Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa

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security measures at a specific list of hostels which had been identified as "problematic". The government also agreed to further extend the indemnity granted to political prisoners and to accelerate their release. The ANC, meanwhile, committed to easing tensions and to consulting its constituency "with a view to examine" its mass action programme. Most importantly, the Record of Understanding resolved the most obstructive disagreements between the parties about the form of the constitution-making process and the nature of the post-apartheid state. In a major concession, the NP agreed that the constitution would be drafted by a democratically elected body, though one bound by pre-determined constitutional principles. The ANC agreed in broad terms to a transitional arrangement, a Government of National Unity (GNU), and, by thus conceding to a two-stage transition, agreed to postpone the full transition to pure majority rule.

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MPNF's work was done in its Negotiating Council, which contained two delegates and two advisers from each party, and which was almost continuously in session between April and November. It was in the council that proposals were developed and compromises thrashed out before being sent for formal approval in the higher tiers of the body. The issues before the Negotiating Council were almost identical to those discussed at CODESA and the MPNF built on the latter's work. However, in a new innovation, the Negotiating Council at the end of April resolved to appoint seven technical committees, staffed mostly by lawyers and other experts, to assist in formulating detailed proposals on specific matters. As a result of agreements reached earlier by the Gender Advisory Committee of CODESA, at least one party delegate at each level of the MPNF had to be a woman.

33: 1470: 1162:. The outcome of the talks was a joint communiqué known as the Groote Schuur Minute, which was released on 4 May and which canvassed, though rarely in decisive terms, many of the seven obstacles that had been identified. The minute consisted primarily in a commitment by both parties to "the resolution of the existing climate of violence and intimidation from whatever quarter as well as a commitment to stability and to a peaceful process of negotiations". The parties agreed to establish a working group, which should aim to complete its work before 21 May and which would consider the terms under which retroactive immunity would be granted for political offences. The government also committed to review its security legislation to "ensure normal and free political activities". 1733:. Hani was extremely popular with the militant urban youth, a constituency whose commitment to a peaceful settlement was already tenuous, and his murder was potentially incendiary. However, Mandela's plea for calm, broadcast on national television, is viewed as having increased the status and credibility of the ANC, both internationally and among domestic moderates. Thus, somewhat paradoxically, the incident helped accelerate consensus between the ANC and the government, and on 3 June the parties announced a date for democratic elections, to be held in April the next year. 1493:. Alternatively, if a constituent assembly was unavoidable, it insisted that approval of the new constitution should require the support of a three-quarters majority in the assembly, rather than the two-thirds majority proposed by the ANC. Thereafter, it sought a transitional system of government under a compulsory coalition, with the cabinet drawn equally from each of the three major parties and a presidency that would rotate among them. The IFP also opposed the notion of a democratically elected constituent assembly, although for different reasons. 1430:

among the white right-wing; nor did it resolve the deadlock that the working groups had arrived at on certain key questions. The most important elements of the deadlock arose from the work of the second working group, whose mandate was to devise constitutional principles and guidelines for the constitution-making process. In terms of the content of the constitutional principles, the ANC favoured a highly centralised government with strict limitations on regional autonomy, while the IFP and NP advocated for

1489:. Although it recognised that the white minority would not abide a constitution-making process without any guarantees of its outcomes, the ANC believed that the pre-agreement of constitutional principles at CODESA should suffice for such guarantees. On the other hand, the NP held that the constitution should be negotiated among parties, in a forum resembling CODESA, and then adopted by the existing (and NP-dominated) legislature – both to protect minority interests, and to ensure 951: 1124: 1154:, in what were touted as the first of several "talks about talks", intended to negotiate the terms for more substantive negotiations. After the first day of meetings, a joint statement was released which identified the factors held by the parties to constitute obstacles to further negotiations: the government was concerned primarily about the ANC's ongoing commitment to armed struggle, while the ANC listed six preliminary demands, including the release of 1772:

walked back this threat and the IFP ultimately joined the MPNF, COSAG was formed to ensure that its members were not sidelined or played off against each other, as they believed they had been in the past. Moreover, its members were in broad agreement in favour of federalism and political self-determination, principles that even the NP increasingly appeared to have abandoned, and they sought to present a united front in advocating for those principles.

1396:; and was broadcast live on television. On the first day, all 19 participants signed a Declaration of Intent, assenting to be bound by certain initial principles and by further agreements reached at CODESA. Notwithstanding various enduring sticking points, the extent of agreement reached at CODESA I was remarkable. Participants agreed that South Africa was to be a united, democratic, and non-racial state, with adherence to a 1818: 1858:, and Buthelezi's IFP agreed to participate in the elections. Its name was added to the ballot papers, which had already been printed, by means of a sticker added manually to the bottom of each slip. Opposition from other wings of the former COSAG was also neutralised: in March, days after Mangope announced that his "country" would not participate in the elections, his administration was effectively paralysed by the 7481: 6785: 658: 1021:. These meetings were secret in nature and were designed to develop an understanding about whether there were sufficient common grounds for future peace talks. As these meetings evolved, a level of trust developed between the key actors (Barnard, Louw, and Mandela). To facilitate future talks while preserving secrecy needed to protect the process, Barnard arranged for Mandela to be moved off 1547:

involvement of the NP government, the state security forces and the police in the violence as well as your unwillingness to act decisively to bring such violence to an end has created an untenable and explosive situation... he NP government has been pursuing the path of embracing the shell of a democratic South Africa while seeking to ensure that it is not democratic in content.

76: 1085:. The operational objective of this meeting was not to understand the opinions of the actors themselves—that was very well known at this stage within strategic management circles—but rather to gauge public opinion about a movement away from the previous security posture of confrontation and repression to a new posture based on engagement and accommodation. 1776:

immediately precipitated the walk-out was an objection to the ANC–NP consensus on the date of the 1994 election. The Ciskei and Bophuthatswana governments continued to participate in the forum until October 1993, when they also withdrew. At that time, COSAG was reconstituted as the Freedom Alliance, also incorporating far-right white groups of the

1136: 1192:); and it also committed the government to releasing certain categories of political prisoners from September and indemnifying certain categories of political offences from October. Most significantly, however, the minute included a commitment to the immediate and unilateral suspension of all armed activities by the ANC and its armed wing, 1101:, de Klerk announced the repeal of the ban on the ANC and other banned political organisations, as well as Mandela's release after 27 years in prison. Mandela was released on 11 February 1990 and direct talks between the ANC and the government were scheduled to begin on 11 April. However, on 26 March, 11 protestors were killed by 1209:

infiltrate men and materials into the country, or train men for armed action inside the country. This concession was already unpopular with important segments of the ANC's support base, and the situation was further unsettled by the continuation of political violence in parts of the country, particularly in Natal and certain

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In early March 1993, an official Multi-Party Planning Conference was held at the World Trade Centre to arrange the resumption of multi-party negotiations. The conference established the Multi-Party Negotiating Forum (MPNF), which met for the first time on 1 April 1993. Over the remainder of the year,

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The declaration was the first of such agreements by acknowledged black and white political leaders in South Africa that affirmed to these principles. The commitment to the peaceful pursuit of political change was declared at a time when neither the National Party nor the African National Congress was

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The declaration stated that "the situation of South Africa in the world scene as well as internal community relations requires, in our view, an acceptance of certain fundamental concepts for the economic, social, and constitutional development of our country." It called for negotiations involving all

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of Ciskei – and the white Conservative Party. Buthelezi himself later called it "a motley gathering". Buthelezi had been infuriated by the IFP's exclusion from the Record of Understanding, and in October 1992 had announced to a rally that the IFP would withdraw from further negotiations. Although he

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of the ANC and Fanie van der Merwe of the government – and a management committee, CODESA I comprised five working groups, which became the main negotiating forums during CODESA's lifespan and each of which was dedicated to a specific issue. Each working group included two delegates and two advisors

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On 14 September 1991, twenty-six organisations signed the National Peace Accord. The first multi-party agreement towards negotiations, it did not resolve substantive questions about the nature of the post-apartheid settlement, but did include guidelines for the conduct of political organisations and

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As the secret talks bore fruit and the political engagement started to take place, the National Intelligence Service withdrew from centre stage in the process and moved to a new phase of operational support work. This new phase was designed to test public opinion about a negotiated solution. Central

1755:(AWB), whose supporters crashed through the glass front of the building in an armoured car and briefly took over the negotiations chamber. Both Mandela and de Klerk condemned the attack, and all but two of the 26 negotiating parties publicly rejected the secessionist overtones of the AWB's protest. 1535:

involvement in the ongoing political violence, the ANC accused the government of complicity in the attack and announced, on 24 June, that it was withdrawing from negotiations until such time as the government took steps to restore its trust. Lamenting that the massacre had thrown South Africa "back

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on 17 March 1992, which demonstrated overwhelming support among the white minority for reforms and a negotiated settlement and which had therefore solidified his mandate to proceed. However, de Klerk's triumph in the referendum did not curtail – and may have inflamed – political violence, including

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Each party sent ten delegates to the plenary, which, as in CODESA, was required to ratify all formal agreements. Before they reached the plenary, proposals were discussed in the intermediate Negotiating Forum, which contained two delegates and two advisers from each party. However, the bulk of the

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met Mandela in the hospital while Mandela was being treated for prostate surgery. Over the next four years, a series of tentative meetings took place, laying the groundwork for further contact and future negotiations, but little real progress was made and the meetings remained secret until several

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The document asserted a shared desire to reopen negotiations and reflected at least partial resolutions to many of the major disagreements which had led to CODESA's collapse. On political violence, the parties agreed to further engagements, to a ban on carrying dangerous weapons in public, and to

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As a result of this deadlock, with consensus evidently out of reach, discussions stalled and the plenary was dissolved on the second day of meetings, 16 May – although the parties reaffirmed their commitment to the Declaration of Intent, and expected to re-convene once the major disagreements had

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Accord, which contained commitments arising from the activities of the working group on political offences, and which also clarified the terms of the ANC's suspension of armed struggle. It specified that the ANC would not launch attacks, create underground structures, threaten or incite violence,

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in 1982. This provided Mandela with more comfortable lodgings, but also gave easier access in a way that could not be compromised. Barnard therefore brokered an initial agreement in principle about what became known as "talks about talks." It was at this stage that the process was elevated from a

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townships, where ANC and IFP supporters periodically clashed. In early April 1991, the ANC imposed an ultimatum, threatening to suspend all negotiations unless the government took steps to reduce the violence. Its case was strengthened by a major scandal in July 1991, known as Inkathagate, which

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was negotiated by the Constitutional Assembly, working from principles contained in the interim Constitution, and was provisionally adopted in 8 May 1996. The next day, de Klerk announced that the NP would withdraw from the Government of National Unity, calling the moment a "natural watershed".

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Our country is on the brink of disaster. First there is the crisis in the negotiation process itself. The central blockage stems from the refusal of the NP government to move together with all of us in the process of truly democratising South Africa. Secondly, the continuing direct and indirect

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In principle, the parties to the forum participated on an equal basis, irrespective of the size of their support base, with decisions taken by consensus. In practice, however, the ANC and NP developed a doctrine known as "sufficient consensus", which usually deemed bilateral ANC–NP agreement

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Notwithstanding COSAG's efforts, Buthelezi felt that the negotiations had become two-sided and that the IFP – and he personally – were being marginalised by the principle of sufficient consensus. In June 1993, the IFP walked out of the MPNF, announcing its withdrawal from negotiations. What

1416:, and with a common South African citizenship. Disagreements about how these provisos were to be implemented, however – and, for example, what exactly was entailed by a unified state or by proportional representation – continued to occupy, and to obstruct, the working groups well into 1992. 1566:

in New York about state complicity in political violence, leading to a UN observer mission and ultimately to additional UN support for various transitional structures, including the Goldstone Commission. The political impetus for a negotiated solution was given further urgency after the

1646:, an influential SACP leader and negotiator. Slovo, urging the ANC-SACP alliance to take a long-term view on the transition, proposed making strategic concessions to the NP's demands, including the incorporation of a "sunset clause" which would allow a transitional period of temporary 878:

However, increasing local and international pressure on the government, as well as the realisation that apartheid could neither be maintained by force forever nor overthrown by the opposition without considerable suffering, eventually led both sides to the negotiating table. The

1854:, visited South Africa to broker a resolution to the IFP's election boycott, or, failing that, to persuade the ANC and NP to delay the elections to avert possible violence. Rejecting the call to delay, the ANC and NP offered Buthelezi additional guarantees of the status of the 32: 973:

looking to peaceful solutions or dialogue. The declaration was heralded by the English speaking press as a breakthrough in race relations in South Africa. Shortly after it was issued, the declaration was endorsed by several chief ministers of the black homelands, including

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days", Mandela suggested that trust might be restored by specific measures to curtail political violence, including regulating workers' hostels, banning cultural weapons like the spears favoured by the IFP, and prosecuting state security personnel implicated in violence.

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With CODESA stalled, the ANC announced its return to a programme of "rolling mass action", aimed at consolidating – and decisively demonstrating – the level of popular support for its agenda in the constitutional negotiations. The programme began with a nationwide

939: 1180:, an ongoing clandestine ANC operation inside the country. Police raids also turned up Operation Vula material which de Klerk believed substantiated his concerns about the sincerity of the ANC's commitment to negotiations and about its intimacy with the 1372:

from each of the 19 parties, as well as a chairperson appointed on a rotational basis. Each had a steering committee and some had further sub-committees. Agreements reached at the working group level were subject to ratification by the CODESA plenary.

1679:. It was managed by a planning committee comprising representatives from twelve of the parties, who were appointed in their personal capacity and worked full-time. Among them were Slovo of the SACP, Ramaphosa of the ANC, Meyer of the NP, 1424:

The second plenary session, CODESA II, convened on 15 May 1992 at the World Trade Centre to canvas the progress made by the working groups. In the interim, electoral losses by the NP to the Conservative Party had led de Klerk to call a

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in the early hours of the morning of 18 November 1993, after a flurry of bilateral agreements on sensitive issues were concluded in quick succession on 17 November. The MPNF's proposals and proposed electoral laws were adopted by the

1188:, resulting in another joint communiqué, the Pretoria Minute. The minute reiterated and extended earlier pledges by the government to consider amending its security legislation and lifting the state of emergency (then ongoing only in 1231:

security forces. To address the ongoing political violence, it established multi-party conflict resolution structures (or "sub-committees") at the community level, as well as related structures at the national level, notably the

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For the month following 21 August 1992, representatives of the ANC and the government met to discuss the resumption of negotiations. Specifically, the government was represented by the Minister of Constitutional Development,

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In the aftermath of the massacre, the ANC capitalised on public sentiment to further promote its mass action campaign, and also harnessed the increased international attention – on 15 July, Mandela addressed a meeting of the

1889:. Six other parties were represented in the national legislature and among them, under the provisions of the interim Constitution, the NP and IFP won enough seats to participate alongside the ANC in a single-term coalition 1272:); the three main political players – the ANC, the IFP, and the NP (represented separately to the government, although holding identical positions to it); and a further variety of political groups. These were the SACP, the 739:

from prison and unbanning the ANC and other political organisations. In 1990–91, bilateral "talks about talks" between the ANC and the government established the pre-conditions for substantive negotiations, codified in the

1780:. None of the Alliance's members participated in the remaining negotiations or ratified the proposals that emerged from them, but informal negotiations with the ANC and government continued on the sidelines of the MPNF. 1707:(sometimes reached in external or informal forums) "sufficient", regardless of any protests from minority parties. As a result, the MPNF was still more dominated by the interests of the ANC and NP than CODESA had been. 1045:, for conducting and publishing the interview it was important for setting the political ground work for a negotiated settlement. It allowed the ANC to present itself to the White South African public as a moderate and 1109:

massacre, and the ANC announced on 31 March that it intended to pull out of the negotiations indefinitely. The talks were only rescheduled after an emergency meeting between Mandela and de Klerk, held in early April.

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Comrades, we look at a GNU as a trap for us, but what if we see it as an opportunity?... If we have de Klerk and the others in government, we can control them more easily than if they are outside creating mayhem.

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to safeguard these rights. It suggested that the federal concept was the appropriate framework for such changes to take place. It also affirmed that political change must take place through non-violent means.

7398: 799:(IFP). However, intensive bilateral talks led to a new bilateral Record of Understanding, signed between the ANC and the government in September 1992, which prepared the way for the ultimately successful 2861: 3902: 7023: 6594: 1481:

Perhaps even more obstructive were disagreements about how the constitution itself was to be devised and passed into law. The ANC's enduring proposal had been that the task should be entrusted to a

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became president in 1989, he was able to build on the previous secret negotiations with Mandela. The first significant steps towards formal negotiations took place in February 1990 when, in his

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of the ANC formally endorsed the sunset clause proposal and the idea of a five-year coalition GNU, a decision which was to lubricate multi-party negotiations when they resumed later that year.

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were the main figures in the negotiations, they encountered serious difficulties building consensus not only among their own constituencies but among other participating groups, notably

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on 26 September 1992, which resulted in a Record of Understanding. The agreement improved relations between the parties to the extent that both delegations sent key members to two

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homeland. Several groups, including the IFP, boycotted the tail-end of the negotiations, but the most important among them ultimately agreed to participate in the 1994 elections.

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In early October 1992, the IFP initiated the formation of the Concerned South Africans Group (COSAG), an "unlikely alliance" between the IFP and other black traditionalists –

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to this planning was an initiative that became known in Security Force circles as the Dakar Safari, which saw a number of prominent Afrikaner opinion-makers engage with the

4226: 1469: 7008: 5619: 5323: 1902: 6764: 6698: 1324:). Buthelezi personally, though not the IFP, boycotted the sessions, in protest of the steering committee's decision not to allow a separate delegation representing the 6771: 2123: 2099: 186: 3993: 6266: 5539: 5330: 4735: 1991: 6580: 6559: 6420: 5337: 2202: 1636:

This concession on the ANC's part was in keeping with an evolving internal debate, much of which revolved around a paper published during the same period in the

1592:. Through intensive informal discussions, Meyer and Ramaphosa struck up a famous friendship. Their informal meetings were followed by a full bilateral summit in 1235:. The accord prepared the way for multi-party negotiations, under the organisation that came to be called the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA). 7441: 6182: 7151: 6098: 6014: 5469: 5448: 3894: 1010: 701: 3171: 2228: 7461: 7451: 6552: 5379: 1748: 1742: 775:

The ANC returned to a programme of mass action, hoping to leverage its popular support, only to withdraw from negotiations entirely in June 1992 after the

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cracked down on black opposition to apartheid, most leaders of ANC and other opposition organisations were either killed, imprisoned, or went into exile.

6789: 6231: 4728: 2322: 1667:, which included a list of 34 "constitutional principles" by which the envisaged constituent assembly would be bound in drafting the final constitution. 1301: 5208: 7512: 7456: 6958: 6615: 6476: 6399: 5689: 3415: 1297: 88: 7391: 7003: 6849: 6821: 6757: 6545: 6280: 5612: 3871: 2001: 1971: 1675:

The MPNF comprised 26 political groups, among them – in contrast to CODESA – the PAC, the Afrikaner Volksunie, and delegations representing various

1490: 243: 5090: 5028: 4657: 3031: 2819: 6538: 6343: 6091: 5972: 5555: 4527: 4011: 3925: 1426: 628: 6385: 997:, the declaration saw staunch opposition from the National Party, the Afrikaans press and the conservative wing of Harry Schwarz's United Party. 887:

in neighbouring Angola and Namibia, created a window of opportunity to create the enabling conditions for a negotiated settlement, recognized by

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was ended through a series of bilateral and multi-party negotiations between 1990 and 1993. The negotiations culminated in the passage of a new

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Tensions between the parties were piqued in late July, when several senior members of the ANC were arrested because of their involvement in

7423: 7141: 6948: 6943: 6726: 6517: 6427: 6049: 4637: 2509: 2022: 1919: 1797:, a concession to the NP's demand for legal continuity. Thereafter, South Africa's transition to democracy was overseen by the multi-party 98: 318: 4699: 4694: 3525: 6988: 6663: 6608: 6524: 6371: 6035: 5598: 5265: 5235: 1923: 1882: 1831: 1789: 1664: 717: 709: 687: 198: 103: 5148: 6622: 6587: 6531: 6056: 6021: 5710: 5159: 4684: 1277: 731:

Although there had been gestures towards negotiations in the 1970s and 1980s, the process accelerated in 1990, when the government of

661: 228: 5425: 5418: 7059: 6406: 6273: 6252: 6210: 5752: 4586: 4509: 2076: 1317: 1309: 1289: 303: 273: 143: 138: 6933: 3956: 3759: 1336:, applied for but was denied permission to participate at CODESA; instead, its interests were to be represented indirectly by its 7067: 6336: 6175: 5344: 5258: 5201: 3774: 1840:

of the elections by the members of the Freedom Alliance. Shortly before the election, an international delegation, led by former

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Turton, A.R. 2010. Shaking Hands with Billy: The Private Memoirs of Anthony Richard Turton. Durban: Just Done Publications.

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by the South African government. It was formalised in 1948, forming a framework for political and economic dominance by the

4316: 7264: 6881: 6469: 6455: 6378: 6259: 6217: 6196: 6070: 5633: 5511: 5279: 5001: 3607:"The Politics of Remembering and Commemorating Atrocity in South Africa: The Bhisho Massacre and its Aftermath, 1992–2012" 1181: 1053: 872: 807: 451: 328: 313: 288: 4259: 7013: 6993: 6980: 6814: 6733: 6677: 6503: 6392: 6364: 6301: 5993: 5851: 4652: 1996: 1914: 1752: 1215: 839: 713: 593: 208: 5518: 4041: 7136: 6670: 6573: 6448: 6357: 6203: 5562: 3711: 1956: 1926:

were held under its provisions in June 1999, consolidating the ANC's long-lived majority in the national legislature.

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interlocutor contrary to their portrayal by the South African government as radical communist Black nationalists.

7216: 7116: 7106: 6140: 5661: 5569: 5525: 5302: 5180: 5079: 1986: 1961: 1878: 1859: 1532: 880: 784: 496: 168: 7418: 4346: 2753: 7386: 7315: 7176: 7018: 6998: 6938: 6843: 6684: 6322: 6154: 6147: 6105: 5819: 5766: 5654: 5605: 5386: 5044: 4667: 4102:"The Peace Deal: The Formation of the Ingonyama Trust and the IFP Decision to Join South Africa's 1994 Elections" 3063: 3046: 1890: 1886: 1321: 1074: 868: 721: 416: 263: 258: 238: 213: 193: 7527: 7507: 7156: 7126: 6496: 5759: 5411: 4711: 3742: 1981: 884: 603: 223: 5051: 795:

launched periodic attacks, and there were regular clashes between supporters of the ANC and supporters of the

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bent on destabilisation. Indeed, political violence was nearly continuous throughout the negotiations – white

426: 2602:"Transition to Democracy through Transaction?: Bilateral Negotiations between the ANC and NP in South Africa" 7522: 7485: 7131: 6807: 6133: 6028: 5895: 5745: 5626: 5358: 5141: 4605: 2727: 1976: 1946: 1841: 1389: 922: 900: 680: 633: 401: 4200: 993:). Despite considerable support from black leaders, the English speaking press and liberal figures such as 7339: 7171: 5703: 5668: 4870: 3864:"A Cruel Attempt to Kill Progress: Chris Hani assassination must not be allowed to derail S. Africa talks" 333: 4290: 4075: 3863: 1893:. Also in terms of a constitutional provision, de Klerk was appointed Mandela's second deputy president. 7256: 7161: 7146: 6238: 6168: 6063: 5958: 5812: 5462: 5242: 5155: 4950: 4770: 3694:"Ramaphosa and Meyer in Belfast – The South African Experience: How the New South Africa was Negotiated" 2702: 2536: 2468: 1951: 1941: 1794: 1381: 1293: 1248:

19 groups were represented at CODESA: the South African government and the governments of the so-called

849: 796: 598: 588: 283: 203: 148: 17: 4015: 3552:"Gateway to International Victory: The Diplomacy of the African National Congress in Africa, 1960-1994" 2323:"Hope in South Africa; Tide of Relief Follows Decades of Unrest, But Can Change Come From Negotiations" 7517: 7224: 7101: 7051: 7046: 5986: 5872: 5640: 5576: 5309: 5072: 5065: 5017: 4800: 1966: 1867: 1777: 1572: 1537: 1482: 1474: 1397: 1232: 1210: 1102: 914: 565: 366: 323: 173: 113: 1885:

under universal suffrage. The ANC won a resounding majority in the election and Mandela was elected

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for minority groups, to exist alongside a bill of rights with specific protections for so-called

1409: 1325: 1159: 1155: 853: 811: 780: 776: 769: 761: 673: 108: 59: 2513: 2510:"Minutes and Accords between the ANC and the South African Government, May 1990 – February 1991" 1123: 351: 1142:(right) gives one of his first press interviews after his release from prison in February 1990. 6876: 6871: 6719: 6705: 6042: 5858: 5682: 5272: 4862: 4792: 4611: 4592: 4582: 4561: 4537: 4515: 4505: 4484: 4460: 4436: 4415: 4394: 4373: 4352: 4234: 4173: 4123: 4049: 3994:"Managing Spoilers at the Bargaining Table: Inkatha and the Talks to End Apartheid, 1990-1994" 3964: 3837: 3782: 3750: 3626: 3571: 3498: 3460: 3423: 3380: 3258: 3179: 3144: 3004: 2957: 2881: 2800: 2675: 2621: 2574: 2482: 2442: 2399: 2330: 2294: 2261: 2148: 2072: 2030: 1806: 1647: 1638: 1486: 1463: 1435: 1308:. However, the negotiations were boycotted by organisations both on the far left (notably the 1193: 950: 765: 748:. The first multi-party agreement on the desirability of a negotiated settlement was the 1991 554: 268: 921:

and signed a five-point plan for racial peace in South Africa, which came to be known as the

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peoples, in order to draw up constitutional proposals stressing opportunity for all with a

7351: 7248: 7075: 6923: 6886: 5965: 5879: 5773: 5441: 5365: 5286: 5010: 4894: 4886: 4878: 4854: 4647: 4551: 4474: 2910: 2253: 2158: 1844: 1589: 1516: 623: 613: 123: 7321: 2617: 1696: 7363: 7357: 7345: 7303: 7297: 7232: 6866: 6830: 6712: 6434: 6308: 5951: 5865: 5548: 5490: 5483: 5476: 5194: 5120: 4966: 4926: 3487:"F. W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela: A Study in Cooperative Transformational Leadership" 3140: 1817: 1692: 1688: 1568: 1559: 1405: 1393: 1261: 1177: 1171: 1139: 1128: 1006: 986: 974: 965: 736: 732: 486: 476: 446: 431: 411: 406: 396: 371: 40: 36: 3818:"Fragments of the Past: Homeland Politics and the South African Transition, 1990–2014" 779:. The massacre revived pre-existing, and enduring, concerns about state complicity in 7501: 7369: 6928: 6903: 6898: 6629: 6350: 5455: 5434: 5404: 5397: 5106: 4135: 3849: 3638: 3591: 3400: 3278: 3172:"South African Whites Ratify De Klerk's Move to Negotiate with Blacks on a New Order" 2893: 2419: 2283: 2258:

Tomorrow is Another Country: the inside story of South Africa's Negotiated Revolution

1764: 1455: 1147: 1094: 1065: 1046: 1022: 982: 906: 638: 511: 461: 133: 118: 48: 4720: 4578:

The Politics of Transition: A Hidden History of South Africa's Negotiated Settlement

3667: 3239:"Towards Majority Rule in South Africa: The Transitional Executive Council Act 1993" 760:). However, the second plenary session of CODESA, in May 1992, encountered stubborn 7403: 6294: 5903: 5724: 5675: 4838: 4752: 2985:"The politics of economic reform: Trade unions and democratization in South Africa" 1910: 1788:

The final plenary of the MPNF was convened on 17–18 November 1993. It ratified the

1676: 1650:

to appease white politicians, bureaucrats, and military men. In February 1993, the

1593: 1439: 1401: 1385: 1305: 1038: 1014: 888: 861: 819: 705: 539: 501: 491: 481: 381: 44: 4118: 4101: 3833: 3316: 4555: 4531: 4478: 4454: 4430: 4409: 4388: 4367: 3693: 3622: 3366: 3320: 7466: 7309: 7291: 7096: 5887: 4830: 4607:

Anatomy of a Miracle: The End of Apartheid and the Birth of the New South Africa

3817: 1680: 1624: 1585: 1524: 1519:. It was overshadowed when later that week, on 17–18 June 1992, 45 residents of 1443: 1368: 1205: 1057: 938: 823: 441: 436: 421: 356: 1836:

In the run-up to the 1994 elections, a final stumbling block was the continued

6462: 6000: 5113: 5058: 4918: 4902: 4689: 4557:

Tomorrow Is Another Country: The Inside Story of South Africa's Road to Change

4267: 4169: 3567: 3254: 3000: 2877: 2796: 2478: 2385: 1871: 1870:

and confirmed its intention to contest the elections, ensuring that far-right

1768: 1726: 1431: 1285: 1078: 1042: 1034: 994: 871:

and other mainly black opposition political organisations were banned. As the

792: 549: 516: 391: 376: 361: 218: 4411:

Soldiers In A Storm: The Armed Forces In South Africa's Democratic Transition

4238: 4177: 4127: 4053: 3968: 3841: 3786: 3630: 3575: 3502: 3464: 3427: 3384: 3262: 3183: 3148: 3008: 2961: 2885: 2804: 2781:"The national peace accord in South Africa's political transition: 1991–1994" 2679: 2625: 2578: 2446: 2403: 2370:"Toyi-Toyi-ing to Freedom: The Endgame in the ANCs Armed Struggle, 1989-1990" 2334: 2034: 5921: 5912: 5843: 5249: 5226: 5215: 4596: 4519: 2984: 2780: 2162: 1747:

On 25 June 1993, MPNF negotiations were dramatically interrupted when their

1684: 1643: 1628: 1601: 1520: 1512: 1253: 1249: 1151: 1018: 990: 788: 570: 534: 471: 75: 67: 27:

1990–93 summits to end formal segregation and racial discrimination policies

4501:

The African National Congress and the Negotiated Settlement in South Africa

4456:

A Democratic South Africa?: Constitutional Engineering in a Divided Society

3698:

John M. McCormack Graduate School of Policy and Global Studies Publications

1388:. The first plenary was held on 20–21 December 1991; was chaired by judges 1434:

of slightly different kinds, but with strong, built-in guarantees for the

7122:

Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Mandela Rules)

6691: 6189: 5834: 4958: 4815: 4576: 4499: 3416:"South Africa: Back to Brink; A Massacre Lays Bare The Still-Yawning Gap" 2229:"Tony Heard's final wave: A fighter for social justice and media freedom" 1901:

In 1995, the government passed legislation mandating the creation of the

1730: 1605: 1281: 1257: 1185: 1106: 3510: 3486: 3392: 3351:"Boipatong: The Politics of a Massacre and the South African Transition" 3350: 2687: 2663: 2586: 2562: 2411: 2369: 1041:. Although the South African government arrested the Cape Times editor, 5099: 4185: 4153: 3926:"Chris Hani's Assassination Put South Africa On the Brink of Civil War" 3583: 3551: 3375: 3156: 3124: 2969: 2937: 2055: 1837: 1352:

Constitutional principles and guidelines for a constitution-making body

918: 827: 752:, consolidated later that year by the establishment of the multi-party 3270: 3238: 2633: 2601: 2394: 2177:"Trailblazing South African journalist Tony Heard, NF '88, dies at 86" 1146:

On 2–4 May 1990, the ANC met with the South African government at the

1135: 735:

took a number of unilateral steps towards reform, including releasing

5826: 4982: 4761: 1269: 978: 560: 2953: 2820:"South Africa's National Peace Accord: Its Structures and Functions" 1380:

CODESA held two plenary sessions, both at the World Trade Centre in

2285:

The Opening of the Apartheid Mind: Options for the New South Africa

4974: 4432:

The Long Journey: South Africa's Quest for a Negotiated Settlement

3301:"From Pariah to Partner – Bophuthatswana, the NPKF, and the SANDF" 3213:"Participating in the Design: Constitution-Making in South Africa" 2203:"Tony Heard: a journalist and one of the bravest men I have known" 1816: 1468: 1265: 1134: 1122: 6799: 2862:"The Path to Constitutional Democracy in South Africa: An Update" 1918:

Following changes made to the text at the instruction of the new

1158:, the return of ANC activists from exile, and the lifting of the 1005:

The very first meetings between the South African Government and

3453:"Mandela, Stunned by Massacre, Pulls Out of Talks on Black Rule" 1802: 860:

population and severely restricting the political rights of the

6803: 4724: 1922:, the final Constitution came into effect in February 1997 and 1037:

published an interview with the then banned leader of the ANC,

4695:

Memorandum from Mandela to de Klerk on the breakdown of CODESA

2703:"ANC Vows to Halt Talks Unless De Klerk Acts to Curb Violence" 1355:

Transitional mechanisms and transitional government structures

1222:

informant, that the government had been subsidising the IFP.

2467:

Sisk, Timothy (14 March 2017). "The Uncertain Interregnum".

2069:

Indispensable traitors: liberal parties in settler conflicts

2023:"Mandela and de Klerk Receive Liberty Medal in Philadelphia" 1204:

The Pretoria Minute was followed on 12 February 1991 by the

4345:

Clark, Domini; Clark, Nancy L.; Worger, William H. (2004).

4201:"The Day Apartheid Died: Bombs and Chaos No Bar to Voters" 3895:"Address to the nation following the murder of Chris Hani" 1052:

The first less-tentative meeting between Mandela and the

1531:. Amid broader suspicions of state-sponsored so-called 4014:. Constitutional Court of South Africa. Archived from 1909:

tribunal which over the next three years investigated

1454:. The ANC viewed such proposals as attempts to dilute 917:, Chief Executive Councillor of the black homeland of 2664:"Political Violence and the South African Transition" 1438:. For example, the NP's preferred proposal was for a 1083:

Institute for Democratic Alternatives in South Africa

3957:"White Separatists Storm South African Negotiations" 7379: 7284: 7185: 7087: 7037: 6979: 6859: 6747: 6653: 6486: 5941: 5932: 5790: 5586: 5225: 5170: 5089: 5027: 5000: 4993: 4759: 3064:"Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA)" 2117:"A survey of race relations in South Africa (1975)" 2093:"A survey of race relations in South Africa (1974)" 4685:Constitution Hill Trust series on the negotiations 4225:Taylor, Paul; Claiborne, William (20 April 1994). 3775:"Mandela's Group Accepts 5 Years of Power-Sharing" 2282: 1332:. And South Africa's largest labour grouping, the 2435:"De Klerk to Meet With Delegation Led By Mandela" 1663:the parties to the MPNF devised and agreed to an 1349:Creation of a climate for free and fair elections 1239:Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) 43:in July 1993, near the close of negotiations, in 4291:"Ex-Guerrillas, Exiles Named to Mandela Cabinet" 2281:Heribert Adam; Kogila Moodley (1 January 1993). 1485:, democratically elected under the principle of 1030:secret engagement to a more public engagement. 783:, possibly through the use of a state-sponsored 716:of 1996; and in South Africa's first non-racial 5540:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre 2147:. Durban: South Africa: Just Done Productions. 1992:Chapter Two of the Constitution of South Africa 1615: 1544: 1346: 4690:Short documentary on the Groote Schuur meeting 4154:"'Negotiated Elections' in South Africa, 1994" 2860:Carpenter, Gretchen; Bewkes, Margaret (1992). 2754:"Inkathagate: How Buthelezi's cover was blown" 909:, leader of the liberal-reformist wing of the 895:Mahlabatini Declaration of Faith: January 1974 772:, and the constitution-making process itself. 7424:"Bring Him Back Home (Nelson Mandela)" (song) 6919:Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa 6815: 4736: 2600:Rantete, Johannes; Giliomee, Hermann (1992). 1877:On 27 April 1994, a date later celebrated as 1737:Storming of the World Trade Centre: June 1993 1552:– Memo from Mandela to de Klerk, 26 June 1992 681: 8: 7152:Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality 4348:South Africa: The Rise and Fall of Apartheid 4076:"Mandela and De Klerk Win Nobel Peace Prize" 2563:"Negotiation and the South African Conflict" 1874:would be represented in the new government. 4653:Terms of reference of CODESA working groups 4533:The End of Apartheid: Diary of a Revolution 4227:"Buthelezi Ends Boycott of S. African Vote" 2512:. African National Congress. Archived from 2289:. University of California Press. pp. 1743:Storming of Kempton Park World Trade Centre 7218:Mandela: Son of Africa, Father of a Nation 6850:President of the African National Congress 6822: 6808: 6800: 5938: 4997: 4743: 4729: 4721: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 1821:Mandela casting his vote on 27 April 1994. 688: 674: 54: 4480:South Africa's New Era: The 1994 Election 4117: 3743:"Negotiations: What Room for Compromise?" 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3374: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 2938:"Prospects for a Democratic South Africa" 2393: 1477:in January 1992, shortly after CODESA I. 1458:and possibly to allow the maintenance of 7004:Reconstruction and Development Programme 5613:Reconstruction and Development Programme 4648:Text of the CODESA Declaration of Intent 4504:. Pretoria: J.L. van Schaik Publishers. 4042:"Joint South African Council Takes Over" 2138: 2136: 2002:Reconstruction and Development Programme 1972:History of the African National Congress 1588:, and the ANC by its Secretary General, 1361:Implementation, process, and time frames 754:Convention for a Democratic South Africa 31: 18:Convention for a Democratic South Africa 7077:Dare Not Linger: The Presidential Years 5209:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 2989:Journal of Contemporary African Studies 2013: 1711:Assassination of Chris Hani: April 1993 1579:Record of Understanding: September 1992 1506:Return to mass action: June–August 1992 629:Music in the movement against apartheid 66: 5690:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike 3987: 3985: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3687: 3685: 3232: 3230: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3170:Wren, Christopher S. (19 March 1992). 3125:"Towards a South African Constitution" 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 2668:Irish Studies in International Affairs 1805:, where they were jointly awarded the 1367:In addition to a secretariat – led by 1334:Congress of South African Trade Unions 931:Signers of the Mahlabatini Declaration 891:of the National Intelligence Service. 4147: 4145: 4040:Noble, Kenneth B. (8 December 1993). 4035: 4033: 3936:from the original on 28 December 2021 3905:from the original on 28 December 2021 3874:from the original on 28 December 2021 3556:The Journal of Modern African Studies 3485:Glad, Betty; Blanton, Robert (1997). 3446: 3444: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3058: 3056: 3022: 3020: 3018: 2905: 2903: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2537:"De Klerk Warns Mandela on ANC Moves" 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 1304:, the United People's Front, and the 1280:, the Inyandza National Movement (of 1226:National Peace Accord: September 1991 1081:, Germany at events organized by the 7: 7142:Nelson Mandela International Airport 7047:"I Am Prepared to Die" (1964 speech) 3924:Simanowitz, Stefan (11 April 2013). 3816:Robinson, Jason (3 September 2015). 3712:"Compromises and the Sunset Clauses" 3605:Victor, Stephanie (2 January 2015). 2618:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098560 2056:http://www.shakinghandswithbilly.com 1809:for their efforts to end apartheid. 1721:On 10 April 1993, a white extremist 1658:Multi-Party Negotiating Forum (MPNF) 1436:representation of minority interests 1218:published evidence, obtained from a 7009:Truth and Reconciliation Commission 5620:Truth and Reconciliation Commission 5266:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis 4663:Text of the Record of Understanding 4158:Review of African Political Economy 3822:Journal of Southern African Studies 3666:. 26 September 1992. Archived from 3611:Journal of Southern African Studies 3355:Journal of Southern African Studies 2374:Journal of Southern African Studies 2129:from the original on 23 March 2012. 2105:from the original on 23 March 2012. 1903:Truth and Reconciliation Commission 1832:1994 South African general election 1784:Interim Constitution: November 1993 1608:summits" or retreats) that summer. 1515:on 16 June, the anniversary of the 1497:been resolved outside the plenary. 1358:Re-incorporation of the TBVC states 1099:speech at the opening of Parliament 915:Gatsha (later Mangosuthu) Buthelezi 806:Although the ANC and the governing 104:Coloured vote constitutional crisis 7167:Nelson Mandela Children's Hospital 4459:. University of California Press. 4199:Beresford, David (27 April 1994). 3762:from the original on 17 June 2009. 3141:10.1111/j.1468-2230.1994.tb01957.x 2779:Tessendorf, Harold (1 June 1996). 2321:Burns, John F. (4 February 1990). 1691:of the Transvaal Indian Congress, 25: 7061:Mandela: The Authorised Biography 6772:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania 6407:South African Party (Cape Colony) 4643:Text of the National Peace Accord 4012:"The history of the Constitution" 4000:– via Princeton University. 3893:Mandela, Nelson (13 April 1993). 3773:Keller, Bill (19 February 1993). 3692:O'Malley, Padraig (1 June 1996). 2227:Battersby, John (28 March 2024). 1284:), the Intando Yesizwe Party (of 1200:D. F. Malan Accord: February 1991 1017:and his Deputy Director General, 7513:Events associated with apartheid 7480: 7479: 6964:state memorial service attendees 6784: 6783: 4673:Text of the interim Constitution 4317:"De Klerk, Party Quit Coalition" 4264:Independent Electoral Commission 4106:South African Historical Journal 3524:Mandela, Nelson (26 June 1992). 3217:Review of Constitutional Studies 2983:Webster, E.C. (1 January 1998). 2433:Burns, John F. (17 March 1990). 1913:violations under apartheid. The 1826:Democratic elections: April 1994 1316:) and on far right (notably the 1089:Reforms announced: February 1990 949: 937: 923:Mahlabatini Declaration of Faith 844:Internal resistance to apartheid 657: 656: 619:Internal resistance to apartheid 74: 6421:South African Party (1977–1980) 6414:South African Party (1911–1934) 6330:Progressive Party (Cape Colony) 6127:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners 4560:. University of Chicago Press. 4372:. University of Toronto Press. 4369:The Birth of a New South Africa 4074:Drogin, Bob (16 October 1993). 2470:Democratization in South Africa 2021:Olmstead, Larry (5 July 1993). 1172:Operation Vula § Exposure 129:Church Street, Pretoria bombing 7132:Nelson Mandela Challenge Plate 6934:Nelson Mandela Children's Fund 6841:18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013 5739:2019 service delivery protests 5725:#FeesMustFall student protests 5470:1983 constitutional referendum 4266:. 28 June 2008. Archived from 3992:Scher, Daniel (11 July 2014). 3526:"Memorandum to F. W. de Klerk" 3491:Presidential Studies Quarterly 2911:"CODESA Declaration of Intent" 2535:Kraft, Scott (2 August 1990). 2473:. Princeton University Press. 2201:Weaver, Tony (27 March 2024). 1799:Transitional Executive Council 1759:Concerned South Africans Group 1119:Groote Schuur Minute: May 1990 1013:(NIS) under the leadership of 883:, which brought an end to the 1: 7399:International Tribute Concert 7266:Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom 6197:Johannesburg Reform Committee 5426:Israel–South Africa Agreement 4819: 4804: 4781: 4774: 4716:on the sunset clause proposal 4638:Text of the bilateral accords 4119:10.1080/02582473.2021.1909116 4100:Lynd, Hilary (3 April 2021). 3955:Keller, Bill (26 June 1993). 3834:10.1080/03057070.2015.1064297 3451:Keller, Bill (24 June 1992). 3414:Keller, Bill (22 June 1992). 3317:10.1080/10246029.1998.9627991 2701:Kraft, Scott (6 April 1991). 1571:on 7 September, in which the 1314:Azanian People's Organisation 1182:South African Communist Party 1077:(ANC) in Dakar, Senegal, and 1064:. In November 1985, Minister 1011:National Intelligence Service 801:Multi-Party Negotiating Forum 7409:"Free Nelson Mandela" (song) 7014:Constitution of South Africa 6999:Government of National Unity 5852:Black Consciousness Movement 5606:Government of National Unity 4610:. Rutgers University Press. 4387:De Villiers, Bertus (1994). 4366:Davenport, T. R. H. (1998). 3623:10.1080/03057070.2015.992714 3367:10.1080/03057070.2012.711674 3349:Simpson, James G.R. (2012). 3068:South African History Online 2561:Zartman, I. William (1991). 1997:Presidency of Nelson Mandela 1891:Government of National Unity 1753:Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging 1652:National Executive Committee 1473:De Klerk and Mandela at the 1214:unravelled after journalist 1166:Pretoria Minute: August 1990 840:South Africa under apartheid 712:in 1993, a precursor to the 594:Apartheid in popular culture 47:wait to jointly receive the 7137:Nelson Mandela Invitational 6882:1955 Congress of the People 5563:Saint James Church massacre 5449:Weapons of mass destruction 4658:Report on CODESA agreements 4315:Duke, Lynne (10 May 1996). 3032:"The Composition of CODESA" 1957:Saint James Church massacre 1725:senior SACP and ANC leader 1717:Assassination of Chris Hani 1462:apartheid in the country's 1414:proportional representation 1404:and judicially enforceable 1340:partners, the ANC and SACP. 1252:(the nominally independent 867:Between 1960 and 1990, the 164:Saint James Church massacre 159:Assassination of Chris Hani 7544: 7442:Cape Town City Hall statue 7117:Mandela Rhodes Scholarship 7107:Nelson Mandela Institution 6872:Mandela and Tambo law firm 5303:1957 Alexandra bus boycott 5181:South West Africa campaign 5080:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 5045:French Huguenot settlement 4498:Rantete, Johannes (1998). 4289:Drogin, Bob (7 May 1994). 1987:Government of South Africa 1962:Heidelberg Tavern massacre 1829: 1740: 1714: 1575:killed 28 ANC supporters. 1523:were killed, primarily by 1169: 1150:presidential residence in 898: 848:Apartheid was a system of 837: 169:1994 Bophuthatswana crisis 45:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 7475: 7387:African National Congress 7316:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela 7177:Nelson Mandela University 7069:Conversations With Myself 6844:President of South Africa 6837: 6781: 6758:African National Congress 6218:Liberal Party (1953–1968) 5556:1992 apartheid referendum 4668:Documents of MPNF plenary 4429:Friedman, Steven (1993). 4170:10.1080/03056249408704075 3664:African National Congress 3660:"Record of Understanding" 3568:10.1017/S0022278X02004147 3299:Cilliers, Jakkie (1998). 3255:10.1017/S002185530001127X 3047:Nelson Mandela Foundation 3001:10.1080/02589009808729620 2915:United Nations Peacemaker 2878:10.1017/S0021855300009876 2797:10.1080/02589349608705031 2479:10.1515/9781400887392-008 2386:10.1080/03057070902920015 2067:Mitchell, Thomas (2002). 1849:British Foreign Secretary 1683:of the Democratic Party, 1631:'s sunset clause proposal 1501:Breakdown of negotiations 1322:Herstigte Nasionale Party 1114:Early "talks about talks" 1075:African National Congress 869:African National Congress 768:, political and cultural 722:African National Congress 417:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela 7298:Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa 7157:Mandela National Stadium 7127:Nelson Mandela Challenge 6929:Mandela House and museum 6211:Labour Party (1969–1994) 6204:Labour Party (1910–1958) 5760:2020 Phala Phala Robbery 5718:#RhodesMustFall protests 5317:1960 republic referendum 4604:Waldmeir, Patti (1998). 4408:Frankel, Philip (2000). 4152:Szeftel, Morris (1994). 2936:Maphai, Vincent (1993). 2145:Shaking Hands with Billy 1982:Politics of South Africa 1881:, South Africa held its 1527:hostel dwellers, in the 1306:Ximoko Progressive Party 1127:South African President 989:) and Hudson Nisanwisi ( 885:South African Border War 803:of April–November 1993. 604:Cape Qualified Franchise 7462:Washington, D.C. statue 7024:Intervention in Lesotho 6959:Death and state funeral 6656:terrorist organisations 5746:2019 Johannesburg riots 5359:Constructive engagement 5324:International isolation 5142:Witwatersrand Gold Rush 4575:Spitz, Richard (2000). 4536:. Biteback Publishing. 4390:Birth of a Constitution 3550:Pfister, Roger (2003). 3305:African Security Review 3237:Hatchard, John (1993). 2758:The Mail & Guardian 2662:Guelke, Adrian (1993). 2368:Simpson, Thula (2009). 2143:Anthony Turton (2010). 1977:History of South Africa 1947:One settler, one bullet 1842:U.S. Secretary of State 1729:outside Hani's home in 1376:CODESA I: December 1991 1310:Pan-Africanist Congress 1298:National People's Party 901:Mahlabatini Declaration 634:Nostalgia for apartheid 7340:Zenani Mandela-Dlamini 5669:Attack on Kennedy Road 5280:Congress of the People 4871:South African Republic 3243:Journal of African Law 2866:Journal of African Law 1822: 1767:of Bophuthatswana and 1627:, an early adopter of 1620: 1549: 1478: 1427:whites-only referendum 1392:, Petrus Shabort, and 1364: 1344:CODESA working groups: 1143: 1132: 1056:government came while 818:white groups, and the 609:Disinvestment campaign 334:State Security Council 52: 7162:Nelson Mandela Bridge 7147:Nelson Mandela Square 6949:90th Birthday Tribute 6944:70th Birthday Tribute 6914:Victor Verster Prison 6239:Natal Indian Congress 5959:Afrikaner Broederbond 5813:Afrikaner nationalism 5599:1994 general election 5570:Bophuthatswana crisis 5463:Church Street bombing 5243:Apartheid legislation 5236:1948 general election 5156:South Africa Act 1909 4951:Union of South Africa 4771:Kingdom of Mapungubwe 4751:Political history of 4712:Special issue of the 4632:Negotiation documents 4414:. Avalon Publishing. 3129:The Modern Law Review 3123:Corder, Hugh (1994). 3036:The O'Malley Archives 2942:International Affairs 2818:Spies, Chris (2002). 1952:Battle of Ventersdorp 1942:Afrikaner nationalism 1820: 1795:Tricameral Parliament 1472: 1440:bicameral legislature 1410:multi-party elections 1294:Natal Indian Congress 1138: 1126: 850:racial discrimination 824:independent homelands 797:Inkatha Freedom Party 750:National Peace Accord 599:Apartheid legislation 589:Afrikaner nationalism 149:Cape Town peace march 139:Trojan Horse Incident 99:1948 general election 35: 7414:"Mandela Day" (song) 7226:Mandela and de Klerk 7172:Ponts Nelson-Mandela 7102:Nelson Mandela Forum 7053:Long Walk to Freedom 7019:1995 Rugby World Cup 5873:Greater South Africa 5711:2014 platinum strike 5577:Shell House massacre 5505:Transkei coup d'état 5310:Sharpeville massacre 5073:Battle of Blaauwberg 5066:Battle of Muizenberg 5018:Battle of Salt River 4801:Mthethwa Paramountcy 3998:Successful Societies 3211:Heinz, Klug (1996). 2516:on 24 September 2006 1967:Shell House massacre 1924:successful elections 1920:Constitutional Court 1868:Afrikaner Volksfront 1860:Bophutatswana crisis 1813:Political transition 1790:interim Constitution 1778:Afrikaner Volksfront 1665:interim Constitution 1573:Ciskei Defence Force 1517:1976 Soweto uprising 1483:constituent assembly 1475:World Economic Forum 1446:would incorporate a 1398:separation of powers 1292:, the Transvaal and 1233:Goldstone Commission 1033:In October 1985 the 1001:Early contact: 1980s 742:Groote Schuur Minute 720:in 1994, won by the 710:interim Constitution 497:Eugène Terre'Blanche 367:Mangosuthu Buthelezi 174:Shell House massacre 144:Khotso House bombing 114:Sharpeville massacre 7447:Johannesburg statue 7294:(great-grandfather) 6765:Democratic Alliance 5942:Civic and political 5806:Afrikaner Calvinism 5799:African nationalism 5648:African Renaissance 5338:UNSC Resolution 591 5259:Internal resistance 5160:National Convention 5128:Transvaal Civil War 5052:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars 4935:Orange River Colony 4451:Horowitz, Donald L. 4393:. Cape Town: Juta. 4351:. Pearson Longman. 3741:Slovo, Joe (1992). 2260:. Sandton: Struik. 1937:African nationalism 1907:restorative justice 1699:of Bophuthatswana. 1677:traditional leaders 1420:CODESA II: May 1992 1338:Tripartite Alliance 1330:Goodwill Zwelithini 1156:political prisoners 1009:were driven by the 905:On 4 January 1974, 726:liberation movement 644:Sullivan Principles 7202:Death of Apartheid 6954:Awards and honours 5512:Ciskei coup d'état 5331:UN Resolution 1761 5296:Women's March 1956 5149:South African Wars 5135:Mineral Revolution 4046:The New York Times 3961:The New York Times 3779:The New York Times 3670:on 12 October 2006 3457:The New York Times 3420:The New York Times 3323:on 12 October 2006 3176:The New York Times 2917:. 20 December 1991 2439:The New York Times 2327:The New York Times 2027:The New York Times 1915:final Constitution 1823: 1751:by the right-wing 1529:Boipatong massacre 1521:Boipatong, Gauteng 1479: 1412:under a system of 1318:Conservative Party 1278:Dikwankwetla Party 1160:state of emergency 1144: 1133: 781:political violence 777:Boipatong massacre 770:self-determination 764:over questions of 229:Conservative Party 109:1956 Treason Trial 53: 7495: 7494: 7437:Atlanta sculpture 6969:funeral attendees 6877:UMkhonto we Sizwe 6797: 6796: 6750:political parties 6743: 6742: 6720:Orde van die Dood 6337:Progressive Party 6043:Congress Alliance 5859:Cape Independence 5791:Political culture 5786: 5785: 5753:COVID-19 pandemic 5683:Marikana massacre 5519:Venda coup d'état 5273:Defiance Campaign 4863:Orange Free State 4793:Dutch Cape Colony 4714:African Communist 4617:978-0-8135-2582-2 4567:978-0-226-76855-7 4543:978-1-84954-865-6 4490:978-0-7493-1910-6 4466:978-0-520-07885-7 4442:978-0-86975-444-3 4421:978-0-8133-3747-0 4400:978-0-7021-3216-2 4379:978-0-8020-8054-7 4358:978-0-582-41437-2 4295:Los Angeles Times 4080:Los Angeles Times 3870:. 19 April 1993. 3868:Los Angeles Times 3751:African Communist 3720:Constitution Hill 3530:O'Malley Archives 3028:O'Malley, Padraig 2707:Los Angeles Times 2541:Los Angeles Times 2488:978-1-4008-8739-2 2300:978-0-520-08199-4 2267:978-1-87501-511-5 2181:Nieman Foundation 2154:978-1-92031-558-0 1807:Nobel Peace Prize 1749:venue was stormed 1731:Boksburg, Gauteng 1639:African Communist 1623:– ANC negotiator 1487:one man, one vote 1464:minority-majority 1400:, with a supreme 1194:Umkhonto we Sizwe 881:Tripartite Accord 766:regional autonomy 698: 697: 555:South-West Africa 16:(Redirected from 7535: 7483: 7482: 7419:"Rise Up" (song) 7334:Makaziwe Mandela 7328:Makgatho Mandela 7029:Mahlamba Ndlopfu 6909:Pollsmoor Prison 6824: 6817: 6810: 6801: 6787: 6786: 6774: 6767: 6760: 6736: 6729: 6722: 6715: 6708: 6701: 6694: 6687: 6680: 6673: 6666: 6654:Paramilitary and 6646: 6644:Umkosi Wezintaba 6639: 6632: 6625: 6618: 6611: 6604: 6597: 6590: 6583: 6576: 6569: 6562: 6555: 6548: 6541: 6534: 6527: 6520: 6513: 6506: 6499: 6489:social movements 6487:Trade unions and 6479: 6472: 6465: 6458: 6451: 6444: 6437: 6430: 6423: 6416: 6409: 6402: 6395: 6388: 6381: 6374: 6367: 6360: 6353: 6346: 6339: 6332: 6325: 6318: 6311: 6304: 6297: 6290: 6283: 6276: 6269: 6262: 6255: 6248: 6241: 6234: 6227: 6220: 6213: 6206: 6199: 6192: 6185: 6178: 6171: 6164: 6157: 6150: 6143: 6136: 6129: 6122: 6115: 6108: 6101: 6094: 6087: 6080: 6073: 6066: 6059: 6052: 6045: 6038: 6031: 6024: 6017: 6010: 6008:Boerestaat Party 6003: 5996: 5989: 5982: 5975: 5968: 5961: 5954: 5939: 5925: 5916: 5907: 5898: 5891: 5882: 5875: 5868: 5861: 5854: 5847: 5838: 5829: 5822: 5815: 5808: 5801: 5779: 5769: 5762: 5755: 5748: 5741: 5734: 5727: 5720: 5713: 5706: 5699: 5692: 5685: 5678: 5671: 5664: 5657: 5650: 5643: 5636: 5629: 5622: 5615: 5608: 5601: 5579: 5572: 5565: 5558: 5551: 5542: 5535: 5528: 5521: 5514: 5507: 5500: 5498:Dakar Conference 5493: 5486: 5479: 5472: 5465: 5458: 5451: 5444: 5437: 5428: 5421: 5419:Israeli alliance 5414: 5407: 5400: 5389: 5382: 5375: 5373:Sporting boycott 5368: 5361: 5354: 5347: 5345:Academic boycott 5340: 5333: 5326: 5319: 5312: 5305: 5298: 5289: 5282: 5275: 5268: 5261: 5252: 5245: 5238: 5218: 5211: 5204: 5202:Great Depression 5197: 5190: 5188:Maritz rebellion 5183: 5163: 5151: 5144: 5137: 5130: 5123: 5116: 5109: 5102: 5082: 5075: 5068: 5061: 5054: 5047: 5040: 5038:Dutch settlement 5020: 5013: 5011:Bantu migrations 4998: 4986: 4978: 4970: 4962: 4954: 4946: 4943:Transvaal Colony 4938: 4930: 4922: 4914: 4911:Nieuwe Republiek 4906: 4898: 4890: 4882: 4874: 4866: 4858: 4850: 4847:Natalia Republic 4842: 4834: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4816:Ndwandwe Kingdom 4811: 4809: 4806: 4796: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4779: 4776: 4745: 4738: 4731: 4722: 4700:De Klerk's reply 4621: 4600: 4581:. Oxford: Hart. 4571: 4552:Sparks, Allister 4547: 4523: 4494: 4475:Meredith, Martin 4470: 4446: 4425: 4404: 4383: 4362: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4312: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4149: 4140: 4139: 4121: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4071: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4037: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4018:on 10 April 2007 4008: 4002: 4001: 3989: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3813: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3747: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3716:Our Constitution 3708: 3702: 3701: 3689: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3656: 3643: 3642: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3448: 3439: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3378: 3346: 3333: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3319:. 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Ravan Press. 4428: 4422: 4407: 4401: 4386: 4380: 4365: 4359: 4344: 4340: 4338:Further reading 4335: 4325: 4323: 4321:Washington Post 4314: 4313: 4309: 4299: 4297: 4288: 4287: 4283: 4273: 4271: 4270:on 28 June 2008 4260:"Elections '94" 4258: 4257: 4253: 4243: 4241: 4231:Washington Post 4224: 4223: 4219: 4209: 4207: 4198: 4197: 4193: 4164:(61): 457–470. 4151: 4150: 4143: 4099: 4098: 4094: 4084: 4082: 4073: 4072: 4068: 4058: 4056: 4039: 4038: 4031: 4021: 4019: 4010: 4009: 4005: 3991: 3990: 3983: 3973: 3971: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3939: 3937: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3908: 3906: 3892: 3891: 3887: 3877: 3875: 3862: 3861: 3857: 3815: 3814: 3801: 3791: 3789: 3772: 3771: 3767: 3745: 3740: 3739: 3735: 3725: 3723: 3710: 3709: 3705: 3691: 3690: 3683: 3673: 3671: 3658: 3657: 3646: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3534: 3532: 3523: 3522: 3518: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3469: 3467: 3450: 3449: 3442: 3432: 3430: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3348: 3347: 3336: 3326: 3324: 3298: 3297: 3286: 3236: 3235: 3228: 3210: 3209: 3198: 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4995: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4987: 4979: 4971: 4967:Bophuthatswana 4963: 4955: 4947: 4939: 4931: 4927:Klein Vrystaat 4923: 4915: 4907: 4899: 4891: 4883: 4875: 4867: 4859: 4851: 4843: 4835: 4827: 4812: 4797: 4789: 4766: 4764: 4757: 4756: 4750: 4748: 4747: 4740: 4733: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4709: 4708: 4707: 4702: 4692: 4687: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4627:External links 4625: 4623: 4622: 4616: 4601: 4587: 4572: 4566: 4548: 4542: 4528:Renwick, Robin 4524: 4510: 4495: 4489: 4471: 4465: 4453:(1 May 1992). 4447: 4441: 4426: 4420: 4405: 4399: 4384: 4378: 4363: 4357: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4333: 4307: 4281: 4251: 4217: 4191: 4141: 4112:(2): 318–360. 4092: 4066: 4029: 4003: 3981: 3947: 3916: 3885: 3855: 3828:(5): 953–967. 3799: 3765: 3733: 3703: 3681: 3644: 3597: 3542: 3516: 3497:(3): 565–590. 3477: 3440: 3406: 3361:(3): 623–647. 3334: 3284: 3249:(2): 206–211. 3226: 3196: 3162: 3135:(4): 491–533. 3080: 3052: 3014: 2975: 2948:(2): 223–237. 2928: 2899: 2872:(2): 168–174. 2833: 2810: 2771: 2745: 2734:. 25 July 1991 2719: 2693: 2639: 2592: 2573:(1): 113–132. 2553: 2527: 2494: 2487: 2459: 2425: 2380:(2): 507–521. 2347: 2313: 2299: 2273: 2266: 2245: 2233:Daily Maverick 2219: 2207:Daily Maverick 2193: 2168: 2153: 2132: 2108: 2084: 2077: 2059: 2047: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1898: 1895: 1830:Main article: 1827: 1824: 1814: 1811: 1785: 1782: 1760: 1757: 1741:Main article: 1738: 1735: 1715:Main article: 1712: 1709: 1693:Frank Mdlalose 1689:Pravin Gordhan 1672: 1669: 1659: 1656: 1614: 1580: 1577: 1569:Bisho massacre 1560:United Nations 1543: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1421: 1418: 1406:bill of rights 1394:Ismail Mahomed 1377: 1374: 1363: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1343: 1342: 1262:Bophuthatswana 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1227: 1224: 1201: 1198: 1190:Natal province 1178:Operation Vula 1167: 1164: 1140:Nelson Mandela 1129:F. W. de Klerk 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1095:F. W. de Klerk 1090: 1087: 1054:National Party 1007:Nelson Mandela 1002: 999: 987:Bophuthatswana 975:Cedric Phatudi 966:Bill of Rights 955: 948: 947: 943: 936: 935: 934: 930: 929: 928: 927: 899:Main article: 896: 893: 873:National Party 835: 832: 814:black groups, 808:National Party 737:Nelson Mandela 733:F. W. de Klerk 696: 695: 693: 692: 685: 678: 670: 667: 666: 665: 664: 651: 650: 647: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 585: 583:Related topics 582: 581: 578: 577: 574: 573: 568: 563: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 531: 528: 527: 524: 523: 520: 519: 514: 509: 507:H. F. Verwoerd 504: 499: 494: 489: 487:Adelaide Tambo 484: 479: 477:Robert Sobukwe 474: 469: 467:J. G. Strijdom 464: 459: 454: 449: 447:Raymond Mhlaba 444: 439: 434: 432:Nelson Mandela 429: 424: 419: 414: 412:Albert Luthuli 409: 407:Ahmed Kathrada 404: 399: 397:Bantu Holomisa 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 372:F. W. de Klerk 369: 364: 359: 354: 348: 345: 344: 341: 340: 337: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 289:National Party 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 190: 185: 184: 181: 180: 177: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 95: 92: 91: 85: 84: 83: 80: 79: 71: 70: 64: 63: 41:Nelson Mandela 37:F. W. de Klerk 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7540: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7505: 7503: 7488: 7487: 7478: 7477: 7474: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7452:London statue 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7431: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7393: 7390: 7389: 7388: 7385: 7384: 7382: 7378: 7371: 7370:Ndaba Mandela 7368: 7365: 7362: 7359: 7356: 7353: 7350: 7347: 7344: 7341: 7338: 7335: 7332: 7329: 7326: 7323: 7320: 7317: 7314: 7311: 7308: 7305: 7302: 7299: 7296: 7293: 7290: 7289: 7287: 7283: 7277: 7275: 7274:Mandela's Gun 7271: 7269: 7267: 7263: 7261: 7259: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7247: 7245: 7243: 7239: 7237: 7235: 7231: 7229: 7227: 7223: 7221: 7219: 7215: 7213: 7211: 7207: 7205: 7203: 7199: 7197: 7195: 7191: 7190: 7188: 7184: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7094: 7092: 7086: 7080: 7078: 7074: 7072: 7070: 7066: 7064: 7062: 7058: 7056: 7054: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7044: 7042: 7036: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6989:1994 election 6987: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6978: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6961: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6904:Robben Island 6902: 6900: 6899:Rivonia Trial 6897: 6895: 6894:Treason Trial 6892: 6888: 6885: 6884: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6864: 6862: 6858: 6851: 6848: 6845: 6840: 6839: 6836: 6832: 6825: 6820: 6818: 6813: 6811: 6806: 6805: 6802: 6792: 6791: 6780: 6773: 6769: 6766: 6762: 6759: 6755: 6754: 6752: 6746: 6735: 6731: 6728: 6724: 6721: 6717: 6714: 6710: 6707: 6703: 6700: 6696: 6693: 6689: 6686: 6682: 6679: 6675: 6672: 6668: 6665: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6652: 6645: 6641: 6638: 6634: 6631: 6630:Die Spoorbund 6627: 6624: 6620: 6617: 6613: 6610: 6606: 6603: 6599: 6596: 6592: 6589: 6585: 6582: 6578: 6575: 6571: 6568: 6564: 6561: 6557: 6554: 6550: 6547: 6543: 6540: 6536: 6533: 6529: 6526: 6522: 6519: 6515: 6512: 6508: 6505: 6501: 6498: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6485: 6478: 6474: 6471: 6470:Workers Party 6467: 6464: 6460: 6457: 6453: 6450: 6446: 6443: 6439: 6436: 6432: 6429: 6425: 6422: 6418: 6415: 6411: 6408: 6404: 6401: 6397: 6394: 6390: 6387: 6383: 6380: 6376: 6373: 6369: 6366: 6362: 6359: 6355: 6352: 6351:Radio Freedom 6348: 6345: 6341: 6338: 6334: 6331: 6327: 6324: 6320: 6317: 6313: 6310: 6306: 6303: 6302:Oranjewerkers 6299: 6296: 6292: 6289: 6285: 6282: 6278: 6275: 6271: 6268: 6264: 6261: 6257: 6254: 6250: 6247: 6243: 6240: 6236: 6233: 6229: 6226: 6222: 6219: 6215: 6212: 6208: 6205: 6201: 6198: 6194: 6191: 6187: 6184: 6180: 6177: 6173: 6170: 6166: 6163: 6159: 6156: 6152: 6149: 6145: 6142: 6138: 6135: 6131: 6128: 6124: 6121: 6117: 6114: 6110: 6107: 6103: 6100: 6096: 6093: 6089: 6086: 6082: 6079: 6075: 6072: 6068: 6065: 6061: 6058: 6054: 6051: 6047: 6044: 6040: 6037: 6033: 6030: 6026: 6023: 6019: 6016: 6012: 6009: 6005: 6002: 5998: 5995: 5991: 5988: 5984: 5981: 5977: 5974: 5970: 5967: 5963: 5960: 5956: 5953: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5944:organisations 5940: 5937: 5935:organisations 5931: 5924: 5923: 5918: 5915: 5914: 5909: 5906: 5905: 5900: 5897: 5893: 5890: 5889: 5884: 5881: 5877: 5874: 5870: 5867: 5863: 5860: 5856: 5853: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5840: 5837: 5836: 5831: 5828: 5824: 5821: 5817: 5814: 5810: 5807: 5803: 5800: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5789: 5778: 5776: 5771: 5768: 5764: 5761: 5757: 5754: 5750: 5747: 5743: 5740: 5736: 5733: 5732:Tshwane riots 5729: 5726: 5722: 5719: 5715: 5712: 5708: 5705: 5701: 5698: 5694: 5691: 5687: 5684: 5680: 5677: 5673: 5670: 5666: 5663: 5659: 5656: 5652: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5638: 5635: 5631: 5628: 5624: 5621: 5617: 5614: 5610: 5607: 5603: 5600: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5585: 5578: 5574: 5571: 5567: 5564: 5560: 5557: 5553: 5550: 5546: 5541: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5530: 5527: 5523: 5520: 5516: 5513: 5509: 5506: 5502: 5499: 5495: 5492: 5488: 5485: 5481: 5478: 5474: 5471: 5467: 5464: 5460: 5457: 5456:Project Coast 5453: 5450: 5446: 5443: 5439: 5436: 5435:Mafeje affair 5432: 5427: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5416: 5413: 5409: 5406: 5405:Durban Moment 5402: 5399: 5398:Rivonia Trial 5395: 5388: 5384: 5381: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5370: 5367: 5363: 5360: 5356: 5353: 5352:Disinvestment 5349: 5346: 5342: 5339: 5335: 5332: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5321: 5318: 5314: 5311: 5307: 5304: 5300: 5297: 5293: 5288: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5277: 5274: 5270: 5267: 5263: 5260: 5256: 5251: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5240: 5237: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5224: 5217: 5213: 5210: 5206: 5203: 5199: 5196: 5192: 5189: 5185: 5182: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5169: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5150: 5146: 5143: 5139: 5136: 5132: 5129: 5125: 5122: 5118: 5115: 5111: 5108: 5107:1820 Settlers 5104: 5101: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5088: 5081: 5077: 5074: 5070: 5067: 5063: 5060: 5056: 5053: 5049: 5046: 5042: 5039: 5035: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5026: 5019: 5015: 5012: 5008: 5007: 5005: 5003: 4999: 4996: 4992: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4817: 4813: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4772: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4758: 4754: 4746: 4741: 4739: 4734: 4732: 4727: 4726: 4723: 4717: 4715: 4710: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4697: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4631: 4626: 4619: 4613: 4609: 4608: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4588:1-84113-178-4 4584: 4580: 4579: 4573: 4569: 4563: 4559: 4558: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4539: 4535: 4534: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4511:0-627-02329-0 4507: 4503: 4502: 4496: 4492: 4486: 4482: 4481: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4462: 4458: 4457: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4438: 4434: 4433: 4427: 4423: 4417: 4413: 4412: 4406: 4402: 4396: 4392: 4391: 4385: 4381: 4375: 4371: 4370: 4364: 4360: 4354: 4350: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4337: 4322: 4318: 4311: 4308: 4296: 4292: 4285: 4282: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4255: 4252: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4221: 4218: 4206: 4202: 4195: 4192: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4148: 4146: 4142: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4096: 4093: 4081: 4077: 4070: 4067: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4036: 4034: 4030: 4017: 4013: 4007: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3988: 3986: 3982: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3951: 3948: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3920: 3917: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3889: 3886: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3859: 3856: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3800: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3769: 3766: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3752: 3744: 3737: 3734: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3707: 3704: 3699: 3695: 3688: 3686: 3682: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3617:(1): 83–102. 3616: 3612: 3608: 3601: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3546: 3543: 3531: 3527: 3520: 3517: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3478: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3447: 3445: 3441: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3410: 3407: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3335: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3233: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3166: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3069: 3065: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3048: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2979: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2932: 2929: 2916: 2912: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2814: 2811: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2775: 2772: 2759: 2755: 2749: 2746: 2733: 2732:Baltimore Sun 2729: 2723: 2720: 2708: 2704: 2697: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2596: 2593: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2557: 2554: 2542: 2538: 2531: 2528: 2515: 2511: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2471: 2463: 2460: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2429: 2426: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2317: 2314: 2302: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2286: 2277: 2274: 2269: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2249: 2246: 2234: 2230: 2223: 2220: 2208: 2204: 2197: 2194: 2182: 2178: 2172: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2150: 2146: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2125: 2118: 2112: 2109: 2101: 2094: 2088: 2085: 2080: 2078:0-313-31774-7 2074: 2070: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2051: 2048: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2017: 2014: 2008: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1864:Freedom Front 1861: 1857: 1856:Zulu monarchy 1853: 1850: 1846: 1843: 1839: 1833: 1825: 1819: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1773: 1770: 1766: 1765:Lucas Mangope 1758: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1744: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1718: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1648:power-sharing 1645: 1641: 1640: 1633: 1630: 1626: 1619: 1613: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1565: 1561: 1554: 1548: 1542: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1505: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1476: 1471: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1456:majority rule 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1419: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1243: 1238: 1236: 1234: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1199: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1173: 1165: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1148:Groote Schuur 1141: 1137: 1130: 1125: 1118: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1088: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1070: 1069:years later. 1067: 1066:Kobie Coetsee 1063: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1028: 1024: 1023:Robben Island 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1000: 998: 996: 992: 988: 984: 983:Lucas Mangope 980: 976: 970: 967: 952: 944:Harry Schwarz 940: 926: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 907:Harry Schwarz 902: 894: 892: 890: 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