Microwave oven - Knowledge (XXG)

258: 644:, for example, only about 5% of households owned a microwave oven in 2013, well behind refrigerators at 31% ownership. However, microwave ovens are gaining popularity. In Russia, for example, the number of households with a microwave oven grew from almost 24% in 2002 to almost 40% in 2008. Almost twice as many households in South Africa owned microwave ovens in 2008 (38.7%) as in 2002 (19.8%). Microwave oven ownership in Vietnam in 2008 was at 16% of households, versus 30% ownership of refrigerators; this rate was up significantly from 6.7% microwave oven ownership in 2002, with 14% ownership for refrigerators that year. 1262:

drier surrounding bread and cannot dissipate the heat due to the low thermal conductivity of the bread. Often this results in overheating the berries relative to the rest of the food. "Defrost" oven settings either use low power levels or repeatedly turn the power off and on – intended to allow time for heat to be conducted within frozen foods from areas that absorb heat more readily to those which heat more slowly. In turntable-equipped ovens, more even heating can take place by placing food off-center on the turntable tray instead of exactly in the center, as this results in more even heating of the food throughout.

249: 365: 629:. By 1986, roughly 25% of households in the U.S. owned a microwave oven, up from only about 1% in 1971; the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that over 90% of American households owned a microwave oven in 1997. In Australia, a 2008 market research study found that 95% of kitchens contained a microwave oven and that 83% of them were used daily. In Canada, fewer than 5% of households had a microwave oven in 1979, but more than 88% of households owned one by 1998. In France, 40% of households owned a microwave oven in 1994, but that number had increased to 65% by 2004. 811:. These molecules have a partial positive charge at one end and a partial negative charge at the other. In an alternating electric field, they will constantly spin around as they continually try to align themselves with the electric field. This can happen over a wide range of frequencies. The electric field's energy is absorbed by the dipole molecules as rotational energy. Then they hit non-dipole molecules, making them move faster as well. This energy is shared deeper into the substance as molecular rotations, vibrations or other movement signifying an increase in the 1134:. It allows food to be cooked quickly, yet come out browned or crisped, as from a convection oven. Convection microwave ovens are more expensive than conventional microwave ovens. Some convection microwave ovens—those with exposed heating elements—can produce smoke and burning odors as food spatter from earlier microwave-only use is burned off the heating elements. Some ovens use high speed air; these are known as impingement ovens and are designed to cook food quickly in restaurants, but cost more and consume more power. 920:

deposition of heat energy inside a food can exceed that on its surface. This can also occur if the inner layer has a lower heat capacity than the outer layer causing it to reach a higher temperature, or even if the inner layer is more thermally conductive than the outer layer making it feel hotter despite having a lower temperature. In most cases, however, with uniformly structured or reasonably homogeneous food item, microwaves are absorbed in the outer layers of the item at a similar level to that of the inner layers.

591: 1473: 518: 51: 1801:, as with other reheating methods. While microwave ovens can destroy bacteria as well as conventional ovens can, they cook rapidly and may not cook as evenly, similar to frying or grilling, leading to a risk of some food regions failing to reach recommended temperatures. Therefore, a standing period after cooking to allow temperatures in the food to equalize is recommended, as well as the use of a food thermometer to verify internal temperatures. 577:'s Franklin Manufacturing assets, which had been manufacturing magnetrons and building and selling microwave ovens similar to the Radarange. Litton developed a new configuration of the microwave oven: the short, wide shape that is now common. The magnetron feed was also unique. This resulted in an oven that could survive a no-load condition: an empty microwave oven where there is nothing to absorb the microwaves. The new oven was shown at a 1212: 2167: 1464:. Intact fresh egg yolks outside the shell also explode as a result of superheating. Insulating plastic foams of all types generally contain closed air pockets, and are generally not recommended for use in a microwave oven, as the air pockets explode and the foam (which can be toxic if consumed) may melt. Not all plastics are microwave-safe, and some plastics absorb microwaves to the point that they may become dangerously hot. 1383:. Microwave radiation also penetrates deeper than direct heat, so that the food is heated by its own internal water content. In contrast, direct heat can burn the surface while the inside is still cold. Pre-heating the food in a microwave oven before putting it into the grill or pan reduces the time needed to heat up the food and reduces the formation of carcinogenic char. Unlike frying and baking, microwaving does not produce 603:

capability in the conventional oven cavity. Such ranges were attractive to consumers since both microwave energy and conventional heating elements could be used simultaneously to speed cooking, and there was no loss of countertop space. The proposition was also attractive to manufacturers as the additional component cost could better be absorbed compared with countertop units where pricing was increasingly market-sensitive.

1735: 709: 1578: 467: 1833: 2173: 1590: 968: 976: 732: 611: 793:(MHz) – 32.8 centimetres (12.9 in). Among other differences, the longer wavelength of a commercial microwave oven allows the initial heating effects to begin deeper within the food or liquid, and therefore become evenly spread within its bulk sooner, as well as raising the temperature deep within the food more quickly. 1725:

There are, however, a few cases where people have been exposed to direct microwave radiation, either from appliance malfunction or deliberate action. This exposure generally results in physical burns to the body, as human tissue, particularly the outer fat and muscle layers, has a similar composition

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with thin metal films can also be destroyed or damaged by microwaving. Aluminium foil is thick enough to be used in microwave ovens as a shield against heating parts of food items, if the foil is not badly warped. When wrinkled, aluminium foil is generally unsafe in microwaves, as manipulation of the

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Food and cookware taken out of a microwave oven are rarely much hotter than 100 °C (212 °F). Cookware used in a microwave oven is often much cooler than the food because the cookware is transparent to microwaves; the microwaves heat the food directly and the cookware is indirectly heated by

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in 1952. Under contract to Whirlpool, Westinghouse, and other major appliance manufacturers looking to add matching microwave ovens to their conventional oven line, Tappan produced several variations of their built-in model from roughly 1955 to 1960. Due to maintenance (some units were water-cooled),

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To verify his finding, Spencer created a high-density electromagnetic field by feeding microwave power from a magnetron into a metal box from which it had no way to escape. When food was placed in the box with the microwave energy, the temperature of the food rose rapidly. On 8 October 1945, Raytheon

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This invention relates to heating systems for dielectric materials and the object of the invention is to heat such materials uniformly and substantially simultaneously throughout their mass. ... It has been proposed therefore to heat such materials simultaneously throughout their mass by means of the

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Microwave ovens have a limited role in professional cooking, because the boiling-range temperatures of a microwave oven do not produce the flavorful chemical reactions that frying, browning, or baking at a higher temperature produces. However, such high heat sources can be added to microwave ovens in

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are specifically designed to resist radiation from microwaves. Products may use the term "microwave safe", may carry a microwave symbol (three lines of waves, one above the other) or simply provide instructions for proper microwave oven use. Any of these is an indication that a product is suitable

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Microwaves generated in microwave ovens cease to exist once the electrical power is turned off. They do not remain in the food when the power is turned off, any more than light from an electric lamp remains in the walls and furnishings of a room when the lamp is turned off. They do not make the food

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from an active to inactive form; the amount of conversion depends on the temperature reached, as well as the cooking time. Boiled food reaches a maximum of 100 °C (212 °F) (the boiling point of water), whereas microwaved food can get internally hotter than this, leading to faster breakdown

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Microwave ovens produce heat directly within the food, but despite the common misconception that microwaved food cooks from the inside out, 2.45 GHz microwaves can only penetrate approximately 1 centimeter (0.39 in) into most foods. The inside portions of thicker foods are mainly heated by

1152:(IR) radiation, browning surfaces as in a conventional oven. The food browns while also being heated by the microwave radiation and heated through conduction through contact with heated air. The IR energy which is delivered to the outer surface of food by the lamps is sufficient to initiate browning 1073:

2) while 2.45 GHz is available worldwide. Three additional ISM bands exist in the microwave frequencies, but are not used for microwave cooking. Two of them are centered on 5.8 GHz and 24.125 GHz, but are not used for microwave cooking because of the very high cost of power generation

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Another misconception is that microwave ovens cook food "from the inside out", meaning from the center of the entire mass of food outwards. This idea arises from heating behavior seen if an absorbent layer of water lies beneath a less absorbent drier layer at the surface of a food; in this case, the

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By 1972, Litton (Litton Atherton Division, Minneapolis) introduced two new microwave ovens, priced at $ 349 and $ 399, to tap into the market estimated at $ 750 million by 1976, according to Robert I Bruder, president of the division. While prices remained high, new features continued to be added to

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Due to this phenomenon, microwave ovens set at too-high power levels may even start to cook the edges of frozen food while the inside of the food remains frozen. Another case of uneven heating can be observed in baked goods containing berries. In these items, the berries absorb more energy than the

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or vacuum fluorescent display, buttons for entering the cook time and a power level selection feature. A defrost option is typically offered, as either a power level or a separate function. Some models include pre-programmed settings for different food types, typically taking weight as input. In

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In most ovens, the magnetron is driven by a linear transformer which can only feasibly be switched completely on or off. (One variant of the GE Spacemaker had two taps on the transformer primary, for high and low power modes.) Usually choice of power level does not affect intensity of the microwave

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in Chicago, and helped begin a rapid growth of the market for home microwave ovens. Sales volume of 40,000 units for the U.S. industry in 1970 grew to one million by 1975. Market penetration was even faster in Japan, due to a less expensive re-engineered magnetron. Several other companies joined in

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In 1947, Raytheon built the "Radarange", the first commercially available microwave oven. It was almost 1.8 metres (5 ft 11 in) tall, weighed 340 kilograms (750 lb) and cost about US$ 5,000 ($ 68,000 in 2023 dollars) each. It consumed 3 kilowatts, about three times as much as today's

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Direct microwave exposure is not generally possible, as microwaves emitted by the source in a microwave oven are confined in the oven by the material out of which the oven is constructed. Furthermore, ovens are equipped with redundant safety interlocks, which remove power from the magnetron if the

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common in vegetables, but the key variables are how much water is used in the cooking, how long the food is cooked, and at what temperature. Nutrients are primarily lost by leaching into cooking water, which tends to make microwave cooking effective, given the shorter cooking times it requires and

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Power settings are commonly implemented not by actually varying the power output, but by switching the emission of microwave energy off and on at intervals. The highest setting thus represents continuous power. Defrost might represent power for two seconds followed by no power for five seconds. To

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in the packaging or included on a small paper tray. The metal film absorbs microwave energy efficiently and consequently becomes extremely hot and radiates in the infrared, concentrating the heating of oil for popcorn or even browning surfaces of frozen foods. Heating packages or trays containing

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on the door edges act like metal-to-metal contact, at the frequency of the microwaves, to prevent leakage. The oven door usually has a window for easy viewing, with a layer of conductive mesh some distance from the outer panel to maintain the shielding. Because the size of the perforations in the

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in some materials with low thermal conductivity which also have dielectric constants that increase with temperature. An example is glass, which can exhibit thermal runaway in a microwave oven to the point of melting if preheated. Additionally, microwaves can melt certain types of rocks, producing

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It is a common misconception that microwave ovens heat food by operating at a special resonance of water molecules in the food. Instead, microwave ovens heat by causing molecules to spin under the influence of a constantly changing electric field, usually in the microwave frequencies range, and a

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that describes freely propagating light and microwaves suitably far from their source. Nevertheless, the primary heating effect of all types of electromagnetic fields at both radio and microwave frequencies occurs via the dielectric heating effect, as polarized molecules are affected by a rapidly

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in the oven: When the water-saturated paper is subjected to the microwave radiation it becomes hot enough to cause the dye to be darkened which can provide a visual representation of the microwaves. If multiple layers of paper are constructed in the oven with a sufficient distance between them a

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The effect is most often noticed by consumers from unexpected damage to plastic containers when microwaving foods high in sugar, starch, or fat generates higher temperatures. Foods high in water content and with little oil rarely exceed the boiling temperature of water and do not damage plastic.

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Although fats and sugar typically absorb energy less efficiently than water, paradoxically their temperatures rise faster and higher than water when cooking: Fats and oils require less energy delivered per gram of material to raise their temperature by 1 °C than does water (they have lower

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While uncommon today, combination microwave-ranges were offered by major appliance manufacturers through much of the 1970s as a natural progression of the technology. Both Tappan and General Electric offered units that appeared to be conventional stove top/oven ranges, but included microwave

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Microwaving an individual smooth metal object without pointed ends, for example, a spoon or shallow metal pan, usually does not produce sparking. Thick metal wire racks can be part of the interior design in microwave ovens (see illustration). In a similar way, the interior wall plates with

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forms. The energy is reflected back and forth between the tube and the cooking chamber. This may cause the tube to overload and burn out. High reflected power may also cause magnetron arcing, possibly resulting in primary power fuse failure, though such a causal relationship is not easily

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Microwave heating is more efficient on liquid water than on frozen water, where the movement of molecules is more restricted. Defrosting is done at a low power setting, allowing time for conduction to carry heat to still frozen parts of food. Dielectric heating of liquid water is also

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The size of household microwave ovens can vary, but usually have an internal volume of around 20 liters (1,200 cu in; 0.71 cu ft), and external dimensions of approximately 45–60 cm (1 ft 6 in – 2 ft 0 in) wide, 35–40 cm (1 ft

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began manufacturing microwave ovens in 1961. Between 1964 and 1966, Sharp introduced the first microwave oven with a turntable, an alternative means to promote more even heating of food. In 1965, Raytheon, looking to expand their Radarange technology into the home market, acquired

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microwave radiation even with chronic exposure levels (i.e. large fraction of life span) far larger than humans are likely to encounter from any leaking ovens. However, with the oven door open, the radiation may cause damage by heating. Microwave ovens are sold with a protective

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Uneven heating in microwaved food can be partly due to the uneven distribution of microwave energy inside the oven, and partly due to the different rates of energy absorption in different parts of the food. The first problem is reduced by a stirrer, a type of fan that

740: 1821:, particularly at close range. Conventional transformer ovens do not operate continuously over the mains cycle, but can cause significant slowdowns for many metres around the oven, whereas inverter-based ovens can stop nearby networking entirely while operating. 1372:

the food. Food and cookware from a conventional oven, on the other hand, are the same temperature as the rest of the oven; a typical cooking temperature is 180 °C (356 °F). That means that conventional stoves and ovens can cause more serious burns.

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door is opened. This safety mechanism is required by United States federal regulations. Tests have shown confinement of the microwaves in commercially available ovens to be so nearly universal as to make routine testing unnecessary. According to the

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in foods primarily made up of protein. These reactions in food produce a texture and taste similar to that typically expected of conventional oven cooking rather than the bland boiled and steamed taste that microwave-only cooking tends to create.

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Domestic microwave ovens are typically marked with the microwave-safe symbol, next to the device's approximate IEC 60705 output power rating, in watts (typically either: 600W, 700W, 800W, 900W, 1000W), and a voluntary Heating Category (A-E).

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at these frequencies. The third, centered on 433.92 MHz, is a narrow band that would require expensive equipment to generate sufficient power without creating interference outside the band, and is only available in some countries.

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An inverter type, however, can sustain lower temperatures for a lengthy duration without having to switch itself off and on repeatedly. Apart from offering superior cooking ability, these microwaves are generally more energy-efficient.

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leaching into the food, or the plastics chemically reacting to microwave energy, with by-products leaching into the food, suggesting that even plastic containers marked "microwavable" may still leach plastic by-products into the food.

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when heated in a microwave oven in a container with a smooth surface. That is, the liquid reaches a temperature slightly above its normal boiling point without bubbles of vapour forming inside the liquid. The boiling process can start

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Because they are used fairly infrequently, the average residential microwave oven consumes only 72 kWh per year. Globally, microwave ovens used an estimated 77 TWh per year in 2018, or 0.3% of global electricity generation.

1678:'s Center for Devices and Radiological Health, a U.S. Federal Standard limits the amount of microwaves that can leak from an oven throughout its lifetime to 5 milliwatts of microwave radiation per square centimeter at approximately 1228:

microwave energy to different parts of the oven as it rotates, or by a turntable or carousel that turns the food; turntables, however, may still leave spots, such as the center of the oven, which receive uneven energy distribution.

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In use, microwave ovens can be as low as 50% efficient at converting electricity into microwaves, but energy efficient models can exceed 64% efficiency. Stovetop cooking is 40-90% efficient depending on the type of appliance used.

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or aluminium flakes, which are designed to absorb microwaves and heat up, which aids in baking or crust preparation by depositing more energy shallowly in these areas. The technical term for such a microwave-absorbing patch is a

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Consumer household microwave ovens usually come with a cooking power of between 600 and 1200 watts. Microwave cooking power, also referred to as output wattage, is lower than its input wattage, which is the manufacturer's listed

1609:(particularly the factory pressed type). The microwaves induce electric currents in the metal film, which heats up, melting the plastic in the disc and leaving a visible pattern of concentric and radial scars. Similarly, 618:. By the late 1970s, technological advances led to rapidly falling prices. Often called "electronic ovens" in the 1960s, the name "microwave oven" later gained currency, and they are now informally called "microwaves". 217:

and are popular for reheating previously cooked foods and cooking a variety of foods. They rapidly heat foods which can easily burn or turn lumpy if cooked in conventional pans, such as hot butter, fats, chocolate, or

345:(wavelength 30 to 15 meters, respectively). Heating from microwaves that have a wavelength that is small relative to the cavity (as in a modern microwave oven) is due to "far-field" effects that are due to classical 1502:

when the liquid is disturbed, such as when the user takes hold of the container to remove it from the oven or while adding solid ingredients such as powdered creamer or sugar. This can result in spontaneous boiling

1915:, which for most substances is lower than water. For a practical example, milk heats slightly faster than water in a microwave oven, but only because milk solids have less heat capacity than the water they replace. 561:

to provide more manufacturing capability. In 1967, they introduced the first popular home model, the countertop Radarange, at a price of US$ 495 ($ 5,000 in 2023 dollars). Unlike the Sharp models, a motor driven

4917: 1566:, which is visible as a spark. The plasma and the tines may then form a conductive loop, which may be a more effective antenna, resulting in a longer lived spark. When dielectric breakdown occurs in air, some 1910:

Here "efficient" means that more energy is deposited and temperature rises faster, not necessarily that the temperature rises to a higher maximum. The maximum temperature is also a function of the material's

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Products that are heated for too long can catch fire. Though this is inherent to any form of cooking, the rapid cooking and unattended nature of the use of microwave ovens results in additional hazard.

1283:. Such ceramic patches affixed to cardboard are positioned next to the food, and are typically smokey blue or gray in colour, usually making them easily identifiable; the cardboard sleeves included with 494:

filed a United States patent application for Spencer's microwave cooking process, and an oven that heated food using microwave energy from a magnetron was soon placed in a Boston restaurant for testing.

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to provide effectively continuous heating at reduced power settings, so that foods are heated more evenly at a given power level and can be heated more quickly without being damaged by uneven heating.

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microwave ovens, and was water-cooled. The name was the winning entry in an employee contest. An early Radarange was installed (and remains) in the galley of the nuclear-powered passenger/cargo ship

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small quantities of molten rock. Some ceramics can also be melted, and may even become clear upon cooling. Thermal runaway is more typical of electrically conductive liquids such as salty water.

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higher. This can induce temperatures in oil or fatty foods like bacon far above the boiling point of water, and high enough to induce some browning reactions, much in the manner of conventional

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recommends that aluminium foil used as a partial food shield in microwave oven cooking cover no more than one quarter of a food object, and be carefully smoothed to eliminate sparking hazards.

1287:, which have a silver surface on the inside, are a good example of such packaging. Microwavable cardboard packaging may also contain overhead ceramic patches which function in the same way. 454:

in September 1940. The cavity magnetron was later described by American historian James Phinney Baxter III as "he most valuable cargo ever brought to our shores". Contracts were awarded to

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Contrary to popular assumptions, metal objects can be safely used in a microwave oven, but with some restrictions. Any metal or conductive object placed into the microwave oven acts as an

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The lower temperature of cooking (the boiling point of water) is a significant safety benefit compared with baking in the oven or frying, because it eliminates the formation of tars and

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must be transparent to microwaves. Conductive cookware, such as metal pots, reflects microwaves, and prevents the microwaves from reaching the food. Cookware made of materials with high

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home models. Amana introduced automatic defrost in 1974 on their RR-4D model, and was the first to offer a microprocessor controlled digital control panel in 1975 with their RR-6 model.

540:. An early commercial model introduced in 1954 consumed 1.6 kilowatts and sold for US$ 2,000 to US$ 3,000 ($ 23,000 to $ 34,000 in 2023 dollars). Raytheon licensed its technology to the 815:

of the food. Once the electrical field's energy is initially absorbed, heat will gradually spread through the object similarly to any other heat transfer by contact with a hotter body.

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Watanabe, Fumio; Abe, Katsuo; Fujita, Tomoyuki; Goto, Mashahiro; Hiemori, Miki; Nakano, Yoshihisa (January 1998). "Effects of microwave heating on the loss of vitamin B(12) in foods".

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Lovelock JE, Smith AU (1956). "Studies on Golden Hamsters during Cooling to and Rewarming from Body Temperatures below 0 degrees C. III. Biophysical Aspects and General Discussion".

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or the oven radioactive. In contrast with conventional cooking, the nutritional content of some foods may be altered differently, but generally in a positive way by preserving more

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In addition to their use in heating food, microwave ovens are widely used for heating in industrial processes. A microwave tunnel oven for softening plastic rods prior to extrusion.

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the market, and for a time most systems were built by defence contractors, who were most familiar with the magnetron. Litton was particularly well known in the restaurant business.

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traveled to the US in late September 1940 to offer Britain's most valuable technical secrets including the cavity magnetron in exchange for US financial and industrial support (see

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The second problem is due to food composition and geometry, and must be addressed by the cook, by arranging the food so that it absorbs energy evenly, and periodically testing and

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Frei, MR; Berger, RE; Dusch, SJ; Guel, V; Jauchem, JR; Merritt, JH; Stedham, MA (1998). "Chronic exposure of cancer-prone mice to low-level 2450 MHz radiofrequency radiation".

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Frei, MR; Jauchem, JR; Dusch, SJ; Merritt, JH; Berger, RE; Stedham, MA (1998). "Chronic, low-level (1.0 W/kg) exposure of mice prone to mammary cancer to 2450 MHz microwaves".

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when cooked in a microwave oven; when boiled, it loses about 77%, leaching nutrients into the cooking water. Bacon cooked by microwave oven has significantly lower levels of

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Boiling potatoes and microwaving whole potatoes with skin on, to make "microwaved baked potatoes", does not produce acrylamide.⁽¹⁾ (Footnote (1): Based on FDA studies.)

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Microwave ovens, although shielded for safety purposes, still emit low levels of microwave radiation. This is not harmful to humans, but can sometimes cause interference to

226:. Exceptions occur in cases where the oven is used to heat frying-oil and other oily items (such as bacon), which attain far higher temperatures than that of boiling water. 2748: 898:

is a common type of cookware that will heat in a microwave oven, reducing the effectiveness of the microwave oven and creating a hazard from burns or shattered cookware.

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set aside for unlicensed purposes. For household purposes, 2.45 GHz has the advantage over 915 MHz in that 915 MHz is only an ISM band in some countries (

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to some foods that are typically cooked in microwave ovens and so experiences similar dielectric heating effects when exposed to microwave electromagnetic radiation.

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perforating holes which allow light and air into the oven, and allow interior-viewing through the oven door, are all made of conductive metal formed in a safe shape.

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indicate cooking has completed, an audible warning such as a bell or a beeper is usually present, and/or "End" usually appears on the display of a digital microwave.

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he had in his pocket. The first food deliberately cooked by Spencer was popcorn, and the second was an egg, which exploded in the face of one of the experimenters.

1758:, although it is unclear whether other plastic components present a toxicity risk. Other issues include melting and flammability. An alleged issue of release of 659:

Microwaves can be turntable or flatbed. Turntable ovens include a glass plate or tray. Flatbed ones do not include a plate, so they have a flat and wider cavity.

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A variant of the conventional microwave oven is the convection microwave oven. A convection microwave oven is a combination of a standard microwave oven and a

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around the world, and prices fell rapidly during the 1980s. In addition to cooking food, microwave ovens are used for heating in many industrial processes.

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Taché, J.; Carpentier, B. (January 2014). "Hygiene in the home kitchen: Changes in behaviour and impact of key microbiological hazard control measures".

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There are microwave ovens on the market that allow full-power defrosting. They do this by exploiting the properties of the electromagnetic radiation

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mesh is much less than the microwaves' wavelength (12.2 cm for the usual 2.45 GHz), microwave radiation cannot pass through the door, while

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The microwave frequencies used in microwave ovens are chosen based on regulatory and cost constraints. The first is that they should be in one of the

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and coworkers, for the British and American military radar installations in World War II. A higher-powered microwave generator that worked at shorter

4073:"Effects of microwave blanching vs. boiling water blanching on retention of selected water-soluble vitamins in turnips, foods, and greens using HPLC" 5020: 4447: 3872: 1615: 451: 4404: 1554:

of the fork respond to the electric field by producing high concentrations of electric charge at the tips. This has the effect of exceeding the

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than conventionally cooked bacon. Steamed vegetables tend to maintain more nutrients when microwaved than when cooked on a stovetop. Microwave

1148:", "Lightwave" and "Optimawave" to emphasize their ability to cook food rapidly and with good browning. The bulbs heat the food's surface with 789:

of 12.2 centimetres (4.80 in) in the 2.4 GHz to 2.5 GHz ISM band – while large industrial / commercial ovens often use 915

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Depending on water content, the depth of initial heat deposition may be several centimetres or more with microwave ovens, in contrast with

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Another hazard is the resonance of the magnetron tube itself. If the microwave oven is run without an object to absorb the radiation, a

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to prevent the waves from coming out of the oven. Even though there is no continuous metal-to-metal contact around the rim of the door,

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Formerly found only in large industrial applications, microwave ovens increasingly became a standard fixture of residential kitchens in

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introduced the first microwave oven with a turntable between 1964 and 1966. The countertop microwave oven was introduced in 1967 by the

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higher wattage power of the microwave oven results in faster cooking times. Typically, consumer ovens work around a nominal 2.45

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Microwave heating can be deliberately uneven by design. Some microwavable packages (notably pies) may include materials that contain

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out of a conventional oven, one's arms are exposed to the very hot walls of the oven. A microwave oven does not pose this problem.

299: 3253: 1682:(2 in) from the surface of the oven. This is far below the exposure level currently considered to be harmful to human health. 1648:

novelty cups) or cups with metal lining. If any bit of the metal is exposed, all the outer shell can burst off the object or melt.

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in potatoes, however unlike deep-frying at high-temperatures, it is of only limited effectiveness in reducing glycoalkaloid (i.e.,

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three-dimensional map can be created. Many store receipts are printed on thermal paper which allows this to be easily done at home.

927:(infrared) or convection heating methods which thinly deposit heat at the food surface. Penetration depth of microwaves depends on 4670: 3618: 222:. Microwave ovens usually do not directly brown or caramelize food, since they rarely attain the necessary temperature to produce 206:. After microwave ovens became affordable for residential use in the late 1970s, their use spread into commercial and residential 5570: 4097: 2814:, Cleveland, Ohio: The Freedonia Group, January 2006, TABLE VI-5: FRANCE COOKING APPLIANCES SUPPLY & DEMAND (million dollars) 1546:(though some foil used in microwave ovens is safe, see below), twist-ties containing metal wire, the metal wire carry-handles in 3435: 1550:, or almost any metal formed into a poorly conductive foil or thin wire, or into a pointed shape. Forks are a good example: the 1122:

Microwave control panels are often considered awkward to use and are frequently employed as examples for user interface design.

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As of 2020, the majority of countertop microwave ovens (regardless of brand) sold in the United States were manufactured by the

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A traditional microwave only has two power output levels, fully on and fully off. Intermediate heat settings are achieved using

4501: 2757: 863:) and they begin cooling off by "boiling" only after reaching a higher temperature than water (the temperature they require to 5037: 4784: 4570: 3695: 1438:

A 2017 study was less affirmative: About 60% of the germs were killed but the remaining ones quickly re-colonized the sponge.

248: 3855: 3307: 3197: 2614: 1630:, or food wrapped in metal which does not arc, is problematic for overload reasons, without necessarily being a fire hazard. 1115:

the 1990s, brands such as Panasonic and GE began offering models with a scrolling-text display showing cooking instructions.

4115: 2298: 2232: 955:

when not being used, which would total approximately 26 kWh per year. New efficiency standards imposed in 2016 by the

5550: 5201: 5075: 4973: 4326: 3819: 2048: 309:. The Westinghouse team, led by I. F. Mouromtseff, found that foods like steaks and potatoes could be cooked in minutes. 159: 2825: 959:

require less than 1 watt, or approximately 9 kWh per year, of standby power for most types of microwave ovens.

5555: 5025: 4948: 4548: 4123: 3756: 3409: 3341: 3292: 1685:

The radiation produced by a microwave oven is non-ionizing. It therefore does not have the cancer risks associated with

1033: 443: 5345: 4291: 3459:"Environmental assessment of microwaves and the effect of European energy efficiency and waste management legislation" 2416: 1177: 1103: 828:

is greatest at a field frequency of about 10 GHz, and for higher water temperatures at higher field frequencies.

35: 4869: 4753: 4370: 2794:

Microwaves have been adopted even more avidly: in 1979, less than 5% of households had one, but by 1998 over 88% did.

2668: 4719: 364: 5560: 3806: 2642: 2321: 1861: 4006: 3940: 1655:

or neon glow-bulb inside the cooking chamber, creating glowing plasma inside the low-pressure bulb of the device.

1330:

is 3–4 times more effective than boiled-water blanching for retaining of the water-soluble vitamins, folate,

4696: 2628: 1698: 1266: 762: 346: 4141: 5575: 5068: 432:

that could produce pulses of microwave radio energy at a wavelength of 10 cm, an unprecedented discovery.

421: 413: 381: 373: 129: 4522: 3846:

Risman, P. (2009). "Advanced topics in microwave heating uniformity". In Lorence, M.W.; Pesheck, P.S. (eds.).

3583: 2354:"Resuscitation of Hamsters after Supercooling or Partial Crystallization at Body Temperatures Below 0 °C" 656:

2 in – 1 ft 4 in) deep and 25–35 cm (9.8 in – 1 ft 1.8 in) tall.

3160: 5365: 4185:

Egert, Markus; Schnell, Sylvia; Lueders, Tillmann; Kaiser, Dominik; Cardinale, Massimiliano (19 July 2017).

1866: 1707: 1531:

element. This effect varies with the object's shape and composition, and is sometimes utilized for cooking.

1165: 852: 1258:. Under certain conditions, glass can exhibit thermal runaway in a microwave oven to the point of melting. 5486: 5476: 5049: 4286: 3936: 2986: 1912: 1403:

which have been thoroughly wetted. A 2006 study found that microwaving wet sponges for 2 minutes (at

1233:

The location of dead spots and hot spots in a microwave oven can be mapped out by placing a damp piece of

1059: 860: 759: 169:

in the United Kingdom made possible the production of electromagnetic waves of a small enough wavelength (

4254: 3363: 5481: 5310: 5233: 4076: 1181: 1050:

radiation; instead, the magnetron is cycled on and off every few seconds, thus altering the large scale

891: 887: 4818:"Phthalates and attributable mortality: A population-based longitudinal cohort study and cost analysis" 3903: 151:. Microwave ovens heat foods quickly and efficiently because excitation is fairly uniform in the outer 3722: 3371:. 14th International Conference on Microwave and High Frequency Heating, AMPERE-2013. Nottingham, UK. 2808:

World Major Household Appliances: World Industry Study with Forecasts to 2009 & 2014 (Study #2015)

2333: 4615: 4412: 4210: 3887: 3470: 2428: 2365: 2090: 1555: 1247: 1225: 1107: 486:

at the time, he noticed that microwaves from an active radar set he was working on started to melt a

393: 266:

Demonstration by Westinghouse of cooking sandwiches with a 60 MHz shortwave radio transmitter at the

4451: 4187:"Microbiome analysis and confocal microscopy of used kitchen sponges reveal massive colonization by 4072: 1356:

Microwave ovens heat food without getting hot themselves. Taking a pot off a stove, unless it is an

5524: 5248: 5189: 1876: 1871: 1651:

The high electrical fields generated inside a microwave oven often can be illustrated by placing a

1524: 1327: 1251: 851:. Microwave heating is less efficient on fats and sugars than on water because they have a smaller 755: 295: 267: 174: 3078: 1472: 517: 5439: 5380: 5263: 4631: 4053: 3973: 3700: 3527: 3234: 3056: 2883: 2561:

The complete microwave oven service handbook: operation, maintenance, troubleshooting, and repair

2460: 2397: 2130: 2114: 1881: 1686: 894:

will absorb microwaves, resulting in the cookware heating rather than the food. Cookware made of

808: 726: 633: 558: 334: 322: 317:

dielectric loss produced in them when they are subjected to a high voltage, high frequency field.

302:

demonstrated the cooking of foods between two metal plates attached to a 10 kW, 60 MHz

148: 5032: 4944: 4385:"Cooking with Microwave Ovens: What containers and wraps are safe to use in the microwave oven?" 2782: 1793:, and bacterial contamination may not be repressed if the microwave oven is used improperly. If 1637:. Prolonged arcing from food carries similar risks to arcing from other sources as noted above. 689:

and switch between full power and off every few seconds, with more time on for higher settings.

3135: 2858: 636:, as households with disposable income concentrate on more important household appliances like 590: 50: 5397: 5340: 5152: 5135: 4847: 4759: 4725: 4674: 4639: 4236: 4045: 3851: 3562: 3486: 3313: 3224: 3164: 3090: 3048: 3006: 2962: 2954: 2647: 2593: 2592:

Chapter link is hosted at the Southwest Museum of Engineering, Communication and Computation;

2576: 2566: 2517: 2499: 2452: 2444: 2389: 2381: 2252: 2122: 2106: 2030: 1993: 1856: 1818: 1798: 1694: 1551: 1507:) which may be violent enough to eject the boiling liquid from the container and cause severe 1357: 1191: 1157: 626: 570: 553: 326: 283: 223: 214: 203: 199: 5002: 4477: 4295: 3787: 2912: 2724: 931:

and the frequency, with lower microwave frequencies (longer wavelengths) penetrating deeper.

622:

The late 1970s saw an explosion of low-cost countertop models from many major manufacturers.

5424: 5258: 5238: 5213: 5105: 5041: 4837: 4829: 4666: 4623: 4226: 4218: 4167: 4037: 3895: 3554: 3517: 3478: 3372: 3216: 3040: 2998: 2944: 2507: 2491: 2436: 2373: 2244: 2098: 2022: 1563: 1376: 1144:

to their convection microwave oven models, marketing them under names such as "Speedcook", "

1082: 1019: 928: 801: 435: 389: 369: 359: 330: 166: 3546: 2987:"Thawing in a microwave cavity: Comprehensive understanding of inverter and cycled heating" 2806: 2480:"Reanimation of rats from body temperatures between 0 and 1 °C by microwave diathermy" 5503: 5498: 5407: 5335: 5243: 5223: 5009: 2857:, Economic Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 2009, archived from 2231:

Willshaw, W. E.; L. Rushforth; A. G. Stainsby; R. Latham; A. W. Balls; A. H. King (1946).

1886: 1627: 1520: 1499: 1431: 1255: 1211: 1199: 1131: 1026: 1010: 995: 907: 867:

is higher), so inside microwave ovens they normally reach higher temperatures – sometimes

825: 615: 545: 497:

Another early discovery of microwave oven technology was by British scientists, including

474:

In 1945, the heating effect of a high-power microwave beam was accidentally discovered by

2539: 1269:. LSM full-power defrosting may actually achieve more even results than slow defrosting. 17: 4619: 4280:

Mike P.; Alcir Grohmann; Darin Wagner; Richard E. Barrans Jr; Vince Calder (2001–2002).

4214: 3968: 3891: 3474: 3391: 3261: 2432: 2369: 2336:, Spencer, Percy L., "Method of treating foodstuffs", issued 1950-January-24 2094: 1490: 750:

Simulation of the electric field inside a microwave oven for the first 8 ns of operation

549:

in-built requirement, and cost—US$ 1,295 ($ 15,000 in 2023 dollars)—sales were limited.

341:

of the electromagnetic field. This patent proposed radio frequency heating, at 10 to 20

5545: 5519: 5471: 5461: 5451: 5434: 5268: 5228: 5218: 5196: 5125: 5091: 4842: 4817: 4481: 4348: 4231: 4186: 2672: 2512: 2479: 2440: 1936: 1838: 1722:. There is no indication of detrimental health issues associated with microwaved food. 1664: 1571: 1543: 1400: 1353:

All microwave ovens use a timer to switch off the oven at the end of the cooking time.

1303:

that the water heated is in the food. Like other heating methods, microwaving converts

1153: 895: 541: 498: 479: 439: 404:). The cavity magnetron was a crucial component in the development of short wavelength 195: 188:

technology developed during the war. Named the "RadaRange", it was first sold in 1947.

144: 64: 4798: 4308:(from the U.S. Dept. of Energy "Ask A Scientist" series's "Chemistry Archive" 2001315) 4101: 3873:"An alternate method for measuring the heating potential of microwave susceptor films" 1734: 1577: 708: 5539: 5360: 5283: 5273: 5157: 5142: 3531: 3060: 2559: 2026: 1778: 1715: 1622: 1528: 1315:. The higher rate of loss is partially offset by the shorter cooking times required. 1296: 1234: 1187: 1087: 952: 671: 637: 475: 177: 74: 4892:"Nebraska study finds billions of nanoplastics released when microwaving containers" 4318: 4057: 3800: 3482: 3238: 3109: 3083:

KIEE International Transaction on Electrical Machinery and Energy Conversion Systems

2464: 5429: 5375: 5355: 5179: 5169: 5162: 5120: 4581: 4171: 3899: 3671: 3613: 3002: 2495: 2401: 2134: 1770: 1641: 1634: 1602: 1535: 1494: 1380: 1243: 1141: 1078: 1040: 864: 840: 649: 563: 409: 181: 3522: 3505: 3457:

Gallego-Schmid, Alejandro; Mendoza, Joan Manuel F.; Azapagic, Adisa (March 2018).

2985:

Chen, Fangyuan; Warning, Alexander D.; Datta, Ashim K.; Chen, Xing (1 July 2016).

2217: 466: 4833: 3821:

Electromagnetic and Heat Transfer Modeling of Microwave Heating in Domestic Ovens

3558: 1460:, can explode when heated in a microwave oven due to the increased pressure from 5493: 5456: 5446: 5387: 5288: 5174: 5115: 5033:

Superheating and Microwave Ovens, University of New South Wales (includes video)

2302: 2233:"The High-power Pulsed Magnetron: Development and Design for Radar Applications" 2013:

Datta, A. K.; Rakesh, V. (2013). "Principles of Microwave Combination Heating".

1763: 1751: 1743: 1547: 1323: 1304: 1284: 991: 812: 697: 534: 522: 487: 429: 337:

effects that exist in an electromagnetic cavity that is small compared with the

306: 280: 194:

later licensed its patents for a home-use microwave oven that was introduced by

4222: 3220: 2949: 2932: 2260: 1391:) levels. Acrylamide has been found in other microwaved products like popcorn. 30:

This article is about the cooking appliance. For the electromagnetic wave, see

5370: 5325: 5315: 5298: 5293: 5208: 5184: 5147: 5054: 5045: 4995: 3079:"A Study on Constant Power Control of Half Bridge Inverter for Microwave Oven" 2315: 2248: 2148: 1846: 1828: 1755: 1701:

to assess cancer risk have so far failed to identify any carcinogenicity from

1652: 1504: 1457: 1399:

Studies have investigated the use of the microwave oven to clean non-metallic

1384: 1335: 1295:

Any form of cooking diminishes overall nutrient content in food, particularly

1070: 1051: 786: 773:(300 MHz to 300 GHz). Microwave ovens use frequencies in one of the 686: 667: 578: 574: 566:

in the top of the oven cavity rotated allowing the food to remain stationary.

502: 425: 417: 412:. In 1937–1940, a multi-cavity magnetron was built by British physicist 397: 377: 338: 287: 276: 170: 3337: 3175:– via Southwest Museum of Engineering, Communications, and Computation. 3094: 3052: 3028: 3010: 2958: 2503: 2448: 2385: 2256: 2237:

Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers - Part IIIA: Radiolocation

2110: 2034: 1345:

of which 29% is lost (compared with a 16% loss with boiled-water blanching).

1168:, sometimes an accessory browning tray is used, usually composed of glass or 5320: 5278: 5110: 2723:, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, p. 22 (see Exhibit 8), archived from 2580: 2417:"Heat Transfer from and to Animals in Experimental Hypothermia and Freezing" 2353: 1891: 1814: 1790: 1668: 1645: 1610: 1426: 1365: 1340: 1279: 1195: 1169: 1145: 999: 790: 782: 770: 766: 675: 401: 342: 303: 291: 136: 133: 31: 4851: 4240: 4049: 3490: 3376: 2966: 2521: 2456: 2393: 2126: 2102: 1022:, which converts the high-voltage DC electric energy to microwave radiation 5015: 4678: 4643: 2554: 1203:

susceptors are designed for a single use and are then discarded as waste.

5419: 5330: 5253: 4515:"Radiation Emissions from Microwave ovens: How safe are Microwave Ovens?" 2083:

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

1640:

Some other objects that may conduct sparks are plastic/holographic print

1508: 1416: 1388: 1149: 1066: 924: 872: 844: 804: 774: 506: 483: 455: 219: 207: 191: 4411:. sec. "Q: What is a microwave-safe plate or container?". Archived from 4071:

Osinboyejo, M.A.; Walker, L.T.; Ogutu, S.; Verghese, M. (15 July 2003).

3213:

Measured and simulated frequency spectra of the household microwave oven

807:, fats, and many other substances in the food, using a process known as 198:

in 1955, but it was still too large and expensive for general home use.

5466: 5392: 5305: 5130: 4635: 4577: 4518: 1794: 1742:

The use of unmarked plastics for microwave cooking raises the issue of

1597:

disc showing the effects of electrical discharge through its metal film

1589: 1539: 1421: 1331: 1299: 1273: 1036:(to couple microwave power from the magnetron into the cooking chamber) 967: 595: 447: 312:

The 1937 United States patent application by Bell Laboratories states:

4041: 2691:

Hedonic Quality Adjustment Methods For Microwave Ovens In the U.S. CPI

2377: 1774:

for microwaving when used in accordance with the directions provided.

1710:

so that it cannot be run when the door is open or improperly latched.

5350: 4671:

10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(1998)19:1<20::AID-BEM2>3.0.CO;2-6

4116:"Acrylamide: Information on diet, food storage, and food preparation" 4100:. Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine. 2005. Archived from 3392:"A watched pot: What is the most energy-efficient way to boil water?" 3044: 2118: 1759: 1361: 1319: 1138: 843:(fats and oils) absorb microwaves due to the dipole moments of their 797: 679: 458:

and other companies for the mass production of the cavity magnetron.

180:

is generally credited with inventing the modern microwave oven after

140: 4627: 4147:(Report). Research Triangle Park, NC: Integrated Laboratory Systems. 3416:(in Chinese). Bureau of Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Taiwan 2689: 1601:

The effect of microwaving thin metal films can be seen clearly on a

975: 3667:"User Interfaces: Why are Microwave Ovens All So Difficult to Use?" 3215:. 2011 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium. pp. 1–4. 1633:

Certain foods such as grapes, if properly arranged, can produce an

731: 610: 5060: 2920:. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. pp. 6, 18 and so on. 1810: 1690: 1594: 1588: 1576: 1567: 1471: 1461: 1254:

increases with temperature, microwave heating can cause localized

1210: 1173: 1099: 1003: 974: 966: 848: 836: 641: 609: 589: 516: 465: 405: 363: 185: 4349:"High Voltage in your Kitchen: Unwise Microwave Oven Experiments" 4142:

3-Picoline [108-99-6]: Review of toxicological literature

3365:

Basalt melting by localized-microwave thermal-runaway instability

3211:

Soltysiak, Michal; Celuch, Malgorzata; Erle, Ulrich (June 2011).

3029:"Development of compact inverter power supply for microwave oven" 5402: 5016:

Further Reading On The History Of Microwaves and Microwave Ovens

3848:

Development of Packaging and Products for Use in Microwave Ovens

3642:"What keeps microwave radiation from leaking out the oven door?" 2826:"Household penetration rate of home appliances in India in 2013" 2199:

Radar Recollections - A Bournemouth University/CHiDE/HLF project

2169:

2,147,689: Method and Apparatus for Heating Dielectric Materials

1559: 1246:

any parts of the food that overheat. In some materials with low

125: 5064: 2714:"Time Well Spent: The Declining Real Cost of Living in America" 2694:, Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States Department of Labor 1476:

Charred popcorn burnt by leaving the microwave oven on too long

290:

to heat human tissue had developed into the medical therapy of

279:

for heating substances was made possible by the development of

3436:"Level-up your cooking game with an energy-efficient stovetop" 1606: 1111: 1574:

are formed, both of which are unhealthy in large quantities.

4816:

Trasande, Leonardo; Liu, Buyun; Bao, Wei (1 January 2022).

3390:

Wirfs-Brock, Jordan; Jacobson, Rebecca (23 February 2016).

3362:

Jerby, Eli; Meir, Yehuda; Faran, Mubarak (September 2013).

3285:"Why are the microwaves in a microwave oven tuned to water" 2172:, United States Patent and Trademark Office, archived from 1614:

foil causes sharp bends and gaps that invite sparking. The

1220:

heat conducted from the outer 1 centimeter (0.39 in).

4545:"Microwave Oven Radiation: Microwave Oven Safety Standard" 2352:

Smith, A. U.; Lovelock, J. E.; Parkes, A. S. (June 1954).

4005:. Harvard Medical School. 6 February 2019. Archived from 2854:

Ownership of household amenities among selected countries

1067:

industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) frequency bands

4924:. United States Department of Agriculture. 8 August 2013 4787:. Harvard Health Publishing (Harvard U.). December 2019. 3780:"Finding the hot spots in your microwave with fax paper" 1364:

that remains hot for some time. Likewise, when taking a

951:

found that the average microwave drew almost 3 watts of

3547:"Whole-House Measurements of Standby Power Consumption" 2201:. Defence Electronics History Society (formerly CHiDE). 1750:

The plasticizers which received the most attention are

442:). An early 6 kW version, built in England by the 4752:

Geddesm, Leslie Alexander; Roeder, Rebecca A. (2006).

3551:

Energy Efficiency in Household Appliances and Lighting

3504:

Detz, Remko J.; van der Zwaan, Bob (20 October 2020).

1184:

is unsuitable for this purpose because it could melt.

1137:

In 2000, some manufacturers began offering high power

1098:

Modern microwave ovens use either an analog dial-type

971:

A magnetron with section removed (magnet is not shown)

325:, as described in the aforementioned patent, is (like 3880:

Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy

2154:

Method and apparatus for heating dielectric materials

2015:

Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety

1435:

spores were killed at 4 minutes of microwaving.

979:

Inner space of a microwave oven and its control panel

4255:"Microwave safe plastics - How safe are they? | CAG" 3077:

Lee, Min-Ki; Koh, Kang-Hoon; Lee, Hyun--Woo (2004).

1360:, leaves a potentially dangerous heating element or 5512: 5098: 4758:. Lawyers & Judges Publishing. pp. 369ff. 3969:"The claim: Microwave ovens kill nutrients in food" 3755:. Center for Devices and Radiological Health. U.S. 3751:. Radiation-emitting products / Resources for you. 173:) to efficiently heat up water molecules. American 106: 98: 80: 70: 60: 5040:: Short explanation of microwave oven in terms of 4140:Tice, Raymond; Brevard, Brigette (February 1999). 3027:Kako, H.; Nakagawa, T.; Narita, R. (August 1991). 2558: 1789:Microwave ovens are frequently used for reheating 1719: 1534:Any object containing pointed metal can create an 4571:"Advanced Measurements of Microwave Oven Leakage" 2847: 2845: 2843: 1562:per meter (3×10 V/m). The air forms a conductive 796:A microwave oven takes advantage of the electric 4785:"Microwaving food in plastic: Dangerous or not?" 4724:. Lawyers & Judges Publishing. p. 593. 2607:"Do you remember your family's first microwave?" 2156:, filed 11 August 1937; granted 21 February 1939 1156:in foods primarily made up of carbohydrates and 528:nuclear-powered cargo ship, installed circa 1961 3161:"For heat, tune to 915 or 2450 Megacycles" 3108:McCabe, Liam; Sullivan, Michael (20 May 2020). 1762:into food has been dismissed as an intentional 314: 4075:. National Center for Home Food Preservation. 428:produced a working prototype. They invented a 5076: 4779: 4777: 4775: 3729:. Püschner GMBH + CO KG MicrowavePowerSystems 2790:Canadian Social Trends — Catalogue No. 11-008 2286:. Boston: Little, Brown, and Co. p. 142. 1644:and other heat-retaining containers (such as 8: 4868:. American Chemistry Council. Archived from 4755:Handbook of electrical hazards and accidents 3588:Appliance Standards Awareness Project (ASAP) 2933:"Design and Use of Domestic Microwave Ovens" 2756:, Westinghouse, October 2008, archived from 2212: 2210: 2208: 1025:a magnetron control circuit (usually with a 333:heating effect, the result of the so-called 128:that heats and cooks food by exposing it to 43: 4943:Kruszelnicki, Karl S. (25 September 2012). 4478:"Re: Why do grapes spark in the microwave?" 3609:"A notable advance in microwave technology" 3506:"Surfing the microwave oven learning curve" 2750:The Westinghouse How Australia Cooks Report 775:ISM (industrial, scientific, medical) bands 5083: 5069: 5061: 4030:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 3993: 3991: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3584:"New standards cut "vampire" energy waste" 2421:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2415:Lovelock, J. E.; Smith, Audrey U. (1959). 1817:and other devices that communicate on the 1781:into food when heated in microwave ovens. 1676:United States Food and Drug Administration 49: 42: 4841: 4230: 3694:Fabricant, Florence (27 September 2000). 3521: 3331: 3329: 3289:Science Questions with Surprising Answers 3283:Baird, Christopher S. (15 October 2014). 3033:IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 2948: 2683: 2681: 2565:. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall. 2511: 1769:Some current plastic containers and food 1523:to some degree, resulting in an electric 1106:for operation. Control panels feature an 230:the form of a convection microwave oven. 3640:Staff, Straight Dope (4 November 2003). 3184: 3182: 2914:Surveys of Microwave Ovens in U.S. Homes 1733: 1538:(sparks) when microwaved. This includes 1090:(with its much shorter wavelength) can. 987:a high-voltage DC power source, either: 983:A microwave oven generally consists of: 738: 730: 707: 501:, who in the 1950s used it to reanimate 478:, an American self-taught engineer from 286:around 1920. By 1930 the application of 4945:"WiFi frozen? Blame the microwave oven" 4866:"FAQs: Using Plastics in the Microwave" 4448:United States Department of Agriculture 2629:"A Brief History of the Microwave Oven" 2555:"A Brief History of the Microwave Oven" 2478:Andjus, R. K.; Lovelock, J. E. (1955). 2166:Chaffee, Joseph G. (21 February 1939), 1928: 1903: 1766:distraction from actual safety issues. 754:A microwave oven heats food by passing 470:Microwave ovens, several from the 1980s 5057:, David Ruzic, University of Illinois 4976:. Interference from non-WiFi sources. 4693:"ARPANSA - Microwave Ovens and Health" 2712:Cox, W. Michael; Alm, Richard (1997), 906:Microwave heating can cause localized 3582:de Laski, Andrew (3 June 2013). 3072: 3070: 3022: 3020: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2906: 2904: 1852:Electromagnetic reverberation chamber 1527:. This causes the object to act as a 949:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 824:temperature-dependent: At 0 °C, 758:through it. Microwaves are a form of 7: 3967:O'Connor, Anahad (17 October 2006). 3306:Zitzewitz, Paul W. (February 2011). 2911:Williams, Alison (5 December 2012). 2317:Radar — Father of the Microwave Oven 2218:"Briefcase 'that changed the world'" 1077:The cooking chamber is similar to a 4953:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 4718:Frost, Joe L. (30 September 2001). 3782:. Physics inside a microwave oven. 3617:. 22 September 2013. Archived from 2688:Liegey, Paul R. (16 October 2001), 2299:"The History of the Microwave Oven" 1797:is not reached, this can result in 1581:A microwave oven with a metal shelf 275:The exploitation of high-frequency 143:in the food to vibrate and produce 34:. For other uses of Microwave, see 5003:Ask a Scientist Chemistry Archives 4922:Food Safety and Inspection Service 4443:Food Safety and Inspection Service 4390:Food Safety and Inspection Service 4319:"Superheating and microwave ovens" 3696:"Son of Microwave: Fast and Crisp" 3194:Food Safety and Inspection Service 2441:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1959.tb49226.x 2282:Baxter, James Phinney III (1946). 1669:Microwave § Effects on health 957:United States Department of Energy 25: 5048:, intended for use in a class in 4999:: Percy Spencer's original patent 4918:"Microwave Ovens and Food Safety" 4476:Popa, Adrian (23 December 1997). 4435:"Microwave Ovens and Food Safety" 3999:"Microwave cooking and nutrition" 3939:. 6 February 2019. Archived from 3929:"Microwave cooking and nutrition" 2931:ANNIS, PATTY J. (1 August 1980). 2882:Francis, Andrew (12 April 2017). 2669:Litton Introduces Microwave Ovens 2613:. 2 November 2010. Archived from 1013:usually based around an inverter. 5055:How Things Work: Microwave Ovens 3871:Labuza, T.; Meister, J. (1992). 3545:Ross, J.P.; Meier, Alan (2001). 3463:Science of the Total Environment 3196:. Cooking with Microwave Ovens. 2027:10.1111/j.1541-4337.2012.00211.x 1831: 875:, braising, or deep fat frying. 420:was needed, and in 1940, at the 392:made possible the production of 256: 247: 162:, high-water-content food item. 4098:"The five worst foods to grill" 3824:(Masters thesis). Lincoln, NB: 3483:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.064 3340:. Water Structure and Science. 3336:Chaplin, Martin (28 May 2012). 3140:www.microwaveassociation.org.uk 1777:Plastic containers can release 1489:In rare cases, water and other 1395:Use in cleaning kitchen sponges 1318:Spinach retains nearly all its 4450:. October 2011. Archived from 4371:"Yes, You Can Microwave Metal" 4172:10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.07.026 3900:10.1080/08327823.1992.11688192 3723:"Microwave penetration depths" 3198:U.S. Department of Agriculture 3190:"Cooking with Microwave Ovens" 3003:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2016.02.007 2781:Williams, Cara (Winter 2000). 2496:10.1113/jphysiol.1955.sp005323 2297:Gallawa, John Carlton (1998). 674:and built-in (wall oven for a 521:Raytheon RadaRange aboard the 55:A modern microwave oven (2022) 1: 5012:, Argonne National Laboratory 4327:University of New South Wales 3523:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122278 3510:Journal of Cleaner Production 3309:The Handy Physics Answer Book 3293:West Texas A&M University 1992:(in French). Éditions Belin. 1291:Effects on food and nutrients 1176:the top layer until it turns 1041:metal wave guide stirring fan 414:Sir John Turton Randall, FRSE 213:Microwave ovens are a common 4949:ABC News and Current Affairs 4834:10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118021 4549:Food and Drug Administration 4124:Food and Drug Administration 3850:. Elsevier. pp. 76–77. 3757:Food and Drug Administration 3559:10.1007/978-3-642-56531-1_33 3342:London South Bank University 2884:"Microwave Sizes Comparison" 1349:Safety benefits and features 632:Adoption has been slower in 350:alternating electric field. 5566:Products introduced in 1945 5346:Instant hot water dispenser 4292:Argonne National Laboratory 2991:Journal of Food Engineering 2553:Gallawa, J Carlton (1989). 1456:Closed containers, such as 450:, London, was given to the 86:; 77 years ago 36:Microwaves (disambiguation) 5592: 4223:10.1038/s41598-017-06055-9 3802:Video of microwave effects 3749:"Microwave oven radiation" 3221:10.1109/MWSYM.2011.5972844 2950:10.4315/0362-028X-43.8.629 2937:Journal of Food Protection 2538:. Raytheon. Archived from 2049:"Cooking with Short Waves" 1990:Révélations gastronomiques 1862:List of cooking appliances 1662: 724: 357: 29: 4799:"Microwave-Safe Plastics" 3778:Rutgers, Maarten (1999). 3322:– via Google Books. 2783:"Income and expenditures" 2484:The Journal of Physiology 2249:10.1049/ji-3a-1.1946.0188 1659:Direct microwave exposure 1172:. It makes food crisp by 763:electromagnetic radiation 735:A microwave oven, c. 2005 347:electromagnetic radiation 321:However, lower-frequency 296:1933 Chicago World's Fair 268:1933 Chicago World's Fair 130:electromagnetic radiation 48: 27:Kitchen cooking appliance 18:Convection microwave oven 5008:26 February 2015 at the 3410:"Energy Label- Criteria" 1338:, with the exception of 1126:Variants and accessories 1058:power supplies that use 634:less-developed countries 444:General Electric Company 424:in England, Randall and 422:University of Birmingham 382:University of Birmingham 5571:20th-century inventions 5366:Laundry-folding machine 4822:Environmental Pollution 3935:. Family Health Guide. 3136:"Microwave Fact Sheets" 2611:Ohio Historical Society 2536:"Technology Leadership" 2284:Scientists Against Time 2220:. BBC. 20 October 2017. 2062:(7): 394. November 1933 1941:Encyclopedia Britannica 1867:List of home appliances 1819:2.45 GHz wavebands 1207:Heating characteristics 892:electrical permittivity 873:broiling (UK: grilling) 853:molecular dipole moment 666:classifies them as (1) 513:Commercial availability 446:Research Laboratories, 165:The development of the 5050:electrical engineering 5021:Microwave oven history 4580:. 2004. Archived from 4504:Retrieved 12 Aug 2014. 4287:NEWTON Ask-A-Scientist 3937:Harvard Medical School 3826:University of Nebraska 3414:www.energylabel.org.tw 3377:10.13140/2.1.4346.1126 3338:"Water and microwaves" 2675:, 14 July 1972, p. 38. 2103:10.1098/rspb.1956.0054 1913:specific heat capacity 1739: 1598: 1582: 1477: 1415:power) removed 99% of 1216: 1060:pulse-width modulation 980: 972: 861:specific heat capacity 751: 736: 713: 662:By position and type, 619: 599: 529: 471: 385: 319: 147:in a process known as 5234:Electric water boiler 4996:U.S. patent 2,495,429 4721:Children and Injuries 4077:University of Georgia 3312:. Visible Ink Press. 2334:US patent 2495429 2149:U.S. patent 2,147,689 1738:Microwave-safe symbol 1737: 1695:high-energy particles 1663:Further information: 1592: 1580: 1475: 1214: 1194:bags often contain a 990:a large high voltage 978: 970: 749: 734: 725:Further information: 712:Microwave-safe symbol 711: 687:duty-cycle modulation 613: 593: 520: 488:Mr. Goodbar candy bar 469: 394:electromagnetic waves 388:The invention of the 367: 5551:Microwave technology 5038:"The Microwave Oven" 4872:on 26 September 2010 4104:on 30 December 2010. 3818:Pitchai, K. (2011). 3553:. pp. 278–285. 3258:How Everything Works 3116:. The New York Times 3110:"The Best Microwave" 2152:Chaffee, Joseph G., 1988:This, Hervé (1995). 1556:dielectric breakdown 1248:thermal conductivity 139:range. This induces 5556:American inventions 5525:Appliance recycling 5249:Electric toothbrush 4659:Bioelectromagnetics 4620:1998RadR..150..568F 4405:"Microwave cooking" 4282:"Superheated Water" 4215:2017NatSR...7.5791C 4003:Family Health Guide 3892:1992JMPEE..27..205L 3475:2018ScTEn.618..487G 3252:Bloomfield, Louis. 2433:1959NYASA..80..487L 2370:1954Natur.173.1136S 2364:(4415): 1136–1137. 2095:1956RSPSB.145..427L 1877:Peryton (astronomy) 1872:Microwave chemistry 1626:established. Thus, 1252:dielectric constant 1180:. Ordinary plastic 1054:. Newer models use 1039:a turntable and/or 925:broiling / grilling 756:microwave radiation 627:developed countries 598:microwave from 1965 175:electrical engineer 45: 5381:Robotic lawn mower 5264:Evaporative cooler 5042:microwave cavities 4608:Radiation Research 4587:on 24 January 2011 4373:. 31 January 2014. 4347:Beaty, William J. 4203:Scientific Reports 3974:The New York Times 3933:health.harvard.edu 3909:on 4 November 2011 3784:maartenrutgers.org 3759:. 12 December 2017 3701:The New York Times 3264:on 17 October 2013 2763:on 5 February 2015 2730:on 19 October 2004 2721:1997 Annual Report 2643:"History of Sharp" 1882:Robert V. Decareau 1740: 1687:ionizing radiation 1599: 1583: 1478: 1217: 1158:Maillard reactions 981: 973: 935:Energy consumption 809:dielectric heating 752: 737: 727:Dielectric heating 714: 620: 600: 530: 472: 396:of a small enough 386: 323:dielectric heating 284:radio transmitters 239:Early developments 224:Maillard reactions 149:dielectric heating 5561:Radiation effects 5533: 5532: 5153:Coffee percolator 5136:Immersion blender 5026:American Heritage 4765:978-0-913875-44-5 4731:978-0-913875-96-4 4551:. 13 January 2010 4502:21 C.F.R. 1030.10 4457:on 8 January 2011 4323:School of Physics 4261:. 17 January 2024 4042:10.1021/jf970670x 3646:The Straight Dope 3568:978-3-540-41482-7 3230:978-1-61284-754-2 3165:Litton Industries 2648:Sharp Corporation 2617:on 22 April 2016. 2594:Glendale, Arizona 2542:on 22 March 2013. 2378:10.1038/1731136a0 1999:978-2-7011-1756-0 1969:. 12 October 2023 1963:"Microwave Ovens" 1943:. 26 October 2018 1799:foodborne illness 1730:Chemical exposure 1452:Closed containers 1447:High temperatures 1358:induction cooktop 1192:microwave popcorn 1083:choke connections 769:in the so-called 747: 554:Sharp Corporation 544:Stove company of 327:induction heating 215:kitchen appliance 204:Amana Corporation 200:Sharp Corporation 114: 113: 16:(Redirected from 5583: 5341:Induction cooker 5311:Garbage disposer 5259:Espresso machine 5214:Electric blanket 5085: 5078: 5071: 5062: 4998: 4982: 4981: 4970: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4940: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4845: 4828:(Pt A): 118021. 4813: 4807: 4806: 4795: 4789: 4788: 4781: 4770: 4769: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4695:. 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Archived from 2228: 2222: 2221: 2214: 2203: 2202: 2191: 2185: 2184: 2183: 2181: 2176:on 19 March 2022 2163: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2139: 2138: 2089:(920): 427–442. 2078: 2072: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2056:Short Wave Craft 2053: 2045: 2039: 2038: 2010: 2004: 2003: 1985: 1979: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1959: 1953: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1937:"Microwave Oven" 1933: 1916: 1908: 1857:Induction cooker 1841: 1836: 1835: 1834: 1795:safe temperature 1704: 1681: 1558:of air, about 3 1414: 1413: 1412: 1409: 1401:domestic sponges 1344: 1164:In order to aid 1020:cavity magnetron 998:(a high-voltage 947:A 2000 study by 929:food composition 908:thermal runaways 771:microwave region 748: 436:Sir Henry Tizard 390:cavity magnetron 370:cavity magnetron 360:Cavity magnetron 354:Cavity magnetron 260: 251: 167:cavity magnetron 157: 154: 94: 92: 87: 53: 46: 21: 5591: 5590: 5586: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5581: 5580: 5576:Home appliances 5536: 5535: 5534: 5529: 5508: 5504:Washing machine 5499:Water dispenser 5425:Pressure cooker 5408:Convection oven 5336:Ice cream maker 5244:Electric shaver 5239:Electric heater 5224:Electric kettle 5106:Air conditioner 5094: 5092:Home appliances 5089: 5010:Wayback Machine 4994: 4991: 4986: 4985: 4980:. WiSE Article. 4972: 4971: 4967: 4957: 4955: 4942: 4941: 4937: 4927: 4925: 4916: 4915: 4911: 4901: 4899: 4890: 4889: 4885: 4875: 4873: 4864: 4863: 4859: 4815: 4814: 4810: 4797: 4796: 4792: 4783: 4782: 4773: 4766: 4751: 4750: 4746: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4717: 4716: 4712: 4702: 4700: 4699:on 6 March 2009 4691: 4690: 4686: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4628:10.2307/3579874 4605: 4604: 4600: 4590: 4588: 4584: 4573: 4569: 4568: 4564: 4554: 4552: 4543: 4542: 4538: 4528: 4526: 4525:on 6 March 2009 4513: 4512: 4508: 4500: 4496: 4486: 4484: 4475: 4474: 4470: 4460: 4458: 4454: 4437: 4433: 4432: 4428: 4418: 4416: 4403: 4402: 4398: 4383: 4382: 4378: 4369: 4368: 4364: 4354: 4352: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4331: 4329: 4317: 4316: 4312: 4301: 4299: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4264: 4262: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4184: 4183: 4179: 4157: 4156: 4152: 4144: 4139: 4138: 4134: 4126:. 22 May 2008. 4114: 4113: 4109: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4081: 4079: 4070: 4069: 4065: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4012: 4010: 4009:on 17 July 2011 3997: 3996: 3989: 3979: 3977: 3966: 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1432:Bacillus cereus 1410: 1407: 1405: 1404: 1397: 1351: 1339: 1314: 1308: 1293: 1256:thermal runaway 1209: 1198:made from thin 1132:convection oven 1128: 1096: 1045:a control panel 1027:microcontroller 1011:power converter 996:voltage doubler 965: 937: 917: 904: 902:Thermal runaway 885: 845:hydroxyl groups 834: 826:dielectric loss 821: 739: 729: 723: 706: 614:1974 Radarange 588: 586:Residential use 546:Mansfield, Ohio 515: 464: 452:U.S. government 380:in 1940 at the 362: 356: 331:electromagnetic 273: 272: 271: 270: 263: 262: 261: 253: 252: 241: 236: 155: 152: 141:polar molecules 124:is an electric 90: 88: 85: 56: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5589: 5587: 5579: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5538: 5537: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5527: 5522: 5520:Appliance plug 5516: 5514: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5490: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5472:Vacuum cleaner 5469: 5464: 5462:Television set 5459: 5454: 5452:Sewing machine 5449: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5437: 5435:Crisper drawer 5427: 5422: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5413:Microwave oven 5410: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5384: 5383: 5378: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5302: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5271: 5269:Food processor 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5229:Electric knife 5226: 5221: 5219:Electric drill 5216: 5211: 5206: 5205: 5204: 5197:Domestic robot 5194: 5193: 5192: 5190:drying cabinet 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5139: 5138: 5128: 5126:Barbecue grill 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5102: 5100: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5088: 5087: 5080: 5073: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5052: 5035: 5030: 5018: 5013: 5000: 4990: 4989:External links 4987: 4984: 4983: 4965: 4935: 4909: 4898:. 21 July 2023 4883: 4857: 4808: 4790: 4771: 4764: 4744: 4730: 4710: 4684: 4649: 4598: 4562: 4536: 4506: 4494: 4482:MadSci Network 4468: 4426: 4396: 4376: 4362: 4339: 4310: 4272: 4259:www.cag.org.in 4246: 4177: 4166:(1): 392–400. 4150: 4132: 4107: 4089: 4063: 4036:(1): 206–210. 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Canyon, TX: 3275: 3244: 3229: 3203: 3178: 3152: 3127: 3100: 3066: 3039:(3): 611–616. 3016: 2972: 2943:(8): 629–632. 2923: 2900: 2874: 2839: 2817: 2798: 2773: 2740: 2704: 2677: 2673:New York Times 2661: 2634: 2620: 2598: 2571: 2545: 2527: 2490:(3): 541–546. 2470: 2427:(2): 487–499. 2407: 2344: 2325: 2308: 2289: 2274: 2223: 2204: 2186: 2158: 2140: 2073: 2040: 2005: 1998: 1980: 1954: 1927: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1902: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1843: 1842: 1839:Cooking portal 1826: 1823: 1806: 1803: 1786: 1785:Uneven heating 1783: 1731: 1728: 1716:micronutrients 1699:rodent studies 1665:Microwave burn 1660: 1657: 1642:Thermos flasks 1544:aluminium foil 1516: 1513: 1486: 1483: 1469: 1466: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1396: 1393: 1350: 1347: 1312: 1306: 1292: 1289: 1240: 1239: 1208: 1205: 1200:aluminium film 1188:Frozen dinners 1154:caramelization 1127: 1124: 1095: 1092: 1047: 1046: 1043: 1037: 1030: 1023: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1009:an electronic 1007: 964: 961: 936: 933: 916: 913: 903: 900: 896:melamine resin 884: 881: 833: 832:Fats and sugar 830: 820: 817: 722: 719: 705: 702: 672:over the range 640:and ovens. In 587: 584: 569:In the 1960s, 514: 511: 499:James Lovelock 482:. Employed by 480:Howland, Maine 463: 460: 440:Tizard Mission 358:Main article: 355: 352: 265: 264: 255: 254: 246: 245: 244: 243: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 156:(1–1.5 inches) 145:thermal energy 118:microwave oven 112: 111: 108: 104: 103: 100: 96: 95: 82: 78: 77: 72: 68: 67: 62: 58: 57: 54: 44:Microwave Oven 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5588: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5474: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5361:Kitchen stove 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5203: 5200: 5199: 5198: 5195: 5191: 5188: 5187: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5164: 5161: 5160: 5159: 5158:Clothes dryer 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5143:Bread machine 5141: 5137: 5134: 5133: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5086: 5081: 5079: 5074: 5072: 5067: 5066: 5063: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5028: 5027: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5011: 5007: 5004: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4992: 4988: 4979: 4975: 4974:"Part 1" 4969: 4966: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4939: 4936: 4923: 4919: 4913: 4910: 4897: 4893: 4887: 4884: 4871: 4867: 4861: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4812: 4809: 4804: 4800: 4794: 4791: 4786: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4772: 4767: 4761: 4757: 4756: 4748: 4745: 4733: 4727: 4723: 4722: 4714: 4711: 4698: 4694: 4688: 4685: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4653: 4650: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4614:(5): 568–76. 4613: 4609: 4602: 4599: 4583: 4579: 4572: 4566: 4563: 4550: 4546: 4540: 4537: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4510: 4507: 4503: 4498: 4495: 4483: 4479: 4472: 4469: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4444: 4436: 4430: 4427: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4400: 4397: 4392: 4391: 4386: 4380: 4377: 4372: 4366: 4363: 4350: 4343: 4340: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4314: 4311: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4288: 4283: 4276: 4273: 4260: 4256: 4250: 4247: 4242: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4189:Acinetobacter 4181: 4178: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4154: 4151: 4143: 4136: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4122:. Food. U.S. 4121: 4117: 4111: 4108: 4103: 4099: 4093: 4090: 4078: 4074: 4067: 4064: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4024: 4021: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3994: 3992: 3988: 3976: 3975: 3970: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3955: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3924: 3921: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3874: 3867: 3864: 3859: 3853: 3849: 3842: 3839: 3827: 3823: 3822: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3804: 3797: 3794: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3771: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3744: 3741: 3728: 3727:pueschner.com 3724: 3718: 3715: 3703: 3702: 3697: 3690: 3687: 3674: 3673: 3668: 3662: 3659: 3647: 3643: 3636: 3633: 3621:on 2 May 2018 3620: 3616: 3615: 3610: 3604: 3601: 3589: 3585: 3578: 3575: 3570: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3541: 3538: 3533: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3500: 3497: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3453: 3450: 3437: 3431: 3428: 3415: 3411: 3405: 3402: 3397: 3396:Inside Energy 3393: 3386: 3383: 3378: 3374: 3367: 3366: 3358: 3355: 3343: 3339: 3332: 3330: 3326: 3321: 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1791:leftover food 1784: 1782: 1780: 1779:microplastics 1775: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1745: 1736: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1711: 1709: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1677: 1670: 1666: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1636: 1631: 1629: 1624: 1623:standing wave 1619: 1617: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1596: 1593:A microwaved 1591: 1587: 1579: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1515:Metal objects 1514: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1492: 1484: 1482: 1474: 1467: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1423: 1418: 1402: 1394: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1309: 1301: 1298: 1297:water-soluble 1290: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1281: 1275: 1270: 1268: 1263: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1236: 1235:thermal paper 1232: 1231: 1230: 1227: 1221: 1213: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1142:halogen bulbs 1140: 1135: 1133: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1116: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1104:control panel 1102:or a digital 1101: 1094:Control panel 1093: 1091: 1089: 1088:visible light 1084: 1080: 1075: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1035: 1031: 1028: 1024: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1008: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 988: 986: 985: 984: 977: 969: 962: 960: 958: 954: 953:standby power 950: 945: 941: 934: 932: 930: 926: 921: 914: 912: 909: 901: 899: 897: 893: 889: 882: 880: 876: 874: 870: 866: 862: 856: 854: 850: 846: 842: 841:triglycerides 838: 831: 829: 827: 818: 816: 814: 810: 806: 803: 800:structure of 799: 794: 792: 788: 784: 778: 776: 772: 768: 764: 761: 757: 733: 728: 720: 718: 710: 703: 701: 699: 694: 690: 688: 683: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 660: 657: 653: 651: 645: 643: 639: 638:refrigerators 635: 630: 628: 623: 617: 612: 608: 604: 597: 592: 585: 583: 580: 576: 572: 567: 565: 560: 555: 550: 547: 543: 539: 538: 527: 526: 519: 512: 510: 508: 504: 503:cryogenically 500: 495: 491: 489: 485: 481: 477: 476:Percy Spencer 468: 461: 459: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 383: 379: 375: 372:developed by 371: 366: 361: 353: 351: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 318: 313: 310: 308: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 282: 278: 269: 259: 250: 238: 233: 231: 227: 225: 221: 216: 211: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 187: 183: 179: 178:Percy Spencer 176: 172: 168: 163: 161: 150: 146: 142: 138: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 109: 105: 101: 97: 83: 79: 76: 75:Percy Spencer 73: 69: 66: 63: 59: 52: 47: 41: 37: 33: 19: 5430:Refrigerator 5412: 5376:Riding mower 5356:Kitchen hood 5180:Dehumidifier 5170:Clothes iron 5121:Air purifier 5024: 4977: 4968: 4956:. 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Long-term 1684: 1672: 1650: 1639: 1635:electric arc 1632: 1620: 1603:Compact Disc 1600: 1584: 1548:oyster pails 1536:electric arc 1533: 1518: 1493:liquids can 1488: 1485:Superheating 1479: 1455: 1437: 1430: 1420: 1398: 1381:carcinogenic 1379:, which are 1374: 1370: 1355: 1352: 1324:nitrosamines 1317: 1311:of vitamin B 1294: 1278: 1271: 1264: 1260: 1241: 1222: 1218: 1190:, pies, and 1186: 1163: 1136: 1129: 1121: 1117: 1097: 1079:Faraday cage 1076: 1064: 1055: 1048: 982: 946: 942: 938: 922: 918: 905: 886: 877: 868: 857: 849:ester groups 835: 822: 795: 779: 760:non-ionizing 753: 715: 695: 691: 684: 661: 658: 654: 650:power rating 646: 631: 624: 621: 605: 601: 568: 564:mode stirrer 551: 536: 531: 524: 496: 492: 473: 434: 410:World War II 387: 374:John Randall 320: 315: 311: 300:Westinghouse 274: 228: 212: 190: 182:World War II 164: 121: 117: 115: 99:Manufacturer 40: 5494:Waffle iron 5457:Slow cooker 5447:Rice cooker 5388:Leaf blower 5175:Coffeemaker 5116:Air ioniser 4902:4 September 4555:16 February 4487:23 February 4209:(1): 5791. 3469:: 487–499. 3442:23 December 3171:12 December 1764:red herring 1752:bisphenol A 1542:, crumpled 1500:explosively 1491:homogeneous 1285:Hot Pockets 992:transformer 915:Penetration 813:temperature 698:Midea Group 418:wavelengths 307:transmitter 288:short waves 281:vacuum tube 277:radio waves 160:homogeneous 5540:Categories 5371:Lawn mower 5326:Humidifier 5316:Hair dryer 5294:Fan heater 5209:Deep fryer 5202:comparison 5185:Dishwasher 5148:Bug zapper 5046:waveguides 4958:19 January 4737:29 January 4419:25 October 4355:21 January 4332:25 October 3857:1845696573 3516:: 122278. 3347:4 December 3268:9 February 3114:Wirecutter 2997:: 87–100. 2868:5 February 2832:5 February 2767:5 February 2586:11 October 2180:5 February 1947:19 January 1923:References 1847:Countertop 1756:phthalates 1754:(BPA) and 1653:radiometer 1505:nucleation 1427:MS2 phages 1385:acrylamide 1336:riboflavin 1071:ITU Region 1052:duty cycle 963:Components 819:Defrosting 787:wavelength 785:(GHz) – a 721:Principles 704:Categories 668:countertop 579:trade show 575:Studebaker 426:Harry Boot 402:microwaves 398:wavelength 378:Harry Boot 339:wavelength 335:near-field 294:. At the 171:microwaves 120:or simply 5321:Hair iron 5284:bladeless 5111:Air fryer 4591:8 January 4461:10 August 4193:Moraxella 3831:28 August 3707:6 January 3679:4 January 3593:4 October 3532:225872878 3095:1598-2602 3061:108870083 3053:1558-4127 3011:0260-8774 2959:0362-028X 2698:5 October 2504:1469-7793 2449:1749-6632 2386:1476-4687 2257:2050-5485 2111:0080-4649 2035:1541-4337 1892:Wall oven 1815:Bluetooth 1720:see above 1708:interlock 1646:Starbucks 1611:porcelain 1560:megavolts 1495:superheat 1417:coliforms 1366:casserole 1341:vitamin C 1328:blanching 1305:vitamin B 1280:susceptor 1267:LSM modes 1244:shielding 1196:susceptor 1174:oxidizing 1170:porcelain 1146:Advantium 1034:waveguide 1000:capacitor 805:molecules 791:megahertz 783:gigahertz 767:frequency 462:Discovery 384:, England 343:megahertz 304:shortwave 292:diathermy 137:frequency 134:microwave 122:microwave 107:Available 81:Inception 65:Appliance 32:Microwave 5513:See also 5420:Pie iron 5331:Icemaker 5254:Epilator 5029:magazine 5006:Archived 4978:cwnp.com 4852:34654571 4703:26 March 4302:28 March 4241:28725026 4199:species" 4058:23096987 4050:10554220 4013:13 April 3980:13 April 3947:13 April 3491:29145100 3239:41526758 3145:12 March 2967:30822984 2893:10 March 2581:18559256 2522:13243347 2465:38417606 2457:14418500 2394:13165726 2127:13359396 2066:23 March 1825:See also 1703:2.45 GHz 1689:such as 1509:scalding 1389:solanine 1300:vitamins 1250:, where 1226:reflects 1182:cookware 1166:browning 1150:infrared 1056:inverter 1032:a short 888:Cookware 883:Cookware 865:vaporize 682:model). 594:Finnish 552:Japan's 537:Savannah 525:Savannah 507:hamsters 484:Raytheon 456:Raytheon 220:porridge 208:kitchens 192:Raytheon 153:25–38 mm 110:Globally 71:Inventor 5487:robotic 5477:central 5467:Toaster 5393:Lighter 5306:Freezer 5289:ceiling 5131:Blender 4843:8616787 4679:9453703 4644:9806599 4636:3579874 4616:Bibcode 4578:ARPANSA 4547:. 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