1145:
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33:
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later historians may have emphasised by drawing a parallel between Córdoba and another
Umayyad capital, Damascus. The first reference to the Muslims' sharing the church was by Ibn Idhārī in the fourteenth century, citing the tenth-century historian al-Rāzī. It could be a version of a similar story referring to the Great Mosque in Damascus, which may itself have been written long after the Mosque was built. It is a story that meant something in the tenth-century context, a clear statement of the Muslim appropriation of Visigothic Córdoba.
1357:
1115:
986:
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965:
pilgrimage, which was prevented by the
Quraysh, who promised to allow it the following year in the Hudaybiyah treaty, did not also entail the prevention of continuing practices by polytheists. However, before the second pilgrimage season, allies of the Quraysh violated the treaty, allowing the Muslims to return as conquerors rather than guests. Henceforth, the Kaʿaba was to be dedicated to the worship of the one God alone, and the
2242:
5327:
3884:
1496:
5316:
659:
719:
68:
1040:, which was a destroyed site of the holiest Jewish temple, destroyed by the Romans in AD 70 and with consistent Jewish presence in Jerusalem has always been a site of religious prayer for Jews. Umar initially built there a small prayer house which laid the foundation for the later construction of the
2966:
The design is unique and patriarchal in its magnificent simplicity. One can scarcely tolerate the theory of some architectural writers, that this enclosure is of a period later than the Jewish. It would have been strange if any of the
Herodian princes should here alone have raised, at enormous cost,
2867:
It was originally a small temple of
Christian Visigoth origin. Under Umayyad reign in Spain (711–1031 CE), it was expanded and made into a mosque, which it would remain for eight centuries. During the Christian reconquest of Al-Andalus, Christians captured the mosque and consecrated it as a Catholic
2835:
It is a commonplace of the history of Córdoba that in their early years in the city, the
Muslims shared with the Christians the church of S. Vicente, until ʿAbd al-Raḥmān I bought the Christians out and used the site to build the Great Mosque. It was a pivotal moment in the history of Córdoba, which
964:
and other religious figures. Muhammad earned the enmity of his tribe by preaching the new religion of Islam. Early
Muslims practiced, or attempted to practice, their rituals by the Ka'aba alongside polytheists, until they eventually left Mecca, driven out by escalating persecution. The aborted first
2899:
On this site originally stood the
Visigoths' church of San Vicente, but when the Moors came to town in 758 CE they knocked it down and constructed a mosque in its place. When Córdoba fell once again to the Christians, King Ferdinand II and his successors set about Christianizing the structure, most
2652:
The conversion of non-Islamic religious buildings into mosques during the first centuries of Islam played a major role in the development of
Islamic architectural styles. Distinct regional styles of mosque design, which have come to be known by such names as Arab, Persian, Andalusian, and others,
2642:
in 1981. The synagogue had been sold to the city by the Jewish community in 1976, on the grounds that it would not be converted into a church. In 1979 Turkish Muslim residents occupied the abandoned building and demanded it be turned into a mosque, citing alleged construction safety concerns with
2802:
It seems probable, also, that this latter Khalif, when he began to rebuild the Aksa, made use of the materials which lay to hand in the ruins of the great St. Mary Church of
Justinian, which must originally have stood on the site, approximately, on which the Aksa Mosque was afterwards
1144:
5366:
3023:"From there we reached Halhul, a place mentioned by Joshua. Here there are a certain number of Jews. They take travelers to see an ancient sepulchral monument attributed to Gad the Seer." — Isaac ben Joseph ibn Cehlo, 1334
1541:, the second most holy site in Judaism, was converted into a church during the Crusades before being turned into a mosque in 1266 and henceforth banned to Jews and Christians. Part of it was restored as a synagogue by
5361:
3888:
1790:. From the date of its dedication in 360 until 1453, it served as the Orthodox cathedral of the imperial capital, except between 1204 and 1261, when it became the Roman Catholic cathedral under the
1842:. It was opened as a museum on 1 February 1935. On 10 July 2020, the decision of the Council of Ministers to transform it into a museum was canceled by Council of State and the Turkish President
2668:
4958:
4326:
2663:
1455:, a prayer for the Sultan recited in one of the churches which converted into a mosque, and according to Turkish authors "the house of the infidel became the house of Islam."
4943:
2353:
The
Alamgir Mosque in Varanasi was constructed by Mughal Emperor Aurnagzeb built atop the ancient 100 ft high Bindu Madhav (Nand Madho) Temple after its destruction in 1682.
1436:
5351:
5042:
1272:
2624:, built in the 1960s by Jews from Algeria, was turned into a mosque in 2016 after being bought by a conservative Muslim organization, the al-Badr organization.
2405:
4973:
1323:
church. Much of it was destroyed in a 1687 explosion, and a smaller mosque was erected within the ruins in 1715; this mosque was demolished in 1843. See
1189:
1185:
776:
2274:(landowners) associated with the temple. The demolition was intended as a warning to the anti-Mughal factions and Hindu religious leaders in the city.
5047:
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5027:
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1181:
1177:
442:
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was turned into a mosque. After being destroyed in the Communist 1967 anti-religious campaign, the site was turned into an open air mausoleum.
4978:
4935:
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3113:
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1861:
became the cathedral church and seat of the patriarchate for three years after the Fall of Constantinople, as Hagia Sophia became the city's
329:
2892:
2860:
3388:
3236:
1718:
821:
920:
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a building utterly differing from the countless products of their architectural passion and Roman taste with which the land is strewn.
4830:
4784:
4444:
4438:
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3520:
3439:
2773:
2750:
2726:
2287:
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1791:
791:
507:
2523:
2270:, who then constructed the Gyanvapi Mosque atop the original Hindu temple. The demolition was motivated by the rebellion of local
4701:
4557:
4092:
3988:
1771:
1349:
786:
107:
996:, founder of Islam, is traditionally believed to have ascended into heaven from this site. In Jewish tradition, it is here that
5185:
5001:
689:
2653:
commonly reflected the external and internal stylistic elements of churches and other temples characteristic for that region.
5250:
4808:
4706:
3138:
2912:
2617:
1717:
Following the Ottoman conquest of Anatolia, virtually all of the churches of Istanbul were converted into mosques except the
816:
634:
3429:
2446:
The temple was attacked, destroyed and rebuilt multiple times and was converted into an Islamic Mosque in the 19th century.
1319:: Some time before the close of the fifteenth century, the Parthenon became a mosque. Before that the Parthenon had been a
4618:
4377:
4112:
1634:
1205:
911:
Several such mosques in the areas of former Muslim rule have since been reconverted or have become museums, including the
378:
5147:
1838:– were added while in the possession of the Ottomans. The building was a mosque from 29 May 1453 until 1931, when it was
5170:
4767:
4623:
4613:
4519:
4230:
2961:
The land of Israel : a journal of travels in Palestine, undertaken with special reference to its physical character
2936:
2016:
1209:
1169:
1029:
796:
410:
5137:
3669:
Patel, Alka (2004). "Architectural Histories Entwined: The Rudra-Mahalaya/Congregational Mosque of Siddhpur, Gujarat".
3365:
3103:
2032:
5272:
4953:
4721:
4514:
3949:
2469:
1858:
1628:
746:
457:
284:
3339:
2333:
5032:
4915:
4432:
3909:
2683:
1988:
1416:
1201:
1197:
1129:
1128:
ones) were converted into mosques. A relatively significant surge in church-to-mosque conversion followed the 1974
1094:
1078:
852:
497:
3064:
The land of Israel: a journal of travels in Palestine, undertaken with special reference to its physical character
5112:
4813:
4642:
4338:
4118:
4081:
2678:
2600:
1928:
1900:
1893:
1872:
The Church of the Pantocrator, a church favoured for imperial burials in the latter Byzantine Empire, became the
1161:
1125:
1118:
1103:
831:
756:
751:
592:
304:
1507:, this holy place was "taken over from the Jewish tradition" by the Muslim rulers. The cave and the surrounding
5267:
4996:
4820:
4593:
4131:
3198:
2370:
1625:
1452:
1291:
806:
524:
324:
32:
3274:
5130:
4158:
4004:
2578:
was the largest synagogue in North Africa until it was converted into the Abdellah Ben Salem Mosque in 1975.
2575:
2230:
1843:
1775:
1583:
1489:
1331:
1114:
801:
119:
40:
5282:
5211:
5180:
5120:
4102:
4097:
4015:
3203:
2639:
2062:
1866:
1799:
1669:
1650:
1546:
1534:
1516:
1250:
1173:
881:
573:
339:
1000:, the progenitor and first patriarch of the Hebrew people, is said to have prepared to sacrifice his son
973:) at the Kaʿaba was a special object of veneration at the site. According to some traditions the text of
5228:
5206:
4025:
3902:
2853:
The Muslim Struggle for Civil Rights in Spain, 1985–2010: Promoting Democracy Through Islamic Engagement
2553:
2514:
2364:
2137:
2083:
2072:
1974:
1921:
1687:
1562:
1356:
1287:
1283:
1224:
845:
766:
761:
568:
393:
177:
132:
4895:
4802:
4747:
2463:
2002:
1823:
1655:
1500:
924:
771:
1406:
The Franciscan Church of St John the Baptist in Buda, converted into Pasha Djami, destroyed in 1686.
1160:
Numerous orthodox churches were converted to mosques during the Ottoman period in Greece. After the
5125:
5006:
4900:
4716:
4213:
4010:
2673:
2594:
2316:
attacked Mathura, destroyed the Keshavdeva Temple in 1670 and built the Shahi Eidgah in its place.
2037:
1963:
1885:
1659:
1570:
1550:
1302:
1268:
1013:
985:
811:
682:
578:
212:
112:
2959:
5287:
5201:
5052:
4988:
4796:
4772:
4449:
4427:
4387:
4190:
4141:
4107:
3998:
3686:
3610:
3158:
2384:
2161:
1956:
1382:
1243:
602:
559:
529:
512:
487:
432:
388:
100:
4277:
3647:
2829:
Christys, Ann (2017). "The meaning of topography in Umayyad Cordoba". In Lester, Anne E. (ed.).
3788:
3629:
3240:
2389:
Firuz Shah Tughlaq destroyed the Atala Devi temple in 1377 and built the Atala Mosque over it.
1400:, converted into Eski Djami immediately after the capture of Buda in 1541, reconverted in 1686.
960:, was in charge of the Kaʿaba, at that time a shrine containing hundreds of idols representing
5262:
5257:
5162:
5152:
5142:
4825:
4711:
4663:
4506:
4417:
4178:
4168:
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4153:
4148:
3981:
3737:
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3516:
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3462:
3456:
3435:
3209:
3134:
3109:
3082:
3042:
3012:
3006:
2900:
dramatically adding the bright pearly white Renaissance nave where mass is held every morning.
2888:
2856:
2769:
2763:
2746:
2722:
2495:
2489:
2186:
2176:
2115:
2104:
2009:
1949:
1420:
1390:
961:
893:
643:
607:
554:
467:
427:
289:
3483:
1352:(Hünkar Mosque) was originally a Roman Catholic church before it was converted into a mosque.
923:. Conversion of non-Islamic buildings into mosques influenced distinctive regional styles of
5292:
5277:
5037:
4742:
4464:
4402:
4392:
4382:
4367:
4173:
4076:
4048:
3936:
3678:
3602:
2425:
2181:
1755:
1681:
1663:
1621:
1617:
1473:
1324:
1193:
1033:
989:
452:
447:
398:
383:
368:
277:
156:
3197:
Hillenbrand, R. "Masdjid. I. In the central Islamic lands". In P.J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis;
3105:
The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Corpus: Volume 2, L-Z (excluding Tyre)
2814:
5218:
4925:
4870:
4356:
4316:
4267:
4219:
3993:
2499:
2433:
2429:
2235:
1815:
1595:
1566:
1508:
1432:
1424:
1403:
Church of Mary Magdalene, Buda, converted into Fethiye Djami c. 1602, reconverted in 1686.
1397:
1386:
1133:
741:
587:
403:
363:
352:
334:
237:
182:
95:
4670:
2643:
their usual mosque. The synagogue was conceded to the Muslim community three years later.
2293:
1865:. The Justinianic church was already in disrepair and in 1461 it was demolished and the
5330:
5057:
4910:
4752:
4454:
3839:
3262:
2397:
2327:
2119:
1803:
1767:
1741:
1729:
1691:
1609:
1600:
1320:
1232:
1153:
1068:
1045:
1041:
1005:
675:
547:
534:
492:
437:
51:
1106:(since 1592) of Bihać was a Catholic church devoted to Saint Anthony of Padua (1266).
5345:
5233:
5070:
4920:
4459:
4422:
4397:
4282:
2437:
2343:
2303:
2251:
1995:
1981:
1935:
1907:
1873:
1846:
signed a decree annulling the Hagia Sophia's museum status, reverting it to a mosque.
1549:
became the Church of the Forty Martyrs, which then became the Tomb of Isai and later
1469:
1306:
974:
612:
517:
477:
2172:
Hundreds of Armenian Churches were converted into Mosques in Turkey and Azerbaijan.
718:
5320:
5245:
4905:
4757:
4635:
4351:
3957:
3704:
2549:
2543:
2126:
2093:
1914:
1810:, who subsequently ordered the building converted into a mosque. The bells, altar,
1795:
1779:
1725:
1365:
1361:
1254:
1217:
1037:
1009:
885:
736:
710:
663:
619:
356:
88:
77:
36:
4255:
4243:
3389:"Turkey: Mystery Surrounds Decision to Turn Byzantine Church Museum into a Mosque"
2241:
3814:
3563:
3510:
3310:
3036:
2015:
The monastery of the Holy Martyrs Menodora, Metrodora, and Nymphodora became the
1085:
was converted into a mosque in 1479 after the city was conquered by the Ottomans.
17:
4882:
4372:
4311:
4238:
4125:
2980:"For first time in 18 years, Jews pray at biblical tombs in Palestinian village"
2916:
2454:
1942:
1880:
1862:
1811:
1737:
1677:
1481:
1428:
970:
901:
889:
415:
373:
297:
3537:
1124:
Following the Ottoman conquest of Cyprus, a number of churches (especially the
5175:
4272:
4247:
3606:
2052:
Elsewhere in Turkey numerous churches were converted into mosques, including:
1839:
1082:
897:
420:
3762:
3741:
3213:
2932:
2494:
The original building was partially destroyed and converted into a mosque by
4890:
4321:
4136:
3883:
3595:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
2635:
2621:
2556:
dynasty; parts of it were reused in setting up a new congregational mosque.
2503:
2479:
2458:
2441:
2313:
2267:
2261:
2190:
2045:
1807:
1763:
1495:
1385:, a number of churches were converted into mosques. Those that survived the
1339:
1312:
1149:
1136:
have been converted, and many are still in the process of becoming mosques.
1021:
912:
319:
3297:"Ayasofya'yı camiden müzeye dönüştüren Bakanlar Kurulu kararı iptal edildi"
952:), were revered as a sacred sanctuary and were sites of pilgrimage. During
5223:
4729:
4587:
4539:
4333:
4287:
4251:
3976:
2964:. London: London Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. p. 394.
2529:
2339:
2271:
2247:
2155:
2066:
1783:
1782:. After 1453 it became a mosque, and since 1931 it has been a museum in
1646:
1613:
1468:
The Islamic State converted a number of churches into mosques after they
1369:
1342:
1239:
1213:
993:
953:
877:
629:
597:
311:
245:
3614:
1472:. The churches were restored to their original function after Mosul was
5238:
4844:
4532:
4412:
4304:
4297:
4292:
4034:
3690:
3590:
3411:"Historic Hagia Sophia in a Turkish province to be re-opened as mosque"
2533:
2415:
2411:
2299:
2141:
2130:
2108:
2097:
2087:
2076:
1835:
1642:
1295:
997:
957:
905:
462:
139:
3066:. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. pp. 390–396.
4762:
4736:
4695:
4656:
4573:
4486:
4407:
4262:
4208:
4203:
3970:
3366:"From museum to mosque? Turkish court to rule on Hagia Sophia's fate"
2704:
2041:
1831:
1827:
1819:
1787:
1545:
after 1967. Other sites in Hebron have undergone Islamification. The
1542:
1538:
1522:
1504:
1448:
1335:
1316:
1276:
1261:
945:
916:
482:
472:
261:
229:
221:
206:
200:
84:
5367:
Religious buildings and structures converted to a different religion
3682:
1899:
The Church of Saint Thekla of the Palace of Blachernae, became the
1435:
was reestablished and the building became a church once again, the
5011:
4836:
4790:
4778:
4580:
4566:
4525:
4198:
4055:
4041:
3962:
3925:
3266:
2569:
2538:
2484:
2475:
2420:
2369:
2348:
2308:
2256:
2031:
1695:
1673:
1594:
1586:; built on a formerly Roman pagan, and then Roman Christian, site.
1526:
1494:
1372:, a church (326–1590), then a mosque and again a church after 1912
1228:
1113:
1093:
1001:
984:
966:
949:
941:
624:
502:
193:
151:
144:
67:
59:
31:
3864:
Patrick D. Gaffney (2004). "Masjid". In Richard C. Martin (ed.).
3431:
Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King
3172:
1164:, many of them were later reconverted into churches. Among them:
4677:
4649:
4599:
4546:
4491:
4062:
2148:
1970:
1638:
1025:
253:
161:
5097:
4865:
4481:
3898:
3894:
3311:"Hagia Sophia: Turkey turns iconic Istanbul museum into mosque"
2921:. Cambridge, MA: The Mediaeval Academy of America. p. 259.
1927:
The Church of Saint John the Forerunner by-the-Dome became the
3488:. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. pp. 95–96.
3315:
3131:
Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, Volume Five: H-I
1260:
The original Pantocrator (Kursum Mosque) church building in
3730:"À Marseille, une synagogue va être transformée en mosquée"
2044:, which was possibly constructed on the site of an earlier
1680:
period, which later became the garden for the Cathedral of
2548:
The temple was dismantled during the siege of the city by
5362:
Religious buildings and structures converted into mosques
3705:"Great Synagogue at Oran, Algeria | Archive | Diarna.org"
2765:
Routledge Encyclopedia of Ancient Mediterranean Religions
2036:
The Selimiye Mosque was the largest and oldest surviving
1616:; built on the site of a Christian basilica dedicated to
3889:
Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques
3340:"Opinion | The Hagia Sophia and Turkey's Neo-Ottomanism"
2815:
https://www.inyourpocket.com/bihac/Fethija-Mosque_53865v
2669:
Conversion of mosques into non-Islamic places of worship
1879:
The Church of SS Sergius and Bacchus, a church built by
874:
conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques
827:
Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques
1603:
was built on the site of several prior religious sites.
2664:
Conversion of non-Hindu places of worship into temples
1994:
The Church of Saint Mary of Constantinople became the
2933:"Iraq: Daesh have robbed and demolished every church"
2012:
was an Eastern Orthodox church of unknown dedication.
1818:
and sacrificial vessels were removed and many of the
1569:; built as the Church of St. John the Baptist by the
1427:, it was converted into a mosque. In the time of the
1257:
was converted into a mosque in the mid-14th century.
5194:
5161:
5111:
5020:
4987:
4934:
4881:
4687:
4609:
4556:
4505:
4347:
4229:
4189:
4072:
4024:
3948:
3763:"The Marseille synagogue that is becoming a mosque"
2719:
Music in the World of Islam: A Socio-Cultural Study
43:cathedral converted into a mosque in AD 1453.
3671:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
1032:in spite of a treaty. The architecturally similar
3538:"Alamgir Mosque - Lost Vishnu Temple of Varanasi"
2634:The Ashkenazi synagogue on Wagenstraat street of
1892:The Church of Saint Andrew in Krisei, became the
1389:, were later reconverted into churches after the
3461:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 278–279.
2319:Mosque; temple reconstructed adjacent to Mosque
2277:Mosque; temple reconstructed adjacent to Mosque
1227:(Hünkar Mosque) and the Church of Saint Paul in
2878:
2876:
2136:Church of Christ and Saint Stephen, became the
1955:The Monastery of Christ Pantepoptes became the
2824:
2822:
2266:The temple was demolished under the orders of
1962:The Church of Theotokos Kyriotissa became the
1649:"), then converted into a church dedicated to
956:'s lifetime (AD 570–632), his tribe, the
3910:
2745:, Gorgias Press LLC, 1 December 2001, pg. 28
1941:The Catholic Church of Saint Paul became the
853:
683:
8:
3161:Eyewitness Travel Guides. 2006. p. 133.
2935:. Independent Catholic News. 6 March 2018.
2831:Cities, Texts and Social Networks, 400–1500
2721:. Wayne State University Press. p. 4.
1906:The nunnery of Saint Theodosia, became the
1749:
1156:mosque built after 1715, in the early 1830s
5108:
5094:
4878:
4862:
4502:
4478:
3945:
3917:
3903:
3895:
3866:Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World
2846:
2844:
2506:further built the mosque in AD 1213.
2200:
2082:Panagia Chrysokephalos Church, became the
860:
846:
777:Islamization and Turkification of Xinjiang
701:
690:
676:
46:
3079:With Might and Strength: An Autobiography
5352:Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent
3455:Catherine B. Asher (24 September 1992).
3201:; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.).
1355:
1216:(Mosque of Suleyman Hortaji Effendi) in
1143:
3338:Calian, Florin George (25 March 2021).
2696:
1437:Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption
1345:. It is currently an exhibition centre.
919:and numerous mosques in Spain, such as
709:
58:
3568:. Penguin Books Limited. p. 448.
2855:. Sussex Academic Press. p. 137.
1662:, later it became a church during the
1511:enclosure was converted into a mosque.
1381:Following the Ottoman conquest of the
975:seven or ten especially honoured poems
782:Islamization of Bosnia and Herzegovina
3515:. E. Forsten. pp. 125, 319–320.
3387:Letsch, Constanze (2 December 2011).
3277:from the original on 10 December 2010
2559:Ruined, partly converted into Mosque
1525:, transformed into Mosque of Prophet
1273:Holy Trinity church in Knights Avenue
732:Late Antiquity - Middle Ages - Modern
7:
3005:Adler, Elkan Nathan (4 April 2014).
1987:The Monastery of Gastria became the
1794:of the Western Crusader-established
1658:; a temple to worship the Roman god
1242:, destroyed by the Ottomans and the
3840:"Wagenstraat Synagogue in Den Haag"
3482:Audrey Truschke (1 February 2018).
3267:"Istanbul: Buildings, Hagia Sophia"
3035:Johnson, Paul (14 September 1988).
2103:Hagios Eugenios Church, became the
1980:The Monastery of Manuel became the
1934:The Church of Myrelaion became the
1719:Church of Saint Mary of the Mongols
1641:; initially a pagan temple for the
1204:(Kazancilar Mosque), the church of
1132:. Many of the Orthodox churches in
822:Conversion to Islam in U.S. prisons
3789:"Moslems Want to Retain Synagogue"
3536:Rastogi, Saurabh (27 March 2018).
3512:Braj: Centre of Krishna pilgrimage
3509:A. W. Entwistle (1 January 1987).
3364:YACKLEY, AYLA JEAN (2 July 2020).
2939:from the original on 20 March 2018
2125:Church of Virgin Mary, became the
1969:The Church of Hagios Theodoros at
992:is a shrine in Jerusalem. Prophet
977:were suspended around the Kaʿaba.
884:and under historical Muslim rule.
25:
2648:Influence on Islamic architecture
2189:, ex St Mary's Church Cathedral,
2114:Saint Paul Cathedral, became the
1792:Latin Patriarch of Constantinople
1698:, was previously a church of Job.
1480:Chaldean Church of St. Joseph in
1196:(Kasımiye Mosque), the Church of
792:Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia
5326:
5325:
5314:
4845:Schools of islamic jurisprudence
4093:Timeline of the history of Islam
3882:
3650:. Archaeological Survey of India
3628:K.D.L. Khan (2 September 2007).
3591:"The Legacy of Islam in Somnath"
3428:Truschke, Audrey (16 May 2017).
3041:. Harper Collins. pp. 3–5.
2762:Orlin, Eric (19 November 2015).
2593:Great Synagogue of Algiers, now
2522:
2468:
2404:
2332:
2292:
2240:
2073:Hagia Sophia Church in Trebizond
1772:state church of the Roman Empire
1419:, was built by the Visigoths in
1192:(Soğuksu Mosque), the Church of
880:and continued during subsequent
787:Islamization of the Sudan region
717:
657:
66:
5357:Mosques converted from churches
5186:List of ex-Muslim organisations
3485:Aurangzeb: The Man and the Myth
2703:Britannica 2002 Deluxe Edition
2022:Chora Church in Istanbul (2019)
1415:A Catholic church dedicated to
1098:Fethija Mosque in Bihać, Bosnia
1024:, it is commonly reported that
882:Islamic conquests and invasions
27:Conversion of places of worship
3630:"Ajmer's Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra"
3108:. Cambridge University Press.
3062:Tristram, Henry Baker (1865).
2958:Tristram, Henry Baker (1865).
1948:The Lips Monastery became the
1573:; converted to mosque in 1291.
1176:(Suluca or Murad Mosque), the
1052:Conversion of church buildings
817:Conversion to Islam in prisons
1:
3434:. Stanford University Press.
3208:. Brill Academic Publishers.
2743:"The Orthodox Eastern Church"
2599:Great Synagogue of Oran, now
2063:Hagia Sophia Church in Nicaea
1883:, became a mosque dubbed the
1447:After the Ottomans conquered
1294:(Fethiye Mosque) churches in
1148:Painting of the ruins of the
930:
5171:Apostasy in Islam by country
5048:Liberalism and progressivism
3736:(in French). 27 April 2016.
3458:Architecture of Mughal India
2887:. Avalon Travel Publishing.
2851:Guia, Aitana (1 July 2014).
2638:, built in 1844, became the
1800:Constantinople was conquered
1459:Middle East and North Africa
1238:The Church of Saint John in
1170:Church of the Acheiropoietos
1030:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
876:occurred during the life of
797:Spread of Islam in Indonesia
2798:Palestine Under the Moslems
2197:Conversion of Hindu temples
1859:Church of the Holy Apostles
1533:The Herodian shrine of the
1521:Tombs of Nathan and Gad in
1364:, initially a Mausoleum of
1360:The Rotunda of Galerius in
1208:(İki Şerefiye Mosque), the
1186:Church of Saint Panteleimon
921:Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba
747:Islamic missionary activity
241:("Stories of the Prophets")
5383:
3589:Shokoohy, Mehrdad (2012).
3011:. Routledge. p. 135.
2684:List of destroyed heritage
2502:in the late 12th century.
2005:became the Fethiye Mosque.
1989:Sancaktar Hayrettin Mosque
1924:became the İmrahor Mosque.
1398:Church of Our Lady of Buda
1202:Church of Panagia Chalkeon
1184:(Yakup Pasha Mosque), the
1130:Turkish Invasion of Cyprus
1069:church of Saint Nicholas (
944:and Mecca (referred to as
5309:
5107:
5093:
4959:Geography and cartography
4877:
4861:
4501:
4477:
3944:
3933:
3793:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
3607:10.1017/S0041977X12000493
2679:Islam and other religions
2601:Abdellah Ben Salem Mosque
2260:
2096:was a Byzantine church. (
1929:Hirami Ahmet Pasha Mosque
1917:became the Kariye Mosque.
1901:Atik Mustafa Pasha Mosque
1894:Koca Mustafa Pasha Mosque
1869:was erected in its place.
1733:
1225:Cathedral church of Veria
1182:Church of Saint Catherine
1162:Greek War of Independence
1119:Lala Mustafa Pasha Mosque
904:have been converted into
832:List of converts to Islam
757:Islamization of Jerusalem
752:Islamization of Palestine
5268:Islamic view of miracles
3226:Mamboury (1953), p. 221.
3173:"Great Mosque (Tangier)"
2796:Le Strange, Guy (1890).
2566:Conversion of synagogues
1624:), which was earlier, a
1453:Principality of Theodoro
1350:church of Saint Nicholas
1178:Church of Prophet Elijah
1079:The church of St Stephen
1008:are both located on the
902:Zoroastrian fire temples
807:Islamization in Pakistan
330:Medieval Islamic science
5033:Creationism (evolution)
3819:Jewish Cultural Quarter
3102:Pringle, Denys (1993).
2918:The Goths in the Crimea
2883:Armstrong, Ian (2013).
2576:Great Synagogue of Oran
2378:Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh
2231:Kashi Vishwanath Temple
2147:Hagia Sophia church in
2138:Fatih Mosque in Tirilye
2084:Fatih Mosque in Trabzon
1776:Eastern Orthodox Church
1635:Great Mosque of al-Nuri
1584:Grand Mosque of Tangier
1490:Palestinian territories
1417:Saint Vincent of Lérins
1290:(Ayasofya Mosque), and
1246:was built in its place.
1200:(Ayasofya Mosque), the
1190:Church of Holy Apostles
1188:(Ishakiye Mosque), the
1028:refused to pray in the
802:Islamization of Albania
5283:Persecution of Muslims
5181:List of former Muslims
4098:Succession to Muhammad
3887:Quotations related to
3868:. MacMillan Reference.
3648:"Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra"
3565:The Religions of India
3204:Encyclopaedia of Islam
3077:Goren, Shlomo (2016).
2913:Vasiliev, Alexander A.
2717:Amnon Shiloah (2001).
2579:
2374:
2049:
1759:
1750:
1745:
1670:Great Mosque of Aleppo
1651:Saint John the Baptist
1604:
1547:Tomb of Jesse and Ruth
1535:Cave of the Patriarchs
1517:Cave of the Patriarchs
1512:
1470:occupied Mosul in 2014
1423:; during the reign of
1373:
1338:was built on top of a
1275:(Khan Zade Mosque) in
1271:(Enderun Mosque), the
1251:Theotokos Kosmosoteira
1180:(Saraylı Mosque), the
1174:Church of Hosios David
1157:
1121:
1099:
1090:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1017:
340:Succession to Muhammad
44:
5077:Conversion to mosques
4944:Alchemy and chemistry
3562:Roshen Dalal (2010).
3038:A History of the Jews
2573:
2515:Rudra Mahalaya Temple
2373:
2035:
1975:Church-Mosque of Vefa
1922:Monastery of Stoudios
1822:were plastered over.
1598:
1563:Al-Omari Grand Mosque
1498:
1359:
1284:Brontochion Monastery
1147:
1117:
1097:
988:
940:Before Muhammad, the
767:Islamization of Egypt
762:Islamization of Syria
35:
4803:Ma malakat aymanukum
4378:Association football
3634:The Tribune Spectrum
2464:Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra
2324:Bindu Madhav Temple
2003:Pammakaristos Church
1774:and the seat of the
1656:Great Mosque of Hama
1020:Upon the capture of
967:idols were destroyed
925:Islamic architecture
772:Islamization of Iran
379:Association football
3415:Hürriyet Daily News
3344:The Armenian Weekly
2674:Christianized sites
1964:Kalenderhane Mosque
1886:Little Hagia Sophia
1571:Knights Hospitaller
1387:era of Ottoman rule
1269:Panagia tou Kastrou
1172:(Eski Mosque), the
1016:and its successors.
969:. The Black Stone (
962:Arabian tribal gods
931:Qur'anic holy sites
812:Conversion to Islam
705:Part of a series on
140:Profession of Faith
113:Day of Resurrection
5288:Quran and miracles
5202:Criticism of Islam
4916:Geometric patterns
4768:Gender segregation
4339:Non-denominational
3159:Dorling Kindersley
2885:Spain and Portugal
2741:Adrian Fortescue,
2618:Or Thora Synagogue
2580:
2385:Firuz Shah Tughlaq
2375:
2361:Atala Devi Temple
2168:Armenian Apostolic
2162:Khakhuli Monastery
2156:Parkhali Monastery
2050:
1957:Eski Imaret Mosque
1605:
1513:
1383:Kingdom of Hungary
1374:
1292:Panagia Hodegetria
1244:Aslan Pasha Mosque
1158:
1122:
1100:
1018:
45:
5339:
5338:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5273:Domestic violence
5263:Islamic terrorism
5258:Islamic extremism
5089:
5088:
5085:
5084:
4857:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4643:Marriage contract
4473:
4472:
4433:Political aspects
4220:Story of Prophets
3989:Prophets of Islam
3495:978-0-14-343967-7
3468:978-0-521-26728-1
3243:on 5 January 2009
3115:978-0-521-39037-8
3048:978-0-06-091533-9
3018:978-1-134-28606-5
3008:Jewish Travellers
2563:
2562:
2496:Qutb ud-Din Aibak
2490:Qutb ud-Din Aibak
2283:Keshavdeva Temple
2187:Liberation Mosque
2177:Cathedral of Kars
2116:Tarsus Old Mosque
2105:New Friday Mosque
2010:Toklu Dede Mosque
1950:Fenari Isa Mosque
1629:temple of Jupiter
1474:liberated in 2017
1451:, the capital of
1391:Great Turkish War
1267:The gothic-style
1036:was built on the
971:al-Hajar-ul-Aswad
870:
869:
700:
699:
18:Converted mosques
16:(Redirected from
5374:
5329:
5328:
5321:Islam portal
5319:
5318:
5317:
5109:
5101:
5095:
4936:Medieval science
4879:
4869:
4863:
4520:Economic history
4503:
4479:
4465:Islam by country
4298:Bektashi Alevism
3946:
3937:Outline of Islam
3919:
3912:
3905:
3896:
3886:
3870:
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3861:
3855:
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3452:
3446:
3445:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3391:. eurasianet.org
3384:
3378:
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3300:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3271:Grove Art Online
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3239:. Archived from
3233:
3227:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3169:
3163:
3162:
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2955:
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2946:
2944:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2894:978-1-61237031-6
2880:
2871:
2870:
2862:978-1-84519581-6
2848:
2839:
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2826:
2817:
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2806:
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2784:
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2753:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2714:
2708:
2701:
2595:Ben Farès Mosque
2526:
2472:
2459:Saraswati Temple
2426:Mahmud of Ghazni
2408:
2336:
2296:
2244:
2201:
2182:Cathedral of Ani
1824:Islamic features
1753:
1751:Sancta Sapientia
1735:
1618:John the Baptist
1551:Deir Al Arba'een
1325:Parthenon mosque
1305:(Bey Mosque) in
1194:Hagios Demetrios
1034:Dome of the Rock
1014:Solomon's Temple
990:Dome of the Rock
862:
855:
848:
721:
702:
692:
685:
678:
664:Islam portal
662:
661:
660:
70:
47:
41:Eastern Orthodox
21:
5382:
5381:
5377:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5372:
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5335:
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5313:
5297:
5219:Cultural Muslim
5190:
5157:
5113:Other religions
5103:
5099:
5081:
5016:
4983:
4930:
4873:
4871:Islamic studies
4867:
4849:
4683:
4628:
4605:
4552:
4497:
4496:
4469:
4418:Moral teachings
4361:
4343:
4317:Nation of Islam
4278:Twelver Shi'ism
4225:
4191:Religious texts
4185:
4103:Early conquests
4086:
4068:
4020:
3940:
3929:
3923:
3879:
3874:
3873:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3848:
3846:
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3837:
3833:
3823:
3821:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3798:
3796:
3795:. 20 March 2015
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3683:10.2307/4127950
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3263:Magdalino, Paul
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3129:Sharon, Moshe.
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2989:
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2984:Times of Israel
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2629:The Netherlands
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2568:
2552:(1410–1444) of
2449:Temple rebuilt
2434:Muzaffar Shah I
2430:Alauddin Khalji
2236:Gyanvapi Mosque
2225:Current Status
2199:
2170:
2153:
2058:
2030:
2025:
2017:Manastır Mosque
1853:
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1705:
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1567:Beirut, Lebanon
1559:
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1425:Abd al-Rahman I
1413:
1379:
1142:
1134:Northern Cyprus
1112:
1092:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1004:. The Dome and
983:
938:
933:
866:
837:
836:
742:Spread of Islam
729:
696:
658:
656:
649:
648:
593:Other religions
588:Arabic language
550:
540:
539:
468:Moral teachings
359:
345:
344:
335:Spread of Islam
280:
270:
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257:(jurisprudence)
239:Qisas al-Anbiya
188:
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5195:Related topics
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4603:
4596:
4591:
4584:
4577:
4570:
4562:
4560:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4543:
4536:
4529:
4522:
4517:
4511:
4509:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4450:Social welfare
4447:
4442:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4354:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4235:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4195:
4193:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4134:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4113:Historiography
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4030:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3974:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3954:
3952:
3942:
3941:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3878:
3877:External links
3875:
3872:
3871:
3856:
3831:
3806:
3780:
3754:
3721:
3696:
3677:(2): 144–163.
3661:
3639:
3620:
3581:
3574:
3554:
3528:
3521:
3501:
3494:
3474:
3467:
3447:
3440:
3420:
3402:
3379:
3356:
3330:
3319:. 10 July 2020
3302:
3288:
3265:; et al.
3254:
3228:
3219:
3189:
3164:
3146:
3139:
3121:
3114:
3094:
3088:978-1592644094
3087:
3069:
3054:
3047:
3027:
3017:
2997:
2971:
2950:
2924:
2904:
2893:
2872:
2861:
2840:
2818:
2807:
2800:. p. 10.
2788:
2774:
2754:
2734:
2727:
2709:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2597:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2527:
2520:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2473:
2466:
2461:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2423:
2418:
2409:
2402:
2400:
2398:Somnath Temple
2394:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2346:
2337:
2330:
2328:Alamgir Mosque
2325:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2311:
2306:
2297:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2245:
2238:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2184:
2179:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2159:
2152:
2151:
2145:
2134:
2123:
2112:
2101:
2091:
2080:
2070:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2029:
2028:Rest of Turkey
2026:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1877:
1870:
1854:
1852:
1851:Other churches
1849:
1848:
1847:
1826:– such as the
1768:Constantinople
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1692:Al-Shaykh Saad
1686:The mosque of
1684:
1667:
1653:
1632:
1610:Umayyad Mosque
1601:Umayyad Mosque
1592:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1558:
1555:
1531:
1530:
1519:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1444:
1441:
1433:Christian rule
1412:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1378:
1375:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1332:Fethiye Mosque
1328:
1321:Greek Orthodox
1310:
1299:
1280:
1265:
1258:
1247:
1236:
1233:Medrese Mosque
1221:
1141:
1138:
1111:
1108:
1104:Fethija Mosque
1091:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1076:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1042:Al-Aqsa Mosque
1006:Al-Aqsa Mosque
982:
979:
937:
934:
932:
929:
868:
867:
865:
864:
857:
850:
842:
839:
838:
835:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
730:
727:
726:
723:
722:
714:
713:
707:
706:
698:
697:
695:
694:
687:
680:
672:
669:
668:
667:
666:
651:
650:
647:
646:
640:
639:
638:
637:
632:
622:
617:
616:
615:
610:
600:
595:
590:
584:
583:
582:
581:
576:
571:
563:
562:
557:
551:
548:Related topics
546:
545:
542:
541:
538:
537:
532:
530:Social welfare
527:
522:
521:
520:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
424:
423:
418:
408:
407:
406:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
360:
351:
350:
347:
346:
343:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
316:
315:
308:
301:
293:
292:
287:
281:
276:
275:
272:
271:
268:
267:
259:
250:
249:
243:
235:
227:
218:
217:
197:
189:
186:
185:
180:
174:
173:
172:
169:
168:
165:
164:
159:
154:
148:
147:
142:
136:
131:
130:
127:
126:
123:
122:
120:Predestination
116:
115:
110:
104:
103:
101:Revealed Books
98:
92:
91:
81:
76:
75:
72:
71:
63:
62:
56:
55:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5379:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5332:
5324:
5322:
5312:
5311:
5308:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5247:
5244:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5234:Post-Islamism
5232:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5193:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5164:
5160:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5132:
5131:Protestantism
5129:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5096:
5092:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5072:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5019:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4986:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4974:Ophthalmology
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4864:
4860:
4846:
4843:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4722:Death penalty
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4688:Other aspects
4686:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4640:
4638:
4637:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4493:
4492:Jurisprudence
4490:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4346:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4306:
4303:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4231:Denominations
4228:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4017:
4016:Holiest sites
4014:
4012:
4011:Judgement Day
4009:
4007:
4006:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3938:
3932:
3927:
3920:
3915:
3913:
3908:
3906:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3890:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3867:
3860:
3857:
3845:
3841:
3835:
3832:
3820:
3816:
3810:
3807:
3794:
3790:
3784:
3781:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3755:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3722:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3697:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3665:
3662:
3649:
3643:
3640:
3636:. Chandigarh.
3635:
3631:
3624:
3621:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3585:
3582:
3577:
3575:9788184753967
3571:
3567:
3566:
3558:
3555:
3543:
3542:Varanasi Guru
3539:
3532:
3529:
3524:
3522:9789069800165
3518:
3514:
3513:
3505:
3502:
3497:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3478:
3475:
3470:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3451:
3448:
3443:
3441:9781503602595
3437:
3433:
3432:
3424:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3390:
3383:
3380:
3368:. politico.eu
3367:
3360:
3357:
3345:
3341:
3334:
3331:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3255:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3223:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3205:
3200:
3199:C.E. Bosworth
3193:
3190:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3142:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3122:
3117:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3098:
3095:
3090:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3070:
3065:
3058:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3001:
2998:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2962:
2954:
2951:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:. Routledge.
2832:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2792:
2789:
2777:
2775:9781134625598
2771:
2767:
2766:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2751:0-9715986-1-4
2748:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2730:
2728:9780814329702
2724:
2720:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2690:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2654:
2647:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2438:Mahmud Begada
2435:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2263:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
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2224:
2221:
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2209:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2196:
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2175:
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2064:
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2055:
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2047:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1996:Odalar Mosque
1993:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1982:Kefeli Mosque
1979:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1936:Bodrum Mosque
1933:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1874:Zeyrek Mosque
1871:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1806:under Sultan
1805:
1804:Ottoman Turks
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
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1746:Sancta Sophia
1743:
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1278:
1274:
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1266:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1253:monastery in
1252:
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1234:
1230:
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1107:
1105:
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1072:
1067:The Catholic
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1065:
1061:
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1047:
1043:
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935:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
886:Hindu temples
883:
879:
875:
863:
858:
856:
851:
849:
844:
843:
841:
840:
833:
830:
828:
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750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
734:
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728:Islamizations
725:
724:
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703:
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531:
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511:
509:
506:
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503:Proselytizing
501:
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431:
429:
426:
422:
419:
417:
414:
413:
412:
411:Denominations
409:
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106:
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79:
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73:
69:
65:
64:
61:
57:
53:
49:
48:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
5246:Islamophobia
5121:Christianity
5076:
5069:
5002:Contemporary
4896:Architecture
4835:
4801:
4789:
4777:
4735:
4728:
4694:
4676:
4671:Nikah mut'ah
4669:
4662:
4655:
4648:
4641:
4634:
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4579:
4572:
4565:
4545:
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4437:
4218:
4142:
4124:
4117:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4026:Five Pillars
4003:
3969:
3958:God in Islam
3935:
3891:at Wikiquote
3865:
3859:
3847:. Retrieved
3843:
3834:
3822:. Retrieved
3818:
3809:
3797:. Retrieved
3792:
3783:
3771:. Retrieved
3769:. 6 May 2016
3766:
3757:
3745:. Retrieved
3733:
3724:
3712:. Retrieved
3708:
3699:
3674:
3670:
3664:
3652:. Retrieved
3642:
3633:
3623:
3598:
3594:
3584:
3564:
3557:
3545:. Retrieved
3541:
3531:
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3504:
3484:
3477:
3457:
3450:
3430:
3423:
3414:
3405:
3393:. Retrieved
3382:
3370:. Retrieved
3359:
3347:. Retrieved
3343:
3333:
3321:. Retrieved
3314:
3305:
3291:
3279:. Retrieved
3270:
3257:
3245:. Retrieved
3241:the original
3231:
3222:
3202:
3192:
3180:. Retrieved
3176:
3167:
3154:
3149:
3130:
3124:
3104:
3097:
3078:
3072:
3063:
3057:
3037:
3030:
3022:
3007:
3000:
2988:. Retrieved
2983:
2974:
2965:
2960:
2953:
2941:. Retrieved
2927:
2917:
2907:
2898:
2884:
2866:
2852:
2834:
2830:
2810:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2779:. Retrieved
2764:
2757:
2742:
2737:
2718:
2712:
2699:
2651:
2583:North Africa
2550:Ahmed Shah I
2544:Ahmad Shah I
2519:Jami Mosque
2365:Atala Mosque
2207:Mosque Name
2204:Temple Name
2171:
2127:Kesik Minare
2094:Nakip Mosque
2051:
1915:Chora Church
1884:
1867:Fatih Mosque
1796:Latin Empire
1780:Patriarchate
1726:Hagia Sophia
1716:
1713:Hagia Sophia
1682:Saint Helena
1532:
1467:
1446:
1414:
1380:
1362:Thessaloniki
1303:Hagia Sophia
1288:Hagia Sophia
1218:Thessaloniki
1198:Hagia Sophia
1159:
1123:
1101:
1071:Shën Nikollë
1070:
1038:Temple Mount
1019:
1012:the site of
1010:Temple Mount
939:
910:
890:Jain Temples
873:
871:
826:
737:Islamization
731:
711:Islamization
620:Islamophobia
399:Demographics
394:Circumcision
310:
303:
296:
262:
254:
238:
230:
222:
211:
205:
199:
192:
37:Hagia Sophia
29:
5021:Other areas
5012:Theological
5007:Eschatology
4964:Mathematics
4901:Calligraphy
4831:Theological
4785:Inheritance
4702:Cleanliness
4132:Shi'a Imams
4126:Ahl al-Bayt
3815:"The Hague"
3281:28 February
3247:13 February
3182:31 December
2707:, "Ka'bah."
2640:Aqsa Mosque
2288:Shahi Edgah
1973:became the
1943:Arap Mosque
1881:Justinian I
1863:Jama masjid
1840:secularised
1834:, and four
1812:iconostasis
1798:. In 1453,
1738:Holy Wisdom
1678:Hellenistic
1626:Roman Pagan
1488:Israel and
1482:Mosul, Iraq
1429:Reconquista
635:Laws of war
298:Ahl al-Bayt
183:Foundations
5346:Categories
5176:Ex-Muslims
5071:Shu'ubiyya
5065:Psychology
5053:Literature
5043:Inventions
4989:Philosophy
4797:Leadership
4773:Honorifics
4428:Philosophy
4283:Isma'ilism
4248:Maturidism
4137:Caliphates
4108:Golden Age
3999:Revelation
3849:22 January
3824:22 January
3799:22 January
3773:22 January
3747:22 January
3714:22 January
3654:22 January
3601:(2): 305.
3395:2 December
3140:9004250972
3081:. Maggid.
2691:References
2554:Muzaffarid
2164:in Erzurum
2040:church in
1908:Gül Mosque
1762:) was the
1734:Ἁγία Σοφία
1728:(from the
1499:After the
1206:Taxiarches
898:synagogues
488:Philosophy
225:(exegesis)
162:Pilgrimage
152:Almsgiving
5293:Symbolism
5251:Incidents
5229:Criticism
5126:Mormonism
5028:Astrology
4954:Cosmology
4949:Astronomy
4891:Arabesque
4758:Etiquette
4717:Blasphemy
4507:Economics
4322:Ahmadiyya
4256:Mu'tazili
4244:Ash'arism
3844:Religiana
3742:0242-6056
3349:7 January
3237:"Archnet"
3214:1573-3912
2636:The Hague
2622:Marseille
2504:Iltutmish
2480:Rajasthan
2442:Aurangzeb
2314:Aurangzeb
2272:zamindars
2268:Aurangzeb
2262:Aurangzeb
2191:Gaziantep
2158:in Artvin
2046:Byzantine
1808:Mehmed II
1764:cathedral
1664:Byzantine
1340:Byzantine
1313:Parthenon
1150:Parthenon
1022:Jerusalem
981:Jerusalem
913:Parthenon
608:terrorism
560:Criticism
513:Sexuality
483:Mysticism
453:Festivals
433:Education
428:Economics
364:Academics
320:Caliphate
133:Practices
5331:Category
5224:Islamism
5207:Muhammad
5163:Apostasy
5138:Hinduism
5038:Feminism
4969:Medicine
4809:Military
4763:Gambling
4712:Apostasy
4707:Criminal
4619:Marriage
4588:Tayammum
4540:Murabaha
4413:Madrasas
4403:Holidays
4393:Clothing
4388:Children
4383:Calendar
4334:Quranism
4288:Alawites
4252:Atharism
4143:Rashidun
3982:In Islam
3977:Muhammad
3767:BBC News
3734:La Croix
3615:23259581
3547:31 March
3275:Archived
2943:20 March
2937:Archived
2915:(1936).
2657:See also
2530:Siddhpur
2340:Varanasi
2248:Varanasi
2216:Country
2056:Orthodox
1836:minarets
1784:Istanbul
1760:Ayasofya
1708:Istanbul
1647:El-Gabal
1614:Damascus
1509:Herodian
1501:conquest
1370:Galerius
1368:Emperor
1343:basilica
1240:Ioannina
1214:Galerius
1152:and the
1126:Catholic
1046:Umayyads
994:Muhammad
954:Muhammad
894:churches
878:Muhammad
644:Glossary
630:Jihadism
603:Violence
598:Islamism
569:Muhammad
555:Apostasy
498:Politics
448:Feminism
443:Exorcism
404:Diaspora
389:Children
384:Calendar
312:Rashidun
290:Muhammad
285:Timeline
246:Mathnawi
108:Prophets
52:a series
50:Part of
5278:Nursing
5239:Qutbism
5153:Sikhism
5148:Judaism
5143:Jainism
4979:Physics
4926:Pottery
4911:Gardens
4906:Carpets
4821:Slavery
4743:Divorce
4730:Dhabiĥa
4558:Hygiene
4533:Takaful
4515:Banking
4445:Science
4439:Qurbani
4408:Mosques
4368:Animals
4357:Culture
4305:Zaydism
4293:Alevism
4179:Ottoman
4169:Almohad
4164:Fatimid
4159:Córdoba
4154:Abbasid
4149:Umayyad
4082:Leaders
4077:History
4035:Shahada
3950:Beliefs
3691:4127950
3323:10 July
3177:Archnet
3155:Morocco
2990:20 July
2868:church.
2803:raised.
2588:Algeria
2534:Gujarat
2509:Mosque
2416:Gujarat
2412:Veraval
2392:Mosque
2356:Mosque
2300:Mathura
2210:Images
2142:Tirilye
2131:Antalya
2109:Trabzon
2098:Trabzon
2088:Trabzon
2077:Trabzon
2048:church.
1844:Erdoğan
1820:mosaics
1802:by the
1770:in the
1756:Turkish
1676:of the
1660:Jupiter
1643:sun god
1578:Morocco
1557:Lebanon
1523:Halhoul
1443:Ukraine
1421:Córdoba
1377:Hungary
1296:Laconia
1210:Rotonda
1154:Ottoman
1083:Shkodër
1062:Albania
1044:by the
998:Abraham
958:Quraysh
948:in the
906:mosques
525:Slavery
508:Science
463:Madrasa
458:Finance
369:Animals
357:society
353:Culture
325:Imamate
305:Sahabah
278:History
248:(Poems)
233:(creed)
157:Fasting
85:Oneness
78:Beliefs
5100:
5058:poetry
4868:
4753:Ethics
4737:Dhimmi
4696:Baligh
4657:Mahram
4614:Family
4594:Toilet
4574:Miswak
4327:Lahori
4268:Salafi
4214:Seerah
4209:Tafsir
4204:Hadith
4174:Sokoto
4119:Sahaba
3994:Angels
3971:Tawhid
3928:topics
3740:
3709:Diarna
3689:
3613:
3572:
3519:
3492:
3465:
3438:
3372:2 July
3212:
3206:Online
3137:
3112:
3085:
3045:
3015:
2891:
2859:
2772:
2749:
2725:
2705:CD-ROM
2612:France
2607:Europe
2381:India
2222:Notes
2219:Ruler
2120:Tarsus
2042:Cyprus
2038:Gothic
1832:minbar
1828:mihrab
1788:Turkey
1703:Turkey
1672:; the
1543:Israel
1539:Hebron
1505:Hebron
1449:Mangup
1336:Athens
1317:Athens
1286:, the
1277:Rhodes
1262:Patras
1140:Greece
1110:Cyprus
1057:Europe
946:Bakkah
917:Greece
900:, and
579:Hadith
493:Poetry
473:Mosque
438:Ethics
263:Sharia
231:Aqidah
223:Tafsir
207:Hadith
201:Sunnah
145:Prayer
96:Angels
5212:Quran
5102:Other
4997:Early
4921:Music
4837:Kalam
4791:Jizya
4779:Hudud
4664:Nikah
4581:Najis
4567:Ghusl
4526:Sukuk
4455:Women
4423:Music
4398:Flags
4312:Ibadi
4239:Sunni
4199:Quran
4056:Zakat
4042:Salah
4005:Qadar
3963:Allah
3926:Islam
3687:JSTOR
3611:JSTOR
2986:. AFP
2781:7 May
2539:India
2500:Delhi
2485:India
2476:Ajmer
2421:India
2349:India
2309:India
2257:India
2213:City
2067:İznik
1742:Latin
1730:Greek
1696:Syria
1674:agora
1622:Yahya
1591:Syria
1527:Yunus
1411:Spain
1366:Roman
1307:Drama
1255:Feres
1229:Veria
1002:Isaac
950:Quran
942:Kaaba
936:Mecca
625:Jihad
574:Quran
535:Women
478:Music
416:Sunni
265:(law)
213:Sirah
194:Quran
178:Texts
60:Islam
39:, an
4883:Arts
4814:POWs
4748:Diet
4678:Zina
4650:Mahr
4636:Haya
4600:Wudu
4547:Riba
4460:LGBT
4352:Life
4273:Shia
4263:Sufi
4254:and
4063:Hajj
4049:Sawm
3851:2024
3826:2024
3801:2024
3775:2024
3749:2024
3738:ISSN
3716:2024
3656:2016
3570:ISBN
3549:2024
3517:ISBN
3490:ISBN
3463:ISBN
3436:ISBN
3397:2011
3374:2020
3351:2024
3325:2020
3283:2010
3249:2009
3210:ISSN
3184:2019
3135:ISBN
3110:ISBN
3083:ISBN
3043:ISBN
3013:ISBN
2992:2020
2945:2018
2889:ISBN
2857:ISBN
2783:2016
2770:ISBN
2747:ISBN
2723:ISBN
2574:The
2457:and
2455:Jain
2344:U.P.
2149:Enez
2008:The
2001:The
1971:Vefa
1920:The
1913:The
1857:The
1816:ambo
1639:Homs
1608:The
1599:The
1464:Iraq
1348:The
1330:The
1301:The
1282:The
1249:The
1223:The
1168:The
1102:The
1026:Umar
872:The
518:LGBT
421:Shia
355:and
255:Fiqh
4624:Sex
4487:Law
4373:Art
3679:doi
3603:doi
3316:BBC
2620:of
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