887:
392:
44:
1036:
52:
886:
36:
533:
It was quickly discovered that the rate of burning could be varied by altering the surface area of the cordite. Narrow rods were used in small-arms and were relatively fast burning, while thicker rods would burn more slowly and were used for longer barrels, such as those used in artillery and naval
786:
and by seven other suppliers (British
Explosives Syndicate Ltd, Chilworth Gunpowder Company Ltd, Cotton Powder Company Ltd, Messrs Curtis's and Harvey Ltd, National Explosives Company Ltd, New Explosives Company Ltd and Nobels Explosive Company Ltd). . Existing factories were expanded and new ones
197:
propellants were very widely used, and there was some use of triple-base propellants by artillery. Triple-base propellants were used in post-war ammunition designs and remain in production for UK weapons; most double-base propellants left service as World War II stocks were expended after the war.
309:, which contained nitro-cotton and nitrates of potassium and barium in a grain gelatinised by ether alcohol. It had coarser grains than other nitrocellulose powders. It proved unsuitable for rifles, but it remained in long use for shotguns and was later used for grenades and fragmentation bombs.
519:
and soluble nitrocellulose; and this was taken to imply that Nobel was specifically distinguishing between the use of soluble and insoluble nitrocellulose. For a forensic analysis of the case see The
History of Explosives Vol II; The Case for Cordite, John Williams (2014). However, in her
495:, in 1895, but it was finally lost because the words "of the well-known soluble kind" in his patent were taken to mean the soluble collodion, and hence specifically excluded the insoluble guncotton. The ambiguous phrase was "soluble nitro-cellulose": soluble nitro-cellulose was known as
959:, most of the cordite used by the British Government was produced in its own factories. Immediately prior to World War I, between 6,000 and 8,000 tons per year of cordite were produced in the United Kingdom by private manufacturers; between 1,000 and 1,500 tons per year were made by
524:
notes how closely Abel and Dewar were allowed to follow Nobel's work in Paris, and how disappointed Nobel was with how this trust was betrayed. The book argues for Nobel as the original inventor and that the case was lost because of an unimportant technicality.
858:) produced guncotton that was converted to cordite at MoS Dalbeattie (triple-base cordite) and at MoS Powfoot (monobase granulated guncotton for small-arms). A smaller site at Girvan, South Ayrshire, now occupied by Grant's distillery, produced cordite and
865:
35% of
British cordite produced between 1942 and 1945 came from Ardeer and these agency factories. ICI ran a similar works at Deer Park (which was also confusingly known as Ardeer after the adjacent suburb) near Melbourne in Australia and in South Africa.
64:
934:
Canadian
Explosives Limited built an additional cordite factory at Nobel, Ontario. Work started in February 1918 and was finished on 24 August 1918. It was designed to produce 1,500,000 lb (681,000 kg) of cordite per month.
150:) on the English-Scottish border, which produced around 800 tonnes of cordite per week. The UK also imported some United States–developed smokeless powders for use in rifle cartridges. Cordite was also used for large weapons, such as
738:
After World War II production of double-base propellants generally ended. Triple-base propellants, N and NQ, were the only ones used in new ammunition designs, such as the cartridges for 105 mm Field and for 155 mm
258:. It was used from about the 10th or 11th century onward, but it had disadvantages, including the large quantity of smoke it produced. With the 19th-century development of various "nitro explosives", based on the reaction of
938:
Factories, specifically "heavy industry" (Long, and
Marland 2009) were important for the provision of munitions. Cordite factories typically employed women (Cook 2006) who put their lives at risk as they packed the shells.
332:), resulting in a plastic colloidal substance which was rolled into very thin sheets, then dried and cut up into small flakes. It was immediately adopted by the French military for their Mle 1886 infantry rifle and called
649:
Research on solvent-free
Cordite RDB technologically extremely similar to ballistite continued primarily on the addition of stabilizers, which was based on German RP C/12 propellant featuring significant amounts of
676:
Two-inch (approximately 50 mm) and three-inch (approximately 75 mm) diameter, rocket
Cordite SC charges were developed in great secrecy before World War II for anti-aircraft purposes—the so-called
564:
Cordite MD cartridges typically weighed approximately 15% more than the cordite Mk I cartridges they replaced, to achieve the same muzzle velocity, due to the inherently less powerful nature of
Cordite MD.
410:
and W Kellner, who was also on the committee, developed and jointly patented (Nos 5,614 and 11,664 in the names of Abel and Dewar) in 1889 a new ballistite-like propellant consisting of (by weight) 58%
854:, at Ardeer, was asked in 1939 to construct and operate six factories in southern Scotland. Four of these six were involved in cordite or firearm-propellant manufacture. The works at MoS Drungans (
1013:. By November 1915 production had been expanded to 350,000 lb (159,000 kg) of cordite per month (approximately 1,900 tonnes per year). The Canadian Explosives Limited cordite factory at
634:(the so-called Weizmann organism) to produce acetone. Weizmann transferred the rights to the manufacture of acetone to the Commercial Solvents Corporation in exchange for royalties. After the
1055:
As noted above, in addition to its own facilities, the
British Government had ICI Nobel set up a number of Agency Factories producing cordite in Scotland, Australia, Canada and South Africa.
403:, monitored foreign developments in explosives and obtained samples of Poudre B and Ballistite; neither of these smokeless powders was recommended for adoption by the Explosives Committee.
669:
of
Cordite SC was indicated by the use of letters or numbers, or both, after the SC. For example, SC followed by a number was rod-shaped cord, with the number representing the diameter in
67:
1244:
71:
70:
66:
65:
72:
391:
478:
826:, ROF Bishopton, was opened in Scotland to manufacture cordite for the British Army and the Royal Air Force. A new cordite factory at Waltham Abbey and two additional ROF's—
69:
807:. A factory was also established by the Indian Government at Nilgris. Both the Gretna and the Holton Heath cordite factories closed at the end of World War I.
716:. The formulations were slightly different for artillery and naval use. This solved two problems associated with the large naval guns fitted to British Navy's
963:, at Ardeer. However, private industry had the capability to produce about 10,000 tons per year, with Ardeer able to produce some 3,000 tons of this total.
282:. At the time of this breakthrough, Schultze was a captain of Prussian artillery. Schultze eventually rose to the rank of colonel. His formulation (dubbed
553:
The composition of cordite was changed to 65% guncotton, 30% nitroglycerin (keeping 5% petroleum jelly), and 0.8% acetone shortly after the end of the
187:
47:
A sectioned British 18-pounder field gun shrapnel round, World War I, with bound string to simulate the appearance of the original cordite propellant
1029:
988:
804:
610:
846:
The British Government set up additional cordite factories, not under Royal Ordnance Factory control but as Agency Factories run on behalf of the
811:
724:
when heated, which had the benefit of reducing the muzzle flash, and its lower burning temperature greatly reduced the erosion of the gun barrel.
210:. Production ceased in the United Kingdom around the end of the 20th century, with the closure of the last of the World War II cordite factories,
673:
of an inch. "SC T" followed by two sets of numbers indicated tubular propellant, with the numbers representing the two diameters in thousandths.
1032:, both closed after the end of the war and the Gretna factory was dismantled. This left the Waltham Abbey and Ardeer factories in production.
971:
At the start of World War I, private industry in the UK was asked to produce 16,000 tons of cordite, and all the companies started to expand.
68:
1861:
1422:
487:
infringement. His patent specified that the nitrocellulose should be "of the well-known soluble kind". After losing the case, it went to the
488:
435:-like rods initially called "cord powder" or "the Committee's modification of Ballistite", but this was swiftly abbreviated to "Cordite".
783:
776:
1840:
450:. Triple-base propellant reduced the disadvantages of double-base propellant – its relatively high temperature and significant flash.
1816:
1775:
1743:
1711:
1671:
1142:
628:
Weizmann discovered how to use bacterial fermentation to produce large quantities of many desired substances. He used the bacterium
625:
43:
1044:
458:
formulation also had a much lower temperature, but it lacked the flash reduction properties of N and NQ triple-base propellants.
302:
1633:
1441:
912:. By November 1915 production had been expanded to produce 350,000 lb (159,000 kg) of cordite per month for the
573:
During World War I acetone was in short supply in Great Britain, and a new experimental form was developed for use by the
199:
1921:
451:
1911:
995:
894:
874:
Additional sources of propellant were also sought from the British Commonwealth in both World War I and World War II.
1796:
The Official History of the Ministry of Munitions Volume X The Supply of Munitions Part IV Gun Ammunition: Explosives
1101:
1035:
1017:, was designed to produce 1,500,000 lb (681 tonne) of cordite per month (approximately 8,170 tonnes per year).
630:
878:, South Africa, and Australia had ICI-owned factories that, in particular, supplied large quantities of cordite.
1208:
913:
355:
383:
and 45% collodion (nitrocellulose). Over time the camphor tended to evaporate, leaving an unstable explosive.
1808:
621:
616:
Acetone for the cordite industry during late World War I was eventually produced through the efforts of Dr.
400:
279:
159:
193:
The term "cordite" generally disappeared from official publications between the wars. During World War II,
1458:
1158:
823:
810:
By the start of World War II Holton Heath had reopened, and an additional factory for the Royal Navy, The
732:
728:
194:
975:, the largest propellant factory in the United Kingdom, which opened in 1916, was by 1917 producing 800
670:
171:
682:
635:
167:
158:, and naval guns. It has been used mainly for this purpose since the late 19th century by the UK and
350:(gunpowder). The rifle and the cartridge developed to use this powder were known generically as the
1916:
752:
1634:"Royal Naval Cordite Factory at Holton Heath, Wareham St. Martin – Dorset (UA) | Historic England"
1302:"Fair Chance and not a Blunt Refusal: New Understandings on Nobel, France, and Ballistite in 1889"
287:
119:. The hot gases produced by burning gunpowder or cordite generate sufficient pressure to propel a
1615:
1607:
1362:
1282:
1025:
972:
847:
788:
606:
147:
124:
96:
1767:
662:(= Solventless Cordite), and it required production facilities separate from classical cordite.
638:
during World War I, he was director of the British Admiralty Laboratories from 1916 until 1919.
1857:
1812:
1771:
1739:
1707:
1690:
1667:
1599:
1418:
1354:
1323:
1301:
1274:
1138:
1130:
960:
835:
692:
units in the 1960s, so there was a discontinuity in the propellant geometry numbering system.
243:
207:
1891:
1906:
1735:
1591:
1457:
Example : BL 6-inch Mk VII gun : 20 lb cordite Mk I, 23 lb cordite MD. Table 8 in
1437:
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "cordite". Encyclopedia Britannica, 13 Apr. 2017,
1313:
1251:
Aeragon Site Index > Ordnance > Military Explosives > Nitrocellulose > EC Powder
800:
88:
399:
A United Kingdom government committee, known as the "Explosives Committee", chaired by Sir
1445:
1248:
1003:
947:
Large quantities of cordite were manufactured in both World Wars for use by the military.
902:
862:. The ICI Ardeer site also had a mothballed World War I Government-owned cordite factory.
859:
602:
554:
521:
420:
203:
116:
51:
1232:
Hogg OFG, 'Artillery: Its Origin, Heyday and Decline', Hurst & Company, London, 1989
1850:
1805:
Imperial Chemical Industries: A History. Volume II; The First Quarter-Century 1926-1952
1014:
928:
701:
617:
492:
447:
321:
295:
215:
1900:
1619:
768:
689:
598:
412:
380:
329:
211:
175:
100:
700:
An important development during World War II was the addition of another explosive,
919:
The Imperial Munitions Board set up a number of additional explosives factories in
827:
717:
655:
466:
362:
313:
179:
163:
135:
108:
77:
56:
1732:
Dangerous Energy: The archaeology of gunpowder and military explosives manufacture
1402:
Alfred Nobel's English lawsuit. Mr justice Romer's judgment in the "Cordite Case"
1886:
1681:
Brown, David K.; McCallum, Iain (2001). "Ammunition Explosions in World War I".
1438:
956:
831:
727:
N and NQ were also issued in limited amounts to ammunitions used by the British
542:
The original Abel-Dewar formulation was soon superseded, as it caused excessive
407:
259:
143:
1764:
The Challenge of War: Scientific and Engineering Contributions to World War Two
1241:
1183:
1318:
984:
654:(Called "carbamite" in British parlance) and led to the type commonly used in
651:
574:
543:
504:
371:
183:
128:
112:
1694:
1603:
1358:
1327:
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351:
317:
291:
263:
255:
247:
231:
155:
92:
20:
720:: gun flash and muzzle erosion. Nitroguanidine produces large amounts of
316:
produced a smokeless propellant that had some success. It was made out of
1109:
855:
815:
792:
772:
721:
666:
665:
Cordite SC was produced in different shapes and sizes, so the particular
511:
and was used as an explosive. Nobel's patent refers to the production of
334:
267:
239:
151:
104:
1366:
1342:
1286:
1262:
890:
Bird's-eye view of a portion of Canadian Explosives Ltd., Nobel, Ontario
1611:
1579:
1010:
909:
796:
516:
500:
428:
424:
376:
325:
251:
27:
198:
For small arms it has been replaced by other propellants, such as the
1007:
920:
906:
875:
484:
366:
235:
120:
1892:
Sausalito News 2 June 1917 – California Digital Newspaper Collection
1595:
983:) of Cordite RDB per week (approximately 41,600 tons per year). The
931:, in 1916/1917, to produce cordite. Production started in mid-1917.
507:
use. In contrast, insoluble in alcohol, nitrocellulose was known as
1664:
A Pictorial Record of the Royal Naval Cordite Factory: Holton Heath
834:—were also opened. Cordite produced in these factories was sent to
641:
Cordite RDB was later found to become unstable if stored too long.
35:
1034:
999:
980:
898:
885:
819:
390:
139:
62:
50:
42:
34:
1088:
Atom Bombs: The Top Secret Inside Story of Little Boy and Fat Man
658:
as the main naval propellant. In Great Britain this was known as
146:
led to the creation of the "Devil's Porridge" munitions factory (
740:
1704:
Somerset v Hitler: Secret Operations in the Mendips 1939 – 1945
767:
In Great Britain cordite was developed for military use at the
976:
127:
to its target, but not so quickly as to routinely destroy the
465:, it is not employed as a high explosive. It is designed to
214:. Triple-base propellant for UK service (for example, the
1580:"Seaweed for War: California's World War I Kelp Industry"
782:
At the start of World War I cordite was in production at
142:
cartridge between 1891 and 1915. Shortages of cordite in
1090:. Waukesha, Wisconsin: J. Coster-Mullen. OCLC 298514167.
182:. Cordite was also used in the detonation system of the
91:
developed and produced in Britain since 1889 to replace
1689:(1). International Naval Research Organization: 58–69.
446:
was developed by including a substantial proportion of
174:. Small cordite rocket charges were also developed for
103:
because of its slow burning rates and consequently low
1837:
H.M. Factory, Gretna: Description of plant and process
222:
Adoption of smokeless powder by the British government
1415:
Nobel: Den gåtfulle Alfred, hans värld och hans pris
290:
derived from nitrated wood grains, impregnated with
278:
The first smokeless powder was developed in 1865 by
99:. Like modern gunpowder, cordite is classified as a
1723:
The History of Munitions Supply in Canada 1914-1918
479:
1895 vote of no confidence in the Rosebery ministry
166:, and as 2-and-3-inch-diameter (51 and 76 mm)
1849:
1393:
1391:
1378:
1376:
842:MoS Agency Factories and ICI Nobel in World War II
270:, a search began for a replacement for gunpowder.
1070:
1068:
483:Alfred Nobel sued Abel and Dewar over an alleged
1757:. Vol. II. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
354:, after the officer who developed its 8 mm
162:countries. Its use was further developed before
16:Smokeless propellant, used to replace gunpowder
1545:
1543:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1439:https://www.britannica.com/technology/cordite
1397:
1382:
1184:"Schultze powder – Big Chemical Encyclopedia"
1137:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 1170.
520:comprehensive 2019 biography of Alfred Nobel
8:
1871:Zukas, John A.; Walters, William P. (2002).
1242:http://www.aeragon.com/o/me/ni.html#ecpowder
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
469:, or burn, to produce high pressure gases.
250:), was the original propellant employed in
998:produced 3,000 lb (1,362 kg) of
1787:Artillery: its origin, heyday and decline
1343:"Alfred Nobel, Aniline and Diphenylamine"
1317:
503:. It was employed mainly for medical and
227:Replacements for gunpowder (black powder)
1263:"Paul Vieille, Cordite & Ballistite"
1030:Royal Navy Cordite Factory, Holton Heath
805:Royal Navy Cordite Factory, Holton Heath
611:Royal Navy Cordite Factory, Holton Heath
1513:
1064:
812:Royal Navy Propellant Factory, Caerwent
1755:The Chemistry of Powder and Explosives
1549:
1534:
546:erosion. It has since become known as
491:. This dispute eventually reached the
59:Rifle cartridge (manufactured in 1964)
1835:Ministry of Munitions of War (1919).
1209:"No text – Big Chemical Encyclopedia"
1074:
202:line of extruded powder or the WC844
7:
1873:Explosives, Effects and Applications
1839:. Dumfries: J. Maxwell and Son, for
1662:Bowditch, M.R.; Hayward, L. (1996).
1417:(in Swedish). Stockholm: Norstedts.
1135:Almanac of American Military History
787:built notably by Nobel's at Ardeer,
39:A stick of cordite from World War II
1856:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
784:Waltham Abbey Royal Gunpowder Mills
777:Waltham Abbey Royal Gunpowder Mills
461:Whilst cordite is classified as an
76:Burning a strand of cordite from a
55:Close-up of cordite filaments in a
1102:"The Great Propellant Controversy"
218:) is now manufactured in Germany.
134:Cordite was used initially in the
14:
1725:. London: Longmans, Green and Co.
1300:Bergman, Yoel (20 October 2017).
620:, considered to be the father of
454:'s (ICI) World War 2 double-base
369:a smokeless propellant he called
1826:Schuck, H.; Sohlman, R. (1929).
1045:Royal Military College of Canada
274:Early European smokeless powders
111:wave rather than the supersonic
1841:His Majesty's Stationery Office
303:Explosive Company of Stowmarket
1794:Ministry of Munitions (1922).
1789:. London: C Hurst and Company.
1706:. Newbury: Countryside Books.
1666:. Wareham: Finial Publishing.
1552:, Chapter 15: "War Production"
1537:, Chapter 14: "Warlike Supply"
897:was formed in 1910 to produce
262:mixtures on materials such as
115:wave produced by brisants, or
1:
1159:"The Schultz White Gunpowder"
838:for filling into ammunition.
735:land-based artillery pieces.
538:Cordite (Mk I) and Cordite MD
473:Nobel and Abel patent dispute
200:Improved Military Rifle (IMR)
1830:. London: William Heinemann.
1504:Ministry of Munitions (1922)
1477:Ministry of Munitions of War
1448:. Accessed 29 December 2021.
1086:Coster-Mullen, John (2012).
771:by Abel, Dewar and Kellner,
452:Imperial Chemical Industries
312:In 1884, the French chemist
1852:Hiroshima: The World's Bomb
996:Canadian Explosives Limited
895:Canadian Explosives Limited
107:. These produce a subsonic
1938:
1848:Rotter, Andrew J. (2008).
1730:Cocroft, Wayne D. (2000).
750:
631:Clostridium acetobutylicum
476:
361:The following year, 1887,
234:, an explosive mixture of
216:105 mm L118 Light Gun
138:, Mark I and II, standard
25:
18:
1753:Davis, Tenney L. (1943).
1413:Carlberg, Ingrid (2019).
1398:Schuck & Sohlman 1929
1383:Schuck & Sohlman 1929
1319:10.1163/22134603-00501003
1002:cordite per month at its
704:, to the mixture to form
688:Great Britain changed to
442:propellant. In the 1930s
375:. It was composed of 10%
346:) to distinguish it from
1828:The Life of Alfred Nobel
1721:Carnegie, David (1925).
1444:29 December 2021 at the
1247:26 November 2022 at the
914:Imperial Munitions Board
419:(nitrocellulose) and 5%
356:full metal jacket bullet
206:currently in use in the
26:Not to be confused with
19:Not to be confused with
1809:Oxford University Press
1578:Neushul, Peter (1989).
987:had its own factory at
925:The British Cordite Ltd
763:UK Government factories
622:industrial fermentation
395:Sir James Dewar at work
1702:Brown, Donald (1999).
1638:historicengland.org.uk
1584:Technology and Culture
1459:Treatise on Ammunition
1341:Bergman, Yoel (2011).
1261:Bergman, Yoel (2009).
1047:
891:
850:(MoS). The company of
824:Royal Ordnance Factory
791:, which straddled the
775:, and produced at the
624:. While a lecturer at
396:
280:Johann Edward Schultze
188:dropped over Hiroshima
81:
60:
48:
40:
1803:Reader, W.J. (1975).
1785:Hogg, O.F.G. (1970).
1762:Hartcup, Guy (1970).
1683:Warship International
1038:
943:Production quantities
889:
683:Unrotated Projectiles
626:Manchester University
605:. It was produced at
431:, it was extruded as
394:
172:anti-aircraft weapons
168:Unrotated Projectiles
89:smokeless propellants
75:
54:
46:
38:
636:Shell Crisis of 1915
557:. This was known as
180:Martin-Baker Company
160:British Commonwealth
30:, a detonating cord.
1922:Firearm propellants
1768:David & Charles
1163:Scientific American
779:from 1889 onwards.
753:Internal ballistics
499:and was soluble in
438:Cordite began as a
23:, the extinct tree.
1912:British inventions
1385:, pp. 136–144
1131:Tucker, Spencer C.
1048:
1026:HM Factory, Gretna
973:HM Factory, Gretna
961:Nobel's Explosives
892:
848:Ministry of Supply
789:HM Factory, Gretna
607:HM Factory, Gretna
589:epartment formula
397:
286:) was composed of
148:HM Factory, Gretna
97:firearm propellant
82:
61:
49:
41:
1863:978-0-19-280437-2
1424:978-91-1-306939-5
1100:Watters, Daniel,
1006:factory, for the
905:factory, for the
870:Overseas supplies
836:filling factories
593:); which was 52%
244:potassium nitrate
129:barrel of the gun
73:
1929:
1876:
1867:
1855:
1844:
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1766:. Newton Abbot:
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1736:English Heritage
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1568:Carnegie (1925).
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1108:, archived from
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1091:
1084:
1078:
1072:
901:cordite, at its
190:in August 1945.
74:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1931:
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1476:
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1456:
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1446:Wayback Machine
1436:
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1249:Wayback Machine
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1112:on 22 July 2013
1099:
1098:
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1073:
1066:
1061:
1053:
1023:
969:
953:
951:Pre–World War I
945:
884:
872:
844:
822:. A very large
765:
760:
755:
749:
698:
647:
603:petroleum jelly
571:
555:Second Boer War
540:
531:
522:Ingrid Carlberg
489:Court of Appeal
481:
475:
421:petroleum jelly
389:
284:Schultze Powder
276:
246:(also known as
229:
224:
204:ball propellant
117:high explosives
87:is a family of
63:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1935:
1933:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1882:
1881:External links
1879:
1878:
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1862:
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1800:
1791:
1782:
1776:
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1727:
1718:
1712:
1699:
1678:
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1650:
1625:
1590:(3): 561–583.
1570:
1554:
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1506:
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1479:
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1400:, Appendix I:
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1213:chempedia.info
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1188:chempedia.info
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1022:
1019:
1015:Nobel, Ontario
968:
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952:
949:
944:
941:
929:Nobel, Ontario
883:
880:
871:
868:
843:
840:
764:
761:
759:
756:
751:Main article:
748:
745:
708:propellant or
702:nitroguanidine
697:
694:
646:
643:
618:Chaim Weizmann
570:
567:
539:
536:
530:
527:
493:House of Lords
474:
471:
448:nitroguanidine
401:Frederick Abel
388:
385:
381:nitroglycerine
340:poudre blanche
322:nitrocellulose
296:barium nitrate
275:
272:
228:
225:
223:
220:
208:5.56Ă—45mm NATO
170:for launching
95:as a military
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1934:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
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1893:
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1820:
1818:0-19-215944-5
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1777:0-7153-4789-6
1773:
1769:
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1756:
1751:
1747:
1745:1-85074-718-0
1741:
1737:
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1713:1-85306-590-0
1709:
1705:
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1679:
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1673:1-900467-01-1
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1189:
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1154:
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1146:
1144:9781598845303
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1123:
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1103:
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986:
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978:
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821:
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790:
785:
780:
778:
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770:
769:Royal Arsenal
762:
757:
754:
747:Charge design
746:
744:
742:
736:
734:
730:
725:
723:
719:
718:capital ships
715:
711:
707:
703:
695:
693:
691:
686:
684:
680:
674:
672:
668:
663:
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657:
653:
644:
642:
639:
637:
633:
632:
627:
623:
619:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
599:nitroglycerin
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
568:
566:
562:
560:
556:
551:
549:
545:
537:
535:
528:
526:
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436:
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418:
414:
413:nitroglycerin
409:
404:
402:
393:
386:
384:
382:
378:
374:
373:
368:
365:invented and
364:
359:
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349:
345:
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324:dissolved in
323:
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226:
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219:
217:
213:
212:ROF Bishopton
209:
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201:
196:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
176:ejector seats
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
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137:
132:
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126:
122:
118:
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110:
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101:low explosive
98:
94:
90:
86:
79:
58:
53:
45:
37:
33:
29:
22:
1872:
1851:
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1795:
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1731:
1722:
1703:
1686:
1682:
1663:
1656:Bibliography
1641:. Retrieved
1637:
1628:
1587:
1583:
1573:
1514:Cocroft 2000
1509:
1500:
1491:
1486:Zukas (2002)
1482:
1453:
1433:
1414:
1408:
1401:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1312:(1): 29–41.
1309:
1305:
1295:
1270:
1266:
1256:
1237:
1228:
1216:. Retrieved
1212:
1203:
1191:. Retrieved
1187:
1178:
1166:. Retrieved
1162:
1153:
1134:
1125:
1114:, retrieved
1110:the original
1106:The Gun Zone
1105:
1095:
1087:
1082:
1077:, Chapter 17
1054:
1051:World War II
1040:
1024:
1021:Between wars
993:
989:Holton Heath
970:
954:
946:
937:
933:
924:
918:
893:
873:
864:
845:
828:ROF Ranskill
814:, opened at
809:
781:
766:
737:
726:
713:
709:
705:
699:
687:
678:
675:
664:
659:
656:World War II
648:
640:
629:
615:
590:
586:
582:
578:
572:
563:
561:(modified).
558:
552:
548:Cordite Mk I
547:
541:
532:
529:Formulations
508:
505:photographic
496:
482:
460:
455:
443:
439:
437:
405:
398:
370:
363:Alfred Nobel
360:
348:black powder
347:
344:white powder
343:
339:
333:
314:Paul Vieille
311:
306:
301:In 1882 the
300:
288:nitrolignose
283:
277:
230:
192:
186:atomic bomb
178:made by the
164:World War II
136:.303 British
133:
109:deflagration
93:black powder
84:
83:
78:.303 British
57:.303 British
32:
1875:. Springer.
1734:. Swindon:
1550:Reader 1975
1535:Reader 1975
1516:, Gazetteer
1495:Hogg (1970)
1116:30 November
967:World War I
957:World War I
927:factory at
923:. It built
882:World War I
832:ROF Wrexham
758:Manufacture
706:triple-base
679:Z batteries
671:thousandths
579:Cordite RDB
577:. This was
569:Cordite RDB
444:triple-base
440:double-base
408:James Dewar
387:Development
305:introduced
260:nitric acid
195:double-base
144:World War I
1917:Ammunition
1901:Categories
1887:Ammunition
1807:. London:
1075:Brown 1999
1028:, and the
985:Royal Navy
803:, and the
799:border at
660:Cordite SC
652:centralite
645:Cordite SC
609:; and the
575:Royal Navy
559:Cordite MD
544:gun barrel
509:gun cotton
477:See also:
467:deflagrate
406:Abel, Sir
372:Ballistite
184:Little Boy
113:detonation
1695:0043-0374
1620:111835074
1604:0040-165X
1359:1361-8113
1353:: 57–67.
1328:2213-4603
1279:1361-8113
1273:: 40–60.
1059:Citations
994:In 1910,
955:Prior to
852:ICI Nobel
710:Cordite N
696:Cordite N
681:, using '
595:collodion
513:Celluloid
497:Collodion
463:explosive
433:spaghetti
417:guncotton
352:8mm Lebel
318:collodion
307:EC Powder
292:saltpetre
264:cellulose
256:fireworks
248:saltpeter
232:Gunpowder
156:artillery
152:tank guns
21:Cordaites
1643:12 April
1442:Archived
1367:23789960
1287:23787093
1245:Archived
1218:17 April
1193:17 April
1168:17 April
1133:(2013).
856:Dumfries
816:Caerwent
793:Scotland
773:Woolwich
733:5.5-inch
722:nitrogen
667:geometry
585:esearch
423:. Using
367:patented
335:Poudre B
268:glycerin
252:firearms
240:charcoal
105:brisance
1907:Cordite
1687:XXXVIII
1612:3105951
1041:Cordite
1011:Arsenal
1004:Beloeil
910:Arsenal
903:Beloeil
797:England
601:and 6%
517:camphor
501:alcohol
429:solvent
425:acetone
377:camphor
326:ethanol
85:Cordite
28:Cordtex
1860:
1815:
1774:
1742:
1710:
1693:
1670:
1618:
1610:
1602:
1421:
1365:
1357:
1326:
1306:Vulcan
1285:
1277:
1141:
1008:Quebec
921:Canada
907:Quebec
876:Canada
801:Gretna
729:25-pdr
690:metric
597:, 42%
534:guns.
515:using
485:patent
415:, 37%
379:, 45%
236:sulfur
121:bullet
1616:S2CID
1608:JSTOR
1461:1915.
1363:JSTOR
1283:JSTOR
1000:rifle
981:tonne
979:(812
899:rifle
820:Wales
427:as a
342:, or
338:(for
330:ether
140:rifle
125:shell
80:round
1858:ISBN
1813:ISBN
1772:ISBN
1740:ISBN
1708:ISBN
1691:ISSN
1668:ISBN
1645:2022
1600:ISSN
1419:ISBN
1355:ISSN
1347:Icon
1324:ISSN
1275:ISSN
1267:Icon
1220:2022
1195:2022
1170:2022
1139:ISBN
1118:2009
977:tons
830:and
741:FH70
731:and
712:and
328:and
266:and
254:and
242:and
1592:doi
1314:doi
1039:MV
860:TNT
818:in
685:'.
581:(=
294:or
131:.
123:or
1903::
1811:.
1770:.
1738:.
1685:.
1636:.
1614:.
1606:.
1598:.
1588:30
1586:.
1582:.
1557:^
1542:^
1521:^
1466:^
1390:^
1375:^
1361:.
1351:17
1349:.
1345:.
1322:.
1308:.
1304:.
1281:.
1271:15
1269:.
1265:.
1211:.
1186:.
1161:.
1104:,
1067:^
1043:,
991:.
916:.
743:.
714:NQ
613:.
550:.
456:AN
358:.
298:.
238:,
154:,
1866:.
1843:.
1821:.
1798:.
1780:.
1748:.
1716:.
1697:.
1676:.
1647:.
1622:.
1594::
1427:.
1369:.
1330:.
1316::
1310:5
1289:.
1222:.
1197:.
1172:.
1147:.
795:-
591:B
587:D
583:R
320:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
