387:: PPCD, also known as Schlichting dystrophy, is an autosomal dominant disorder of the corneal endothelium and Descemet’s membrane. It is usually present in the second or third decade of life. It has the same entity as the first form of CHED. Most cases of PPMD are asymptomatic, and these cases generally do not require treatment. PPMD patients with bilateral, corneal opacities that can affect vision, descemet’s membrane endothelial keratoplasty or penetrating keratoplasty are the treatments of choice to improve vision and to avoid amblyopia.
393:: CHSD is also known as Congenital stromal corneal dystrophy or Congenital stromal dystrophy of the cornea. It is a rare autosomal dominant disease caused by mutations in the DCN gene. In this bilateral Snowflake, whitish opacities appear throughout the cornea. The stromal lamellae are abnormal and may be separated by amorphous deposits. Moderate to severe vision loss may occur due to corneal opacity. In case of severe vision loss, treatment of choice is penetrating keratoplasty.
417:: Two types, Type 1 and Type 2 are there. Both have autosomal dominant inheritance. In Type 1, Discrete crumb-like opacities are seen in the central anterior stroma. Visual symptoms such as glare and photophobia may occur early in life. In Type 2, deposits begin to appear in early childhood or adolescence as tiny whitish dots in the anterior stroma. Larger stellate, ring, or snowflake opacities may occur in later stages. Decrease in vision starts earlier in type2 than type1.
295:
48:
411:: Lattice corneal dystrophy is an autosomal-dominant characterized by amyloid deposition in the corneal stroma. Due to deposits, lattice-like corneal opacities may occur in stroma. Three types of dystrophies are there, type 1, type 2 and type 3. Type 1 is also known as Biber-Haab-Dimmer corneal dystrophy, TGFBI type Lattice Dystrophy, or Classic Lattice Dystrophy. LCD type II is not included in corneal dystrophies.
181:
200:
than a strictly localized dense leucoma, so long as the latter does not block the whole pupillary area. This is because the leucoma stops all the light which falls upon it, whereas the nebula refracts it irregularly, allowing many of the rays to fall upon the retina where they blur the image formed by the regularly refracted rays.
405:: Congenital anterior staphyloma is a rare form of anterior segment dysgenesis that shares similarities with Peters anomaly. It is characterized by an ectatic protrusion of a central opacified cornea lined by uveal tissue. The protrusion extends beyond the plane of the eyelid margins and it can be unilateral or bilateral.
399:: Peters anomaly, also known as iridocorneal adhesions or keratolenticular adhesions, is a posterior corneal defect with an overlying stromal opacity, often accompanied by adherent iris strands (Peters anomaly type 1). The size and density of the opacity can range from a mild to dense central leukoma.
376:
There are 2 forms of congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED). Commonest is an autosomal recessive form, which is present at birth, but nonprogressive. Nystagmus is seen in association with this form. Another is an autosomal dominant form that occurs within the first few years of life. This
645:
globally (5.1%). Using the World Health
Organization's (WHO; Geneva, Switzerland) blindness definition,1 45 million people worldwide are bilaterally blind, of which 6 to 8 million are blind due to corneal disease. In some African areas, nearly 90% of the total blindness is due to corneal pathology.
199:
Nebular corneal opacity is a faint opacity which results due to superficial scars involving Bowman's layer and superficial stroma. A nebular corneal opacity allows the details of the iris to be seen through the opacity. A thin, diffuse nebula covering the pupillary area interferes more with vision
547:
Superficial lamellar keratoplasty: Superficial lamellar keratoplasty is used to treat superficial corneal opacities, which occupies superficial one third part of stroma. In this technique, the opaque part of the cornea is removed and replaced with donor tissue, leaving healthy part of the cornea
510:
are a group of inherited metabolic diseases caused by the absence or malfunctioning of certain enzymes the body needs to break down molecules called glycosaminoglycans. It is an autosomal recessive disorder. Sometimes, Corneal haze may be present in early life. Treatment options for significant
654:
The prevalence of congenital corneal opacities (CCO) is estimated to be 3 in 100,000 newborns. This number increases to 6 in 100,000 if congenital glaucoma patients are included. A study of live births in Spain reported that corneal opacities accounted for 3.11% of congenital eye malformations
539:
Penetrating keratoplasty: It is the traditional full thickness corneal transplant procedure, in which trephine (a circular cutting device) is used to cut opaque cornea, a similar-sized portion of the donor cornea is removed with a second trephine. The removed part of donor cornea is known as
663:
In NPCB survey (2001–2002) Corneal opacity was the 6th major cause of blindness in India, which accounts for 0.9% of total blind population. In the RAAB (Rapid
Assessment of Avoidable Blindness) survey (2006–2007) Corneal opacity including Trachoma was mentioned as the second major cause of
534:
also known as corneal transplantation is the main treatment option for visual improvement in corneal opacity. In this, the opaque cornea is replaced with donor tissue. Depending on type and density of corneal opacity different types of keratoplasty may be used such as:
900:
381:. The histologic findings are very similar to those seen in pseudophakic/ aphakic bullous keratopathy. The appearance of the cornea is similar to that in congenital glaucoma but without increased corneal diameter and elevated intraocular pressure.
551:
Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty: DALK may be considered in deep opacities with normal endothelium and descemet's membrane. In this procedure, the anterior layers of cornea are removed and replaced with donor tissue, leaving the
220:
Adherent leucoma: results when healing occurs after perforation of cornea with incarceration of iris. The iris is adherent to the back of a leucomatous cornea. One of the major complication of adherent leucoma is
569:
Optical iridectomy creates a clear entrance pupil, improving vision in patients with segmental corneal opacities. An area of clear peripheral cornea can produce retinal images compatible with good visual acuity.
599:
Staining method: In this technique, tattoo ink is directly applied to anterior surface of cornea. Benefits of this procedure include fast procedure with uniform dye application. Risk of fading is a main
437:
is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of cystine within the cell. Early deposition of cystine crystals in the cornea cause tinsel-like corneal opacities.
590:
is a procedure used for centuries to improve the cosmetic appearance of corneal scars. Tattooing will not improve vision. For tattooing procedure Indian black ink, gold or platinum may be used.
216:
Leucomatous corneal opacity is a dense white opacity which results due to scarring of more than half of the stroma. A number of different presentations of leucomatous corneal opacity exist:
227:
Corneoiridic scar: if iris tissue is incarcerated and incorporated within the scar tissue, as occurs in healing of a large sloughed corneal ulcer, it is called a corneoiridic scar.
160:
also known as corneal transplantation is the main treatment option for visual improvement in corneal opacity. Other treatments which may improve visual outcome includes optical
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1687:
1616:
1529:
860:
763:
460:: It is a rare chromosome disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 8 in some cells of the body. Dense corneal opacities may occur in trisomy 8 mosaicism.
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1480:
378:
307:
Congenital opacities may occur as developmental anomalies or following birth trauma. Causes of congenital corneal opacities include sclerocornea, trauma, ulcer,
544:. The donor tissue is then sutured to the patient eye. Dense corneal opacity which occupies all the corneal layers may be treated with penetrating keratoplasty.
427:
is a congenital disorder in which the cornea is opaque and resembles the sclera, making the limbus indistinct. The central cornea is clearer than the periphery.
278:
Congenital corneal opacity that affecting vision will cause amblyopia. That type of amblyopia is known as form-deprivation amblyopia (or amblyopia ex anopsia).
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2762:
316:
484:: Traumatic breaks in Descemet membrane may cause corneal opacity. Injuries to Descemet membrane occur during delivery. Opacity is commonly unilateral.
286:
Secondary changes may be seen in long-standing cases include: hyaline degeneration, calcareous degeneration, pigmentation and atheromatous ulceration.
655:(Bermejo et al, 1998). About 4% of keratoplasties done in the pediatric population in Denmark are due to congenital anomalies (Hovlykke et al, 2014).
625:
is a surgical procedure where damaged or opaque cornea is replaced with an artificial cornea. Artificial corneas currently in commercial use include
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2779:
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1424:
1409:
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134:. Transparency of the cornea is dependent on the uniform diameter and the regular spacing and arrangement of the collagen fibrils within the
728:
J Alroy , M Haskins, D E Birk (2001). "Altered
Corneal Stromal Matrix Organization Is Associated With Mucopolysaccharidosis I, III and VI".
2644:
706:
2757:
2752:
2639:
2206:
1573:
Jin-Hyoung Kim, Doh Lee, Tae-Won Hahn, Suk-Kyue Choi (2009). "New
Surgical Strategy for Corneal Tattooing Using a Femtosecond Laser".
2367:
1371:
2507:
2472:
833:
J Das, S Bhomaj, Z Chaudhuri, P Sharma, A Negi, A Dasgupta (2001). "Profile of
Glaucoma in a Major Eye Hospital in North India".
3047:
2565:
2477:
1494:
Kannan
Sundaresh, Jitendra Jethani, Perumalsamy Vijayalakshmi (2008). "Optical Iridectomy in Children With Corneal Opacities".
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Corneal facet: corneal surface depressed at the site of healing (due to less fibrous tissue); such a scar is called facet.
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918:
Spadea, Leopoldo; Maraone, Giorgia; Verboschi, Francesca; Vingolo, Enzo Maria; Tognetto, Daniele (18 March 2016).
500:: Unilateral corneal opacity may occur in association with conjunctival injection and other signs of inflammation.
2953:
2747:
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2439:
2186:
143:
2492:
2463:
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2052:
1113:
494:, the cornea becomes edematous, cloudy, and enlarged. Treatment should be done to reduce Intraocular pressure.
233:
Kerectasia: In this condition, corneal curvature is increased at the site of opacity (bulge due to weak scar).
208:
Macular corneal opacity is a semidense opacity produced when scarring involves about half the corneal stroma.
1319:
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2717:
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82:
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Excimer laser phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) is useful in superficial (nebular) corneal opacities.
1320:"Ocular Pathology of Cystinosis: With Particular Reference to the Elusiveness of the Corneal Crystals"
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Corneal opacity or "clouding" also gradually appears after death, and can be used to estimate the
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2614:
2522:
2446:
2399:
2211:
2147:
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1992:
1941:
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222:
72:
468:: Nodular corneal opacity may be seen in association with this rare autosomal recessive disease.
294:
975:
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1974:
1894:
1879:
1300:
1260:
1167:
1335:
352:: Ocular form of mucous membrane pemphigoid may cause corneal opacity and loss of vision.
191:
Depending on the density, corneal opacity is graded as nebular, macular and leucomatous.
3292:
3144:
3089:
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2700:
2629:
2411:
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2322:
2250:
2159:
1964:
1869:
995:
678:
607:-assisted corneal tattooing is a new corneal tattooing technique, with many benefits.
330:
325:
65:
17:
1602:
3077:
2905:
2286:
2201:
2109:
1987:
1982:
1927:
1922:
1688:"Foldable artificial cornea may provide another option for corneal transplantation"
531:
526:
451:
enzyme. Ocular manifestations of XLI include superficial or deep corneal opacities.
424:
157:
1282:
1647:
1586:
1507:
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3170:
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2012:
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1050:
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247:
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form is progressive, but nystagmus is not seen. Deafness and CHED are seen in
3197:
3160:
3084:
3072:
3016:
2977:
2883:
2819:
2798:
2688:
2047:
1912:
1466:
1168:"Congenital Clouding of the Cornea: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology"
434:
161:
1655:
1543:
Antonio Jaime
Villarreal Gonzalez, Alejandro RodrĂguez-GarcĂa. (2020-03-01).
1198:
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846:
749:
741:
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2586:
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2020:
878:(6th ed.). Jaypee, The Health Sciences Publisher. pp. 133–139.
782:
Ramanjit Sihota; Radhika Tandon (15 July 2015). "The posterior segment".
339:
131:
1559:
3114:
3057:
2599:
2406:
2337:
2307:
2297:
1904:
1261:"Granular Corneal Dystrophy: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology"
920:"Effect of corneal light scatter on vision: a review of the literature"
1733:
Khurana, AK (31 August 2015). "Systemic and community ophthalmology".
447:
is a genetic skin disorder caused by the hereditary deficiency of the
180:
3217:
2119:
2096:
1816:
172:
may be used for improving the cosmetic appearance of the opaque eye.
123:
1737:(6th ed.). Jaypee, The Health Sciences Publisher. p. 478.
130:
is used particularly for the loss of transparency of cornea due to
3189:
293:
179:
2269:
1831:
3274:
2670:
2073:
1802:
1758:
142:
in a variety of conditions including corneal edema, scars, and
1630:
Zarei-Ghanavati, Mehran; Liu, Christopher (2 December 2019).
1449:
Kanski's clinical ophthalmology : a systematic approach
1233:
Moshirfar, Majid; West, William; Ronquillo, Yasmyne (2020).
1181:
Salour, Hossein; Owji, Nasser; Sadeghipour, Alireza (2009).
361:
Pediatric corneal opacities may be congenital or acquired.
246:
Loss of vision or blindness (when dense opacity covers the
1632:"Keratoprosthesis: Current Choices and Future Development"
55:
Complete corneal opacity in right eye with normal left eye
1423:
Radhika Tandon; M Vanathi; Noopur Gupta; Rashmi Singh.
1077:"Congenital Hereditary Endothelial Dystrophy - EyeWiki"
664:
blindness, which accounts for 6.5% of total blindness.
1318:
Cogan, David G.; Kuwabara, Toichiro (1 January 1960).
146:
is clinically manifested as corneal opacity. The term
1281:
Themes, U. F. O.; Frenkel, Shahar (9 November 2016).
385:
Posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy (PPMD, PPCD)
1095:"Posterior Polymorphous Corneal Dystrophy - EyeWiki"
994:
John P. Whitcher; M. Srinivasan; Madan P. Upadhyay.
511:
opacities include penetrating keratoplasty and DALK.
3241:
3188:
3153:
3113:
3025:
2976:
2941:
2882:
2850:
2818:
2797:
2738:
2683:
2579:
2420:
2380:
2336:
2277:
2268:
2118:
2095:
2086:
2011:
1973:
1940:
1903:
1824:
1815:
633:(OOKP), AlphaCor, KeraKlear Artificial Cornea etc.
374:
Congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED):
109:
99:
91:
81:
71:
59:
37:
32:
786:(22 ed.). Elsevier India. pp. 195, 221.
2763:arteritic anterior (AAION or arteritic AION)
1049:Schonberg, Stacy; Stokkermans, Thomas J. (2020).
548:including deeper parts of stroma and endothelium.
1140:(4th ed.). Oxford university press. 2018.
369:Congenital reasons for this condition include:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
603:Femtosecond laser-assisted corneal tattooing:
391:Congenital hereditary stromal dystrophy (CHSD)
1770:
1362:Creig S, Hoyt; David, Taylor (January 2012).
477:Acquired reasons for this condition include:
212:Leucomatous corneal opacity (leucoma simplex)
8:
2837:Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
1615:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1528:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
859:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
762:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
113:4th main cause of blindness globally (5.1%).
2165:Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy
1425:"Corneal transplantation in the modern era"
1228:
1226:
1187:Journal of Ophthalmic & Vision Research
1161:
1159:
1157:
317:congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy
3271:
3035:
2824:
2815:
2693:
2680:
2667:
2274:
2092:
2083:
2070:
1821:
1812:
1799:
1777:
1763:
1755:
1479:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1036:"Onchocerciasis (African River Blindness)"
242:Signs and symptoms include the following:
46:
29:
1663:
1301:"Cystinosis | Hereditary Ocular Diseases"
1206:
1131:
1129:
1127:
996:"Corneal blindness: a global perspective"
989:
987:
985:
951:
901:"Help for Patients With Corneal Scarring"
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
701:
699:
641:Corneal opacity is the 4th main cause of
777:
775:
773:
1720:"Congenital Corneal Opacities - Europe"
822:(6 ed.). Jaypee. pp. 121–122.
695:
1608:
1521:
1472:
1364:Pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus
1357:
1355:
1353:
1114:"Congenital stromal corneal dystrophy"
924:International Journal of Ophthalmology
852:
818:AK Khurana. "Diseases of the Cornea".
755:
1636:Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology
1442:
1440:
1438:
1389:"Ocular manifestations of ichthyosis"
7:
2645:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy
1562:. American Academy of Ophthalmology.
1547:. American Academy of Ophthalmology.
1387:Barre, Jay; R K, Blach; R S, Wells.
1336:10.1001/archopht.1960.00950020053008
1038:. American Academy of Ophthalmology.
473:Acquired pediatric corneal opacities
282:Secondary changes in corneal opacity
2768:non-arteritic anterior (NAION)
2605:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
1447:Salmon, John F. (31 October 2019).
1366:(4th ed.). Saunders/Elsevier.
1166:Myra Vita F Ocubillo (2018-10-10).
164:, phototherapeutic keratectomy and
2640:Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis
1429:Indian Journal of Medical Research
1410:"Mucopolysaccharidoses Fact Sheet"
574:Phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK)
25:
2368:Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
126:loses its transparency. The term
2473:Central retinal artery occlusion
1396:British Journal of Ophthalmology
1138:Oxford handbook of ophthalmology
488:Congenital or infantile glaucoma
138:. Alterations in the spacing of
2478:Branch retinal artery occlusion
2207:Terrien's marginal degeneration
1183:"Congenital Corneal Staphyloma"
835:Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
2508:Bietti's crystalline dystrophy
2468:Central retinal vein occlusion
2197:Pellucid marginal degeneration
1545:"Phototherapeutic keratectomy"
874:Khurana, AK (31 August 2015).
403:Congenital anterior staphyloma
122:is a term used when the human
1:
2561:Vitelliform macular dystrophy
2452:Posterior vitreous detachment
2318:Persistent pupillary membrane
631:Osteo-Odonto-Keratoprosthesis
150:is commonly used to describe
3048:Leber's congenital amaurosis
2959:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
2650:Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease
2635:Persistent fetal vasculature
2566:Leber's congenital amaurosis
1648:10.1097/APO.0000000000000268
1587:10.1097/ICO.0b013e318181a83c
1508:10.1016/j.jaapos.2007.10.008
1283:"Congenital Corneal Opacity"
1034:JHubert H Fam (2019-11-21).
784:Parsons' diseases of the eye
707:"WHO -Priority eye diseases"
365:Congenital corneal opacities
1847:Meibomian gland dysfunction
1735:Comprehensive ophthalmology
1235:"Lattice Corneal Dystrophy"
876:Comprehensive ophthalmology
820:Comprehensive Ophthalmology
3344:
2571:Birdshot chorioretinopathy
2545:Central serous retinopathy
2363:Focal choroidal excavation
2236:Corneal neovascularization
2053:Subconjunctival hemorrhage
1305:disorders.eyes.arizona.edu
1112:Reference, Genetics Home.
615:
524:
415:Granular corneal dystrophy
350:Mucous membrane pemphigoid
3283:
3270:
3038:
2954:Convergence insufficiency
2827:
2696:
2679:
2666:
2595:Primary juvenile glaucoma
2440:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
2082:
2069:
1855:
1811:
1798:
1789:Diseases of the human eye
1324:Archives of Ophthalmology
1241:. StatPearls Publishing.
1057:. StatPearls Publishing.
730:Experimental Eye Research
498:Congenital corneal ulcers
409:Lattice corneal dystrophy
144:macular corneal dystrophy
54:
45:
2464:Ocular ischemic syndrome
1558:Isdin Oke (2020-03-01).
154:due to corneal opacity.
2964:One and a half syndrome
2718:Foster Kennedy syndrome
1118:Genetics Home Reference
936:10.18240/ijo.2016.03.24
674:Corneal transplantation
627:Boston keratoprosthesis
204:Macular corneal opacity
195:Nebular corneal opacity
104:Corneal transplantation
3203:Argyll Robertson pupil
2003:Periorbital cellulitis
1023:on September 22, 2016.
742:10.1006/exer.1998.0622
586:Keratopigmentation or
303:
188:
95:Congenital or acquired
3176:Scintillating scotoma
2842:Kearns–Sayre syndrome
2785:Toxic and nutritional
2758:posterior (PION)
2241:Kayser–Fleischer ring
508:mucopolysaccharidoses
504:Mucopolysaccharidoses
309:mucopolysaccharidosis
297:
184:Corneal opacity with
183:
120:Corneal opacification
18:Corneal opacification
2949:Conjugate gaze palsy
2820:Paralytic strabismus
2753:anterior (AION)
2535:Retinitis pigmentosa
2530:Macular degeneration
2303:Intermediate uveitis
2219:Keratoconjunctivitis
1451:(Ninth ed.). .
335:Vitamin A deficiency
3254:Childhood blindness
3233:Parinaud's syndrome
2803:Extraocular muscles
2591:Ocular hypertension
2555:Epiretinal membrane
2540:Retinal haemorrhage
2395:Congenital cataract
1706:"Corneal Blindness"
1560:"Corneal tattooing"
1051:"Ocular Pemphigoid"
558:descemet's membrane
492:Congenital glaucoma
456:Trisomy 8 mosaicism
445:X-linked ichthyosis
300:postmortem interval
2780:Leber's hereditary
2447:Retinal detachment
2400:Childhood cataract
2212:Post-LASIK ectasia
1993:Orbital cellulitis
1942:Lacrimal apparatus
1017:"What is trachoma"
717:on March 22, 2006.
565:Optical iridectomy
326:Corneal ulceration
304:
223:Secondary glaucoma
189:
186:neovascularization
166:keratoprosthesises
3305:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3208:Marcus Gunn pupil
3184:
3183:
3105:Visual impairment
2972:
2971:
2878:
2877:
2865:Fourth-nerve (IV)
2793:
2792:
2730:Optic disc drusen
2662:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2376:
2375:
2264:
2263:
2170:Corneal dystrophy
2065:
2064:
2061:
2060:
1936:
1935:
1744:978-93-5152-657-5
1458:978-0-7020-7713-5
1147:978-0-19-881675-1
885:978-93-5152-657-5
793:978-81-312-3818-9
605:Femtosecond laser
588:corneal tattooing
582:Tattooing of scar
554:endothelial layer
449:steroid sulfatase
379:Harboyan syndrome
258:astigmatic effect
170:Corneal tattooing
148:corneal blindness
117:
116:
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3335:
3272:
3036:
3027:Vision disorders
2986:Refractive error
2928:Brown's syndrome
2884:Other strabismus
2870:Sixth-nerve (VI)
2860:Oculomotor (III)
2832:Ophthalmoparesis
2825:
2816:
2807:Binocular vision
2740:Optic neuropathy
2706:optic papillitis
2694:
2681:
2668:
2557:(Macular pucker)
2275:
2256:Band keratopathy
2093:
2084:
2071:
1998:Orbital lymphoma
1885:Blepharophimosis
1875:Blepharochalasis
1822:
1813:
1800:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1756:
1749:
1748:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1722:. November 2015.
1716:
1710:
1709:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1667:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1614:
1606:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1527:
1519:
1496:Journal of AAPOS
1491:
1485:
1484:
1478:
1470:
1444:
1433:
1432:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1393:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1359:
1348:
1347:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1278:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1230:
1221:
1220:
1210:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1163:
1152:
1151:
1133:
1122:
1121:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1019:. Archived from
1013:
1007:
1006:
1000:
991:
980:
979:
972:
966:
965:
955:
915:
909:
908:
899:Shachar Tauber.
896:
890:
889:
871:
865:
864:
858:
850:
830:
824:
823:
815:
798:
797:
779:
768:
767:
761:
753:
725:
719:
718:
713:. Archived from
703:
623:Keratoprosthesis
618:Keratoprosthesis
612:Keratoprosthesis
465:Farber's disease
262:light scattering
140:collagen fibrils
50:
41:Corneal scarring
30:
21:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3297:
3279:
3258:
3237:
3180:
3149:
3109:
3063:Color blindness
3029:
3021:
2968:
2942:Other binocular
2937:
2874:
2846:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2789:
2734:
2687:
2675:
2654:
2610:Ocular hypotony
2575:
2435:Chorioretinitis
2416:
2372:
2356:Chorioretinitis
2332:
2313:Rubeosis iridis
2291:
2260:
2231:Corneal opacity
2187:Corneal ectasia
2114:
2078:
2057:
2043:Pseudopterygium
2007:
1969:
1932:
1899:
1895:Ankyloblepharon
1851:
1807:
1794:
1793:
1783:
1753:
1752:
1745:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1607:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1520:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1471:
1459:
1446:
1445:
1436:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1361:
1360:
1351:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1280:
1279:
1268:
1263:. 10 June 2020.
1259:
1258:
1254:
1232:
1231:
1224:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1165:
1164:
1155:
1148:
1135:
1134:
1125:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1099:eyewiki.aao.org
1093:
1092:
1088:
1081:eyewiki.aao.org
1075:
1074:
1070:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1015:
1014:
1010:
998:
993:
992:
983:
974:
973:
969:
917:
916:
912:
898:
897:
893:
886:
873:
872:
868:
851:
832:
831:
827:
817:
816:
801:
794:
781:
780:
771:
754:
727:
726:
722:
705:
704:
697:
692:
670:
661:
652:
639:
620:
614:
596:
584:
576:
567:
529:
523:
518:
475:
367:
359:
313:Peter’s anomaly
292:
284:
276:
240:
214:
206:
197:
178:
128:corneal opacity
33:Corneal opacity
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3341:
3339:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3310:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3293:Onchocerciasis
3290:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3194:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3145:Quadrantanopia
3142:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3119:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3090:Oguchi disease
3082:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3005:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2982:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2933:Duane syndrome
2930:
2925:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2903:
2898:
2888:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2813:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2744:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2701:Optic neuritis
2697:
2691:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2630:Phthisis bulbi
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2513:Coats' disease
2510:
2505:
2503:of prematurity
2500:
2495:
2490:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2461:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2426:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2412:Ectopia lentis
2409:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2386:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2270:Vascular tunic
2266:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2153:Photokeratitis
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2124:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2099:
2090:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2026:Conjunctivitis
2023:
2017:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1960:Dacryocystitis
1957:
1952:
1950:Dacryoadenitis
1946:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1828:
1826:
1819:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1759:
1751:
1750:
1743:
1725:
1711:
1697:
1692:www.healio.com
1679:
1642:(6): 429–431.
1622:
1565:
1550:
1535:
1486:
1457:
1434:
1415:
1401:
1379:
1372:
1349:
1310:
1292:
1266:
1252:
1222:
1193:(3): 182–184.
1173:
1153:
1146:
1123:
1104:
1086:
1068:
1041:
1026:
1008:
981:
967:
930:(3): 459–464.
910:
891:
884:
866:
825:
799:
792:
769:
720:
694:
693:
691:
688:
687:
686:
684:Corneal button
681:
676:
669:
666:
660:
657:
651:
648:
638:
635:
616:Main article:
613:
610:
609:
608:
601:
595:
592:
583:
580:
575:
572:
566:
563:
562:
561:
549:
545:
542:corneal button
525:Main article:
522:
519:
517:
514:
513:
512:
501:
495:
485:
474:
471:
470:
469:
461:
452:
438:
428:
418:
412:
406:
400:
397:Peters anomaly
394:
388:
382:
366:
363:
358:
355:
354:
353:
347:
345:Onchocerciasis
342:
337:
328:
323:
322:Ocular trauma
320:
291:
288:
283:
280:
275:
272:
271:
270:
265:
254:Blurred vision
251:
248:pupillary area
239:
236:
235:
234:
231:
228:
225:
213:
210:
205:
202:
196:
193:
177:
174:
115:
114:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
85:
79:
78:
77:Loss of vision
75:
69:
68:
63:
57:
56:
52:
51:
43:
42:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3340:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3323:Ophthalmology
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3213:Adie syndrome
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3068:Achromatopsia
3066:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3008:Anisometropia
3006:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2811:Accommodation
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2725:Optic atrophy
2723:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2625:Keratomycosis
2623:
2621:
2620:Globe rupture
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2550:Macular edema
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2459:Retinoschisis
2457:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2346:Choroideremia
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2323:Iridodialysis
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2251:Arcus senilis
2249:
2247:
2246:Haab's striae
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2160:Corneal ulcer
2158:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2138:acanthamoebic
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2088:Fibrous tunic
2085:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1965:Xerophthalmia
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1870:Lagophthalmos
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1768:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1746:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1715:
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1707:
1701:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1680:
1675:
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1666:
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1657:
1653:
1649:
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1641:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1623:
1618:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1566:
1561:
1554:
1551:
1546:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1441:
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1435:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1373:9780702046919
1369:
1365:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1288:
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1277:
1275:
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1267:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
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1223:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
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1177:
1174:
1169:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1030:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1004:
997:
990:
988:
986:
982:
977:
971:
968:
963:
959:
954:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
914:
911:
906:
902:
895:
892:
887:
881:
877:
870:
867:
862:
856:
848:
844:
840:
836:
829:
826:
821:
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
800:
795:
789:
785:
778:
776:
774:
770:
765:
759:
751:
747:
743:
739:
736:(5): 523–30.
735:
731:
724:
721:
716:
712:
708:
702:
700:
696:
689:
685:
682:
680:
679:Corneal ulcer
677:
675:
672:
671:
667:
665:
658:
656:
649:
647:
644:
636:
634:
632:
628:
624:
619:
611:
606:
602:
598:
597:
593:
591:
589:
581:
579:
573:
571:
564:
559:
555:
550:
546:
543:
538:
537:
536:
533:
528:
520:
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509:
505:
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483:
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478:
472:
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429:
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410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
375:
372:
371:
370:
364:
362:
356:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
332:
331:Xerophthalmia
329:
327:
324:
321:
318:
314:
310:
306:
305:
301:
296:
289:
287:
281:
279:
274:Complications
273:
269:
266:
263:
259:
255:
252:
249:
245:
244:
243:
237:
232:
229:
226:
224:
219:
218:
217:
211:
209:
203:
201:
194:
192:
187:
182:
175:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
112:
108:
105:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
84:
83:Complications
80:
76:
74:
70:
67:
66:Ophthalmology
64:
62:
58:
53:
49:
44:
40:
36:
31:
19:
3318:Eye diseases
3103: /
3099: /
3078:Monochromacy
3010: /
2906:Heterophoria
2894: /
2593: /
2589: /
2493:hypertensive
2466: /
2287:Ciliary body
2230:
2202:Keratoglobus
2110:Episcleritis
1988:Enophthalmos
1983:Exophthalmos
1928:Trichomegaly
1923:Distichiasis
1825:Inflammation
1734:
1728:
1714:
1700:
1691:
1682:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1611:cite journal
1578:
1574:
1568:
1553:
1538:
1524:cite journal
1502:(2): 163–5.
1499:
1495:
1489:
1448:
1428:
1418:
1404:
1395:
1382:
1363:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1304:
1295:
1286:
1255:
1238:
1190:
1186:
1176:
1137:
1117:
1107:
1098:
1089:
1080:
1071:
1054:
1044:
1029:
1021:the original
1011:
1002:
970:
927:
923:
913:
904:
894:
875:
869:
855:cite journal
841:(1): 25–30.
838:
834:
828:
819:
783:
758:cite journal
733:
729:
723:
715:the original
710:
662:
653:
640:
637:Epidemiology
621:
585:
577:
568:
532:Keratoplasty
530:
527:Keratoplasty
521:Keratoplasty
503:
497:
487:
481:
476:
463:
454:
440:
430:
425:Sclerocornea
421:Sclerocornea
420:
414:
408:
402:
396:
390:
384:
373:
368:
360:
333:, caused by
285:
277:
241:
238:Presentation
215:
207:
198:
190:
158:Keratoplasty
156:
147:
127:
119:
118:
3228:Cycloplegia
3171:Photophobia
3166:Hemeralopia
3123:Hemianopsia
3101:Vision loss
3012:Aniseikonia
3003:Astigmatism
2923:Cyclotropia
2901:Hypertropia
2713:Papilledema
2685:Optic nerve
2518:Sickle cell
2498:Purtscher's
2483:Retinopathy
2351:Choroiditis
2192:Keratoconus
2013:Conjunctiva
1890:Xanthelasma
1842:Blepharitis
1581:(1): 80–4.
1003:www.who.int
976:"Amblyopia"
711:www.who.int
92:Usual onset
38:Other names
3312:Categories
3277:Infections
3198:Anisocoria
3161:Asthenopia
3154:subjective
3138:homonymous
3133:bitemporal
3085:Nyctalopia
3073:Dichromacy
3017:Presbyopia
2978:Refraction
2799:Strabismus
2689:Optic disc
2048:Pinguecula
1913:Trichiasis
1467:1131846767
1239:StatPearls
1136:"Cornea".
1055:StatPearls
690:References
594:Techniques
441:Ichthyosis
435:Cystinosis
431:Cystinosis
162:iridectomy
3249:Nystagmus
3223:Mydriasis
3097:Blindness
3043:Amblyopia
3031:Blindness
2991:Hyperopia
2916:Exophoria
2911:Esophoria
2896:Exotropia
2892:Esotropia
2430:Retinitis
2128:Keratitis
2105:Scleritis
2038:Pterygium
1918:Madarosis
1865:Ectropion
1860:Entropion
1837:Chalazion
1656:2162-0989
1475:cite book
1330:: 51–57.
1199:2008-2010
944:2222-3959
643:blindness
600:drawback.
560:in place.
516:Treatment
482:Traumatic
152:blindness
110:Frequency
100:Treatment
87:Blindness
61:Specialty
3328:Scarring
3288:Trachoma
3053:Diplopia
2748:Ischemic
2673:Pathways
2587:Glaucoma
2488:diabetic
2390:Cataract
2328:Synechia
2180:Meesmann
2148:Exposure
2133:herpetic
2031:allergic
2021:Chemosis
1955:Epiphora
1674:31789643
1603:42110930
1595:19092411
1516:18155942
1344:13810884
1287:Ento Key
1247:32310559
1217:23198071
1063:30252356
962:27158621
905:CRSToday
847:15887712
750:10328965
668:See also
556:and the
357:Genetics
340:Trachoma
256:(due to
132:scarring
73:Symptoms
3128:binasal
3115:Anopsia
3058:Scotoma
2852:palsies
2615:Red eye
2600:Floater
2407:Aphakia
2338:Choroid
2308:Hyphema
2298:Uveitis
1905:Eyelash
1665:6903338
1208:3498567
953:4844042
3218:Miosis
2996:Myopia
2775:Kjer's
2523:photic
2422:Retina
2175:Fuchs'
2143:fungal
2120:Cornea
2097:Sclera
1880:Ptosis
1817:Eyelid
1805:Adnexa
1741:
1672:
1662:
1654:
1601:
1593:
1575:Cornea
1514:
1465:
1455:
1370:
1342:
1245:
1215:
1205:
1197:
1144:
1061:
960:
950:
942:
882:
845:
790:
748:
650:Europe
506:: The
302:(PMI).
290:Causes
136:stroma
124:cornea
3242:Other
3190:Pupil
2580:Other
2224:sicca
2076:Globe
1975:Orbit
1599:S2CID
1392:(PDF)
999:(PDF)
659:India
490:: In
458:(T8M)
268:Glare
176:Types
2382:Lens
2282:Iris
1832:Stye
1739:ISBN
1670:PMID
1652:ISSN
1617:link
1591:PMID
1530:link
1512:PMID
1481:link
1463:OCLC
1453:ISBN
1368:ISBN
1340:PMID
1243:PMID
1213:PMID
1195:ISSN
1142:ISBN
1059:PMID
958:PMID
940:ISSN
880:ISBN
861:link
843:PMID
788:ISBN
764:link
746:PMID
260:and
1660:PMC
1644:doi
1583:doi
1504:doi
1332:doi
1203:PMC
948:PMC
932:doi
738:doi
3314::
1690:.
1668:.
1658:.
1650:.
1638:.
1634:.
1613:}}
1609:{{
1597:.
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1500:12
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1473:{{
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1352:^
1338:.
1328:63
1326:.
1322:.
1303:.
1285:.
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1225:^
1211:.
1201:.
1189:.
1185:.
1156:^
1126:^
1116:.
1097:.
1079:.
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1001:.
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956:.
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938:.
926:.
922:.
903:.
857:}}
853:{{
839:49
837:.
802:^
772:^
760:}}
756:{{
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698:^
629:,
443::
433::
423::
315:,
311:,
168:.
1778:e
1771:t
1764:v
1747:.
1708:.
1694:.
1676:.
1646::
1640:8
1619:)
1605:.
1585::
1532:)
1518:.
1506::
1483:)
1469:.
1431:.
1412:.
1398:.
1376:.
1346:.
1334::
1307:.
1289:.
1249:.
1219:.
1191:4
1170:.
1150:.
1120:.
1101:.
1083:.
1065:.
1005:.
978:.
964:.
934::
928:9
907:.
888:.
863:)
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796:.
766:)
752:.
740::
319:.
264:)
250:)
20:)
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