owned, has been run on an almost entirely commercial basis since the late 1980s, in spite of previous attempts to steer it towards a more 4910: 1548:. The opinions of its commentators are thus replicated by a multimedia system that makes it extremely easy to spread the point of view advocated by the group. 3907: 634: 2248:

or joint utilization of financial resources). This is an indicator of the government's intention to create large media conglomerates for economic viability.

5462:[Freedom of speech and right to information in the "old" and "new" Constitutions] (in Russian). Belarusian Association of Journalists. 2022-03-31 4523: 3246: 3015: 4555: 1774:, a free online database on audiovisual services and companies in Europe, highlights the growing number of Pan-European media companies in the field of 1320:

Canada has the biggest concentrated TV ownership out of all the G8 countries and it comes in second place for the most concentrated television viewers.

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Herzog, C; Scerbinina, A (2020). "'Self-centered, self-promoting, and self-legitimizing': CNN's portrayal of media ownership concentration in the US".

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loyal to the regime. No special laws require transparency in media ownership, and there are no legal guarantees of public access to government records.

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has expressed its concern over the existence of an outdated code of telecommunications (1962), which no longer meets the expectations generated by the

6837: 4493: 3326: 1754: 966:, of which 133 were state-owned and 1,097 private. According to the ASBU Report, these numbers serve as evidence of a decline in the percentage of 4816: 6244: 3046:

In the United States, movie production has been dominated by major studios since the early 20th century; before that, there was a period in which

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in the EU member states raised by the European Parliament and by NGOs, the European Commission launched a new three-phase plan on media pluralism

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Straubhaar, Joseph, Robert LaRose, and Lucinda Davenport. Media Now: Understanding Media, Culture, and Technology. Wadsworth Pub Co, 2008. Print.

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Sky and NET dominated 61% of the Brazilian market. In the same year, 58.37% of all advertising budgets were invested in TV – and in this aspect,

5367: 3846: 3353: 1721: 1007:. While the move initially raised concerns about the newspaper's independence, the newspaper has significantly increased its standing in the 6192: 6171: 6150: 6088: 6067: 6046: 6025: 6004: 5983: 5962: 5925: 5882: 5861: 3425: 3398: 3146:

in a specific local area, any local market is served by a limited number of stations. In most countries, this system of licensing makes many

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that the media sector should be regulated, as any other economic field, following the principles of market harmonization and liberalization.

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happens in countries like France, Italy and the United Kingdom, which are concerned with the plurality and diversity in the new scenario of

5195: 3922: 1167:, in addition to purchasing a large shareholding in pay TV broadcaster Sky Media Limited in 1997. These two newspapers merged to form the 5046: 4326: 3712: 2317:, formed Communicorp Group Ltd in 1989, with the company currently owning 42 radio stations in 8 European countries, including Ireland's 6745: 5459: 4404: 1639:

Although there is no specific media concentration legislation at the European level, a number of existing legal instruments such as the

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The report provided 40 recommendations and 10 suggestions (for areas outside of federal government jurisdiction), including legislation

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Doyle, Gillian (2002). "What's "new" about the future of communications? An evaluation of recent shifts in UK media ownership policy".

1566:". In 2002, another survey (which did not include pay TV), found the presence of the "monopoly in cross" in 13 major markets in Brazil. 4088: 2301:, which operates several radio stations and television channels and started digital radio and television services in the early 2010s, 1783: 5695: 6775: 6109: 4678: 4221: 3567: 3143: 2941: 2314: 1355: 1216:

announced that it would close down in 2011, with operations to be taken over by 3 separate agencies, APN's APNZ, Fairfax's FNZN and

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hinders countries to develop their own strong media firms. The opening of borders is more beneficial to countries than maintaining

2545:. In March 2011, the United Kingdom provisionally approved Murdoch to buy the remaining 61% of BSkyB; however, subsequent events ( 1447:

In Brazil, the concentration of media ownership seems to have manifested itself very early. Dr. Venício A. de Lima noted in 2003:

6842: 4924: 4585: 4164: 4030: 3731: 2636: 627: 5255: 4841: 4817:"Monitoring Media Pluralism in Europe: Results of the second pilot-test implementation of the Media Pluralism Monitor (MPM2015)" 4440: 1650:

When it comes to regulating media concentration at the common European level, there is a conflict between Member states and the

5400:"Media pluralism monitor 2016 : monitoring risks for media pluralism in EU and beyond : country report : Latvia" 4060: 2880:. Moreover, Mozes owns the Reshet TV firm, which is one of the two operators of the most popular channel in Israel, Channel 2. 2808: 2768: 2653: 2481: 73: 4004: 670:. Research in the 1990s and early 2000s suggested then-increasing levels of consolidation, with many media industries already 6847: 4472: 3321: 3134: 3047: 2919: 2161:, giving the company a de facto monopoly in the latter case. An attempt to buy one of Germany's two major private TV Groups, 1168: 1164: 1054: 959: 5399: 5325: 4797: 5575: 5180: 1748:

Horizontal concentration, that is concentration of media ownership within a given media sector (press, audio-visual, etc.);

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Alison Harcourt & Robert G. Picard (2009). "Policy, Economic, and Business Challenges of Media Ownership Regulation".

4501: 3196: 2962:. These two broadcasters together administer 434 of the 461 total commercial television stations in the country (94.14%). 1740: 1644: 1583: 1374: 1086: 3031: 2592:

as well as over 100 regional newspapers. They claim to have a monthly digital reach of 73 million people. They also own

1678:. In practice, sector-specific media concentration rules have been abolished in some European countries in recent years. 710: 3291: 2792: 2613: 2275: 1134: 1047: 919: 244: 123: 5653: 6816: 6237: 3344: 3030:, was split into two separate companies on June 28, 2013, with publishing assets and Australian media assets going to 2959: 2764: 2738: 2684: 2606: 2158: 1924: 1217: 1071: 620: 48: 5495: 4609:

Harcourt, Alison J. (September 1998). "EU Media Ownership Regulation: Conflict over the Definition of Alternatives".

4318: 4246: 3169: 2904: 2767:. However this has changed somewhat since the mid 2010s as many of the most popular commercial stations are owned by 2258: 1220:'s NZN, all owned by Australian parent companies. In 2014, APN's New Zealand division officially changed its name to 5893: 3050:

monopolized the industry. The music and television industries recently witnessed cases of media consolidation, with

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Though concern about the existence of a duopoly had been around for some time, a press uproar sparked in 2006, when

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of the newspapers and magazines were owned by German and Swiss corporations in 2007, as the two main press groups

6487: 6208: 4755: 4436: 3978: 3226: 2869: 1453: 1315: 1160: 31: 4196: 5424: 5207: 3441:

Vizcarrondo, Thomas E. (2004). "Ownership Diversity Within the Media Industry: Trends and Current Conditions".

3301: 3051: 2796: 2525: 2441:(BNS), while UP Invest, an investment holding company owned by Linnamäe, acquired Latvia's biggest news agency 2089: 1813:. The emergence of major actors operating in this field has been made possible mainly thanks to the process of 1621: 1125: 931: 340: 280: 159: 154: 88: 5096: 5670: 5326:"A comparative analysis of media freedom and pluralism in the EU Member States. Study for the LIBE Committee" 4559: 3863: 2428:, both based in Estonia, are the major media companies operating in the country. Postimees Group is owned by 1736: 1478:. He cites examples of horizontal, vertical, crossed and "in cross" concentration (a Brazilian peculiarity). 1224:, in order to reflect the company's convergence with its radio division The Radio Network. As of early 2015, 954:

Media privatization and the lessening of state dominance over media content has continued since 2012. In the

6697: 6646: 6507: 6502: 3713:"Monitoring media pluralism in Europe : testing and implementation of the media pluralism monitor 2014" 3276: 3091: 3055: 2780: 2588: 2485: 2355: 1806: 1144:

into media regulation was launched, and reported its findings back to the federal government in early 2012.

757: 718: 335: 77: 3129:

There may also be some large-scale owners in an industry that are not the causes of monopoly or oligopoly.

3082:, while The CW's creation was an attempt to consolidate ratings and stand up to the "Big Four" of American 2982: 2401:. Berlusconi has often been criticized for using the media assets he owns to advance his political career. 6358: 6230: 3316: 3296: 3206: 3111: 3075: 2756: 2582: 2504: 2212: 1919: 1814: 1798: 1579: 1541: 1287: 1281: 1277: 1237: 1190: 1176: 1152: 761: 722: 310: 235: 113: 5853:

Media ownership: the economics and politics of convergence and concentration in the UK and European media

2484:

in the early 1990s, Belarus preserved state control and ownership over most national media. De jure, the

1544:. Besides being the owner of radio and television stations, and of the main local newspapers, it has two 1361:

In 2007, CTVglobemedia, Rogers Media and Quebecor all expanded significantly through the acquisitions of

6707: 5439: 5333:

Directorate-General for Internal Policies. Policy Department Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs

4820: 4799:

Independent Study on Indicators for Media Pluralism in the Member States – Towards a Risk-Based Approach

4348: 3761: 3186: 3115: 2992: 2784: 2474: 2456: 1705: 1690: 1640: 1591: 1347: 1295: 1030: 730: 466: 451: 360: 345: 204: 194: 6202: 6184:

Converging media, diverging politics: a political economy of news media in the United States and Canada

5628: 1529: 1408:

in March 2003. (This topic had been examined twice in the past, by the Davey Commission (1970) and the

4756:"European Journalism - Study :Statistical review of journalism and media sector in the European Union" 1949: 6656: 4528: 4200: 3529: 3498: 3468: 3311: 3216: 2977: 2812: 2429: 2411: 2225: 1965: 1954: 1558:. Research carried out in the early 1990s, detected the presence of this singularity in 18 of the 26 1475: 1303: 1204: 1117:

There are rules governing foreign ownership of Australian media and these rules were loosened by the

881: 671: 441: 350: 330: 325: 290: 260: 179: 4250: 3938:@Zagzigger2, John Drinnan John Drinnan is the Media Writer for the New Zealand Herald (2011-11-11). 3843: 1647:

and actions programs contribute directly and indirectly to curbing media concentration at EU level.

6852: 6791: 6603: 6477: 6391: 5141: 4706: 3095: 2788: 2438: 1969: 1709: 1662: 1651: 1625: 1517: 1412:(1981), both of which produced recommendations that were never implemented in any meaningful way.) 1343: 1339: 1257: 1225: 1209: 1172: 1141: 1099: 1063: 999: 983: 967: 852: 698: 690: 608: 503: 410: 300: 250: 240: 214: 144: 98: 5277:"Eurozine - The market takes all - Jaromír Volek Czech Republic: Playing the game of media trumps" 1582:

in the political and social fields, and the inability of the Brazilian government to establish an

6770: 6712: 6636: 6548: 6538: 6461: 6375: 6353: 6267: 6127: 5789: 4737: 4297: 4160: 4152: 4126: 3958: 3830: 3573: 3281: 3271: 3261: 3231: 3147: 3083: 2861: 2624: 2245: 2122: 1818: 1779: 1661:

Within the European Union, two main standpoints have emerged in the debate: on the one hand, the

1090: 1067: 804:

within the media system, economy of influence, conflicting dependence and political clientelism.

797: 738: 390: 365: 305: 270: 184: 169: 164: 83: 2371: 746: 5126:

Vltava-Labe-Press AS acquires a minority stake in Prvni Novinova Spolecnost from Czech Republic

17: 6750: 6568: 6543: 6456: 6363: 6343: 6307: 6287: 6272: 6188: 6167: 6146: 6115: 6105: 6084: 6063: 6042: 6021: 6000: 5979: 5958: 5921: 5878: 5857: 5043: 4674: 3676: 3563: 3421: 3394: 3388: 3256: 3211: 3191: 2836:

In India a few political parties also own media organizations, for example the proprietors of

2816: 2641: 2630: 2576: 2547: 2351: 2346: 2269: 2016: 1882: 1878: 1871: 1859: 1843: 1675: 1609: 1537: 1502: 1382: 1241: 1118: 1111: 990:, funds directed to public service broadcasting have been stagnating or declining since 2012. 603: 529: 514: 481: 405: 395: 385: 285: 209: 199: 189: 118: 4866: 4411: 3415: 2997: 1377:, having filed for bankruptcy, sold its television assets to Shaw (through a new subsidiary, 6796: 6765: 6718: 6661: 6626: 6598: 6573: 6517: 6451: 6411: 6297: 6282: 5781: 5280: 4876: 4729: 4618: 4273: 4190: 4188: 4186: 3668: 3649: 3555: 3306: 3266: 3236: 3099: 3035: 3006:

broadcast radio network, creating a de facto media monopoly in many regions of the country.

2742: 2707: 2388: 2326: 2310: 2287: 2196: 2133: 2085: 1960: 1802: 1739:(MPM), a yearly monitoring carried out by the Centre for Media Pluralism and Freedom at the 1587: 1559: 1462: 1004: 765: 734: 702: 519: 476: 471: 400: 370: 320: 275: 174: 3844:

Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy - Independent Media Inquiry

3802: 3359:

World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development Global Report 2017/2018

3357: 2376: 1689:

In 2007, reacting to concerns on media concentration and its repercussion on pluralism and

6806: 6671: 6641: 6593: 6370: 5657: 5362: 5259: 5184: 5145: 5050: 4928: 4034: 3850: 3774: 3251: 3221: 3087: 2865: 2807:

and others. National and local radio station ownership is dominated by the aforementioned

2804: 2713: 2667: 2552: 2421: 2334: 2114: 1945: 1855: 1847: 1701: 1633: 1555: 1545: 1524: 1409: 1331: 1245: 1107: 1095: 1075: 994: 894: 793: 726: 580: 375: 295: 149: 139: 5083: 1470:

Lima points to other factors that would make media concentration easier, particularly in

5811: 2192: 2105:. The national television market is dominated by four terrestrial stations, two public ( 1175:. The remainder of the company officially merged with Sky Media Limited in 2005 to form 6631: 6613: 6578: 6533: 6512: 6396: 5951: 5550: 5228: 5078: 5061: 3079: 3003: 2845: 2841: 2831: 2750: 2728: 2718: 2693: 2520: 2425: 2398: 2293: 2263: 2162: 2138: 1835: 1613: 1490: 1273: 817: 812: 575: 355: 108: 4921: 6831: 6702: 6681: 6277: 6253: 5793: 5748:"Under the Macroscope: Convergence in the US Television Market between 2000 and 2014" 5252: 4845: 4741: 4444: 3669: 3577: 3524: 3331: 3138: 2988: 2678: 2600: 2570: 2306: 2088:

have defended foreign newspaper ownership as a manifestation of the principle of the

1987: 1978: 1866:

in 2015 and 2013 respectively. Several major media previously owned by Swiss company

1387: 1351: 1184: 1008: 869: 861: 570: 460: 431: 380: 315: 4667:"Regulating Media Concentration within the Council of Europe and the European Union" 4441:"Communications regulatory framework in Brazil: media, telecommunications, internet" 4347:

Mick, Jacques; Lima, Samuel (2006-08-30). Agência Experimental de Jornalismo (ed.).

3908:"Stuff-NZME merger would lead to 'substantial reduction' of journalists, court says" 1264:, ceased broadcasting in 2012 due to non-renewal of funding, and the youth-oriented 1074:, all the privately owned media outlets still compete with each other for exclusive 855:

argues that the concentration of media ownership is caused by a shift to neoliberal

6811: 6801: 6583: 6492: 6482: 6348: 6322: 5580: 4733: 4400: 3804:

World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development Global Report 2017/2018

3493: 3349: 3201: 3107: 2966: 2877: 2852:

a Telugu channel in Andhra Pradesh is owned by ex-chief minister's son and family.

2837: 2800: 2672: 2660: 2594: 2564: 2537: 2281: 2208: 1775: 1629: 1617: 1471: 1393: 1370: 1362: 1299: 856: 829: 753: 565: 446: 436: 5938: 5785: 5602: 4673:. CEUP collection. Budapest: Central European University Press. pp. 229–244. 3605:

Media Integrity Matters: Understanding the Meaning of and Risks to Media Integrity

651:

Media graphic showing the 2019 ownership of mass media groups in the United States

6182: 6161: 6078: 6057: 6036: 6015: 5994: 5973: 5915: 5872: 5851: 5177: 3653: 2640:, and control a large proportion of regional media, including through subsidiary 2177:, and is one of the biggest shareholder in the second-ranked private TV company, 962:(ASBU) counted 1,230 television stations broadcasting via Arab and international 6676: 6497: 6434: 6406: 6327: 3936: 3130: 3119: 2970: 2893: 2383: 2203: 2195:, Germany's biggest popular magazine publisher, including popular news magazine 2184: 1898: 1575: 1335: 1249: 742: 694: 666:, is a process wherein fewer individuals or organizations control shares of the 524: 93: 5720: 5531: 3622: 6755: 6588: 6439: 6312: 6292: 5576:"Alexander Lebedev's Evening Standard takeover: Dacre announces sale to staff" 4118: 3241: 3123: 2954:

In Mexico there are only two national broadcast television service companies,

2649: 2618: 2489: 2078: 1512: 1424: 1420:

else in the developed world a situation like the situation in New Brunswick."

1405: 1397: 1378: 1156: 1103: 955: 801: 777: 667: 545: 490: 456: 265: 219: 103: 63: 40: 5996:

Who owns the media?: competition and concentration in the mass media industry

4776: 1982: 1334:, media in Canada are primarily owned by a small number of groups, including 1133:(ABC), which is one of two government-administered channels, the other being 6735: 6444: 6317: 6302: 6119: 4671:

Media Freedom and Pluralism: Media Policy Challenges in the enlarged Europe

4622: 3286: 2849: 2746: 2732: 2689: 2559: 2531: 2393: 2367: 2330: 2188: 1787: 1674:

the peculiar evolution of the media industry in the digital environment and

1486: 963: 865: 781: 683: 675: 550: 499: 426: 3463: 2125:" has increased, lowering differentiation of content in Czech print media. 1208:, formerly privately held by the Wilson & Horton families, was sold to 647: 5650: 5407:

Centre for Media Pluralism and Media Freedom (CMPF), 2017, Country Reports

5304:

Reinventing Public Service Communication: European Broadcasters and Beyond

4157:"Review media mergers - Senate group urges Grant Robertson and Simon Tuck" 3690:

Cooper, M. (2004). "Limits on Media Ownership Serve the Public Interest".

3559: 1700:

was proposed to set for all member states common and higher standards for

1594:, the trend of the political left in the entire Latin American continent. 6651: 6099: 5899: 5838: 4666: 4065: 4056: 3059: 2955: 2776: 2760: 2724: 2363: 2359: 2322: 2318: 2173: 2153:. Axel Springer also owns a number of regional newspapers, especially in 2149: 2118: 2010: 1863: 1586:

to manage the media. Attempts in this direction have been pointed by the

1498: 1494: 1195: 828:

Concentration of media ownership is very frequently seen as a problem of

679: 509: 2475:

Mass media in Belarus § Legislative framework and regulatory authorities

6760: 6666: 6621: 5460:"Свобода слова и право на информацию в «старой» и «новой» Конституциях" 5066: 4195:

Standing Senate Committee on Transport and Communications (June 2006).

4168: 3103: 2097: 1867: 1563: 979: 714: 560: 67: 2541:, in addition having also owned 39% of satellite broadcasting network 5895:

Policy Economic and Business Challenges of Media Ownership Regulation

4468: 4271:

Castro, D. (2003-03-10). "TV fatura R$ 5,7 bi e cresce 6% em 2002".

3640:

McChesney, R. (2001). "Global media, neoliberalism and imperialism".

3071: 3063: 3054:'s parent company merging their music division with Bertelsmann AG's 2178: 2154: 1791: 1771: 1712:

and rejected by just three votes. The directive was supported by the

1571: 1533: 1441: 1366: 1291: 1269: 1129:

is an independent media watchdog televised on the public broadcaster

987: 975: 585: 6101:

Manufacturing consent : the political economy of the mass media

6059:

Media, profit, and politics: competing priorities in an open society

5157: 2298: 2110: 2106: 1913:

and also partly controls the distribution of all the prints through

752:

As of 2022, the largest media conglomerates in terms of revenue are

5747: 4384:

Amaral, R.; Guimarães, C. (1994). Journal of Communications (ed.).

4369:

Amaral, R.; Guimarães, C. (1994). Journal of Communications (ed.).

2313:

an Irish billionaire with a fortune partly accumulated through the

1323:

Broadcasting and telecommunications in Canada are regulated by the

864:

and regulations harm consumers and domestic support in the form of

5939:

The Structure and Dynamics of Global Multi-Media Business Networks

5630:

Israel election's biggest battle being fought by newspaper tycoons

5084:

Město Brno pohledem lidí z různých oborů BA thesis by Michal Kárný

2542: 2488:

guarantees the rights of citizens to freedom of speech, prohibits

2037: 1265: 1261: 1070:. Although much of the everyday mainstream news is drawn from the 986:

have been struggling for funding. In Western, Central and Eastern

948: 942: 646: 6222: 5490: 5488: 5423:

Aija Krūtaine, Urmas Loit, Rytas Staselis, Evita Puriņa (2017).

5253:

Pre-workshop Report, Robert Schumann centre for Advanced Studies

3923:"Discovery takes 'bet on NZ' by buying television channel Three" 2873: 2442: 2167: 2143: 1810: 1790:, a Luxembourg-based media group operating in 10 countries, and 1253: 1229: 1213: 1052:

Controls over media ownership in Australia are laid down in the

706: 555: 255: 58: 6226: 2347:

Silvio Berlusconi § Media control and conflict of interest

943: 6017:

The business of media: corporate media and the public interest

5671:"Telecommunications: Mexico's New Reform | Americas Quarterly" 4399:

Herz, Daniel; Görgen, James; Osório, Pedro Luiz (2002-03-06).

3623:"The Impact of Media Concentration on Professional Journalism" 3133:(formerly Clear Channel Communications), especially since the 3067: 2967:

a controversial reform to the Federal Radio and Television Law

2887: 2820: 2772: 2645: 2358:, is the major shareholder of – by far – Italy's biggest (and 2302: 1858:), but were both later purchased by Czech-owned conglomerates 1171:

in 2002, and in 2003, sold its entire print media division to

4498:"Brazil's New Communications Minister Defends New Regulation" 4029:

Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission.

2551:

hacking scandal and its closure in July 2011) leading to the

1616:(EU) have tried to formulate a distinctive and comprehensive 1489:

or monopoly produced within an area or industry; television (

4922:"Independent periodicals", Website of VLTAVA-LABE PRESS a.s. 4582:"Assusta-me que FHC assuma a bandeira da regulação da mídia" 3074:. In the case of Sony BMG, there existed a "Big Five" (now " 1536:(affiliated to TV Globo), with operations in the markets of 3675:. New York; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 1850:

were (completely or partly) controlled by the German group

1554:: reproduction into local level, of the particularities of 1325:

Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission

1085:, with significant holdings in all states and territories. 5696:"These 6 Corporations Control 90% Of The Media In America" 5418: 5416: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5313: 3979:"Sky TV adds to customer base - Business - NZ Herald News" 3550:

Woodhull, Nancy J.; Snyder, Robert W., eds. (2020-03-24).

5874:

European Institutions and the Regulation of Media Markets

5129:

Thomson Financial Mergers & Acquisitions. 08-06-2001

3589: 3587: 1997:, several web portals and partly controls, together with 1751:

Cross-media concentration across different media markets;

1272:. In addition, the now-defunct TVNZ channels Kidzone and 1236:

Commercial radio stations are largely divided up between

840:

Johannes von Dohnanyi, in a 2003 report published by the

686:

companies maintain a larger share of the overall market.

5975:

Media concentration and democracy: why ownership matters

5532:"Rupert Murdoch BSkyB takeover gets government go-ahead" 5138: 3671:

Media concentration and democracy: why ownership matters

2969:, seriously hampered the entry of new competitors, like 2612:

after they were accquired by Reach from Richard Desmond

2241:

to conglomerates with activities also in other sectors.

2013:, prior to its acquisition by Cyprus-registered Kaprain. 2819:

and the UK's only public service radio broadcaster the

2187:

is one of the world's largest media companies. It owns

1493:

or free) is the Brazilian classical model. In 2002 the

4005:"Media Concentration In Canada Is Worst In G8: Report" 3458: 3456: 3094:(which includes the ABC, ESPN, FX and Disney brands), 2840:

are close aides of Tamil Nadu's former Chief Minister

1852:

Rheinisch-Bergische Druckerei- und Verlagsgesellschaft

5363:"Media Concentration and Systemic Failures in Greece" 4323:"Formação de monopólio da RBS em SC será questionada" 4147: 4145: 4143: 4061:"Media convergence, acquisitions and sales in Canada" 2771:

who produce their own news service, most notably for

6104:. (Updated version of the 1988 original). New York. 4373:. Vol. 44 (4, Autumm ed.). pp. 30–32. 3627:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

2717:

are both partly owned by British-Russian media boss

2505:

Mass media in Slovenia § Concentration and pluralism

2226:

Mass media in Greece § Media ownership concentration

1870:

became Czech-owned through their acquisition by the

1268:

was rebranded as the short-lived commercial channel

982:

by state agencies. In almost all regions, models of

842:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

6784: 6728: 6690: 6612: 6561: 6526: 6470: 6427: 6420: 6384: 6336: 6260: 5898:. Journal of Business Media Studies. Archived from 2457:

Mass media in Romania § Concentration and pluralism

2147:, and one of Germany's most important broadsheets, 2141:). It publishes Germany's only nationwide tabloid, 1031:

Mass media in Armenia § Concentration and pluralism

1011:—and print—and introduced significant innovations. 5950: 4556:"FHC defende a regulação dos meios de comunicação" 4288:Ortiz, R.; et al. (1989). Brasiliense (ed.). 3518: 3516: 2171:, one of the nation's most important broadsheets, 1240:and NZME. MediaWorks' TV division, which includes 1212:in 1996. The long-running news syndication agency 2297:. Broadcast media is divided between state owned 1252:), were purchased by Discovery Networks in 2020. 5044:Company structure on VLTAVA-LABE-PRESS's website 4696: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4388:. Vol. 44 (4, Autumm ed.). p. 30. 2424:(formerly known as Eesti Meedia until 2019) and 5993:Compaine, Benjamin M.; Gomery, Douglas (2000). 4702:Se il pluralismo scivola in fondo all’agenda Ue 3727: 3725: 3420:. Manchester University Press. pp. 86–87. 3417:Mass communications: a comparative introduction 2976:Televisa also owns subscription TV enterprises 2201:and a 26% share in investigative news magazine 1449: 1060:Australian Communications & Media Authority 860:support deregulation have argued that cultural 836:Freedom of the press and editorial independence 5937:Amelia Arsenault & Manuel Castells (2008) 5651:Permisos y concesiones de televisión en México 4554:Brant, João (2012-05-17). Maior, Carta (ed.). 4251:"Existe concentração na mídia brasileira? Sim" 3864:"Farewell NZPA, hello three new news services" 6238: 6077:Hassan, Robert; Thomas, Julian, eds. (2006). 5067:Website of VLTAVA-LABE PRESS a.s., "About us" 4897:Media ownership: towards Pan-European groups? 2081:, reaching approximately 3.2 million readers. 1797:Examples of such pan-European groups include 628: 8: 6163:Media ownership and concentration in America 5444:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4584:(in Portuguese). Carta Maior. Archived from 4222:"CBC: Feds must examine Irving media empire" 3488: 3486: 3348: This article incorporates text from a 2696:; on 1 May 2014 the channel was acquired by 884:affecting a wide range of critical thought. 6143:Corporate Media and the Threat to Democracy 5574:Brook, Stephen; Sweney, Mark (2009-01-21). 5271: 5269: 5267: 4604: 4602: 3963:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3616: 3614: 3034:and broadcasting and media assets going to 2922:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2864:owns the most widespread Hebrew newspaper, 2370:; and Italy's biggest advertising company, 1381:) and spun off its newspaper holdings into 947:Arab States Broadcasting Union building in 6424: 6245: 6231: 6223: 6181:Skinner, David; et al., eds. (2005). 6132:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5603:"The Independent bought by Lebedev for £1" 4302:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3414:Lorimer, Rowland; Scannell, Paddy (1994). 3247:Media cross-ownership in the United States 3016:Media cross-ownership in the United States 2480:Unlike other post-Soviet states after the 678:. However, since the proliferation of the 635: 621: 36: 6098:Herman, Edward S.; Chomsky, Noam (2002). 5892:Harcourt, Alison; Picard, Robert (2009). 5805: 5803: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4494:Center for International Media Assistance 4197:"Final report on the Canadian news media" 3940:"TVNZ and Sky TV too cosy, says industry" 3327:Transparency of media ownership in Europe 3021:Recent media mergers in the United States 2942:Learn how and when to remove this message 1770:A 2016 report based on data collected by 1260:role. Its primary public-service outlet, 1081:Rural and regional media is dominated by 6056:Harper, Joe; Yantek, Thom, eds. (2003). 6014:Croteau, David; Hoynes, William (2006). 4650: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4632: 2868:, the most widespread Russian newspaper 2211:, a book publisher, ranked first in the 1917:which was previously part of the German 1897:and other 26 weeklies and that is major 1708:. The proposal was put to a vote in the 1440:For broader coverage of this topic, see 1330:Apart from a relatively small number of 5178:The Czech media landscape - print media 4240: 4238: 3707: 3705: 3370: 2872:, the most popular Hebrew news website 1294:in New Zealand since its nearest rival 800:, making it resilient to institutional 537: 489: 418: 227: 131: 39: 6125: 5943:International Journal of Communication 5669:Howard, Caroline (December 12, 2016). 5437: 5368:International Journal of Communication 5120: 5118: 4349:"RBS e AN: os riscos da monopolização" 4295: 4099:from the original on 13 September 2010 4089:"BCE-CTV deal remakes media landscape" 4003:Howard, Caroline (December 12, 2016). 3956: 3770: 3759: 2412:Mass media in Latvia § Media ownership 676:a few companies own much of the market 5917:The No-nonsense Guide to Global Media 4119:"Web Exclusive: Media Guilty In G-20" 3797: 3795: 3793: 2763:, produces news for the most popular 2381:. One of Italy's nationwide dailies, 2305:, an Irish language broadcaster, and 7: 5721:"News Corp officially splits in two" 5518: 5479: 5103:from the original on 17 October 2015 2920:adding citations to reliable sources 2562:own five major national titles, the 2309:, a commercial television operator. 1977:, several monthly magazines, the TV 1952:(that owns the centre-right dailies 1645:Audiovisual Media Services Directive 1603:Council of Europe and European Union 893:concerns when it comes to assessing 5324:BÁRD, Petra; BAYER, Judith (2016). 3443:Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2700:for £450 million (US$ 759 million). 2261:owns many national newspapers: the 1198:region's sole daily newspaper. The 1131:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 30:For digital media convergence, see 5843:IREX Vibrant Information Barometer 5496:"Freedom of the Press 2015 Report" 5432:Baltic Centre for Media Excellence 5009:Region – Týdeník okresu Nový Jičín 4842:"MPM 2015 Market Plurality Domain" 3921:Tom Pullar-Strecker (2020-09-07). 3494:"Ultra Concentrated Media - Facts" 3390:The SAGE Handbook of Media Studies 2664:is owned by Guardian Media Group. 1003:by the founder of online retailer 25: 5774:Atlantic Journal of Communication 5551:"Why Comcast wanted Sky so badly" 5229:"The press in the Czech Republic" 5139:Website of VLTAVA-LABE PRESS a.s. 4722:Journal of Media Business Studies 4473:"Freedom of Expression in Brazil" 4245:Venício A. de Lima (2003-07-01). 2644:, in addition to large shares in 2315:Esat Digifone licence controversy 1532:." At a later stage appeared the 1290:has had an effective monopoly on 6838:Concentration of media ownership 6741:Concentration of media ownership 4611:Journal of Common Market Studies 4522:Rosenfield, Denis (2012-03-27). 4165:Friends of Canadian Broadcasting 3862:Stone, Andrew (31 August 2011). 3523:Ainger, Katharine (April 2001). 3343: 3126:), or some combination thereof. 3084:network (terrestrial) television 2892: 2809:Global Media & Entertainment 2503:This section is an excerpt from 2473:This section is an excerpt from 2455:This section is an excerpt from 2445:, which holds 70% of the market. 2410:This section is an excerpt from 2224:This section is an excerpt from 1029:This section is an excerpt from 656:Concentration of media ownership 597: 47: 6062:. Kent State University Press. 5949:Bagdikian, Benjamin H. (2004). 5877:. Manchester University Press. 5810:Howard, Caroline (2012-10-03). 4580:Mansur, Vinícius (2012-05-22). 4558:(in Portuguese). Archived from 4532:(in Portuguese). Archived from 4410:(in Portuguese). Archived from 4325:(in Portuguese). Archived from 3890:"NZME, Fairfax in merger talks" 3888:O'Sullivan, Fran (2016-05-11). 3621:von Dohnanyi, Johannes (2003). 3176:do not have a large following. 3155:Effect of ownership on coverage 2876:, and 17% of the cable TV firm 2482:dissolution of the Soviet Union 2362:only) private free TV company, 1930:(that controls also the German 1755:Transparency of media ownership 1385:, a new company founded by the 1182:When INL ceased publishing the 909:Determinants of media pluralism 18:Consolidation of media in Italy 5978:. Cambridge University Press. 5812:"In depth: Media in Venezuela" 5627:Verter, Yossi (Feb 10, 2015), 5208:"Ročenka Unie vydavatelů 2008" 5097:"Ročenka Unie vydavatelů 2007" 4734:10.1080/16522354.2009.11073486 4317:Schenkel, Laura (2006-09-12). 4290:Telenovela-História e Produção 3831:Broadcasting Services Act 1992 3322:Telecommunications Act of 1996 3135:Telecommunications Act of 1996 1580:Brazilian Constitution of 1988 1276:) were only available through 1153:Independent Newspapers Limited 1087:Daily Mail & General Trust 1055:Broadcasting Services Act 1992 960:Arab States Broadcasting Union 689:Globally, some.of the largest 1: 6141:McChesney, Robert W. (1997). 6083:. McGraw-Hill International. 6041:. McGraw-Hill International. 5786:10.1080/15456870.2020.1779725 5694:Lutz, Ashley (14 June 2012). 5306:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 3607:. Ljubljana: Peace Institute. 3197:Big Three television networks 2711:and former print publication 2366:; Italy's biggest publisher, 1741:European University Institute 1584:independent regulatory agency 1375:Canwest Global Communications 1155:(INL) formerly published the 914:Size and wealth of the market 808:Elimination of net neutrality 776:Media mergers occur when one 586:Pundit / commentator 5279:. 2009-03-19. Archived from 4997:Region – Opavský a Hlučínský 4844:. March 2016. Archived from 3985:. Nzherald.co.nz. 2001-12-22 3810:. UNESCO. 2018. p. 202. 3654:10.14452/MR-052-10-2001-03_1 3354:license statement/permission 3292:Partido da Imprensa Golpista 2759:, which has a contract with 2614:Daily Mail and General Trust 2291:. It also owns 29.9% of the 2259:Independent News & Media 1135:Special Broadcasting Service 1048:Media ownership in Australia 939:Pluralism in media ownership 124:Index of journalism articles 6166:. Oxford University Press. 6080:The new media theory reader 5425:"Baltic Media Health Check" 5258:September 29, 2011, at the 4492:Magro, Maira (2011-01-03). 4123:Articles – December 3, 2010 4087:Marlow, Iain (2010-09-10). 3603:Petković, Brankica (2015). 3387:Downing, John, ed. (2004). 2844:. So is also the case with 2739:Independent Television News 2523:owns best-selling tabloid 2387:, is owned by his brother, 2159:Hamburg Metropolitan Region 2005:, the distribution company 1964:, the local edition of the 1505:received 78% of the amount. 1404:launch a study of Canadian 1354:, and the government-owned 1072:Australian Associated Press 984:public service broadcasting 682:, smaller and more diverse 6869: 5549:Rajan, Amol (2018-09-24). 5013:Region – Frýdecko-Místecko 3525:"Empires of the Senseless" 3013: 2829: 2529:as well as the broadsheet 2502: 2472: 2454: 2409: 2344: 2223: 2009:) was previously owned by 1439: 1313: 1083:Australian Community Media 1045: 1028: 926:Consolidation of resources 29: 6209:The Canadian Encyclopedia 5871:Harcourt, Alison (2005). 5049:February 7, 2010, at the 4927:February 6, 2010, at the 3667:Baker, C. Edmund (2007). 3227:Lists of corporate assets 2765:commercial radio stations 1885:, that owns the tabloids 1724:, and was opposed by the 1454:technological convergence 1373:, respectively. In 2010, 1316:Media ownership in Canada 788:Risks for media integrity 609:Category: Journalism 32:Technological convergence 6817:Society of the Spectacle 5972:Baker, C. Edwin (2007). 5398:ROŽUKALNE, Anda (2017). 5361:LEANDROS, NIKOS (2010). 4993:Region – Krnovské noviny 4386:Media Monopoly in Brazil 4371:Media Monopoly in Brazil 4319:Observatório da Imprensa 4247:Observatório da Imprensa 3302:Prometheus Radio Project 3052:Sony Music Entertainment 2692:in 2018. He used to own 2634:, and free London daily 2519:In Britain and Ireland, 2257:In Ireland, the company 2207:. Bertelsmann also owns 2090:free movement of capital 2019:controls 16 Czech daily 1817:and benefit of specific 1698:European Union Directive 1622:environmental protection 1483:Horizontal concentration 6843:Anti-corporate activism 6698:Influence of mass media 6503:Narcotizing dysfunction 6145:. Seven Stories Press. 5850:Doyle, Gillian (2002). 4700:Pisanò, Alessio (2010) 4623:10.1111/1468-5965.00115 4524:"Liberdade e regulação" 3277:Monopolies of knowledge 3092:The Walt Disney Company 2991:, a publishing company 2486:constitution of Belarus 2437:pan-Baltic news agency 2356:Prime Minister of Italy 2215:and second in Germany. 1807:The Walt Disney Company 1737:Media Pluralism Monitor 1726:European People's Party 1338:, the Shaw family (via 1258:public service-oriented 816:also have control over 758:The Walt Disney Company 719:The Walt Disney Company 546:Journalists (reporters) 6359:Freedom of information 5953:The new media monopoly 5914:Steven, Peter (2004). 5302:Iosifidis, P. (2010). 5158:"Verlagsgruppe Passau" 5082: 5065: 4665:Gálik, Mihály (2010). 4437:University of Brasília 3944:The New Zealand Herald 3868:The New Zealand Herald 3769:Cite journal requires 3317:State controlled media 3297:Politico-media complex 3207:Democratic backsliding 3112:Warner Bros. Discovery 2757:Independent Radio News 2727:produces news for its 2434:country’s pharma king. 2397:, by his former wife, 2213:English-speaking world 2023:and weeklies (such as 1893:, 73 regional dailies 1799:Warner Bros. Discovery 1632:, but it has none for 1509:Vertical concentration 1468: 1332:community broadcasters 1288:Sky Network Television 1278:Sky Network Television 1254:Television New Zealand 1238:MediaWorks New Zealand 1191:The New Zealand Herald 1177:Sky Network Television 1058:, administered by the 951: 762:Warner Bros. Discovery 723:Warner Bros. Discovery 707:Sony Group Corporation 652: 114:Editorial independence 6848:Imperfect competition 6746:Exploitation of women 6160:Noam, Eli M. (2009). 5675:americasquarterly.org 5335:. European Parliament 3896:. New Zealand Herald. 3742:Doyle, 2002: p. 22–23 3560:10.4324/9781351309363 3393:. SAGE. p. 296. 3187:Agenda-setting theory 3116:E. W. Scripps Company 2345:Further information: 1901:of publishing houses 1706:freedom of expression 1691:freedom of expression 1592:freedom of expression 1476:broadcasting networks 1348:Rogers Communications 1296:Saturn Communications 1046:Further information: 1019:In particular nations 946: 745:(South America), and 731:Hearst Communications 650: 604:Journalism portal 467:Pink-slime journalism 452:Horse race journalism 27:Control of mass media 6020:. Pine Forge Press. 5999:. Psychology Press. 5033:Slovácké noviny plus 4529:O Estado de S. Paulo 4435:Murilo César Ramos. 4201:Parliament of Canada 3692:Television Quarterly 3530:New Internationalist 3499:New Internationalist 3469:New Internationalist 3312:Retail concentration 3217:Freedom of the press 2978:Cablevision (Mexico) 2916:improve this section 2688:. They were sold to 1920:Verlagsgruppe Passau 1304:Vodafone New Zealand 1210:APN News & Media 1205:New Zealand Listener 882:corporate censorship 754:Comcast NBCUniversal 442:Freedom of the press 6792:Advanced capitalism 6478:Cult of personality 6392:Advanced capitalism 6187:. Lexington Books. 6035:Dwyer, Tim (2010). 5235:. December 10, 2005 4989:Region – Bruntálský 4949:Týdeník Karlovarska 4877:Rtlgroup - About Us 4777:"Council of Europe" 4707:Il Fatto Quotidiano 4405:"Quem são os donos" 4171:on 18 November 2018 4117:McCurry, Lawrence. 4037:on 20 November 2011 4009:The Huffington Post 3377:Steven, 2009: p. 19 3356:). Text taken from 3096:National Amusements 2729:television channels 2580:, and the Scottish 2439:Baltic News Service 2113:) and two private ( 1932:Neue Presse Verlags 1766:Pan-European groups 1710:European Parliament 1696:In October 2009, a 1663:European Parliament 1652:European Commission 1626:consumer protection 1552:Monopoly "in cross" 1518:Globo Organizations 1442:Brazil § Media 1344:Shaw Communications 1340:Corus Entertainment 1226:Fairfax New Zealand 1173:Fairfax New Zealand 1142:Finkelstein Inquiry 1064:News Corp Australia 1000:The Washington Post 853:Robert W. McChesney 832:media and society. 699:National Amusements 691:media conglomerates 672:highly concentrated 660:media consolidation 504:Newspaper of record 6713:Semiotic democracy 6637:Civil disobedience 6549:Media manipulation 6539:Crowd manipulation 6462:Tabloid journalism 6376:Media transparency 6354:Media independence 6268:24-hour news cycle 5656:2011-08-24 at the 5183:2011-03-25 at the 5144:2009-04-30 at the 5017:Prostějovský týden 5001:Region – Karvinsko 4957:Týdeník Sokolovska 4941:Týdeník Domažlicko 4161:The Globe and Mail 4153:The Globe and Mail 4127:Canadian Dimension 4093:The Globe and Mail 3910:. RNZ. 2018-09-26. 3849:2012-03-06 at the 3629:. pp. 188–89. 3362:, 202, UNESCO. 3282:Network neutrality 3272:Media transparency 3262:Media manipulation 3232:Local News Service 3142:spectrum from the 2993:Editorial Televisa 2741:produces news for 2625:The Mail on Sunday 2276:Sunday Independent 2246:economies of scale 1948:, a subsidiary of 1909:and 100% owner of 1881:, a subsidiary of 1819:economies of scale 1780:Modern Times Group 1641:Amsterdam Protocol 1530:Diários Associados 1200:New Zealand Herald 1159:-based newspapers 1140:In late 2011, the 1091:Nova Entertainment 1068:Nine Entertainment 952: 798:democratic process 739:Amazon MGM Studios 653: 6825: 6824: 6751:Freedom of speech 6569:Theodor W. Adorno 6557: 6556: 6544:Managing the news 6364:Freedom of speech 6344:Media development 6308:News broadcasting 6288:Independent media 6273:Alternative media 6204:Media convergence 6194:978-0-7391-1306-6 6173:978-0-19-518852-3 6152:978-1-888363-47-0 6090:978-0-335-21710-6 6069:978-0-87338-754-5 6048:978-0-335-22873-7 6038:Media Convergence 6027:978-1-4129-1315-7 6006:978-0-8058-2936-5 5985:978-0-521-86832-7 5964:978-0-8070-6187-9 5927:978-1-85984-581-3 5884:978-0-7190-6645-0 5863:978-0-7619-6680-7 5746:Steiner, Tobias. 5283:on 5 January 2016 5196:Web page of MAFRA 5005:Region – Havířsko 4953:Týdeník Klatovska 4709:, August 16, 2010 4163:– republished by 4155:(June 22, 2006). 3427:978-0-7190-3946-1 3400:978-0-7619-2169-1 3257:Media imperialism 3212:Freedom of speech 3192:Alternative media 2952: 2951: 2944: 2817:News Broadcasting 2652:before it became 2642:Northcliffe Media 2631:Ireland on Sunday 2577:The Sunday People 2548:News of the World 2352:Silvio Berlusconi 2270:Irish Independent 2086:Czech governments 2017:Czech News Center 2003:Czech News Center 1999:Vltava-Labe-Press 1973:, the periodical 1883:Penta Investments 1879:Vltava Labe Media 1872:Czech News Center 1860:Penta Investments 1844:Vltava Labe Media 1714:liberal-centrists 1676:media convergence 1610:Council of Europe 1538:Rio Grande do Sul 1383:Postmedia Network 1119:Howard government 1112:Western Australia 664:media convergence 645: 644: 530:Alternative media 482:Yellow journalism 119:Journalism school 16:(Redirected from 6860: 6797:Culture industry 6766:Social influence 6719:The Lonely Crowd 6662:Political satire 6627:Call-out culture 6604:Jacques Rancière 6599:Marshall McLuhan 6574:Jean Baudrillard 6518:Viral phenomenon 6452:Public relations 6425: 6298:Mainstream media 6283:Electronic media 6247: 6240: 6233: 6224: 6218: 6216: 6215: 6198: 6177: 6156: 6137: 6131: 6123: 6094: 6073: 6052: 6031: 6010: 5989: 5968: 5957:. Beacon Press. 5956: 5931: 5910: 5908: 5907: 5888: 5867: 5846: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5822: 5807: 5798: 5797: 5769: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5717: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5700:Business Insider 5691: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5681: 5666: 5660: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5614: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5589: 5571: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5561: 5546: 5540: 5539: 5528: 5522: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5506: 5500: 5492: 5483: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5467: 5456: 5450: 5449: 5443: 5435: 5429: 5420: 5411: 5410: 5404: 5395: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5358: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5330: 5321: 5308: 5307: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5273: 5262: 5250: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5240: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5204: 5198: 5193: 5187: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5154: 5148: 5136: 5130: 5122: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5093: 5087: 5076: 5070: 5059: 5053: 5041: 5035: 4981:Znojemské noviny 4969:Vyškovské noviny 4961:Týdeník Vysočina 4937:Tachovská Jiskra 4919: 4913: 4908: 4902: 4901: 4892: 4879: 4874: 4868: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4848:on 15 March 2017 4838: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4828: 4819:. 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Archived from 4031:"About the CRTC" 4026: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4016: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3991: 3990: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3962: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3933: 3927: 3926: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3859: 3853: 3841: 3835: 3827: 3821: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3799: 3788: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3772: 3767: 3765: 3757: 3749: 3743: 3740: 3734: 3729: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3709: 3700: 3699: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3674: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3618: 3609: 3608: 3600: 3594: 3591: 3582: 3581: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3537: 3520: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3507: 3490: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3477: 3460: 3451: 3450: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3384: 3378: 3375: 3347: 3307:Propaganda model 3267:Media proprietor 3237:Mainstream media 3137:, acquired many 3100:Paramount Global 3080:record companies 3070:merging to form 3066:and CBS Corp.'s 3036:21st Century Fox 3028:News Corporation 3001: 2986: 2947: 2940: 2936: 2933: 2927: 2896: 2888: 2708:Evening Standard 2389:Paolo Berlusconi 2380: 2288:Irish Daily Star 2134:Axel Springer AG 2101:is published by 2043:Blesk TV Magazin 1995:Rádio Classic FM 1950:Kaprain Chemical 1928: 1825:EU Member States 1803:Paramount Global 1682:within Europe." 1588:mainstream media 1560:Brazilian states 1546:Internet portals 1466: 1463:Folha de S.Paulo 1356:CBC/Radio-Canada 1165:The Evening Post 766:Paramount Global 703:Paramount Global 658:, also known as 637: 630: 623: 602: 601: 600: 477:Propaganda model 472:Public relations 51: 37: 21: 6868: 6867: 6863: 6862: 6861: 6859: 6858: 6857: 6828: 6827: 6826: 6821: 6807:Media franchise 6780: 6724: 6686: 6642:Culture jamming 6608: 6594:Walter Lippmann 6553: 6522: 6466: 6416: 6380: 6371:Media pluralism 6332: 6256: 6251: 6221: 6213: 6211: 6201: 6195: 6180: 6174: 6159: 6153: 6140: 6124: 6112: 6097: 6091: 6076: 6070: 6055: 6049: 6034: 6028: 6013: 6007: 5992: 5986: 5971: 5965: 5948: 5928: 5913: 5905: 5903: 5891: 5885: 5870: 5864: 5849: 5837: 5834: 5829: 5820: 5818: 5809: 5808: 5801: 5771: 5770: 5766: 5756: 5754: 5745: 5744: 5740: 5730: 5728: 5719: 5718: 5714: 5704: 5702: 5693: 5692: 5688: 5679: 5677: 5668: 5667: 5663: 5658:Wayback Machine 5649: 5645: 5636: 5634: 5626: 5625: 5621: 5612: 5610: 5601: 5600: 5596: 5587: 5585: 5573: 5572: 5568: 5559: 5557: 5548: 5547: 5543: 5530: 5529: 5525: 5517: 5513: 5504: 5502: 5501:. Freedom House 5498: 5494: 5493: 5486: 5478: 5474: 5465: 5463: 5458: 5457: 5453: 5436: 5427: 5422: 5421: 5414: 5402: 5397: 5396: 5387: 5377: 5375: 5360: 5359: 5348: 5338: 5336: 5328: 5323: 5322: 5311: 5301: 5300: 5296: 5286: 5284: 5275: 5274: 5265: 5260:Wayback Machine 5251: 5247: 5238: 5236: 5227: 5226: 5222: 5212: 5210: 5206: 5205: 5201: 5194: 5190: 5185:Wayback Machine 5176: 5172: 5162: 5160: 5156: 5155: 5151: 5146:Wayback Machine 5137: 5133: 5123: 5116: 5106: 5104: 5095: 5094: 5090: 5077: 5073: 5060: 5056: 5051:Wayback Machine 5042: 5038: 4985:Týdeník Ostrava 4945:Týdeník Chebsko 4929:Wayback Machine 4920: 4916: 4909: 4905: 4894: 4893: 4882: 4875: 4871: 4865: 4861: 4851: 4849: 4840: 4839: 4835: 4826: 4824: 4815: 4814: 4810: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4774: 4770: 4761: 4759: 4754: 4753: 4749: 4719: 4718: 4714: 4699: 4688: 4681: 4664: 4663: 4630: 4608: 4607: 4600: 4591: 4589: 4579: 4578: 4574: 4565: 4563: 4553: 4552: 4548: 4539: 4537: 4521: 4520: 4516: 4507: 4505: 4491: 4490: 4486: 4477: 4475: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4453: 4451: 4447: 4434: 4433: 4429: 4420: 4418: 4414: 4407: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4383: 4382: 4378: 4368: 4367: 4363: 4354: 4352: 4351:(in Portuguese) 4346: 4345: 4341: 4332: 4330: 4316: 4315: 4311: 4294: 4287: 4286: 4282: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4256: 4254: 4253:(in Portuguese) 4244: 4243: 4236: 4227: 4225: 4220: 4219: 4215: 4205: 4203: 4194: 4193: 4184: 4174: 4172: 4151: 4150: 4141: 4131: 4129: 4116: 4115: 4111: 4102: 4100: 4086: 4085: 4081: 4071: 4069: 4055: 4054: 4050: 4040: 4038: 4028: 4027: 4023: 4014: 4012: 4011:. Daniel Tencer 4002: 4001: 3997: 3988: 3986: 3977: 3976: 3972: 3955: 3948: 3946: 3935: 3934: 3930: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3887: 3886: 3882: 3872: 3870: 3861: 3860: 3856: 3851:Wayback Machine 3842: 3838: 3828: 3824: 3819: 3815: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3791: 3786: 3782: 3768: 3758: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3737: 3730: 3723: 3715: 3711: 3710: 3703: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3666: 3665: 3661: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3620: 3619: 3612: 3602: 3601: 3597: 3592: 3585: 3570: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3535: 3533: 3522: 3521: 3514: 3505: 3503: 3492: 3491: 3484: 3475: 3473: 3462: 3461: 3454: 3440: 3439: 3435: 3428: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3401: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3341: 3336: 3252:Media democracy 3222:Gleichschaltung 3182: 3166: 3157: 3088:Fox Corporation 3044: 3023: 3018: 3012: 2995: 2980: 2948: 2937: 2931: 2928: 2913: 2897: 2886: 2866:Yediot Aharonot 2858: 2834: 2828: 2714:The Independent 2668:Richard Desmond 2616:(DMGT) own the 2553:Leveson Inquiry 2517: 2512: 2511: 2508: 2500: 2495: 2494: 2478: 2470: 2465: 2464: 2460: 2452: 2447: 2446: 2432:, known as the 2430:Margus Linnamäe 2422:Postimees Group 2415: 2407: 2391:, and another, 2374: 2349: 2343: 2335:SPIN South West 2255: 2250: 2249: 2229: 2221: 2131: 2077:) as well as 7 1938:and the Slovak 1922: 1856:Rheinische Post 1832: 1827: 1768: 1702:media pluralism 1634:media pluralism 1605: 1600: 1556:cross ownership 1525:Cross ownership 1467: 1460: 1445: 1438: 1410:Kent Commission 1318: 1312: 1298:(later part of 1280:and not on the 1233:small margin". 1150: 1108:South Australia 1096:New South Wales 1050: 1044: 1039: 1038: 1034: 1026: 1021: 995:cross-ownership 941: 928: 916: 911: 895:media pluralism 890: 888:Media pluralism 850: 838: 826: 810: 794:public interest 790: 774: 747:Lagardère Group 727:Fox Corporation 641: 598: 596: 376:Photojournalism 245:Interventionism 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6866: 6864: 6856: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6830: 6829: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6788: 6786: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6732: 6730: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6722: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6694: 6692: 6688: 6687: 6685: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6632:Cancel culture 6629: 6624: 6618: 6616: 6614:Counterculture 6610: 6609: 6607: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6579:Edward Bernays 6576: 6571: 6565: 6563: 6559: 6558: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6534:Catch and kill 6530: 6528: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6520: 6515: 6513:Sensationalism 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6474: 6472: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6448: 6447: 6437: 6431: 6429: 6422: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6402:Bipartisanship 6399: 6397:American Dream 6394: 6388: 6386: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6367: 6366: 6361: 6351: 6346: 6340: 6338: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6264: 6262: 6258: 6257: 6252: 6250: 6249: 6242: 6235: 6227: 6220: 6219: 6199: 6193: 6178: 6172: 6157: 6151: 6138: 6110: 6095: 6089: 6074: 6068: 6053: 6047: 6032: 6026: 6011: 6005: 5990: 5984: 5969: 5963: 5946: 5934: 5933: 5932: 5926: 5911: 5889: 5883: 5868: 5862: 5847: 5839:"Belarus 2022" 5833: 5830: 5828: 5827: 5799: 5780:(5): 328–344. 5764: 5738: 5712: 5686: 5661: 5643: 5619: 5594: 5566: 5541: 5523: 5511: 5484: 5472: 5451: 5412: 5385: 5346: 5309: 5294: 5263: 5245: 5220: 5199: 5188: 5170: 5149: 5131: 5114: 5088: 5071: 5054: 5036: 5029:Moravský sever 5025:Hranický týden 5021:Nové Přerovské 4914: 4903: 4880: 4869: 4859: 4833: 4808: 4789: 4768: 4758:. Ec.europa.eu 4747: 4712: 4686: 4679: 4628: 4617:(3): 369–389. 4598: 4572: 4546: 4514: 4484: 4460: 4427: 4391: 4376: 4361: 4339: 4309: 4280: 4263: 4234: 4213: 4182: 4139: 4109: 4079: 4059:(2011-03-11). 4048: 4021: 3995: 3970: 3928: 3913: 3899: 3880: 3854: 3836: 3822: 3813: 3789: 3780: 3771:|journal= 3744: 3735: 3721: 3701: 3682: 3659: 3642:Monthly Review 3632: 3610: 3595: 3583: 3568: 3542: 3512: 3482: 3464:"Global Media" 3452: 3433: 3426: 3406: 3399: 3379: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3165: 3162: 3156: 3153: 3139:radio stations 3122:(now known as 3062:and Tribune's 3048:Edison's Trust 3043: 3040: 3022: 3019: 3014:Main article: 3011: 3008: 3004:Televisa Radio 2950: 2949: 2900: 2898: 2891: 2885: 2882: 2857: 2854: 2842:M. Karunanidhi 2832:Media of India 2827: 2824: 2733:radio stations 2719:Evgeny Lebedev 2521:Rupert Murdoch 2516: 2515:United Kingdom 2513: 2509: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2479: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2461: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2426:Ekspress Grupp 2416: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2399:Veronica Lario 2342: 2339: 2294:Sunday Tribune 2264:Evening Herald 2254: 2251: 2230: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2163:ProSiebenSat.1 2139:Springerpresse 2130: 2127: 2123:tabloidization 2083: 2082: 2047:Blesk pro ženy 2014: 1988:radio stations 1943: 1854:(Mediengruppe 1836:Czech Republic 1831: 1830:Czech Republic 1828: 1826: 1823: 1815:digitalization 1767: 1764: 1759: 1758: 1752: 1749: 1614:European Union 1612:(CoE) and the 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1590:as attacks on 1568: 1567: 1549: 1542:Santa Catarina 1521: 1506: 1495:cable networks 1458: 1437: 1434: 1314:Main article: 1311: 1308: 1274:TVNZ Heartland 1149: 1146: 1043: 1040: 1035: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 968:state channels 940: 937: 927: 924: 915: 912: 910: 907: 889: 886: 862:trade barriers 849: 846: 837: 834: 825: 822: 818:internet usage 813:Net neutrality 809: 806: 789: 786: 773: 770: 643: 642: 640: 639: 632: 625: 617: 614: 613: 612: 611: 606: 591: 590: 589: 588: 583: 578: 576:News presenter 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 540: 539: 535: 534: 533: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 494: 493: 487: 486: 485: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 421: 420: 416: 415: 414: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 356:New Journalism 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 326:Human-interest 323: 318: 313: 308: 306:Digital/Online 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 238: 230: 229: 225: 224: 223: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 134: 133: 129: 128: 127: 126: 121: 116: 111: 109:Sensationalism 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 78:code of ethics 71: 61: 53: 52: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6865: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6835: 6833: 6818: 6815: 6813: 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6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6383: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6335: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6278:Digital media 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6254:Media culture 6248: 6243: 6241: 6236: 6234: 6229: 6228: 6225: 6210: 6206: 6205: 6200: 6196: 6190: 6186: 6185: 6179: 6175: 6169: 6165: 6164: 6158: 6154: 6148: 6144: 6139: 6135: 6129: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6111:0-375-71449-9 6107: 6103: 6102: 6096: 6092: 6086: 6082: 6081: 6075: 6071: 6065: 6061: 6060: 6054: 6050: 6044: 6040: 6039: 6033: 6029: 6023: 6019: 6018: 6012: 6008: 6002: 5998: 5997: 5991: 5987: 5981: 5977: 5976: 5970: 5966: 5960: 5955: 5954: 5947: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5935: 5929: 5923: 5919: 5918: 5912: 5902:on 2011-07-23 5901: 5897: 5896: 5890: 5886: 5880: 5876: 5875: 5869: 5865: 5859: 5855: 5854: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5835: 5831: 5817: 5813: 5806: 5804: 5800: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5768: 5765: 5753: 5749: 5742: 5739: 5726: 5722: 5716: 5713: 5701: 5697: 5690: 5687: 5676: 5672: 5665: 5662: 5659: 5655: 5652: 5647: 5644: 5632: 5631: 5623: 5620: 5608: 5604: 5598: 5595: 5583: 5582: 5577: 5570: 5567: 5556: 5552: 5545: 5542: 5538:. 2011-03-03. 5537: 5533: 5527: 5524: 5521:, p. 16. 5520: 5515: 5512: 5497: 5491: 5489: 5485: 5482:, p. 11. 5481: 5476: 5473: 5461: 5455: 5452: 5447: 5441: 5433: 5426: 5419: 5417: 5413: 5408: 5401: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5386: 5374: 5370: 5369: 5364: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5347: 5334: 5327: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5310: 5305: 5298: 5295: 5282: 5278: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5264: 5261: 5257: 5254: 5249: 5246: 5234: 5230: 5224: 5221: 5209: 5203: 5200: 5197: 5192: 5189: 5186: 5182: 5179: 5174: 5171: 5159: 5153: 5150: 5147: 5143: 5140: 5135: 5132: 5128: 5127: 5121: 5119: 5115: 5102: 5098: 5092: 5089: 5086: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5055: 5052: 5048: 5045: 5040: 5037: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4923: 4918: 4915: 4912: 4907: 4904: 4899: 4898: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4881: 4878: 4873: 4870: 4867: 4863: 4860: 4847: 4843: 4837: 4834: 4823:on 2017-03-23 4822: 4818: 4812: 4809: 4801: 4800: 4793: 4790: 4778: 4772: 4769: 4757: 4751: 4748: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4716: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4703: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4687: 4682: 4680:9786155211850 4676: 4672: 4668: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4629: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4605: 4603: 4599: 4588:on 2013-01-18 4587: 4583: 4576: 4573: 4562:on 2012-10-22 4561: 4557: 4550: 4547: 4536:on 2012-06-01 4535: 4531: 4530: 4525: 4518: 4515: 4504:on 2013-10-29 4503: 4499: 4495: 4488: 4485: 4474: 4470: 4464: 4461: 4450:on 2013-10-29 4446: 4442: 4438: 4431: 4428: 4417:on 2011-11-13 4413: 4406: 4402: 4395: 4392: 4387: 4380: 4377: 4372: 4365: 4362: 4350: 4343: 4340: 4329:on 2013-12-12 4328: 4324: 4320: 4313: 4310: 4305: 4299: 4291: 4284: 4281: 4276: 4275: 4267: 4264: 4252: 4248: 4241: 4239: 4235: 4223: 4217: 4214: 4202: 4198: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4183: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4140: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4113: 4110: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4083: 4080: 4068: 4067: 4062: 4058: 4052: 4049: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4022: 4010: 4006: 3999: 3996: 3984: 3980: 3974: 3971: 3966: 3960: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3929: 3924: 3917: 3914: 3909: 3903: 3900: 3895: 3891: 3884: 3881: 3869: 3865: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3848: 3845: 3840: 3837: 3833: 3832: 3826: 3823: 3817: 3814: 3806: 3805: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3790: 3784: 3781: 3776: 3763: 3755: 3748: 3745: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3728: 3726: 3722: 3714: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3693: 3686: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3672: 3663: 3660: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3636: 3633: 3628: 3624: 3617: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3599: 3596: 3590: 3588: 3584: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3569:9781351309363 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3552:Media Mergers 3546: 3543: 3532: 3531: 3526: 3519: 3517: 3513: 3501: 3500: 3495: 3489: 3487: 3483: 3471: 3470: 3465: 3459: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3444: 3437: 3434: 3429: 3423: 3419: 3418: 3410: 3407: 3402: 3396: 3392: 3391: 3383: 3380: 3374: 3371: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3360: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3338: 3333: 3332:Western media 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3184: 3179: 3177: 3173: 3171: 3163: 3161: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3042:Film industry 3041: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3020: 3017: 3010:United States 3009: 3007: 3005: 2999: 2994: 2990: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2961: 2957: 2946: 2943: 2935: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2906: 2901:This section 2899: 2895: 2890: 2889: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2833: 2825: 2823: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2779:but also for 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2720: 2716: 2715: 2710: 2709: 2703: 2702: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2686: 2681: 2680: 2679:Daily Express 2675: 2674: 2669: 2665: 2663: 2662: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2648:and formerly 2647: 2643: 2639: 2638: 2633: 2632: 2627: 2626: 2621: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2609: 2608: 2603: 2602: 2601:Daily Express 2597: 2596: 2591: 2590: 2585: 2584: 2579: 2578: 2573: 2572: 2571:Sunday Mirror 2567: 2566: 2561: 2557: 2554: 2550: 2549: 2544: 2540: 2539: 2534: 2533: 2528: 2527: 2522: 2514: 2506: 2497: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2476: 2467: 2458: 2449: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2420: 2413: 2404: 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1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1829: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1765: 1763: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1745: 1742: 1738: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1692: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1677: 1671: 1667: 1664: 1659: 1655: 1653: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1602: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1514: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1464: 1457: 1455: 1448: 1443: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1426: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1389: 1388:National Post 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1328: 1326: 1321: 1317: 1309: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1283: 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618: 616: 615: 610: 607: 605: 595: 594: 593: 592: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 571:Meteorologist 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 543: 542: 541: 536: 531: 528: 526: 525:News agencies 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 505: 501: 498: 497: 496: 495: 492: 488: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 462: 461:False balance 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 432:Fourth Estate 430: 428: 425: 424: 423: 422: 419:Social impact 417: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 381:Press release 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 341:Investigative 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 316:Fact-checking 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 281:Collaborative 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 246: 242: 239: 237: 234: 233: 232: 231: 226: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 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April 2001 3467: 3446: 3442: 3436: 3416: 3409: 3389: 3382: 3373: 3358: 3350:free content 3342: 3202:Deregulation 3174: 3167: 3158: 3128: 3108:NBCUniversal 3106:(which owns 3098:(which owns 3078:") of major 3045: 3024: 2975: 2964: 2953: 2938: 2929: 2914:Please help 2902: 2859: 2838:Kalaignar TV 2835: 2801:Capital Xtra 2755: 2737: 2723: 2712: 2706: 2704: 2683: 2677: 2673:OK! magazine 2671: 2670:used to own 2666: 2661:The Guardian 2659: 2658: 2654:Global Radio 2635: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2611: 2605: 2599: 2595:OK! magazine 2593: 2589:Daily Record 2587: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2565:Daily Mirror 2563: 2558: 2546: 2538:Sunday Times 2536: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2433: 2417: 2392: 2382: 2350: 2292: 2286: 2282:Sunday World 2280: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2209:Random House 2202: 2197: 2183: 2172: 2166: 2148: 2142: 2132: 2102: 2096: 2094: 2084: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2055:Blesk Zdravi 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1981: 1974: 1968: 1959: 1953: 1939: 1936:Polskapresse 1935: 1931: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1839: 1833: 1796: 1776:broadcasting 1769: 1760: 1733: 1730: 1718:progressives 1695: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1672: 1668: 1660: 1656: 1649: 1638: 1630:human rights 1618:media policy 1606: 1569: 1551: 1523: 1508: 1482: 1472:broadcasting 1469: 1465:, 10/14/2001 1450: 1446: 1430: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1402: 1394:Paul Godfrey 1386: 1371:Osprey Media 1363:CHUM Limited 1360: 1329: 1322: 1319: 1300:TelstraClear 1286: 1235: 1203: 1199: 1189: 1183: 1181: 1161:The Dominion 1151: 1139: 1124: 1123: 1116: 1089:operate the 1080: 1053: 1051: 1013: 1009:online media 998: 992: 973: 953: 929: 917: 903: 899: 891: 878: 874: 857:deregulation 851: 848:Deregulation 839: 830:contemporary 827: 811: 791: 775: 751: 688: 663: 659: 655: 654: 581:Photographer 515:TV and radio 447:Infotainment 437:Fifth Estate 336:Interpretive 286:Comics-based 6691:In academia 6677:Review bomb 6498:Media event 6435:Advertising 6407:Consumerism 6328:State media 5637:October 19, 4965:Týden u nás 4728:(3): 1–17. 4095:. Toronto. 3131:iHeartMedia 3120:Cablevision 2996: [ 2981: [ 2971:Cadena Tres 2932:August 2010 2862:Arnon Mozes 2860:In Israel, 2813:Bauer Media 2811:as well as 2583:Sunday Mail 2384:Il Giornale 2375: [ 2204:Der Spiegel 2185:Bertelsmann 2157:and in the 2095:The weekly 2079:web portals 2051:Blesk Hobby 1991:Expresradio 1940:Petit Press 1923: [ 1899:shareholder 1513:soap operas 1336:Bell Canada 1250:The Edge TV 1194:became the 1148:New Zealand 1126:Media Watch 1076:pop culture 956:Arab region 743:Grupo Globo 695:Bertelsmann 566:Copy editor 396:Underground 311:Explanatory 236:Adversarial 205:Video games 160:Environment 99:Attribution 94:News values 89:Objectivity 6853:Media bias 6832:Categories 6756:Media bias 6657:Occupation 6589:Guy Debord 6471:Techniques 6440:Propaganda 6337:Principles 6313:News media 6293:Mass media 6214:2011-05-02 5906:2011-09-05 5821:2016-12-12 5680:2016-12-12 5613:2010-03-25 5588:2009-01-21 5560:2020-08-22 5505:2024-03-17 5466:2024-03-17 5239:2008-12-13 4973:Nový život 4827:2017-03-23 4762:2013-10-06 4592:2013-01-01 4566:2012-10-16 4540:2013-01-01 4508:2012-10-16 4478:2012-10-16 4454:2012-10-16 4421:2012-04-05 4355:2012-04-08 4333:2012-04-08 4257:2012-04-08 4228:2016-03-24 4206:10 October 4175:10 October 4132:14 January 4103:2010-09-11 4072:24 October 4041:23 October 4015:2016-12-12 3989:2013-04-30 3536:2009-10-10 3506:2009-10-10 3476:2009-10-10 3242:Media bias 3124:Altice USA 3002:, and the 2830:See also: 2805:Classic FM 2781:Capital FM 2685:Daily Star 2682:, and the 2650:GCap Media 2619:Daily Mail 2607:Daily Star 2604:, and the 2490:censorship 2372:Publitalia 1574:office in 1503:affiliates 1425:amendments 1406:news media 1398:Bell Media 1379:Shaw Media 1284:platform. 1157:Wellington 1104:Queensland 1037:pluralism. 964:satellites 802:corruption 668:mass media 500:Newspapers 491:News media 457:Media bias 361:Non-profit 346:Multimedia 266:Churnalism 195:Technology 104:Defamation 41:Journalism 6736:Anonymity 6445:Fake news 6421:Deception 6318:Old media 6303:New media 6128:cite book 5920:. Verso. 5794:225628947 5705:9 January 5633:, Haaretz 5519:IREX 2022 5480:IREX 2022 5287:9 January 5213:9 January 5163:9 January 5107:9 January 4900:. MAVISE. 4782:9 January 4742:167929232 4298:cite book 3983:NZ Herald 3959:cite news 3949:9 January 3894:NZ Herald 3873:31 August 3648:(10): 1. 3578:241334318 3287:Old media 3164:Venezuela 3032:News Corp 2903:does not 2850:Sakshi TV 2751:Channel 5 2747:Channel 4 2694:Channel 5 2690:Reach plc 2532:The Times 2394:Il Foglio 2368:Mondadori 2331:SPIN 1038 2189:RTL Group 2111:Czech TV2 2107:Czech TV1 1966:freesheet 1915:PNS, a.s. 1891:ŠÍP EXTRA 1874:in 2013. 1534:RBS Group 1487:oligopoly 1188:in 1991, 1179:Limited. 1042:Australia 920:pluralism 866:subsidies 782:oligopoly 711:News Corp 684:new media 551:Columnist 510:Magazines 427:Fake news 351:Narrative 331:Immersion 291:Community 261:Broadcast 6785:Synonyms 6776:Violence 6652:Graffiti 6385:Ideology 6120:47971712 5856:. 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