Copyright law of Australia - Knowledge (XXG)

631:, Australian law confers rights in works, also known as "Part III Works" (after the Part of the Act dealing with this): namely, literary works, musical works, artistic works, and dramatic works. It also confers rights in "other subject matter" (Part IV Subject Matter), which cover the kinds of material protected in some countries by 'neighbouring rights': sound recordings, films, broadcasts, and published editions. To be protected, material must fall into one of these exclusive categories. The rights in Part IV subject matters are more limited, because infringement requires exact copying of the actual subject matter (sound-alikes or remakes are not covered). 3062: 3047: 3032: 638:, different kinds of subject matter have different rights. Owners of copyright in works have rights to reproduce, publish (meaning publish for the first time), perform, and adapt the work, and communicate it to the public (including broadcast, or communicate by making available online). The rights of owners of copyright in artistic works are more limited (there is no right to control public display of artistic works). Owners of copyright in other subject matter have the exclusive right to make copies, to communicate them to the public, and to cause them to be heard/seen in public. 777:

eight Australian government inquiries which have considered the question of whether fair use should be adopted in Australia. Six reviews have recommended Australia adopt a "Fair Use" model of copyright exceptions: two enquiries specifically into the Copyright Act (1998, 2014); and four broader reviews (both 2004, 2013, 2016). One review (2000) recommended against the introduction of fair use and another (2005) issued no final report. Two of the recommendations were specifically in response to the stricter copyright rules introduced as part of the

1001:'s Copyright Law Review Committee completed a large review of Crown Copyright in April 2005. In summary, the Committee recommended that the Crown be treated like any other employer (i.e., owner of material produced by its employees), and that for certain materials (legislation, government reports, commissions of inquiry reports) either copyright be removed, or a generous and generalised licence be granted for re-use. As of early 2007, several governments appear to be considering the use of open licences modelled along the lines of the 696:, any literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work that was published after the death of the author will continue to subsist under copyright 70 years after the year of first publication. For example, if a work is published 10 years after the author's death, copyright would subsist for 70 years after first publication, that is 80 years after the author's death. It should also be noted indefinite copyright does not apply to artistic works. 945:

author, the first owner of copyright is the employer (this is slightly different from the US works-made-for-hire doctrine: in Australia, duration of copyright is still measured by the lifetime of the employee author). In 2004–2005, Australia also introduced some complicated provisions that give performers part ownership rights in sound recordings, and directors some limited ownership rights in relation to films.

35: 546:. In particular, it strengthened anti-circumvention laws, for the first time making it illegal in Australia to circumvent technical measures used by copyright owners to restrict access to their works, and expanding the measures which count as technological restriction measures which may not be circumvented. Like the FTA language, the new anti-circumvention law is closely modelled on the US 667:, and certain other jurisdictions, but is longer than the "plus 50" minimum required by the Berne Convention and still applicable in many other jurisdictions, including New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, and many other Commonwealth countries, as well as China, Japan, and South Korea. The extension to "plus 70" does not apply to Crown copyright, to which the "plus 50" rule continues to apply. 956:(©) is not required on a work to gain copyright, but only the copyright owner is entitled to place a notice. It is useful in publishing the date of first publication and the owner. Where a copyright notice is used, the onus in infringement proceedings is on the defendant to show that copyright does not subsist or is not owned by the person stated in the notice. 3833: 1240:, such as provisions that permit reproduction of certain copyright materials by educational institutions, institutions assisting persons with certain disabilities, and government agencies. The Tribunal has jurisdiction to confirm or vary an existing or proposed voluntary licence scheme, or substitute a new scheme, where it has been referred to it by a party. 3012: 707:, which was passed on 15 June 2017, abolished the indefinite copyright term for unpublished works. As of 1 January 2019, unpublished works are out of copyright 70 years after the author's death if the author is known, or 70 years after creation otherwise. The period of 70 years is counted from the end of the relevant calendar year. 797:

In late 2006, Australia added several 'private copying' exceptions. It is no longer an infringement of copyright to record a broadcast to watch or listen at a more convenient time (s 111), or to make a copy of a sound recording for private and domestic use (e.g., copy onto a portable media player) (s

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and portable music players). Unlike some countries in Europe, or Canada, there is no fee or licence payment on players to compensate copyright owners for these private copies, although the exceptions are narrowly defined and do not allow, for example, making copies for friends or family. The Act also

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The 1980s and 1990s saw a range of inquiries into many aspects of copyright law. A key driver for those reviews was the establishment of the Copyright Law Review Committee (CLRC) in 1983 as an advisory body for copyright reform. The CLRC was disbanded in 2005 by the Australian government after it had

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1959 – The committee to Consider What Alterations Are Desirable in the Copyright Law of the Commonwealth (Spicer Committee) delivers its final report. It recommends that the majority of provisions appearing in the Copyright Act 1956 (UK) should be adopted. However, another eight years

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A draft bill, the Copyright Amendment (Indigenous Communal Moral Rights) Bill 2003 ("ICMR Bill"), was circulated to a limited set of stakeholders in 2003, but was seen as ineffective and unlikely to be passed into legislation because of a number of complications. Criticisms of the bill included that

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legislation pertaining to each state mandates that publishers of any kind must deposit copies of their publications in the National Library of Australia as well as in the state or territory library in their jurisdiction. Until the 21st century, this has applied to all types of printed materials (and

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During its deliberation the Franki Committee observed that because Australia was a net importer of copyrighted works it should be careful to not adopt too radical solutions. The Franki Committee recommended, amongst others, the adoption of a statutory licensing scheme. When commencing its review the

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provides that "the Parliament shall, subject to this Constitution, have power to make laws for the peace, order, and good government of the Commonwealth with respect to, inter alia, copyright, patents of inventions and designs, and trademarks". As an immediate consequence copyright law was no longer

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to the artists as a group, in line with their wishes, and ordered that the rugs be released to them. This was the largest penalty awarded for copyright infringement against Australian artists up to that time, and included compensation for cultural damage stemming from the unauthorised use of sacred

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While Australian copyright exceptions are based on the Fair Dealing system, Since 1998 a series of Australian government inquiries have examined, and in most cases recommended, the introduction of a "flexible and open" Fair Use system into Australian copyright law. From 1998 to 2017 there have been

725:", copyright does not depend on the country of origin, the country of publication, or the nationality of the author. A work published in the US by a British author may still be in the public domain in Australia if the author died more than 70 years ago or died before 1955, whichever is the shorter. 699:

Photographs, sound recordings, films, and anonymous/pseudonymous works are copyrighted for 70 years from their first publication. Television and sound broadcasts are copyright for only 50 years after the year of their first broadcast (though the material contained in the broadcast may be separately

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to give to the author of a creative work his just reward for the benefit he has bestowed on the community and also to encourage the making of further creative works. On the other hand, as copyright in the nature of a monopoly, the law should ensure, as far as possible, that the rights conferred are

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New equitable remuneration rates were decided with a starting point from the 1985 rate of 2 cents per page copied and adjusted for the Consumer Price Index, then further increased, on the basis of changing methods of teaching, technology and volume of copying. The new rate came into operation on 1

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The other notable change made by the Act was to expand the provisions concerning criminal copyright infringement. The Act introduced strict liability offences for some copyright infringements, and a system of "Infringement Notices" (on-the-spot fines). The stated aim of these provisions is to make

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which brought some, e.g. British authors, back into copyright). The consequence is that the work of an Australian author who died before 1955 is normally in the public domain in Australia. However the copyright of authors was extended to 70 years after death for those who died in 1955 or later, so

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Fair dealing is not the same as fair use. This has, for example, been interpreted by US courts to allow for reasonable personal use of works, e.g. media-shifting, which would not necessarily be permitted under Australia's fair dealing laws. Australian copyright law does, however, have a number of

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Copyright is free and automatic upon creation of the work. In general, the first owner of copyright will be the author (for literary, musical, dramatic and artistic works) or producer (for sound recordings and films) or broadcaster (for broadcasts). Under Australian law, where an employee is the

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and Robynne Quiggin set out the main ICIP issues for the Indigenous arts industry, which included the deficiencies of the Copyright Act with regard to Indigenous art. These include clashes between Australian law and Aboriginal customary laws; and the lack of a "foundation of interaction between

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Because Australian copyright law recognises temporary copies stored in computer memory as "reproductions" falling within the copyright owner's exclusive rights, there are also various exceptions for temporary copies made in the ordinary course of use or communication of digital copies of works.

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monitoring, enforcing, and licensing their rights. A notable feature of some of the Australian collecting societies is that some are 'declared' to be the society with the function of being the sole collector of royalties under the statutory licences. The collecting societies in Australia are:

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A number of copyright collecting societies operate in Australia. Collecting societies are established to collect royalties for uses of copyright material on behalf of authors and copyright owners: they assist to overcome the significant transaction costs that would face individual creators in

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In the case of a photograph commissioned for a "private or domestic purpose", the copyright will be owned by the commissioner of the work. The "private and domestic purposes" condition took effect on 30 July 1998, prior to this the copyright of all commissioned photographs was assigned to the

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is passed. Effective January 2007, the Act (a) strengthens criminal infringement provisions, (b) adds new exceptions including for parody or satire, and private copying, (c) strengthens anti-circumvention law to make it more like the US Digital Millennium Copyright Act (as required by the

1209:(2009) wrote that the case has been noted as an important one in Indigenous case law because of the damages awarded for the cultural harm done; however, the Act does not provide "judicial recognition of the nature and obligations of Indigenous groups in establishing copyright ownership". 757:

In order for a certain use to be a fair dealing, it must fall within one of these purposes and must also be 'fair'. What is fair will depend on all the circumstances, including the nature of the work, the nature of the use and the effect of the use on any commercial market for the work.

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copyright easier to enforce, particularly against commercial infringers. After concerns from user groups and the Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs, many strict liability offences that would have applied to non-commercial acts were removed from the final bill.

1201:"requires creators who are in a position to assert copyright ownership", which proves a problem where the designs had been created more than the specified time after the creator's death; in the case of many ancient designs, it is impossible to identify the creator. Erin Mackay of the 1048:

The indefinite copyright term for unpublished works was abolished by the Copyright (Disabilities and Other Measures) Act 2017. This part of the Act comes into effect on 1 January 2019. As of that date, Crown Copyright for unpublished works expires 50 years after it was

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formats as well). On 17 February 2016, the federal legal deposit provisions were extended to cover electronic publications of all types. Most states and territories are as of 2020 reviewing or amending existing legislation to extend to digital publications as well.

2861: 737:. It is a use of a work specifically recognised as not being a copyright violation. In order to be a fair dealing under Australian law a use must fall within a range of specific purposes. These purposes vary by type of work, but the possibilities are: 604:

on 17 February 2016, by which the federal legal deposit provisions were extended to cover electronic publications of all types. and most states and territories are reviewing or amending existing legislation to extend to digital publications as well.

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The Australian Commonwealth and State governments routinely own copyright in Australia. While this could be seen as being due to the concept of the Crown being traditionally paramount rather than the people, it is more influenced by the then

3707: 2996: 4290: 2775: 3803: 388:, and following recommendations of the Spicer Committee, which had been appointed by the Australian Attorney-General in 1958 to review the 1912 Act to see what changes were necessary for Australia to ratify the Brussels Act of the 1213:(T-shirts case) (1998) was the third case involving copyright law and ICIP, and was the subject of further legal analysis relating to the protecting Indigenous art, and its relationship to Indigenous communal moral rights (ICMR). 2226: 927:

From mid-2007, performers were granted moral rights in recordings of their performances, similar, but not identical, to the moral rights granted to authors. These were introduced as a result of Australia's ratification of the

574:, and an exception to allow certain non-commercial use by public sector institutions like universities, schools, art galleries and archives, provided that an Australian court decides an exception would be consistent with the 4312: 4046: 257:

1709, which awarded copyright protection to books, acted as a blueprint for the extension of copyright to new types of subject matter in the 18th and 19th Century. When copyright law was introduced into Australia in 1828

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The Australian government does not infringe copyright if its actions (or those of an authorised person) are for the government. A "relevant collecting society" may sample government copies and charge the government.

2853: 721:. An interesting consequence of this for the Internet is that a work may be in the public domain in the US but not in Australia, or vice versa. It is important to note that except for the works falling under the " 407:

and "to recommend any alterations to the Australian copyright law to effect a proper balance of interest between owners of copyright and the users of copyright material in respect of reprographic reproduction".

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Infringement occurs where a person does an act falling within the copyright owner's exclusive rights, without the authorisation of the copyright owner (assuming that one of the exceptions does not apply).

4213: 1345:. The Federal Parliament, pursuant to section 51(xviii) of the Australian Constitution, is granted the power to make laws with respect to "Copyrights, patents of inventions and designs, and trade marks." 1276:(CAL): collects royalties for the reproduction of printed material, and in particular, administers the statutory licences that allow educational institutions to copy and communicate printed material; 762:

additional specific exceptions which permit uses which may fall outside of both fair dealing and fair use. For example, a number of exceptions exist which permit specific uses of computer software.

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imagery, and in particular the "cultural hurt suffered by the artists as a result of the company’s persistent denial of their copyright". However no damages were ever paid to the artists or their

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Until 2004, copyright in Australia was based on the plus 50 law, which restricts works until 50 years after the author's death. In 2004 this was changed to a plus 70 law in line with the US and

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Highways to Change: Copyright in the New Communications Environment: report by the Copyright Convergence Group on technological advancement and the ability of legislation to cope with change

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November 2003 – Three Australian students received criminal convictions for copyright infringement, receiving a mix of suspended sentences, a fine, and community service.

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statutory (i.e. compulsory) licences that allow use by schools, universities, and others on payment of a licence fee set either by agreement or by the Copyright Tribunal (see below).

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Educational institutions undertook to pay "equitable remuneration" to CAL for their right to make copies of literacy, dramatic, musical and artistic works for educational purposes.

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June 2015 – The Copyright Amendment (Online Infringement) Bill 2015 introduced into parliament to curb online piracy passed with Coalition and Labor's support 37-13

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8 February 2004 - Australia and the United States agree to text of bilateral free trade agreement (AUSFTA). The copyright-related parts of the Intellectual Property Chapter were:

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it failed to provide protection where copyright had expired, as well as elements of Indigenous culture and intellectual property (ICIP) where copyright did not apply, such as

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The Act also introduced a series of new exceptions into Australian copyright law. The best known are the private copying exceptions, which follow on from proposals by former

674:, the change to the "plus 70" rule is not retroactive, so that if copyright has expired before the coming into force of the amendment it is not revived. The result is that: 2278: 660:. Put simply, a "work" (i.e. a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work) entered the public domain 50 years following the year of the creator's death, with exceptions. 3664: 778: 3368: 1545: 3270: 1293: 2515: 2520: 2248: 1262:

Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA): collects royalties for the owners of copyright in musical works for the performance of their musical works;

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The bill was set to be reintroduced in mid-2007, as existing legislation did not provide protection for Indigenous communal moral rights. A 2006 paper by

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Any work that was published in the lifetime of the author who died on or after 1 January 1955, will be out of copyright 70 years after the author's death.

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prevents copyright from arising in works that were published before 1 May 1969 where those works were not themselves subject to copyright at that time.

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Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS): represents music publishers and writers from for rights in the reproduction of musical works;

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and other international copyright treaties. Thus there is an exhaustive set of types of material protected, and an exhaustive set of exclusive rights.

3329: 2991: 352:, which held that copyright was a creature of statute. The scope of the imperial copyright system (by changes in the UK Act) was expanded to include 2815: 2364: 3791: 1691: 4334: 3439: 929: 714: 612:; that is, the copy must contain all content and functionality, without protection measures such as password protection or subscription paywalls. 3692: 717:(1998) defines an entirely different rule based on the year of first publication in the USA. Generally, anything published before 1926 is in the 293:, later states, had enacted copyright laws. In part this was done to mitigate the inadequacy of the protection afforded to Australian authors by 1673:

August 2004 – US Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act passes Senate, with amendments. References to documents and commentary.

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As of May 2020 the 1968 Act remains in force, but has been amended on a number of occasions. The first major review occurred in 1974 when the

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copyrighted). Most other works are also dated from the first publication/broadcast/performance where this occurred after the author's death.

3348: 329:. Australia became part of the British imperial copyright system on 1 July 1912 when the Australian Copyright Act 1912 adopted the British 3465: 99: 4361: 4139: 3877: 3767: 211: 2632: 384:

came into force on 1 May 1969. The 1968 Act was enacted following the collapse of the imperial system after the passage of the British

71: 3914: 242: 207: 3384: 4425: 4420: 4399: 4329: 3650: 3408: 2669: 2432: 1282:"Equitable remuneration" is should be fair and reasonable or just in all circumstances to both the copyright owner and the licensee. 871:

There have been various proposals in Australia for the recognition of "Indigenous communal moral rights" (ICMR), aimed at assisting

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the right to not have the work treated in a derogatory manner (this is a right to protect the honour and reputation of the author)

78: 4232: 4073: 3947: 3697: 3297: 2742: 2286: 1229:, consisting of three Federal Court judges who act as president and deputy president, and other members who are appointed by the 1101: 1095: 866: 782: 547: 301:

was established in 1901. The laws operated in concurrency with the British copyright law that was in force in the colonies. The

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December 2004 – Copyright Legislation Amendment Act passes, affecting parallel importing, temporary copies and

1308:, formerly the Visual Arts Copyright Collecting Agency (VISCOPY), which licensed the copyright in artistic works, merged with 1662:

Tighter controls on circumventing technological restriction of copyrighted material, with a possibility of public submissions

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a special division of exceptions applying to artworks in public places (to allow photography, incidental filming etc.) (see

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The Amendments changed the benchmark to "plus 70", which brought Australia into line with the United States of America, the

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to allow people to record most television or radio program at home to watch at a later time with family or friends, and to

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The first Australian copyright statute enacted at the federal level was the Copyright Act 1905, which was a departure from

4078: 3822: 3779: 3373: 1605: 1230: 998: 876: 226: 3815: 3074: 4386: 4346: 4019: 4014: 3894: 3631: 3576: 3490: 3357: 1729: 1335: 1302:: set up in 1990 to administer statutory licences that let educational institutions copy from TV and radio for teaching. 1100:

The "Carpets Case" was one of three Federal Court judgments in the 1990s involving the use of copyright law relating to

829: 671: 3591: 3571: 3543: 3500: 67: 4302: 4093: 4009: 3957: 3952: 3510: 3432: 2252: 3611: 3566: 1917: 1887: 1834: 1804: 1772: 3606: 3586: 805:

a special division of exceptions applying to computer programs (for interoperability, security testing, normal use),

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Under the legislation (section 195CD (1) (c) (i)), publishers are required to deposit digital publications without

3735: 3363: 2633:"Northern Territory's 2020 Senior Australian of the Year Banduk Marika's ancestral stories retain their relevance" 2256: 1236:

The Tribunal's key function is to determine remuneration payable under the licence schemes provided for under the

45: 4098: 4068: 4036: 3899: 3747: 2221: 2131: 1684: 1656: 1629: 1390: 1331: 1327: 1128: 1079: 609: 298: 4152: 2904: 4319: 4297: 4268: 4242: 4186: 4176: 4053: 3924: 3887: 3857: 3810: 3742: 3714: 3475: 3227: 3182: 3159: 3133: 2839:"Milpurrurru & Ors v Indofurn & Ors: Protecting expressions of Aboriginal folklore under copyright law" 1739: 1609: 1296:(PPCA): collects royalties for performers for the broadcast, communication or public playing of recorded music; 1273: 722: 620:

Australian copyright law has been influenced significantly by the structure of English law, in addition to the

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that no more Australian authors will come out of copyright until 1 January 2026 (i.e. those who died in 1955).

4147: 3762: 3626: 3525: 2905:"Indigenous traditional knowledge, copyright and art – shortcomings in protection and an alternative approach" 2457: 1225:, and has specific powers relating to royalties and licensing. It is an independent body, administered by the 883:(Indigenous intellectual property ICIP) of Indigenous peoples. After the individual moral rights legislation ( 678:

Any work that was published in the lifetime of the author who died before 1 January 1955, is out of copyright.

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Australia–US FTA), and (d) makes some changes to provisions affecting libraries and educational institutions.

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The High Court struck down the 1989 levy as, essentially, badly located and unfair tax law and not a royalty.

4351: 4341: 4324: 4252: 4237: 4208: 4181: 4171: 4004: 3904: 3867: 3862: 3730: 3515: 3505: 3495: 3485: 3239: 3186: 3163: 3137: 2696: 2488: 2347: 1734: 1625: 1446: 1342: 972: 786: 318: 302: 246: 183: 4041: 3596: 3548: 3470: 1158:, saying that the copyright infringements had been "plainly deliberate and calculated", awarded damages of 1008:

Copyrights owned by the Crown in Australia have different durations to publicly held copyrights, as below:

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Stopping the Rip-Offs: intellectual Property Protection for Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Peoples

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liable for copyright infringement and hands down judgment in favour of Universal Music Australia Pty Ltd.

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Senate Legal and Constitutional Affairs Committee on the Provisions of the Copyright Amendment Bill 2006

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Indigenous cultural and intellectual property: The main issues for the Indigenous arts industry in 2006

2602: 836:. Only individuals may exercise moral rights. The moral rights provided under Australian law now are: 4356: 3852: 341: 2097: 1137: 843:

the right to be clearly and reasonably prominently identified as the author, in any reasonable form

809: 349: 290: 1299: 3403:. Cambridge Intellectual Property and Information Law. Vol. 45. Cambridge University Press. 1601: 1323: 1124: 846:

the right to avoid false attribution, where the work is falsely presented as being another's work

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Before the 2004 Amendments, Australia used a "plus 50" rule to determine when a work entered the

396: 385: 330: 250: 155: 149:(as amended), which applies the national law throughout Australia. Designs may be covered by the 145: 3341: 2806: 798:

109A), or make a copy of a literary work, magazine, or newspaper article for private use (43C).

2689: 1616:, Telstra BigPond and three Sydney Internet service providers. The investigation was backed by 3982: 3404: 2665: 2584: 2574: 2570:

Practices of proximity : the appropriation of English in Australian indigenous literature

2553: 2483: 2439: 2389: 1923: 1893: 1840: 1810: 1778: 1613: 1394: 888: 591: 562: 263: 3256: 2942: 2712: 2384:. Indigenous Art - Securing the Future: Australia's Indigenous visual arts and craft sector. 1948: 3202: 2912: 2886: 2838: 2834: 1600:

and Brilliant Digital Entertainment in Australia were raided for copyright violations using

1597: 1411: 1363:(Imp), passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, is enacted into the law of Australia. 1309: 1174: 1002: 953: 621: 389: 357: 249:. Australian copyright law originates in British copyright law which was established by the 3223: 3178: 3155: 2808:

Minding culture: Case studies on intellectual property and traditional cultural expressions

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appointed the Copyright Law Committee, chaired by Justice Franki, to examine the impact of

337:, including independent countries such as Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa. 225:, which requires that Australian publishers must lodge copies of their publications in the 3129: 2031: 1649:

Agreed standards for: copyright protection, copyright infringement, remedies and penalties

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The main exceptions to copyright infringement in Australia come under the general heading

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The 1911 Act made important changes in copyright law and practice. The 1911 Act abolished

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defines the legally enforceable rights of creators of creative and artistic works under

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Factsheets from the Attorney-General's Department on the Copyright Amendment Bill 2006

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Telstra Corporation v Australasian Performing Right Association ("music on hold case")

1177:(1995) noted that the Carpets Case had represented an improvement on an earlier case, 17: 4414: 2992:"Position Description of Non-judicial members of the Copyright Tribunal of Australia" 2312: 2146: 2071: 2045: 1550: 1386: 1382: 1141:, in a case that became known as the "carpets case". Officially it is referred to as 1120: 932:, which was required by the Australia's free trade agreement with Singapore, and the 900: 892: 718: 711: 657: 426: 403:

on copyright law in Australia. The committee was also asked to examine the impact of

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and subscribers to deal with allegedly infringing copyright material on the Internet

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Published literary, dramatic or musical works (includes published official records)

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The British Copyright Act 1911 continued to apply in Australia until the Australian

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1973, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983 – various amendments

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acting as a copyright policy-making body in the 1950s, which was the basis of the

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Report on Intellectual Property legislation under Competition Principles Agreement

488:(2005). The CLRC also published reports on specific areas of copyright, including 3398: 2009:

Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs (7 November 2006).

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The Australian legislation is based on the authority of section 51(xviii) of the

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Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Communications

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artists whose designs had been used on rugs made in Vietnam by a Perth company.

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http://www.copyright.org.au/admin/cms-acc1/_images/12971023745265e551e964e.pdf

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9 February 2004 – Australia and the United States sign the FTA.

1253: 1131:, and five other artists or their estates moved to seek reparations under the 271: 267: 2966: 2588: 2438:(Report). Written for the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Arts Board 987: 344:

in unpublished works, hence completing the process that began with the 1774

310: 275: 140: 3642: 3417: 3271:"Australian senate passes controversial anti-piracy, website-blocking laws" 1404:(Cth) is enacted. It repealed the 1912 and the accompanying 1911 statutes. 1070:

artist to have his copyright recognised in an Australian court. The case,

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Technological Protection Measures (TPM) or Digital Rights Management (DRM)

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not abused and that study, research and education are not unduly hampered.

174:, but this change was not made retroactive (unlike the 1995 change in the 1652:

WIPO Internet Treaties to be implemented by "entry into force" of the FTA

1370:

the High Court of Australia finds that the new UK copyright statute, the

1194: 1168: 789:(PC) were with reference to strengthening Australia's "digital economy". 279: 1526:

Law and Justice Legislation Amendment (Application of Criminal Code) Act

1017:

50 years after the end of the year in which the work is first published

3100: 3015:

Text may have been copied from this source, which is available under a

3011: 2743:"Dr B Marika AO, trailblazing Yolngu artist and activist, dies aged 66" 1537: 1501: 1305: 1112: 1457:

in a third-party hardware lock was an infringement of a literary work.

2568: 2484:"Indigenous Communal Moral Rights: The Utility of an Ineffective Law" 2343:"Indigenous Communal Moral Rights: The Utility of an Ineffective Law" 991: 571: 567: 1397:

without his permission. Compensation and credit were later supplied.

1374:, does not apply in Australia and the 1911 Imperial Act remains law. 1322:

1869 – First colonial copyright statute is passed in

1698: 1677: 1593: 1454: 1182: 1116: 204:

Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works

2382:"Chapter 11 Indigenous cultural and intellectual property rights" 1697:

September 2005 – Federal Court of Australia finds

3298:"Copyright amendments effective from 22 December 2017 | Library" 3253:

Universal Music Australia Pty Ltd v Sharman License Holdings Ltd

1633: 1206: 412:

Committee stated that the primary purpose of copyright law was:

3646: 3421: 2217:"Our copyright laws are holding us back, and there's a way out" 1495:

Telstra Corporation v Australasian Performing Right Association

1359:(Cth) is passed. Pursuant to section 8 of that Act, the entire 1111:

artists had been reproduced without permission on rugs made in

3332:(Commonwealth of Australia Law, Attorney General's Department) 2664:. Darwin, N.T.: Charles Darwin University Press. p. 159. 1621: 1559:

Federal Court decision ultimately upheld by the High Court in

1221:

The Copyright Tribunal of Australia was established under the

986:

The State governments follow different practices in regard to

919:

Indigenous community and user of the ICMR" in the draft bill.

832:

were recognised in Australian copyright legislation under the

28: 3059:

3044:

3029:

1916: