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warmer climates of the US and Gulf
Coastal Plains (4) the coast of Sarawak, Malaysia and river of Batang Hari. She and her research team took samples of the peat and had them analyzed in a laboratory. The bogs found in most places except for the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal plains, are domed bogs which meant that it kept rising above the soil around it. They concluded that the "geometry of the depositional basin, the level of the water table, the proximity to marine waters, and the influx of inorganic material into the swamp/bog" all affected the plants and "inorganic content" of The Heath.
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type bedrock underneath the peat and how the peat transported from the source to the peat swamp. She concludes that the study of modern peat deposits will help with the study of ancient coal beds. This idea was corroborated by a paper by D.V Punwani called "Peat as an Energy
Alternative", which stated that through the movement of Earth's crust, peat gets trapped, loses access to air, and gets put under extreme pressures, beginning the coalification process; this paper mentioned that peat is also referred to as young coal. Cornelia Cameron's paper in the Coal Geology is solidified.
445:. Later, she went back to school and earned her PhD in Geology at the State University of Iowa in 1940. Her parents, especially her mother, had a profound impact on her profession. Cameron's mother continued to do fieldwork with her until she was 103 years old. Cameron's mother often went with her daughter overseas to help with fieldwork. Camerons field work consisted of travels to over thirty countries between the years 1953 and 1964, including but not limited to Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and Nigeria. On the expeditions she was working as an engineering geology consultant, with the
336:, teaching earth science courses. During her time at the United States Geological Survey, Cameron received two awards. In 1977, she received the USGS' Meritorious Service Award. This award is the second-highest award and is given to employees who make an important contribution to science or have a notable career, among other criteria. In 1986, she revived the USGS' Distinguished Service Award. This award is the highest award that can be received in the department.
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441:. Cameron's father died in 1918 when she was only seven years old. Cornelia and her brother William were raised on a farm outside of Iowa City. Her education consisted of a Bachelor of Arts degree which she earned in 1933, as well as a Master's of science degree which she earned in 1935. Both degrees were obtained from the State University of Iowa, which has been renamed as the
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608:. In 1971, Finland passed the first national energy peat development program focusing on protecting peat lands as well as expanding on the existing peatland to make a total of 10 million cubic meters of peat land. This was then extended to 20 million cubic meters after the price of oil began to increase during and after the war with the
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conditions. In the tropics and more developing countries, there is minimal technology for peat extraction. In developed countries, on the contrary, peat extraction has been practiced for centuries. As a result, less developed regions must rely on the information and technology that developed countries have for peat extraction.
473:. There were two purposes for this research: to find out to "what extent depositional environments, peat-producing botanical communities, and chemical characteristics of peat can be correlated within a small bog/marsh," and to show how peat characteristics can differ over short distances. Cameron’s team studied various
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moisture-retaining capacity for sands. Peat with large mineral soil content has a higher ash content/value. Peat can be classified as "good quality peat" or "usable for fuel". Peat with ash values from 1–7 % is classified as good quality peat, whereas peats with ash values up to 14% are usable for fuel.
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who would undertake in large development programs of the harvesting and distribution of peat fuel. However, the fuel source isn't commercially used in very many countries, especially during periods where cheap oil is available in large supply. Also, since peat is composed of 90% water, more energy is
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Cameron argued for the inclusion of geology in general science courses for non-science majors at universities. She stated that learning about geology provides students with the opportunity to think about themselves in relation to their physical environments, and develop a connection with the elements
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Peat energy is utilized as an oil alternative when it comes to generating electricity. Countries such as Russia, Ireland, and
Finland have been using peat as power generation for decades. And because it contains 90% water, its moisture can be reduced into a size that can be commercially harvested by
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released during combustion, making it a fossil fuel. However, the
Finnish Ministry stated in “The Role of Peat in Finnish Greenhouse Gas Balances” that peat should be considered a biomass fuel instead of a fossil fuel. Peat will continue to be a fossil fuel till it is officially added to the list of
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The use of peat over the years has been fluctuating due to cheaper alternatives for energy consumption and environmental concerns. The use of peat as an energy source was a cheaper option compared to the alternatives of oil, gas and coal. However, in the 1960s, the price of cheap oil and coal had an
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is partially decayed organic matter, which is composed mostly of plant material. It is commonly found in wetland environments, such as bogs and swamps. This material is formed due to the high acidity of wetlands, which prevents the organic material from fully decaying and allows the organic material
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Cornelia
Cameron created sketch maps of peat deposits, maps drawn from observations of landscapes without direct measurements. After joining the geological survey in 1951, Cameron concentrated mainly in the military aspects of geology. For the military, Cameron analyzed strategic sites that included
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Peat is also composed of inorganic materials, and these materials vary in quality and quantity. The quality and quantity of these inorganic materials contribute to the ash content, which is a factor that affects the usefulness of peat as fuel. Peat is usually mixed with mineral soil to increase the
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There was a decline in the use of peat in the twentieth century since at this time, the use of oil and gas for cooking and fuel dominated. However, since electricity was in such high demand, electric power plants fueled by peat were developed to keep up with this demand. Peat most often was used in
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focused on her field observations. In this study, she noticed that trace elements in peat deposits are affected by the environment they are in when she found different levels of concentration and different elements in different environments. Cameron determined that these trace elements identify the
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The chemistry of peat also determines whether it makes a good energy source. This includes the carbon and hydrogen content in the peat, as well as the ash content. Peat is composed of the organic materials carbon and hydrogen, and the content of these elements in peat is what makes it suitable for
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and different climates all over the US. Some of the examples are: (1) a glaciated terrain in cold-temperate Maine and
Minnesota (2) an island in a temperate maritime climate in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Maine USA, where the tide rises fast and changes the peat completely (3) swamps along
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When looking at peat as an energy source, multiple factors contribute to its usability. Peat has varying characteristics at different stages of its decomposition. Weakly decomposed peat cannot combust effectively. Moderately to well-decomposed peat is more suitable for combustion, and this is the
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In the decades leading up to her death, Cameron studied peat as a soil additive and energy source. Her work helped identify more than 70 million tons of peat in the United States. She published dozens of papers on this subject and was senior author on a text talking about peat resources in Maine.
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The feasibility of using peat as an energy source in different areas comes down to economic factors. For instance, the local conditions of different areas would need to be surveyed, such as the availability of other energy sources, cost of peat, transportation costs and distances, and climate
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Best known for her advances regarding glacier deposits, Cameron was able to predict the location of peat deposits. Such predictions are useful in the search for water sources prior to developing agricultural lands. As a specialist in peat, she became a member of the Branch of
Eastern Mineral
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In the context of environmental impacts, Peatlands are highly habitable for species to live in them. Its productivity in terms of life can be used to produce energy farms, wildlife habitats, lakes, and ponds. In fact, peatlands are prolific for agricultural purposes.
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to accumulate over time. For a long time, peat has been used as an alternative heat and energy resource, and it can also be mixed with soil to modify its acidity and moisture retention, in order to support the growth of certain plants.
612:. Peat as an energy source across the world continued to be beaten by cheaper alternatives, resulting in the drainage of many peat lands. When draining peatland, the land can then be used to make forests or for agricultural purposes.
347:, Cameron compares geology to aviation. She states that students who are studying both geology and aviation have a better understanding because the concepts and maps associated with these areas of study greatly relate to each other.
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According to the
Institute of Gas Technology (IGT), U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), and Minnesota Gas Company (Minnegasco), peat has a capability to create high amounts of hydrocarbon gases and contains a lower carbon content.
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From 1972 through 1985, she served as vice-chairman of the U.S Committee of the
International Peat Society. During this time, she was also a consultant for the Campobello international park commission, which would oversee the
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in 1966, around one million hectares of peat land were converted for rice production and cultivation. Besides using other energy sources due to the cheaper cost, peat has also been seen as an environmental concern due to the
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the 60–200 MW power plants, but more recently has been used in the range of 20–1000 kW. Aside from being a fuel source, peat can also be used as an insulator in buildings, since it is a poor heat conductor.
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Geology and mineral resources potential of the
Billies Bay, Alexander Springs, Little Lake George, and Juniper Prairie Wildernesses, and the Baptist Lake Roadless area, Lake, Marion, and Putnam counties,
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contents of peat are typically low. Therefore, most peat has a similar Sulphur content to oil (contains no more than 0.3–0.4% of Sulphur). Therefore, peat is acceptable and comparable to oil as fuel.
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Mineral resources of the Cranberry Wilderness study area, Webster and Pocahontas counties, West Virginia, with sections on peat resources, oil and gas potential, and geochemical survey
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Sketch maps showing areal extent, thickness, and amount of commercial-quality peat in deposits in and near Piscataquis and Somerset counties and northeastern Aroostook County, Maine
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Peat resources and preliminary evaluation of uranium resources in Holocene organic deposits as of 1984, Lewiston and Sherbrooke 1 degree x 2 degree sheets, northern New England
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Mineral resource potential map of the Hell Hole Bay, Wambaw Swamp, Little Wambaw Swamp, and Wambaw Creek Wildernesses, Berkeley and Charleston counties, South Carolina
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Raymond, Robert; Cameron, Cornelia C.; Cohen, Arthur D. (June 1987). "Relationship between peat geochemistry and depositional environments, Cranberry Island, Maine".
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Mineral resources of the Dolly Sods Wilderness area, Grant, Randolph, and Tucker counties, West Virginia, with sections on peat resources and oil and gas potential
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Sketch maps, sections and laboratory analyses of peat resources in deposits in and near Piscataquis and Somerset counties and northeastern Aroostook County, Maine
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of nature that they encounter every day. General geology also teaches students skills such as critical thinking and looking for relationships between all things.
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One of Cameron's papers, "Relationship between Peat Geochemistry and Depositional Environments, Cranberry Island, Maine", focused on a place called The Heath on
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Cameron was the daughter of two scientists. Her mother, Harriet Clearman Cameron, had a master's in geology and a PhD in botany. Her father was a professor of
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air drying technique. Russia, for instance, harvests peat that only contains 35% to 55% moisture in order for it to be used for generating electricity.
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Cameron, C.C.; Palmer, C.A.; Esterle, J.S. (December 1990). "The geology of selected peat-forming environments in temperate and tropical latitudes".
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Geologic map of the Hell Hole Bay, Wambaw Swamp, Little Wambaw Swamp, and Wambaw Creek Wildernesses, Berkeley and Charleston counties, South Carolina
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469:. She considered The Heath a great place to study the "lateral and vertical relationships between radically different peat types within" one square
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Mineral resources of the Bradwell Bay Wilderness and the Sopchoppy River Study Area, Wakulla County, Florida, with sections on phosphate and sand
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Alongside the 66 total papers Cameron had published, she was also a senior author for an army field manual that relates to terrain intelligence.
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used to evaporate the water in order to burn the peat and subsequently extract the energy, which will make it less efficient than fossil fuels.
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An expert system for mineral resources assessment in the Sherbrooke-Lewiston 1 degree x 2 degrees quadrangles, Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont
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Geologic map of the Big Gum Swamp and Natural Area Roadless Areas, Osceola National Forest, Columbia and Baker counties, Florida
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analysis of a variety of metrics, including groundwater, suitability for building roads, and suitability for building airports.
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Cameron created a rough curriculum outline with several objectives that could be divided into units. In the journal article,
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Geology and mineral-resource potential of Seven Roadless Areas in the Apalachicola National Forest, Liberty County, Florida
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Sketch maps showing areal extent, thickness and amount of commercial-quality peat in deposits of southern and western Maine
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Cameron authored "The geology of selected peat-forming environments in temperate and tropical latitudes", a study for the
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Some controls on trace-element concentrations, especially uranium, in selected peat deposits in Vermont and New Hampshire
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Mineral resources of the Rainbow Lake Wilderness Area and Flynn Lake Wilderness Study Area, Bayfield County, Wisconsin
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effect on peat usage across the world, causing the usage of peat to fall while the other alternatives began to rise.
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Meritorious Service Award 1986 from USGS and Interior Distinguished Alumni Award 1987 from the University of Iowa
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Mineral Resources of the Bradwell Bay Wilderness and the Spochoppy River Study Area, Wakulla Country, Florida
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The geology, botany and chemistry of selected peat-forming environments from temperate and tropical latitudes
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Mineral Resources of the Bradwell Bay Wilderness and the Sopchoppy River Study Area, Wakulla County, Florida
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Sketch maps, sections and laboratory analyses of peat resources in deposits of southern and western Maine
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Mineral resources evaluation of the Round Lake Wilderness Study Area, Price and Vilas counties, Wisconsin
316:, which relates geology with society, and many other papers on the subject. While starting her career in
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Mineral resource assessment map of the Big Gum Swamp Roadless Area, Columbia and Baker counties, Florida
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Mineral-resource evaluation of the Round Lake Wilderness Study Area, Price and Vilas counties, Wisconsin
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Mineral resources of the Cranberry Wilderness Study Area, Pocahontas and Webster counties, West Virginia
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lower the melting points and decreases the total ash content. Depending on the region the peat is from,
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Geology and mineral resources potential of the Impassable Bay Roadless Area, Columbia County, Florida
2112:"Cornelia C. Cameron's research works | United States Geological Survey, CA (USGS) and other places"
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Some peat deposits in northern Penobscot, eastern Piscataquis, and eastern Aroostook counties, Maine
564:, there was a growing interest in the use of peat in the production of energy, particularly in many
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VARIATIONS IN MINERAL MATTER CONTENT OF A PEAT DEPOSIT IN MAINE RESTING ON GLACIO-MARINE SEDIMENTS.
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Wetland and peat resource map of the Exeter 7.5-minute Quadrangle, New Hampshire and Massachusetts
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Wetland and peat resource map of the Exeter 7.5-minute Quadrangle, New Hampshire and Massachusetts
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Mineral Resources of the Bradwell Bay Wilderness, published in 2017, many decades after her death
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may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
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may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
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Mineral resources of the Wambaw Swamp Wilderness Study Area, Charleston County, South Carolina
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312:. Her interest in geology and her fieldwork took her to over 30 countries. In 1945, she wrote
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Relationship between peat geochemistry and depositional environments, Cranberry Island, Maine
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Sketch maps, sections and laboratory analyses of peat resources in deposits of eastern Maine
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Wetland and peat resource map of part of the Townsend 7.5-minute quadrangle, New Hampshire
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Wetland and peat resource map of the South Merrimack 7.5-minute Quadrangle, New Hampshire
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Surficial geology and peat resources map of the Rogers Creek area, Susitna Valley, Alaska
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The geology of selected peat-forming environments in temperate and tropical latitudes
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Wetland and peat resource map of the Pinardville 7.5-minute Quadrangle, New Hampshire
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Some Peat Bogs in Washington County, Maine: Their Formation and Trace-Element Content
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The Mangrove Peat of the Tobacco Range Islands, Belize Barrier Reef, Central America
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Surficial geology and peat resources map of the Houston area, Susitna Valley, Alaska
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Preliminary report of the trace element geochemistry of an Indonesian peat deposit
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Wetland and peat resource map of the Sandown 7.5-minute quadrangle, New Hampshire
449:. Her mother earned her Master's degree in geology in 1904 and earned her PhD in
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First Union Corporation, a bank holding company : a tradition of leadership
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BRADWELL BAY WILDERNESS AND THE SOPCHOPPY RIVER WILDERNESS STUDY AREA, FLORIDA.
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Classifying and mapping wetlands and peat resources using digital cartography
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Classifying and mapping wetlands and peat resources using digital cartography
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Maine Peat-Resource Evaluation Program: 1980 field season. Open File No. 82-8
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in peat raise the melting point of the ash and raises the total ash content.
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any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
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any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
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United States. Dept. of the Interior. Office for Equal Opportunity (1990).
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Some peat deposits in Washington and southeastern Aroostook Counties, Maine
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Some peat deposits in Washington and southeastern Aroostook counties, Maine
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Cameron, Cornelia (1944). "The Place of Geology in General Education".
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Peat resources of Maine; Volume 3, Piscataquis and Somerset Counties
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Surficial geology map of the Great Heath, Washington County, Maine
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293:(1911 – August 5, 1994) was an American geologist who researched
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Profile of women at work in the U.S. Department of the Interior
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Douglas Helms, Anne B. W. Effland, Patricia J. Durana (2002).
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Peat resources of Maine. Volume 4. Southern and western Maine
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www.peatsociety.org/peatlands-and-peat/peat-energy-resource.
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Peat as an Energy Resource | International Peatland Society,
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Peat resources of the Great Heath, Washington County, Maine
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A preliminary study of peat resources in eastern Maine
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Surficial geology of the Dover East quadrangle, Maine
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Surficial geology of the York Beach quadrangle, Maine
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Peat resources of Maine; Volume 5, Washington County
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Peat resources of Maine. Volume 1. Aroostook County'
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Some peat deposits in northern Hancock County, Maine
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Peat resources of Maine; Volume 2, Penobscot County
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324:Resources since 1969. Before Cameron joined the
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1678:Profiles in the History of the U.S. Soil Survey
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1150:Peat resources of southern and western Maine.
1651:"UIAA: Distinguished Alumni Awards - Profile"
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576:Peat as an energy source was largely used in
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2045:Nature and Management of Tropical Peat Soils
1989:Nature and Management of Tropical Peat Soils
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648:stage of peat that is used for fuel/energy.
2020:Sopo, Raimo. “Peat as an Energy Resource.”
1991:. Food & Agriculture Org. p. 115.
652:combustion and therefore an energy source.
405:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
802:Peat deposits of northeastern Pennsylvania
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2154:United States Geological Survey personnel
1681:. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State Press. pp.
768:Learn how and when to remove this message
541:Learn how and when to remove this message
425:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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45:Please improve this biography by adding
1619:ArchivesSpace at the University of Iowa
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357:Roosevelt Campobello International Park
2174:20th-century American women scientists
2072:. United States Government. p. 1.
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1582:"Cornelia Cameron; Peat Expert Was 83"
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2084:"C. C. Cameron | Semantic Scholar"
750:Knowledge (XXG)'s inclusion policy
523:Knowledge (XXG)'s inclusion policy
304:, where she earned a doctorate in
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1957:. 7 December 2011. Archived from
1951:"Peat: The Forgotten Fossil Fuel"
1914:NASA Sti/Recon Technical Report N
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1910:"Peat as an energy alternative"
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2068:Cameron, Cornelia C. (2017).
47:secondary or tertiary sources
1892:10.1016/0166-5162(90)90018-T
1852:10.1016/0166-5162(87)90030-9
1649:Alumni, University of Iowa.
1955:National Geographic Society
1908:Punwani, D.V. (July 1980).
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636:renewable energy sources.
314:The Earth in Human Affairs
2169:American women geologists
2159:University of Iowa alumni
2043:Andriesse, J. P. (1988).
1983:Andriesse, J. P. (1988).
1722:"USGS Honor Awards Guide"
1615:"Cornelia Cameron papers"
291:Cornelia Clermont Cameron
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1749:"With the Technicians".
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2088:www.semanticscholar.org
300:Cameron studied at the
780:Publications include:
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463:Great Cranberry Island
34:relies excessively on
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58:"Cornelia C. Cameron"
1985:"Energy Use of Peat"
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1884:1990IJCG...16..127C
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1720:DeHerrera, Carole.
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443:University of Iowa
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54:Find sources:
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562:World War II
559:
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397:Please help
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227:Winchester,
222:(1994-08-05)
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137:lead section
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2144:1994 deaths
2139:1911 births
610:Middle East
236:Citizenship
2133:Categories
2121:2021-02-08
2093:2020-12-15
1661:2017-10-11
1592:1 November
1565:References
746:relocating
519:relocating
457:Her papers
367:Early life
69:newspapers
36:references
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1814:129104185
1701:cite book
621:Mega Rice
471:kilometer
386:does not
205:Iowa City
147:and help
99:June 2021
1729:USGS Gov
606:the USSR
334:Missouri
229:Virginia
211:, U.S.A.
1965:28 June
1922:Bibcode
1880:Bibcode
1840:Bibcode
1806:1081355
1771:1976809
1329:Florida
699:Sulphur
602:Finland
590:Germany
582:England
578:Ireland
407:removed
392:sources
306:geology
275:Geology
196: (
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617:Canada
604:, and
598:Poland
594:Sweden
560:Since
451:botany
310:botany
279:Botany
271:Fields
256:Awards
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1802:JSTOR
1767:JSTOR
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1049:1981'
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467:Maine
90:JSTOR
76:books
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1967:2021
1707:link
1687:ISBN
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1540:2007
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1516:1999
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1492:1995
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1468:1995
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686:and
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554:Peat
475:Peat
390:any
388:cite
318:USGS
308:and
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217:Died
209:Iowa
198:1911
194:1911
187:Born
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