1470:, which can only be switched one way, usually from one to zero. In such PROMs, the DEL and NUL characters can be used in the same way that they were used on punched tape: one to reserve meaningless fill bytes that can be written later, and the other to convert written bytes to meaningless fill bytes. For PROMs that switch one to zero, the roles of NUL and DEL are reversed; also, DEL will only work with 7-bit characters, which are rarely used today; for 8-bit content, the character code 255, commonly defined as a nonbreaking space character, can be used instead of DEL.
1224:. Later, control characters were integrated into the stream of data to be printed. The carriage return character (CR), when sent to such a device, causes it to put the character at the edge of the paper at which writing begins (it may, or may not, also move the printing position to the next line). The line feed character (LF/NL) causes the device to put the printing position on the next line. It may (or may not), depending on the device and its configuration, also move the printing position to the start of the next line (which would be the leftmost position for
1262:. End of medium (EM) warns that the tape (or other recording medium) is ending. While many systems use CR/LF and TAB for structuring data, it is possible to encounter the separator control characters in data that needs to be structured. The separator control characters are not overloaded; there is no general use of them except to separate data into structured groupings. Their numeric values are contiguous with the space character, which can be considered a member of the group, as a word separator.
300:
1075:), produces the code 7 (BELL, 7 in base ten, or 0000 0111 in binary). The NULL character (code 0) is represented by Ctrl-@, "@" being the code immediately before "A" in the ASCII character set. For convenience, some terminals accept Ctrl-Space as an alias for Ctrl-@. In either case, this produces one of the 32 ASCII control codes between 0 and 31. Neither approach works to produce the DEL character because of its special location in the table and its value (code 127
1459:. Paper tape became obsolete in the 1970s, so this clever aspect of ASCII rarely saw any use after that. Some systems (such as the original Apples) converted it to a backspace. But because its code is in the range occupied by other printable characters, and because it had no official assigned glyph, many computer equipment vendors used it as an additional printable character (often an all-black "box" character useful for erasing text by overprinting with ink).
1250:
take advantage of the flexibility of the new terminals, and indeed of newer printers. The concept of a control character had always been somewhat limiting, and was extremely so when used with new, much more flexible, hardware. Control sequences (sometimes implemented as escape sequences) could match the new flexibility and power and became the standard method. However, there were, and remain, a large variety of standard sequences to choose from.
1067:", "Ctrl", or (rarely) "Cntl" which is used much like a shift key, being pressed in combination with another letter or symbol key. In one implementation, the control key generates the code 64 places below the code for the (generally) uppercase letter it is pressed in combination with (i.e., subtract 0x40 from ASCII code value of the (generally) uppercase letter). The other implementation is to take the ASCII code produced by the key and
221:
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1374:) to start transmission. It has become so widely used that most don't realize it is not part of official ASCII. This technique, however implemented, avoids additional wires in the data cable devoted only to transmission management, which saves money. A sensible protocol for the use of such transmission flow control signals must be used, to avoid potential deadlock conditions, however.
1311:) was intended to request a translation of the next character from a printable character to another value, usually by setting bit 5 to zero. This is handy because some media (such as sheets of paper produced by typewriters) can transmit only printable characters. However, on MS-DOS systems with files opened in text mode, "end of text" or "end of file" is marked by this
1249:
that did not physically print on paper and so offered more flexibility regarding screen placement, erasure, and so forth, printing control codes were adapted. Form feeds, for example, usually cleared the screen, there being no new paper page to move to. More complex escape sequences were developed to
1232:
scripts such as the Hebrew and Arabic alphabets). The vertical and horizontal tab characters (VT and HT/TAB) cause the output device to move the printing position to the next tab stop in the direction of reading. The form feed character (FF/NP) starts a new sheet of paper, and may or may not move to
1427:
character with no meaning otherwise. Since the position of a NUL character has no holes punched, it can be replaced with any other character at a later time, so it was typically used to reserve space, either for correcting errors or for inserting information that would be available at a later time
1090:
keys. In other words, it does not matter whether the key would have produced an upper-case or a lower-case letter. The interpretation of the control key with the space, graphics character, and digit keys (ASCII codes 32 to 63) vary between systems. Some will produce the same character code as if
318:
quite expensive to implement, thus a different code for each and every function looked like a requirement. It quickly became possible and inexpensive to interpret sequences of codes to perform a function, and device makers found a way to send hundreds of device instructions. Specifically, they used
1288:
The start of heading (SOH) character was to mark a non-data section of a data stream—the part of a stream containing addresses and other housekeeping data. The start of text character (STX) marked the end of the header, and the start of the textual part of a stream. The end of text character (ETX)
1241:
and other electronic output devices, there are often software (or hardware) configuration choices that allow a destructive backspace (e.g., a BS, SP, BS sequence), which erases, or a non-destructive one, which does not. The shift in and shift out characters (SI and SO) selected alternate character
1110:
functions. The associated keypresses are communicated to computer programs by one of four methods: appropriating otherwise unused control characters; using some encoding other than ASCII; using multi-character control sequences; or using an additional mechanism outside of generating characters.
1098:
by printing a caret (^) and then the ASCII character that has a value of the control character plus 64. Control characters generated using letter keys are thus displayed with the upper-case form of the letter. For example, ^G represents code 7, which is generated by pressing the G key when the
1353:
The device control codes (DC1 to DC4) were originally generic, to be implemented as necessary by each device. However, a universal need in data transmission is to request the sender to stop transmitting when a receiver is temporarily unable to accept any more data.
1341:
When a transmission medium is half duplex (that is, it can transmit in only one direction at a time), there is usually a master station that can transmit at any time, and one or more slave stations that transmit when they have permission. The enquire character
1102:
Keyboards also typically have a few single keys which produce control character codes. For example, the key labelled "Backspace" typically produces code 8, "Tab" code 9, "Enter" or "Return" code 13 (though some keyboards might produce code 10 for "Enter").
1300:) was intended to "quote" the next character, if it was another control character it would print it instead of performing the control function. It is almost never used for this purpose today. Various printable characters are used as visible "
1408:), was originally sent by synchronous modems (which have to send data constantly) when there was no actual data to send. (Modern systems typically use a start bit to announce the beginning of a transmitted word— this is a feature of
1091:
the control key were not held down. Other systems translate these keys into control characters when the control key is held down. The interpretation of the control key with non-ASCII ("foreign") keys also varies between systems.
313:
There were quite a few control characters defined (33 in ASCII, and the ECMA-48 standard adds 32 more). This was because early terminals had very primitive mechanical or electrical controls that made any kind of state-remembering
1273:(JSON Text Sequences) to encode a sequence of JSON elements. Each sequence item starts with a RS character and ends with a line feed. This allows to serialize open-ended JSON sequences. It is one of the
1346:) is generally used by a master station to ask a slave station to send its next message. A slave station indicates that it has completed its transmission by sending the end of transmission character (
1381:) was intended to be a signal to the other end of a data link that the following character is a control character such as STX or ETX. For example a packet may be structured in the following way (
3350:
1293:
for error-detection purposes. The end of transmission block character (ETB) was used to indicate the end of a block of data, where data was divided into such blocks for transmission purposes.
1416:
communication links were more often seen with mainframes, where they were typically run over corporate leased lines to connect a mainframe to another mainframe or perhaps a minicomputer.)
1123:
that identify the specific physical keys that are pressed; computer software then determines how to handle the keys that are pressed, including any of the four methods described above.
346:. But the number of non-standard variations in use is large, especially among printers, where technology has advanced far faster than any standards body can possibly keep up with.
981:
is "Cc". Formatting codes are distinct, in
General Category "Cf". The Cc control characters have no Name in Unicode, but are given labels such as "<control-001A>" instead.
389:
as control characters. This was primarily done so that if the high bit was stripped, it would not change a printing character to a C0 control code. This second set is called the
2195:
1285:
The transmission control characters were intended to structure a data stream, and to manage re-transmission or graceful failure, as needed, in the face of transmission errors.
2032:
1205:
Printing control characters were first used to control the physical mechanism of printers, the earliest output device. An early example of this idea was the use of
411:(EBCDIC) character set contains 65 control codes, including all of the ASCII control codes plus additional codes which are mostly used to control IBM peripherals.
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1334:) is a definite flag for, usually, noting that reception was a problem, and, often, that the current element should be sent again. The acknowledge character (
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when overpunched. Paper tape was a common storage medium when ASCII was developed, with a computing history dating back to WWII code breaking equipment at
1197:
The control characters were designed to fall into a few groups: printing and display control, data structuring, transmission control, and miscellaneous.
31:
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Many of the ASCII control characters were designed for devices of the time that are not often seen today. For example, code 22, "synchronous idle" (
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400:. Unicode added more characters that could be considered controls, but it makes a distinction between these "Formatting characters" (such as the
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the start of the first line. The backspace character (BS) moves the printing position one character space backwards. On printers, including
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The separators (File, Group, Record, and Unit: FS, GS, RS and US) were made to structure data, usually on a tape, in order to simulate
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Many keyboards include keys that do not correspond to any ASCII printable or control character, for example cursor control arrows and
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In
Unicode, "Control-characters" are U+0000—U+001F (C0 controls), U+007F (delete), and U+0080—U+009F (C1 controls). Their
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323:(escape), followed by a series of characters called a "control sequence" or "escape sequence". The mechanism was invented by
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marked the end of the data of a message. A widely used convention is to make the two characters preceding ETX a checksum or
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it with 0x1F, forcing bits 5 to 7 to zero. For example, pressing "control" and the letter "g" (which is 0110 0111 in
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in ASCII, where code point 00xxxxx is represented as a caret followed by the capital letter at code point 10xxxxx: ^G
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Early symbols assigned to the 32 control characters, space and delete characters. (ISO 2047, MIL-STD-188-100, 1972)
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When the control key is held down, letter keys produce the same control characters regardless of the state of the
850:), moves the printing position to the start of the line, allowing overprinting. Used as the end of line marker in
60:
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1423:) is a special case. In paper tape, it is the case when there are no holes. It is convenient to treat this as a
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made in the 1980s typically use one (or both) of the first two methods. Modern computer keyboards generate
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sets, fonts, underlining, or other printing modes. Escape sequences were often used to do the same thing.
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There are a number of techniques to display non-printing characters, which may be illustrated with the
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An old RFC, which explains the structure and meaning of the control characters in chapters 4.1 and 5.2
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to the 10th cell of the 2nd line of the screen. Several standards exist for these sequences, notably
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732:), which may cause the device to emit a warning such as a bell or beep sound or the screen flashing.
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Control characters may be described as doing something when the user inputs them, such as code 3 (
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to cause effects other than the addition of a symbol to the text. All other characters are mainly
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1330:) signaled that the previous element should be discarded. The negative acknowledge character (
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scripts, such as the alphabets used for
Western languages, and the rightmost position for
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963:. These uses usually have little to do with their use when they are in text being output.
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A special character condensing the abbreviation: Unicode U+2407 (␇), "symbol for bell"
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1338:) is normally used as a flag to indicate no problem detected with current element.
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30:"Non-printable character" redirects here. For characters in text applications, see
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277:(LF), and other versions of the Baudot code included other control characters.
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are typically implemented as arrays of fusible elements, each representing a
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American
National Standard Code for Information Interchange | ANSI X3.4-1977
1316:
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901:
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274:
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17:
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to shift between two code pages. A later, but still early, example was the
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701:), originally intended to be an ignored character, but now used by many
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27:
Code point in a character set, that does not represent a written symbol
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invented a convention which used 19 (the device control 3 character (
1094:
Control characters are often rendered into a printable form known as
1401:) is intended to cause an audible signal in the receiving terminal.
1115:
typically use control sequences. Keyboards attached to stand-alone
1428:
or in another place. In computing, it is often used for padding in
1035:
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3402:
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2225:
2165:
2027:
1801:
1366:) to "S"top transmission, and 17 (the device control 1 character (
994:
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335:
298:
291:
Some control characters have also been called "format effectors".
201:
1447:, a.k.a. "rubout") is likewise a special case. Its 7-bit code is
2995:
2085:
1017:
graphical representation: Unicode U+237E (⍾), "graphic for bell"
867:
855:
790:
1711:
1438:
give printing devices enough time to execute a control function
331:, followed by the printable characters "[2;10H", would cause a
284:(BEL), which rang a bell to alert operators, was also an early
3462:
1467:
1130:
871:
315:
215:
43:
912:). Acts as an end-of-file for the Windows text-mode file i/o.
681:
The control characters in ASCII still in common use include:
327:, the father of ASCII. For example, the sequence of code 27
1451:
in binary, which essentially erased a character cell on a
770:), moves the printing position right to the next tab stop.
204:
standard there are 33 control characters, such as code 7,
261:
A form of control characters were introduced in the 1870
232:
1609:
The
Unicode Standard Version 13.0 – Core Specification
1596:
MS-DOS QBasic v1.1 Documentation. Microsoft 1987-1991.
3677:
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3461:
3379:
3114:
3004:
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2428:
2267:
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2073:
2015:
1872:
1745:
74:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1007:An abbreviation, often three capital letters: BEL
3664:Unicode control, format and separator characters
1079:), Ctrl-? is sometimes used for this character.
1323:, which are common on other operating systems.
959:), used to end text input on Unix or to exit a
951:) to interrupt the running process, or code 4 (
409:Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
361:control code set) are of this kind, including
1723:
1493:, HJKL as arrow keys, used on ADM-3A terminal
8:
396:These 65 control codes were carried over to
365:used to separate lines of text. The code 127
1165:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1730:
1716:
1708:
1579:. National Institute for Standards. 1977.
413:
309:C0 and C1 control codes § C0 controls
1668:
1541:
1265:For example, the RS separator is used by
1185:Learn how and when to remove this message
134:Learn how and when to remove this message
32:Non-printing character in word processors
751:), may overprint the previous character.
1523:
1481:, as they may have reserved functions.
1055:How control characters map to keyboards
7:
1660:ASCII format for Network Interchange
1533:ASCII format for network interchange
1163:adding citations to reliable sources
72:adding citations to reliable sources
1477:do not allow control characters in
3074:Norwegian and Danish (alternative)
870:-80 and its derivatives including
174:that does not represent a written
25:
404:) and the 65 control characters.
258:are a form of control character.
3731:
3730:
1622:from the original on 2022-10-09.
1586:from the original on 2022-10-09.
1377:The data link escape character (
1135:
219:
48:
3518:Digital encoding of APL symbols
3453:Comparison of Unicode encodings
1971:Proposed but not approved
1385:) <STX> <PAYLOAD> (
1362:), also known as control-S, or
1222:ASA carriage control characters
373:) is also a control character.
208:, which rings a terminal bell.
59:needs additional citations for
1:
1356:Digital Equipment Corporation
1004:: decimal 7, hexadecimal 0x07
953:End-of-Transmission character
333:Digital Equipment Corporation
1201:Printing and display control
178:or symbol. They are used as
3690:Character encodings in HTML
3024:National Replacement (NRCS)
2991:Japanese language in EBCDIC
1491:Arrow keys § HJKL keys
3771:
1570:"5.2 Control Characters".
1315:character, instead of the
1307:The substitute character (
1099:control key is held down.
973:Unicode control characters
970:
306:
36:
29:
3728:
1304:", depending on context.
669:
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3720:Variable-length encoding
3501:Miscellaneous code pages
2259:Extended Unix Code / EUC
1950:-15 (New Western Europe)
1746:Early telecommunications
1434:mark the end of a string
1419:Code 0 (ASCII code name
1370:), a.k.a. control-Q, or
1038:character string codes:
711:mark the end of a string
265:: NUL and DEL. The 1901
37:Not to be confused with
3647:C0 and C1 control codes
1704:C0 Set of ISO 646 (PDF)
1497:C0 and C1 control codes
812:), vertical tabulation.
196:), except perhaps for "
1895:-3 (Maltese/Esperanto)
1846:World System Teletext
1326:The cancel character (
1296:The escape character (
304:
160:non-printing character
3669:Whitespace characters
3346:Ventura International
1063:have a key labelled "
945:End-of-Text character
703:programming languages
415:ASCII control codes.
402:zero-width non-joiner
338:terminal to move its
302:
200:" characters. In the
3064:Norwegian and Danish
1518:Notes and references
1512:Whitespace character
1430:fixed length records
1281:Transmission control
1159:improve this section
194:printable characters
68:improve this article
3624:Unified Hangul Code
3296:PostScript Standard
3019:Multinational (MCS)
1890:-2 (Central Europe)
1885:-1 (Western Europe)
1739:Character encodings
1640:on October 28, 2009
1393:Miscellaneous codes
1245:With the advent of
1235:hard-copy terminals
416:
381:added the codes 128
353:table below code 32
349:All entries in the
288:control character.
190:printing characters
83:"Control character"
3755:Control characters
3705:Hardware code page
3465:typesetting system
3301:PostScript Latin 1
2957:Cyrillic + Finnish
2864:Windows code pages
2746:IBM AIX code pages
2074:National standards
2005:Ukrainian Cyrillic
1634:"ASCII Characters"
1436:; and formerly to
1247:computer terminals
1127:The design purpose
1117:personal computers
1113:computer terminals
862:(and variants). A
414:
305:
231:. You can help by
185:graphic characters
152:telecommunications
3742:
3741:
3695:Charset detection
3634:Control character
3316:Sharp calculators
3187:Casio calculators
3115:Platform specific
2967:Cyrillic + German
2962:Cyrillic + French
2380:Maltese/Esperanto
2016:Bibliographic use
1900:-4 (North Europe)
1832:T.51/ISO/IEC 6937
1790:Baudot and Murray
1507:In-band signaling
1464:programmable ROMs
1302:escape characters
1195:
1194:
1187:
935:). Introduces an
880:Application Layer
679:
678:
357:(technically the
249:
248:
180:in-band signaling
156:control character
144:
143:
136:
118:
16:(Redirected from
3762:
3734:
3733:
3226:DG International
3101:Special Graphics
2902:Extended Latin-8
2300:Central European
2290:Barents Cyrillic
1995:Barents Cyrillic
1965:-12 (Devanagari)
1961:Abandoned parts
1732:
1725:
1718:
1709:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1672:
1670:10.17487/RFC0020
1663:. October 1969.
1655:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1636:. Archived from
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1615:. Unicode, Inc.
1614:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1578:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1545:
1543:10.17487/RFC0020
1528:
1412:communication.
1254:Data structuring
1190:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1170:
1139:
1131:
1049:
1045:
1041:
979:General Category
958:
950:
934:
926:
922:
911:
907:
866:pair is used by
865:
849:
845:
841:
830:
826:
822:
811:
807:
803:
788:
784:
780:
769:
765:
761:
750:
746:
742:
731:
727:
723:
700:
696:
692:
417:
377:sets defined by
252:Procedural signs
244:
241:
223:
216:
207:
188:, also known as
139:
132:
128:
125:
119:
117:
76:
52:
44:
39:Escape character
21:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3724:
3700:Han unification
3673:
3628:
3496:
3457:
3375:
3197:Compucolor 8001
3110:
3106:Technical (TCS)
3029:French Canadian
3000:
2976:
2972:Polytonic Greek
2858:
2740:
2424:
2410:Turkic Cyrillic
2325:Font X (Kermit)
2320:Farsi (Persian)
2272:
2263:
2235:
2069:
2011:
1881:Approved parts
1868:
1741:
1736:
1698:
1693:
1692:
1682:
1680:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1643:
1641:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1555:
1553:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1502:Escape sequence
1487:
1395:
1389:) <ETX>.
1283:
1256:
1239:video terminals
1203:
1191:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1156:
1140:
1129:
1108:word processing
1078:
1057:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1028:escape sequence
987:
975:
969:
956:
948:
937:escape sequence
932:
924:
920:
909:
905:
863:
847:
843:
839:
836:carriage return
828:
824:
820:
809:
805:
801:
786:
782:
778:
767:
763:
759:
748:
744:
740:
729:
725:
721:
698:
694:
690:
388:
384:
368:
356:
330:
322:
311:
297:
271:carriage return
245:
239:
236:
229:needs expansion
214:
205:
140:
129:
123:
120:
77:
75:
65:
53:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3768:
3766:
3758:
3757:
3747:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3736:Character sets
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3681:
3679:
3678:Related topics
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3644:
3642:Morse prosigns
3638:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3547:
3542:
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3532:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3515:
3510:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3497:
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3484:
3479:
3474:
3468:
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3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3389:
3387:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3336:TI calculators
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3044:United Kingdom
3041:
3036:
3031:
3021:
3015:
3013:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2987:
2985:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2964:
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2899:
2894:
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2874:
2868:
2866:
2860:
2859:
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2851:
2846:
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2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
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2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2742:
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2739:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2432:
2430:
2429:DOS code pages
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2375:Latin (Kermit)
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
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2287:
2282:
2276:
2274:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2245:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1975:KOI-8 Cyrillic
1969:
1968:
1967:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1955:-16 (Romanian)
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1878:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1816:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1799:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1760:
1753:Telegraph code
1749:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1697:
1696:External links
1694:
1691:
1690:
1650:
1625:
1598:
1589:
1562:
1536:. 1969-10-01.
1522:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1486:
1483:
1394:
1391:
1282:
1279:
1275:JSON streaming
1255:
1252:
1211:Letters (LTRS)
1207:Figures (FIGS)
1202:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1143:
1141:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1096:caret notation
1076:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1024:
1021:Caret notation
1018:
1011:
1008:
1005:
991:bell character
986:
983:
971:Main article:
968:
965:
941:
940:
913:
898:
852:Classic Mac OS
832:
813:
794:
771:
756:horizontal tab
752:
733:
714:
677:
676:
671:
667:
666:
661:
656:
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641:
637:
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631:
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491:
487:
486:
481:
476:
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461:
457:
456:
451:
446:
442:
441:
436:
431:
427:
426:
423:
420:
386:
382:
375:Extended ASCII
366:
354:
328:
320:
307:Main article:
296:
293:
282:bell character
247:
246:
226:
224:
213:
210:
142:
141:
124:September 2007
56:
54:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3767:
3756:
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3737:
3727:
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3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3385:ISO/IEC 10646
3382:
3378:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3202:Compucolor II
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3157:Acorn RISC OS
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3086:8-bit Turkish
3084:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3003:
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2994:
2992:
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2800:
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2702:
2699:
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2529:
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2519:
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2512:
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2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2254:ISO/IEC 10367
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1905:-5 (Cyrillic)
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1728:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1654:
1651:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1618:
1611:
1610:
1602:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1582:
1575:
1574:
1566:
1563:
1552:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1527:
1524:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1462:Non-erasable
1460:
1458:
1457:Biuro Szyfrów
1454:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1260:punched cards
1253:
1251:
1248:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1230:right-to-left
1227:
1226:left-to-right
1223:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1200:
1198:
1189:
1186:
1178:
1175:February 2012
1168:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1144:This section
1142:
1138:
1133:
1132:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
999:
998:
996:
992:
984:
982:
980:
974:
966:
964:
962:
954:
946:
938:
930:
918:
914:
903:
899:
896:
892:
888:
884:
881:
877:
873:
869:
861:
857:
853:
837:
833:
818:
814:
799:
795:
793:and variants.
792:
776:
772:
757:
753:
738:
734:
719:
715:
712:
708:
704:
688:
684:
683:
682:
675:
672:
668:
665:
662:
660:
657:
653:
650:
647:
645:
642:
638:
635:
632:
630:
627:
623:
620:
617:
615:
612:
608:
605:
602:
600:
597:
593:
590:
587:
585:
582:
578:
575:
572:
570:
567:
563:
560:
557:
555:
552:
548:
545:
542:
540:
537:
533:
530:
527:
525:
522:
518:
515:
512:
510:
507:
503:
500:
497:
495:
492:
488:
485:
482:
480:
477:
473:
470:
467:
465:
462:
458:
455:
452:
450:
447:
443:
440:
437:
435:
432:
428:
419:
418:
412:
410:
405:
403:
399:
394:
392:
380:
376:
372:
364:
360:
352:
347:
345:
341:
337:
334:
326:
319:ASCII code 27
317:
310:
301:
294:
292:
289:
287:
283:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
259:
257:
253:
243:
234:
230:
227:This section
225:
222:
218:
217:
211:
209:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
173:
172:character set
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
138:
135:
127:
116:
113:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85: –
84:
80:
79:Find sources:
73:
69:
63:
62:
57:This article
55:
51:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
3652:ISO/IEC 6429
3633:
3609:Stanford/ITS
3596:
3530:ARIB STD-B24
3311:Sega SC-3000
3212:DEC RADIX 50
2249:ISO/IEC 8859
2241:ISO/IEC 2022
1986:Adaptations
1945:-14 (Celtic)
1940:-13 (Baltic)
1930:-10 (Nordic)
1925:-9 (Turkish)
1874:ISO/IEC 8859
1681:. Retrieved
1659:
1653:
1642:. Retrieved
1638:the original
1628:
1608:
1606:"4.8 Name".
1601:
1592:
1572:
1565:
1554:. Retrieved
1532:
1526:
1475:file systems
1472:
1461:
1448:
1442:
1424:
1418:
1413:
1410:asynchronous
1409:
1403:
1396:
1376:
1352:
1340:
1325:
1306:
1295:
1287:
1284:
1264:
1257:
1244:
1204:
1196:
1181:
1172:
1157:Please help
1145:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1081:
1059:ASCII-based
1058:
988:
976:
942:
798:vertical tab
791:UNIX systems
680:
406:
395:
348:
312:
290:
279:
260:
250:
240:January 2009
237:
233:adding to it
228:
193:
189:
183:
163:
159:
155:
145:
130:
121:
111:
104:
97:
90:
78:
66:Please help
61:verification
58:
18:Control code
3371:ZX Spectrum
3326:Sinclair QL
3162:Amstrad CPC
3081:8-bit Greek
3008:terminals (
2721:Iran System
2273:("scripts")
1920:-8 (Hebrew)
1910:-6 (Arabic)
1807:ISO/IEC 646
1449:all-bits-on
1414:Synchronous
1277:protocols.
1219:out-of-band
1215:Baudot code
1069:bitwise AND
385:through 159
267:Murray code
263:Baudot code
3657:JIS X 0211
3565:ISO-IR-169
3418:UTF-EBCDIC
2984:code pages
2711:CSX+ Indic
2315:Devanagari
2270:Code pages
2191:LST 1590-4
2161:JIS X 0213
2156:JIS X 0212
2151:JIS X 0208
2146:JIS X 0201
2111:GOST 10859
2033:CCCII/EACC
1935:-11 (Thai)
1915:-7 (Greek)
1850:background
1773:Wabun/Kana
1683:2013-11-03
1644:2010-10-08
1556:2023-04-05
1453:paper tape
1443:Code 127 (
1002:Code point
997:encoding:
967:In Unicode
961:Unix shell
705:including
344:ANSI X3.64
269:added the
256:Morse code
168:code point
94:newspapers
3710:MICR code
3545:IEC-P27-1
3523:ISO-IR-68
3428:DIN 91379
3306:SAM Coupé
3241:GSM 03.38
3231:Galaksija
2726:Kamenický
2706:CSX Indic
2415:Ukrainian
2201:Shift JIS
2181:KS X 1002
2176:KS X 1001
2101:DIN 66003
2096:CNS 11643
1864:Transcode
1842:ITU T.101
1768:Non-Latin
1479:filenames
1146:does not
1121:scancodes
1088:caps lock
1061:keyboards
902:Control-Z
883:protocols
878:, and by
817:form feed
775:line feed
737:backspace
363:CR and LF
325:Bob Bemer
275:line feed
273:(CR) and
176:character
148:computing
3749:Category
3715:Mojibake
3570:ISO 2033
3535:Fieldata
3513:ASMO 449
3423:GB 18030
3383: /
3331:Teletext
3321:Sharp MZ
3251:HP FOCAL
3246:HP Roman
3177:Atari ST
3167:Apple II
2701:CS Indic
2395:Romanian
2370:Keyboard
2350:Gurmukhi
2345:Gujarati
2335:Georgian
2310:Cyrillic
2305:Croatian
2280:Armenian
2186:LST 1564
2171:KPS 9566
2131:GB 18030
2126:GB 12052
2121:GB 12345
2106:ELOT 927
2040:ISO 5426
2000:Estonian
1837:ITU T.61
1827:Teletext
1823:Videotex
1797:Fieldata
1783:Cyrillic
1702:ISO IR 1
1617:Archived
1581:Archived
1485:See also
1397:Code 7 (
1030:, as in
1015:ISO 2047
885:such as
379:ISO 8859
295:In ASCII
286:teletype
3604:SEASCII
3598:Mojikyō
3585:KOI8-RU
3508:ABICOMP
3381:Unicode
3291:PETSCII
3281:NEC APC
3217:DEC MCS
3172:ATASCII
3069:Swedish
3054:Finnish
3039:Spanish
2731:Mazovia
2696:ABICOMP
2405:Turkish
2360:Iceland
2268:Mac OS
2211:TIS-620
2116:GB 2312
2091:BraSCII
2081:ArmSCII
1819:Teletex
1778:Chinese
1167:removed
1152:sources
1111:"Dumb"
1065:Control
985:Display
955:, EOT,
947:, ETX,
931:only),
876:Windows
398:Unicode
212:History
166:) is a
108:scholar
3614:Symbol
3590:KOI8-U
3580:KOI8-R
3448:TACE16
3438:CESU-8
3433:BOCU-1
3413:UTF-32
3408:UTF-16
3351:WISCII
3341:TRS-80
3261:SQUOZE
3256:HP RPL
3096:Hebrew
3091:SI 960
3059:French
2982:EBCDIC
2872:CER-GS
2355:Hebrew
2330:Gaelic
2295:Celtic
2285:Arabic
2231:YUSCII
2221:VISCII
2206:SI 960
2196:PASCII
2045:5426-2
2023:MARC-8
1758:Needle
1321:Ctrl-D
1317:Ctrl-C
1313:Ctrl-Z
1269:
1073:binary
1050:, etc.
917:escape
915:0x1B (
900:0x1A (
893:, and
834:0x0D (
815:0x0C (
796:0x0B (
773:0x0A (
754:0x09 (
735:0x08 (
716:0x07 (
685:0x00 (
340:cursor
110:
103:
96:
89:
81:
3685:CCSID
3558:8-bit
3553:7-bit
3549:INIS
3403:UTF-8
3398:UTF-7
3393:UTF-1
3271:LMBCS
3207:CP/M+
3049:Dutch
3034:Swiss
2716:CWI-2
2420:VT100
2390:Roman
2385:Ogham
2365:Inuit
2340:Greek
2226:VSCII
2216:TSCII
2166:KOI-7
2141:ISCII
2136:HKSCS
2028:ANSEL
1990:Welsh
1814:BCDIC
1802:ASCII
1763:Morse
1620:(PDF)
1613:(PDF)
1584:(PDF)
1577:(PDF)
1473:Many
1432:; to
1084:shift
995:ASCII
864:CR+LF
670:0x7F
655:0x0F
640:0x0E
625:0x0D
610:0x0C
595:0x0B
580:0x0A
565:0x09
550:0x08
535:0x07
520:0x06
505:0x05
490:0x04
475:0x03
460:0x02
445:0x01
430:0x00
425:0x10
393:set.
351:ASCII
336:VT100
202:ASCII
198:space
170:in a
115:JSTOR
101:books
3619:TRON
3472:Cork
3443:SCSU
3366:ZX81
3361:ZX80
3356:XCCS
3286:NeXT
3266:LICS
3221:NRCS
3182:BICS
3152:1058
3147:1057
3142:1056
3137:1055
3132:1054
3127:1053
3122:1052
2996:DKOI
2952:1270
2947:1258
2942:1257
2937:1256
2932:1255
2927:1254
2922:1253
2917:1252
2912:1251
2907:1250
2897:1169
2854:1133
2849:1124
2844:1046
2839:1019
2834:1018
2829:1017
2824:1016
2819:1015
2814:1014
2809:1013
2804:1012
2799:1010
2794:1009
2789:1008
2784:1006
2691:3846
2686:1127
2681:1118
2676:1117
2671:1116
2666:1115
2661:1098
2656:1044
2651:1043
2646:1042
2641:1040
2636:1034
2400:Sámi
2086:Big5
2065:6862
2060:6438
2055:5428
2050:5427
1980:Sámi
1855:sets
1821:and
1425:fill
1364:XOFF
1271:7464
1209:and
1150:any
1148:cite
1048:\x07
1044:\007
895:HTTP
891:SMTP
874:and
868:CP/M
860:FLEX
856:OS-9
718:bell
687:null
422:0x00
407:The
280:The
192:(or
154:, a
150:and
87:news
3575:KOI
3492:OT1
3487:OMS
3482:OML
3477:LY1
3463:TeX
3276:MSX
3236:GEM
3192:CDC
3010:VTx
3006:DEC
2892:950
2886:GBK
2882:936
2877:932
2779:922
2774:921
2769:915
2764:912
2759:896
2754:895
2736:MIK
2631:951
2626:950
2621:949
2616:942
2611:936
2606:932
2601:904
2596:903
2591:899
2586:897
2581:869
2576:868
2571:867
2566:866
2561:865
2556:864
2551:863
2546:862
2541:861
2536:860
2531:859
2526:858
2521:857
2516:856
2511:855
2506:853
2501:852
2496:851
2491:850
2486:778
2481:777
2476:776
2471:775
2466:773
2461:770
2456:737
2451:720
2446:708
2441:668
2436:437
1675:RFC
1665:doi
1548:RFC
1538:doi
1468:bit
1445:DEL
1421:NUL
1406:SYN
1399:BEL
1387:DLE
1383:DLE
1379:DLE
1372:XON
1368:DC1
1360:DC3
1350:).
1348:EOT
1344:ENQ
1336:ACK
1332:NAK
1328:CAN
1319:or
1309:SUB
1298:ESC
1291:CRC
1267:RFC
1213:in
1161:by
1086:or
1036:C++
1026:An
1013:An
993:in
929:GCC
921:ESC
906:SUB
887:FTP
872:DOS
722:BEL
709:to
691:NUL
674:DEL
604:ESC
589:SUB
559:CAN
544:ETB
539:BEL
529:SYN
524:ACK
514:NAK
509:ENQ
499:DC4
494:EOT
484:DC3
479:ETX
469:DC2
464:STX
454:DC1
449:SOH
439:DLE
434:NUL
371:DEL
316:API
254:in
235:.
206:BEL
164:NPC
158:or
146:In
70:by
3751::
3540:HZ
1678:20
1673:.
1551:20
1546:.
1440:.
1077:10
1046:,
1042:,
1040:\a
957:^D
949:^C
933:^[
925:\e
923:,
919:,
910:^Z
908:,
904:,
889:,
858:,
854:,
848:^M
846:,
844:\r
842:,
840:CR
838:,
829:^L
827:,
825:\f
823:,
821:FF
819:,
810:^K
808:,
806:\v
804:,
802:VT
800:,
787:^J
785:,
783:\n
781:,
779:LF
777:,
768:^I
766:,
764:\t
762:,
760:HT
758:,
749:^H
747:,
745:\b
743:,
741:BS
739:,
730:^G
728:,
726:\a
724:,
720:,
699:^@
697:,
695:\0
693:,
689:,
664:US
659:SI
649:RS
644:SO
634:GS
629:CR
619:FS
614:FF
599:VT
584:LF
574:EM
569:HT
554:BS
391:C1
387:10
383:10
367:10
359:C0
355:10
329:10
321:10
3219:/
3012:)
2888:)
2884:(
1825:/
1731:e
1724:t
1717:v
1686:.
1667::
1647:.
1559:.
1540::
1342:(
1188:)
1182:(
1177:)
1173:(
1169:.
1155:.
1034:/
1032:C
939:.
927:(
897:.
713:.
707:C
369:(
242:)
238:(
162:(
137:)
131:(
126:)
122:(
112:·
105:·
98:·
91:·
64:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
