73:
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484:. Covering a total area of 124,000 square kilometres (48,000 sq mi), the joint Canadian–American team swept the area on foot and by air in Phase I from 24 January 1978 to 20 April 1978 and Phase II from 21 April 1978 to 15 October 1978. They were ultimately able to recover twelve large pieces of the satellite, ten of which were radioactive. These pieces displayed radioactivity of up to 1.1
284:
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10361, noticed Kosmos 954 making erratic manoeuvres, changing the altitude of its orbit by up to 50 miles, as its Soviet operators struggled to control their failing spacecraft. In secret meetings, Soviet officials warned their US counterparts that they had lost control over the vehicle, and that
427:
At 11:53 GMT on 24 January 1978, Kosmos 954 reentered the Earth's atmosphere while travelling on a northeastward track over western Canada. At first the USSR claimed that the satellite had been completely destroyed during re-entry, but later searches showed debris from the satellite had been
512:
also failed, dropping its reactor into the South
Atlantic in 1983. Subsequent RORSATs were equipped with a backup core ejection mechanism, when the primary mechanism failed on Kosmos 1900 in 1988, this system succeeded in raising the core to a safe disposal orbit.
554:
was released. It was hosted by Dëneze Nakehk'o, a veteran
Yellowknife-based Dené broadcast journalist, and produced by Aliya Pabani, and discussed the impact and aftermath of Kosmos 954 on the land and peoples where the debris fell.
546:
about the radioactive debris from the crashed satellite having created giant, mutant lobsters heading for the U.S. east coast. The story concluded with them invading the television studio at the show's end.
488:
per hour, yet they only comprised an estimated 1% of the fuel. One fragment had a radiation level of 500 R/h, which "is sufficient to kill a person ... remaining in contact with the piece for a few hours."
520:
warming event had been in progress during re-entry. The stratospheric warming was first documented by the US Army
Meteorological Rocket Network station at Poker Flat Research Range near Fairbanks, Alaska.
1023:
995:
508:
Kosmos 954 was not the first nuclear-powered RORSAT to fail; a launch of a similar satellite in 1973 failed, dropping its reactor into the
Pacific Ocean north of Japan. Subsequently,
2180:
1367:
501:, a state which launches an object into space is liable for damages caused by that object. For the recovery efforts, the Canadian government billed the Soviet Union
2210:
533:, the capital of the Northwest Territories. Yellowknife painter Nick MacIntosh has created works of art featuring the satellite and well known local landmarks.
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Search teams did not find re-entry debris at the predicted location until they recalculated where that location would be based upon data indicating a
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programme, a series of reconnaissance satellites which observed ocean traffic, including surface vessels and nuclear submarines, using active
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observation, but by
December 1977 the satellite had deviated from its designed orbit and its flightpath was becoming increasingly erratic.
348:, which obligates states for damages caused by their space objects. The USSR eventually paid 3 million Canadian dollars in compensation.
38:
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6,041,174.70 for expenses and additional compensation for future unpredicted expenses; the USSR eventually paid Can$ 3 million.
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627:"Settlement of Claim between Canada and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics for Damage Caused by Cosmos 954"
388:
of 277 kilometres (172 mi), it orbited the Earth every 89.5 minutes. Powered by a liquid sodium–potassium
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Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in
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Note verbale dated 19 December 1978 from the
Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations
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1026:– Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre, Yellowknife, North West Territories, Canada
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Space
Systems Failures – Disasters and rescues of satellites, rockets, and space probes
254:
72:
984:– a detailed first-hand account of recovering pieces of Kosmos 954; includes pictures.
916:
Operation
Morning Light : Terror in our Skies : The True Story of Cosmos 954
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nuclear reactor containing around 50 kg of highly-enriched uranium (over 90%
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the Earth's atmosphere the following year, it scattered radioactive debris over
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884:"SNL Transcripts: Robert Klein: 01/21/78: Lobsters Take New York / Goodnights"
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deposited on
Canadian territory along a 600-kilometre (370 mi) path from
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number 954 and was launched on 18 September 1977 at 13:55 UTC from the
340:. The Canadian government billed the Soviet Union for over 6 million
2000:
1995:
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357:
2153:. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).
978:
Radiation
Geophysics – Operation Morning Light – A personal account
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234:
224:
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Kosmos 954 has become a well known piece of history and lore in
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This prompted an extensive multiyear cleanup operation known as
313:
in 1977. A malfunction prevented safe separation of its onboard
1349:
1033:
937:. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Praxis Publishing (Springer).
779:
777:
325:, some of the debris landing in the Great Slave Lake next to
550:
In November of 2022, an eight-episode podcast series titled
464:
Using hand-held radiation survey meters to find the debris
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13:55:00, 18 September 1977 (UTC)
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674:"The Cold War near-atrocity that was nobody's fault"
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416:the system which was intended to propel the spent
1005:. US Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from
400:), the satellite was intended for long-term on-
647:Reynolds, Glenn H.; Merges, Robert P. (1998).
2181:Reconnaissance satellites of the Soviet Union
2149:. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in
1361:
1045:
990:Description and location of recovered pieces.
783:
356:The satellite was part of the Soviet Union's
8:
859:"The Fall, And Artistic Rise, Of Kosmos 954"
754:
752:
287:Schematic of the Kosmos-954 on-board reactor
30:
1024:1978 Cosmos 954 and Operation Morning Light
933:Harland, David M; Lorenz, Ralph D. (2005).
822:Space debris: legal and policy implications
1368:
1354:
1346:
1052:
1038:
1030:
71:
29:
409:North American Aerospace Defense Command
27:Reconnaissance satellite of Soviet Union
649:Outer Space: Problems of Law and Policy
607:
480:material from the satellite was dubbed
411:, which had assigned the satellite the
2211:Disasters in the Northwest Territories
1075:List of nuclear power systems in space
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7:
651:. Westview Press. pp. 179–189.
384:of 259 kilometres (161 mi) and
720:"Nation: Cosmos 954: An Ugly Death"
2171:Satellites formerly orbiting Earth
918:. New York: Paddington Press Ltd.
764:National Space Science Data Center
672:Weintz, Steve (23 November 2015).
25:
857:Rendell, Mark (10 October 2014).
436:. The area spans portions of the
1060:Nuclear-powered Earth satellites
593:
579:
565:
536:The 28 January 1978, episode of
36:
2206:Nuclear accidents and incidents
1336:Category:Nuclear power in space
954:Space law in the United Nations
996:"Life and death of Cosmos 954"
83:
1:
2186:Canada–Soviet Union relations
472:First Kosmos 954 debris found
110:3,800 kg (8,400 lb)
994:Gus W. Weiss (Spring 1978).
497:Under the terms of the 1972
135:1977-09-18T13:55:00Z
2231:Spacecraft launched in 1977
2257:
499:Space Liability Convention
2221:Disasters in Saskatchewan
2143:
1400:
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898:"Operation Morning Light"
820:Baker, Howard A. (1989).
784:Harland & Lorenz 2005
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239:277 km (172 mi)
229:259 km (161 mi)
194:
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179:24 January 1978
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35:
2191:1978 in the Soviet Union
982:Natural Resources Canada
952:Benkö, Marietta (1985).
760:"Cosmos 954 (1977-090A)"
413:Satellite Catalog Number
376:carrier rocket. With an
307:reconnaissance satellite
1003:Studies in Intelligence
824:. Nijhoff. p. 66.
552:Operation Morning Light
482:Operation Morning Light
344:under the terms of the
338:Operation Morning Light
2241:Nuclear-powered robots
2236:History of Yellowknife
2196:Nuclear power in space
1070:Nuclear power in space
476:The effort to recover
473:
465:
364:. It was assigned the
288:
2226:Environment of Canada
1699:Meteor-Priroda No.2-2
679:The National Interest
471:
463:
438:Northwest Territories
317:; when the satellite
286:
204:Reference system
102:Spacecraft properties
2216:Disasters in Alberta
1384:Orbital launches in
956:. Martinus Nijhoff.
390:thermionic converter
352:Launch and operation
42:Sketch of Kosmos 954
1324:1973 Launch failure
914:Heaps, Leo (1978).
900:. 14 November 2022.
601:Soviet Union portal
539:Saturday Night Live
378:orbital inclination
370:Baikonur Cosmodrome
32:
847:, pp. 50, 78.
573:Spaceflight portal
474:
466:
346:Outer Space Treaty
289:
199:Orbital parameters
2176:Kosmos satellites
2158:
2157:
1343:
1342:
963:978-90-247-3157-2
886:. 8 October 2018.
831:978-0-7923-0166-0
810:, pp. 80–81.
709:, pp. 49–51.
658:978-0-8133-6680-7
281:
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269:18 September 1977
16:(Redirected from
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1968:Intelsat IVA F-5
1619:Intelsat IVA F-4
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629:. April 2, 1981.
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342:Canadian dollars
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123:Start of mission
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2016:Molniya-3 No.18
1684:Molniya-1 No.45
1569:Molniya-3 No.19
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1790:TKS-VA No.009P
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972:External links
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728:. Feb 6, 1978.
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422:disposal orbit
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171:End of mission
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55:Reconnaissance
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1410:Meteor-2 No.2
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1321:Transit 5BN-3
1320:
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1111:Transit 5BN-2
1109:
1107:
1106:Transit 5BN-1
1104:
1102:
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1012:on 2010-06-21
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944:0-387-21519-0
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798:, p. 14.
797:
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755:
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749:
746:, p. 13.
745:
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732:
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725:Time Magazine
721:
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587:Canada portal
577:
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541:
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518:stratospheric
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58:
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50:
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39:
34:
19:
2150:
2146:
2077:
2040:
1978:
1966:
1937:Ekran No.12L
1926:
1909:
1880:Molniya-1-38
1802:
1795:
1788:
1769:Gran' No.13L
1514:Molniya-1-36
1471:
1452:Molniya-2-17
1439:
1333:
1301:
1185:
1014:. Retrieved
1007:the original
1002:
953:
934:
915:
908:Bibliography
892:
878:
866:. Retrieved
862:
852:
840:
821:
815:
803:
791:
723:
714:
683:. Retrieved
677:
667:
648:
551:
549:
538:
535:
528:
515:
507:
496:
481:
475:
450:Saskatchewan
426:
424:had failed.
420:into a safe
418:reactor core
406:
392:driven by a
355:
337:
335:
311:Soviet Union
291:
290:
215:Eccentricity
52:Mission type
1307:Kosmos 1402
1276:Kosmos 1932
1271:Kosmos 1900
1266:Kosmos 1867
1261:Kosmos 1860
1256:Kosmos 1818
1251:Kosmos 1771
1246:Kosmos 1736
1241:Kosmos 1682
1236:Kosmos 1677
1231:Kosmos 1670
1226:Kosmos 1607
1221:Kosmos 1402
1216:Kosmos 1372
1211:Kosmos 1365
1206:Kosmos 1299
1201:Kosmos 1266
1196:Kosmos 1249
1191:Kosmos 1176
685:23 November
544:running gag
542:featured a
531:Yellowknife
525:Pop culture
510:Kosmos 1402
478:radioactive
398:uranium-235
245:Inclination
153:Launch site
128:Launch date
107:Launch mass
2165:Categories
2135:Kosmos 973
2130:Kosmos 972
2125:Kosmos 971
2120:Kosmos 970
2115:Kosmos 969
2110:Kosmos 968
2095:Kosmos 967
2090:Kosmos 966
2053:Kosmos 965
2048:Kosmos 964
2036:Kosmos 963
2031:Meteosat 1
2026:Kosmos 962
2011:Kosmos 961
2006:Kosmos 960
1991:Kosmos 959
1986:Kosmos 958
1974:Kosmos 957
1952:Kosmos 956
1932:Kosmos 955
1927:Kosmos 954
1922:Kosmos 953
1917:Kosmos 952
1905:Kosmos 951
1900:Kosmos 950
1895:Kosmos 949
1885:Kosmos 948
1875:Kosmos 947
1865:Kosmos 946
1860:Kosmos 945
1855:Kosmos 944
1850:Kosmos 943
1845:Kosmos 942
1840:Kosmos 941
1835:Kosmos 940
1830:Kosmos 939
1825:Kosmos 938
1820:Kosmos 937
1784:Kosmos 936
1779:Kosmos 935
1774:Kosmos 934
1764:Kosmos 933
1759:Kosmos 932
1754:Kosmos 931
1749:Kosmos 930
1744:Kosmos 929
1739:Himawari 1
1734:Kosmos 928
1729:Kosmos 927
1724:Kosmos 926
1719:Kosmos 925
1714:Kosmos 924
1709:Kosmos 923
1704:Kosmos 922
1689:Kosmos 921
1674:Kosmos 920
1669:Kosmos 919
1664:Kosmos 918
1649:Kosmos 917
1644:Kosmos 916
1639:Kosmos 915
1629:Kosmos 914
1624:Kosmos 913
1614:Kosmos 912
1609:Kosmos 911
1599:Kosmos 910
1594:Kosmos 909
1589:Kosmos 908
1574:Kosmos 907
1564:Kosmos 906
1559:Kosmos 905
1549:Kosmos 904
1544:Kosmos 903
1539:Kosmos 902
1534:Kosmos 901
1524:Kosmos 900
1519:Kosmos 899
1509:Kosmos 898
1494:Kosmos 897
1489:Kosmos 896
1484:Kosmos 895
1467:Kosmos 894
1457:Kosmos 893
1447:Kosmos 892
1430:Kosmos 891
1420:Kosmos 890
1415:Kosmos 889
1405:Kosmos 888
1302:Kosmos 954
1295:Re-entered
1186:Kosmos 954
1181:Kosmos 861
1176:Kosmos 860
1171:Kosmos 785
1166:Kosmos 724
1161:Kosmos 723
1156:Kosmos 654
1151:Kosmos 651
1146:Kosmos 626
1141:Kosmos 516
1136:Kosmos 469
1131:Kosmos 402
1126:Kosmos 367
1121:Kosmos 209
1116:Kosmos 198
1101:Transit-4B
1096:Transit-4A
1016:2010-04-08
845:Benkö 1985
808:Heaps 1978
796:Heaps 1978
744:Heaps 1978
707:Benkö 1985
559:References
434:Baker Lake
380:of 65°, a
292:Kosmos 954
208:Geocentric
183:1978-01-24
176:Decay date
31:Kosmos 954
18:Cosmos 954
2147:underline
1942:Prognoz 6
1890:Voyager 1
1815:Voyager 2
1499:Palapa A2
1334:See also
493:Aftermath
382:periapsis
374:Tsyklon-2
319:reentered
147:Tsyklon-2
67:1977-090A
61:COSPAR ID
2105:Sakura 1
2085:OPS 4258
2079:Soyuz 26
2058:OPS 8781
1980:Soyuz 25
1962:Salyut 6
1947:OPS 7471
1694:OPS 4800
1634:OPS 5644
1604:OPS 9751
1584:OPS 9438
1579:OPS 9437
1504:OPS 4915
1462:Tansei 3
1441:Soyuz 24
1435:OPS 3151
1317:Nimbus 3
1312:Nimbus-B
1091:SNAP-10A
1084:Examples
486:sieverts
456:Recovery
386:apoapsis
305:) was a
157:Tyuratam
2151:italics
2042:Unnamed
2021:Transat
1870:Sirio 1
1804:Unnamed
1659:Signe 3
1473:Unnamed
1425:NATO 3B
868:30 June
863:EDGE YK
446:Alberta
442:Nunavut
372:, on a
296:Russian
219:0.00135
181: (
133: (
82:SATCAT
2001:ISEE-2
1996:ISEE-1
1810:HEAO-1
1654:GOES 2
1554:GEOS-1
1479:Kiku 2
1393:1978 →
1378:← 1976
960:
941:
922:
828:
655:
448:, and
366:Kosmos
358:RORSAT
301:Космос
255:Period
143:Rocket
1911:OTS-1
1679:NTS-2
1286:LES-9
1281:LES-8
1010:(PDF)
999:(PDF)
503:Can$
402:orbit
394:BES-5
362:radar
265:Epoch
89:10361
1386:1977
958:ISBN
939:ISBN
920:ISBN
870:2019
826:ISBN
768:NASA
687:2015
653:ISBN
432:to
331:NWT
303:954
249:65°
84:no.
2167::
1001:.
980:,
861:.
776:^
766:,
762:.
751:^
734:^
722:.
695:^
676:.
635:^
610:^
452:.
444:,
333:.
329:,
298::
1369:e
1362:t
1355:v
1053:e
1046:t
1039:v
1019:.
966:.
947:.
928:.
872:.
834:.
770:.
689:.
661:.
294:(
185:)
137:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
