423:): 37.0 °C (98.6 °F). A rectal or vaginal measurement taken directly inside the body cavity is typically slightly higher than oral measurement, and oral measurement is somewhat higher than skin measurement. Other places, such as under the arm or in the ear, produce different typical temperatures. While some people think of these averages as representing normal or ideal measurements, a wide range of temperatures has been found in healthy people. The body temperature of a healthy person varies during the day by about 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) with lower temperatures in the morning and higher temperatures in the late afternoon and evening, as the body's needs and activities change. Other circumstances also affect the body's temperature. The core body temperature of an individual tends to have the lowest value in the second half of the sleep cycle; the lowest point, called the
291:
726:. Heatstroke may come on suddenly, but it usually follows the untreated milder stages. Treatment involves cooling and rehydrating the body; fever-reducing drugs are useless for this condition. This may be done by moving out of direct sunlight to a cooler and shaded environment, drinking water, removing clothing that might keep heat close to the body, or sitting in front of a fan. Bathing in tepid or cool water, or even just
345:
380:, the average internal temperature is widely accepted to be 37 °C (98.6 °F), a "normal" temperature established in the 1800s. But newer studies show that average internal temperature for men and women is 36.4 °C (97.5 °F). No person always has exactly the same temperature at every moment of the day. Temperatures cycle regularly up and down through the day, as controlled by the person's
881:
36:
128:
823:. However, this method of measuring body temperature is not as accurate as rectal measurement and has a low sensitivity for fever, failing to determine three or four out of every ten fever measurements in children. Ear temperature measurement may be acceptable for observing trends in body temperature but is less useful in consistently identifying and diagnosing fever.
1063:, in young, healthy adults performing tasks at modest metabolic rates mimicking basic activities of daily life was much lower than the 35 °C (95 °F) usually assumed, at about 30.55 °C (86.99 °F) in 36–40 °C (97–104 °F) humid environments, but progressively decreased in hotter, dry ambient environments.
711:
to climb uncontrollably. Hyperthermia at or above about 40 °C (104 °F) is a life-threatening medical emergency that requires immediate treatment. Common symptoms include headache, confusion, and fatigue. If sweating has resulted in dehydration, then the affected person may have dry, red skin.
810:
measurement used to estimate core temperature (oral temperature is affected by hot or cold drinks, ambient temperature fluctuations as well as mouth-breathing). Since catheters are highly invasive, the generally accepted alternative for measuring core body temperature is through rectal measurements.
710:
Hyperthermia occurs when the body produces or absorbs more heat than it can dissipate. It is usually caused by prolonged exposure to high temperatures. The heat-regulating mechanisms of the body eventually become overwhelmed and unable to deal effectively with the heat, causing the body temperature
1077:
In the 19th century, most books quoted "blood heat" as 98 °F, until a study published the mean (but not the variance) of a large sample as 36.88 °C (98.38 °F). Subsequently, that mean was widely quoted as "37 °C or 98.4 °F" until editors realized 37 °C is equal to 98.6 °F,
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Basal body temperature is the lowest temperature attained by the body during rest (usually during sleep). It is generally measured immediately after awakening and before any physical activity has been undertaken, although the temperature measured at that time is somewhat higher than the true basal
447:
a.m. and the highest in the late afternoon, between 4:00 and 6:00 p.m. (assuming the person sleeps at night and stays awake during the day). Therefore, an oral temperature of 37.3 °C (99.1 °F) would, strictly speaking, be a normal, healthy temperature in the afternoon but not in the
487:
of the menstrual cycle, both the lowest and the average temperatures are slightly higher than during other parts of the cycle. However, the amount that the temperature rises during each day is slightly lower than typical, so the highest temperature of the day is not very much higher than usual.
506:
It has been found that physically active individuals have larger changes in body temperature throughout the day. Physically active people have been reported to have lower body temperatures than their less active peers in the early morning and similar or higher body temperatures later in the day.
391:
Normal human body temperature varies slightly from person to person and by the time of day. Consequently, each type of measurement has a range of normal temperatures. The range for normal human body temperatures, taken orally, is 36.8 ± 0.5 °C (98.2 ± 0.9 °F). This
680:
An early morning temperature higher than 37.3 °C (99.1 °F) or a late afternoon temperature higher than 37.7 °C (99.9 °F) is normally considered a fever, assuming that the temperature is elevated due to a change in the hypothalamus's setpoint. Lower thresholds are sometimes
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Mendt, Stefan; Maggioni, Martina Ana; Nordine, Michael; Steinach, Mathias; Opatz, Oliver; Belavy, Daniel; Felsenberg, Dieter; Koch, Joachim; Shang, Peng; Hanns-Christian, Gunga; Stahn, Alexander (2017). "Circadian
Rhythms in Bed Rest: Monitoring Core Body Temperature via Heat-Flux Approach Is
826:
Until recently, direct measurement of core body temperature required either an ingestible device or surgical insertion of a probe. Therefore, a variety of indirect methods have commonly been used as the preferred alternative to these more accurate albeit more invasive methods. The
387:
In addition to varying throughout the day, normal body temperature may also differ as much as 0.5 °C (0.90 °F) from one day to the next, so that the highest or lowest temperatures on one day will not always exactly match the highest or lowest temperatures on the next day.
519:. One study suggested that the average body temperature has also decreased since the 1850s. The study's authors believe the most likely explanation for the change is a reduction in inflammation at the population level due to decreased chronic infections and improved hygiene.
395:
The normal human body temperature is often stated as 36.5–37.5 °C (97.7–99.5 °F). In adults a review of the literature has found a wider range of 33.2–38.2 °C (91.8–100.8 °F) for normal temperatures, depending on the gender and location measured.
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in his 1868 book, which put temperature charts into widespread clinical use. Dictionaries and other sources that quoted these averages did add the word "about" to show that there is some variance, but generally did not state how wide the variance is.
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With fever, the body's core temperature rises to a higher temperature through the action of the part of the brain that controls the body temperature; with hyperthermia, the body temperature is raised without the influence of the heat control centers.
348:
Diurnal variation in body temperature, ranging from about 37.5 °C (99.5 °F) from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m., and falling to about 36.4 °C (97.5 °F) from 2 a.m. to 6 a.m. (Based on figure in entry for 'Animal Heat' in 11th edition of the
604:
Oral temperatures are influenced by drinking, chewing, smoking, and breathing with the mouth open. Mouth breathing, cold drinks or food reduce oral temperatures; hot drinks, hot food, chewing, and smoking raise oral temperatures.
586:
Different methods used for measuring temperature produce different results. The temperature reading depends on which part of the body is being measured. The typical daytime temperatures among healthy adults are as follows:
1544:
Mackowiak, Philip A.; Wasserman, Steven S.; Levine, Myron M. (1992-09-23). "A critical appraisal of 98.6 degrees F, the upper limit of the normal body temperature, and other legacies of Carl
Reinhold August Wunderlich".
510:
With increased age, both average body temperature and the amount of daily variability in the body temperature tend to decrease. Elderly people may have a decreased ability to generate body heat during a fever, so even a
2147:
Dodd, Susanna R.; Lancaster, Gillian A.; Craig, Jean V.; Smyth, Rosalind L.; Williamson, Paula R. (April 2006). "In a systematic review, infrared ear thermometry for fever diagnosis in children finds poor sensitivity".
1002:
33 °C (91.4 °F) – Moderate to severe confusion, sleepiness, depressed reflexes, progressive loss of shivering, slow heartbeat, shallow breathing. Shivering may stop. The subject may be unresponsive to certain
1019:
24–26 °C (75.2–78.8 °F) or less – Death usually occurs due to irregular heart beat or respiratory arrest; however, some patients have been known to survive with body temperatures as low as 12.7 °C
958:
39 °C (102.2 °F) – Severe sweating, and red. Fast heart rate and breathlessness. There may be exhaustion accompanying this. Children and people with epilepsy may suffer convulsions at this temperature.
1338:
Despite the myriad of complications associated with heat illness, an elevation of core temperature above 41.0 °C (often referred to as fever or hyperpyrexia) is the most widely recognized symptom of this
791:, in comparison to temperatures of peripheral tissues. Core temperature is normally maintained within a narrow range so that essential enzymatic reactions can occur. Significant core temperature elevation (
1983:
Kiekkas, P; Stefanopoulos, N; Bakalis, N; Kefaliakos, A; Karanikolas, M (April 2016). "Agreement of infrared temporal artery thermometry with other thermometry methods in adults: systematic review".
811:
Rectal temperature is expected to be approximately 1 °F (0.56 °C) higher than an oral temperature taken on the same person at the same time. Ear thermometers measure temperature from the
1056:
is the main component, largely limits thermoregulation. It was thought that a wet-bulb temperature of about 35 °C (95 °F) was the highest sustained value consistent with human life.
748:
In hypothermia, body temperature drops below that required for normal metabolism and bodily functions. In humans, this is usually due to excessive exposure to cold air or water, but it can be
1627:
Sund-Levander, Märtha; Forsberg, Christina; Wahren, Lis Karen (2002). "Normal oral, rectal, tympanic and axillary body temperature in adult men and women: a systematic literature review".
1772:
Atkinson, G.; Coldwells, A.; Reilly, T.; Waterhouse, J. (January 1993). "A comparison of circadian rhythms in work performance between physically active and inactive subjects".
1013:
31 °C (87.8 °F) – Comatose, very rarely conscious. No or slight reflexes. Very shallow breathing and slow heart rate. Possibility of serious heart rhythm problems.
1301:
Dantrolene may also be associated with improved survival and reduced complications, especially in patients with extreme (≥ 42 °C) or severe (≥ 40 °C) hyperpyrexia
681:
appropriate for elderly people. The normal daily temperature variation is typically 0.5 °C (0.90 °F), but can be greater among people recovering from a fever.
46:
2463:
Tomita, K., et al. "Examination of factors affecting the intraoral perception of object size: A preliminary study." Journal of oral rehabilitation 44.4 (2017): 237–243.
1010:) – Hallucinations, delirium, complete confusion, extreme sleepiness that is progressively becoming comatose. Shivering is absent. Reflex may be absent or very slight.
847:
to be transmitted to an external receiver; one study found that these were comparable in accuracy to rectal temperature measurement. More recently, a new method using
1726:"Body temperature variability (Part 1): a review of the history of body temperature and its variability due to site selection, biological rhythms, fitness, and aging"
384:. The lowest temperature occurs about two hours before the person normally wakes up. Additionally, temperatures change according to activities and external factors.
213:
Note: The difference between fever and hyperthermia is the underlying mechanism. Different sources have different cut-offs for fever, hyperthermia and hyperpyrexia.
630:
Sleep disturbances also affect temperatures. Normally, body temperature drops significantly at a person's normal bedtime and throughout the night. Short-term
835:
temperature is generally considered to give the most accurate assessment of core body temperature, particularly in hypothermia. In the early 2000s, ingestible
2422:
952:) – Fainting, severe headache, dizziness, confusion, hallucinations, delirium, and drowsiness can occur. There may also be palpitations and breathlessness.
1314:
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Hutchison JS, Ward RE, Lacroix J, Hébert PC, Barnes MA, Bohn DJ, et al. (June 2008). "Hypothermia therapy after traumatic brain injury in children".
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43 °C (109.4 °F) – Normally death, or there may be serious brain damage, convulsions, and shock. Cardio-respiratory collapse will likely occur.
235:
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rhythm. Studies of seasonal variations have produced inconsistent results. People living in different climates may have different seasonal patterns.
270:
Human body temperature varies. It depends on sex, age, time of day, exertion level, health status (such as illness and menstruation), what part of the
2363:
Bazett, H. C.; Love, L.; Newton, M.; Eisenberg, L.; Day, R.; Forster, R. (1948). "Temperature
Changes in Blood Flowing in Arteries and Veins in Man".
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44 °C (111.2 °F) or more – Almost certainly death will occur; however, people have been known to survive up to 46.5 °C (115.7 °F).
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is the level at which the body attempts to maintain its temperature. When the setpoint is raised, the result is a fever. Most fevers are caused by
448:
early morning. An individual's body temperature typically changes by about 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) between its highest and lowest points each day.
1059:
A 2022 study on the effect of heat on young people found that the critical wet-bulb temperature at which heat stress can no longer be compensated, T
1493:"Body temperature variability (Part 2): masking influences of body temperature variability and a review of body temperature variability in disease"
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As of 2016, reviews of infrared thermometers have found them to be of variable accuracy. This includes tympanic infrared thermometers in children.
898:
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the measurement is taken at, state of consciousness (waking, sleeping, sedated), and emotions. Body temperature is kept in the normal range by a
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1036:
include stillness and being lethargic, unusual paleness of skin among light-skinned people, and, among males, shrinkage, and contraction of the
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28 °C (82.4 °F) – Severe heart rhythm disturbances are likely and breathing may stop at any time. The person may appear to be dead.
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and poor sleep quality are associated with smaller and later drops in body temperature. Similarly, waking up unusually early, sleeping in,
2018:
Zhen, C; Xia, Z; Long, L; Pu, Y (October 2014). "Accuracy of infrared ear thermometry in children: a meta-analysis and systematic review".
999:
34 °C (93.2 °F) – Severe shivering, loss of movement of fingers, blueness, and confusion. Some behavioral changes may take place.
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40 °C (104 °F) – Fainting, dehydration, weakness, headache, breathlessness, and dizziness may occur as well as profuse sweating.
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1682:
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There are non-verbal corporal cues that can hint at an individual experiencing a low body temperature, which can be used for those with
867:. It has been observed that "chaos" has been "introduced into physiology by the fictitious assumption of a constant blood temperature".
2542:
2439:
1178:
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Grunau BE, Wiens MO, Brubacher JR (September 2010). "Dantrolene in the treatment of MDMA-related hyperpyrexia: a systematic review".
107:
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At low temperatures the body thermoregulates by generating heat, but this becomes unsustainable at extremely low temperatures.
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Environmental conditions, primarily temperature and humidity, affect the ability of the mammalian body to thermoregulate. The
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42 °C (107.6 °F) – Subject may turn red. They may become comatose, be in severe delirium, and convulsions can occur.
771:, and this can be used in the long term to track ovulation both to aid conception or avoid pregnancy. This process is called
86:
1185:
Body temperature is maintained within the range 36.5-37.5 °C. It is lowest in the early morning and highest in the afternoon.
902:
228:
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752:. Symptoms usually appear when the body's core temperature drops by 1–2 °C (1.8–3.6 °F) below normal temperature.
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35.5 °C (95.9 °F) – Feeling cold, mild to moderate shivering. This can be a normal body temperature for sleeping.
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sensors and also aim to measure core body temperature, since the blood supply of this membrane is directly shared with the
2664:
2654:
2572:
93:
1461:
2472:
Al-Tubaikh, Jarrah Ali. "Infectious
Diseases and Tropical Medicine." Internal Medicine. Springer, Cham, 2017. 441–493.
859:
Measurement within the body finds internal variation temperatures as different as 21.5 °C (70.7 °F) for the
327:
634:
produces a higher temperature at night than normal, but long-term sleep deprivation appears to reduce temperatures.
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Inwit
Publishing, Inc. and Inwit, LLC – Writings, Links and Software Demonstrations – A Fahrenheit–Celsius Activity
357:
350:
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75:
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54:
2484:"Evaluating the 35°C wet-bulb temperature adaptability threshold for young, healthy subjects (PSU HEAT Project)"
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both suppress the circamensal rhythm and raise the typical body temperature by about 0.6 °C (1.1 °F).
2218:
Nidermann, Reto; Wyss, Eva; Annaheim, Simon; Psikuta, Agnes; Davey, Sarah; Rossi, René Michel (January 2014).
2062:
996:. Intense shivering, numbness and bluish/grayness of the skin. There is the possibility of heart irritability.
591:
Temperature in the anus (rectum/rectal), vagina, or in the ear (tympanic) is about 37.5 °C (99.5 °F)
392:
means that any oral temperature between 36.3 and 37.3 °C (97.3 and 99.1 °F) is likely to be normal.
2086:
Lack, Leon C.; Gradisar, Michael; Van
Someren, Eus J. W.; Wright, Helen R.; Lushington, Kurt (August 2008).
891:
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Generally, oral, rectal, gut, and core body temperatures, although slightly different, are well-correlated.
65:
50:
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have been developed. Several research papers show that its accuracy is similar to the invasive methods.
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Body temperature is sensitive to many hormones, so women have a temperature rhythm that varies with the
369:
267:. The normal human body temperature range is typically stated as 36.5–37.5 °C (97.7–99.5 °F).
2183:
McKenzie, Jack E.; Osgood, David W. (2004). "Validation of a new telemetric core temperature monitor".
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100:
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We hypothesized that, as compared with normothermia (36.5 to 37.5°C), treatment with hypothermia...
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1413:"Defining usual oral temperature ranges in outpatients using an unsupervised learning algorithm"
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36–37.5 °C (96.8–99.5 °F) is a typically reported range for normal body temperature.
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Axelrod YK, Diringer MN (May 2008). "Temperature management in acute neurologic disorders".
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Del Bene, Victor E. (1990), Walker, H. Kenneth; Hall, W. Dallas; Hurst, J. Willis (eds.),
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1841:"Decreasing human body temperature in the United States since the Industrial Revolution"
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Core temperature, also called core body temperature, is the operating temperature of an
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Vecellio, Daniel J.; Wolf, S. Tony; Cottle, Rachel M.; Kenney, W. Larry (2022-02-01).
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431:. The body temperature also changes when a person is hungry, sleepy, sick, or cold.
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programs use this change to identify when a woman has ovulated to achieve or avoid
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189:
2297:
2220:"Prediction of Human Core Body Temperature Using Non-Invasive Measurement Methods"
1928:"The effect of hot beverages, cold beverages, and chewing gum on oral temperature"
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Ley, C; Heath, F; Hastie, T; Gao, Z; Protsiv, M; Parsonnet, J (5 September 2023).
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282:, in which adjustment of temperature is triggered by the central nervous system.
993:
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692:". If temperature is raised, but the setpoint is not raised, then the result is
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Reported values vary depending on how it is measured: oral (under the tongue):
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1953:
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1839:(2020-01-07). Jit, Mark; Franco, Eduardo; Waalen, Jill; Rühli, Frank (eds.).
2615:; its 1871 2nd edition translated into English and published with the title
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Each measurement method also has different normal ranges depending on sex.
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Physiotherapy for
Respiratory and Cardiac Problems: Adults and Paediatrics
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body temperature. In women, temperature differs at various points in the
1033:
816:
799:) over more than a brief period of time is incompatible with human life.
784:
635:
597:
Temperature under the arm (axillary) is about 36.5 °C (97.7 °F)
468:
1857:
1240:
Laupland KB (July 2009). "Fever in the critically ill medical patient".
1029:
2329:"Body Core Temperature Sensing: Challenges and New Sensor Technologies"
1996:
1835:
Protsiv, Myroslava; Ley, Catherine; Lankester, Joanna; Hastie, Trevor;
1037:
969:) – Feeling hot, sweating, feeling thirsty, feeling very uncomfortable.
905: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
689:
639:
64:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
2440:"2-latek z Polski rekordzistą. Przeżył wychłodzenie poniżej 12 st. C."
832:
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Clinical
Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations
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Temperature in the mouth (oral) is about 36.8 °C (98.2 °F)
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not 98.4 °F. The 37 °C value was set by German physician
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1101:
Rosen's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice
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On the temperature in diseases: a manual of medical thermometry
1358:"Hypothermia therapy after traumatic brain injury in children"
874:
29:
298:
showing a temperature reading of 38.7 °C (101.7 °F)
1103:(6th ed.). Philadelphia: Mosby/Elsevier. p. 2239.
439:
Body temperature normally fluctuates over the day following
714:
In a medical setting, mild hyperthermia is commonly called
2630:
Fischetti, Mark (2018), "Graphic
Science: Goodbye, 98.6",
787:, specifically in deep structures of the body such as the
302:
Taking a human's temperature is an initial part of a full
2088:"The relationship between insomnia and body temperatures"
2543:"Why you need to worry about the 'wet-bulb temperature'"
2327:
Uth, Marc-Florian; Koch, Jochim; Sattler, Frank (2016).
843:
form were produced, allowing the temperature inside the
1809:"Human Body Temperature Is Getting Cooler, Study Finds"
61:
1687:(18th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 142.
730:
and other exposed areas of the skin, can be helpful.
2063:"Sleep deprivation disrupts regulation of body heat"
310:, as well as sites used for measurement, including:
1903:"Temperature of a healthy human (body temperature)"
1622:
1620:
1618:
1319:(1st ed.). Elsevier. pp. 175–177, 485.
684:An organism at optimum temperature is considered
204:>40.0 or 41.0 °C (104.0 or 105.8 °F)
194:>37.5 or 38.3 °C (99.5 or 100.9 °F)
184:>37.5 or 38.3 °C (99.5 or 100.9 °F)
1406:
1404:
1356:Hutchison, James S.; et al. (June 2008).
60:Please review the contents of the article and
1926:Newman, B. H.; Martin, C. A. (October 2001).
495:Temperature also may vary with the change of
368:mechanism that keeps the organism at optimum
229:
8:
1896:
1894:
499:during each year. This pattern is called a
2611:The behavior of the self-warmth in diseases
2606:Das Verhalten der Eigenwärme in Krankheiten
1547:Journal of the American Medical Association
1462:"Are Human Body Temperatures Cooling Down?"
750:deliberately induced as a medical treatment
515:can indicate a serious underlying cause in
1684:Harrison's principles of internal medicine
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222:
136:
2603:Wunderlich, Carl Reinhold August (1868).
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961:38 °C (100.4 °F) – (Classed as
921:Learn how and when to remove this message
372:, as the temperature affects the rate of
27:Typical temperature range found in humans
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992:35 °C (95 °F) – Threshold for
863:and 31.1 °C (88.0 °F) for the
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2423:temperature registered more than 115.7"
2284:Superior to Skin Surface Temperature".
2224:International Journal of Biometeorology
1901:Wong, Lena (1997). Elert, Glenn (ed.).
1629:Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences
1173:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 8.
1091:
806:, using a catheter, is the traditional
646:schedules may affect body temperature.
1588:(3rd ed.), Boston: Butterworths,
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580:35.5–37.0 °C (95.9–98.6 °F)
572:35.5–37.5 °C (95.9–99.5 °F)
561:36.7–37.5 °C (98.1–99.5 °F)
550:35.7–37.7 °C (96.3–99.9 °F)
547:33.2–38.1 °C (91.8–100.6 °F)
2576:, 2010 edition, entry on "blood heat"
673:and can be lowered, if desired, with
569:35.7–37.5 °C (96.3–99.5 °F)
558:36.8–37.1 °C (98.2–98.8 °F)
528:Temperature by measurement technique
326:On the skin of the forehead over the
174:36.5–37.5 °C (97.7–99.5 °F)
7:
903:adding citations to reliable sources
427:, is one of the primary markers for
320:Under the arm (axillary temperature)
2541:Timperley, Jocelyn (31 July 2022).
1945:10.1046/j.1537-2995.2001.41101241.x
1134:The New England Journal of Medicine
314:In the rectum (rectal temperature)
25:
2061:Paprocki, Jonathan (2012-12-18).
626:Variations due to outside factors
443:, with the lowest levels around 4
323:In the ear (tympanic temperature)
2150:Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
1807:Katz, Brigit (16 January 2020).
1724:Kelly, Greg S. (December 2006).
1641:10.1046/j.1471-6712.2002.00069.x
1559:10.1001/jama.1992.03490120092034
879:
722:; severe hyperthermia is called
126:
34:
2501:10.1152/japplphysiol.00738.2021
1460:Weintraub, Karen (April 2020).
1429:10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.4291
1362:New England Journal of Medicine
1080:Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich
890:needs additional citations for
802:Temperature examination in the
317:In the mouth (oral temperature)
164:<35.0 °C (95.0 °F)
2205:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2004.08.020
2162:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2005.10.004
948:41 °C (105.8 °F) – (
62:add the appropriate references
1:
2488:Journal of Applied Physiology
2365:Journal of Applied Physiology
2298:10.1080/07420528.2016.1224241
1491:Kelly, Greg S. (March 2007).
1006:32 °C (89.6 °F) – (
513:somewhat elevated temperature
306:. There are various types of
249:Normal human body temperature
2634:, vol. 319, no. 6 (December)
2573:Oxford Dictionary of English
2445:(in Polish). 5 December 2014
2346:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.11.154
1316:Neurobiology of Hyperthermia
1254:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181aa6117
1167:Pryor JA, Prasad AS (2008).
1028:or infants. Examples of non-
2286:Chronobiology International
1985:Journal of Clinical Nursing
1733:Alternative Medicine Review
1681:Longo, Dan L., ed. (2011).
1500:Alternative Medicine Review
47:reliable medical references
2696:
2613:]. Leipzig: O. Wigand.
2587:Collins English Dictionary
2185:Journal of Thermal Biology
2104:10.1016/j.smrv.2008.02.003
759:
741:
703:
658:
615:
154:(rectal, esophageal, etc.)
140:Temperature classification
2590:, 1979 edition, entry on
2244:10.1007/s00484-013-0687-2
1786:10.1080/00140139308967882
1289:10.1017/s1481803500012598
1214:10.1016/j.ncl.2008.02.005
1050:psychrometric temperature
579:
471:production decreases and
53:or relies too heavily on
2413:, faculty.washington.edu
2377:10.1152/jappl.1948.1.1.3
2032:10.1177/0009922814536774
1073:Historical understanding
76:"Human body temperature"
1313:Sharma HS, ed. (2007).
490:Hormonal contraceptives
351:Encyclopædia Britannica
2092:Sleep Medicine Reviews
1417:JAMA Internal Medicine
1242:Critical Care Medicine
762:Basal body temperature
756:Basal body temperature
461:basal body temperature
354:
299:
286:Methods of measurement
2411:Neuroscience for Kids
1375:10.1056/NEJMoa0706930
1146:10.1056/NEJMoa0706930
1044:Effect of environment
871:Temperature variation
370:operating temperature
347:
293:
18:Core body temperature
2665:Physical examination
2407:"Biological Rhythms"
2333:Procedia Engineering
1907:The Physics Factbook
1054:wet-bulb temperature
899:improve this article
618:Infrared thermometer
612:Infrared thermometer
463:rises sharply after
308:medical thermometers
304:clinical examination
2655:Medical terminology
2632:Scientific American
2236:2014IJBm...58....7N
2197:2004JTBio..29..605M
2020:Clinical Pediatrics
1858:10.7554/eLife.49555
1466:Scientific American
1248:(7 Suppl): S273-8.
965:if not caused by a
773:fertility awareness
529:
523:Measurement methods
477:Fertility awareness
358:Temperature control
296:medical thermometer
2253:20.500.11850/80468
1997:10.1111/jocn.13117
1208:(2): 585–603, xi.
1202:Neurologic Clinics
855:Internal variation
671:infectious disease
527:
459:rhythm. A woman's
374:chemical reactions
355:
300:
278:function known as
2405:Chudler, Eric H.
2134:"Define Afebrile"
1938:(10): 1241–1243.
1694:978-0-07-174889-6
1595:978-0-409-90077-4
1553:(12): 1578–1580.
1423:(10): 1128–1135.
1368:(23): 2447–2456.
1110:978-0-323-02845-5
1008:Medical emergency
950:Medical emergency
931:
930:
923:
849:heat flux sensors
813:tympanic membrane
795:) or depression (
632:sleep deprivation
584:
583:
441:circadian rhythms
429:circadian rhythms
334:heat flux sensors
259:) is the typical
246:
245:
208:
207:
135:
134:
111:
16:(Redirected from
2687:
2675:Thermoregulation
2650:Human physiology
2635:
2628:
2622:
2614:
2600:
2594:
2583:
2577:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2521:
2503:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2443:Dziennik Naukowy
2436:
2430:
2429:, August 7, 1980
2427:Bulletin Journal
2420:
2414:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2360:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2255:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2015:
2009:
2008:
1991:(7–8): 894–905.
1980:
1974:
1973:
1947:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1898:
1889:
1888:
1878:
1860:
1837:Parsonnet, Julie
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1780:(1–3): 273–281.
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1753:
1747:. Archived from
1730:
1721:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1697:. Archived from
1678:
1653:
1652:
1624:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1541:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1520:
1514:. Archived from
1497:
1488:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1440:
1408:
1399:
1398:
1377:
1353:
1342:
1341:
1335:
1333:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1237:
1226:
1225:
1197:
1188:
1187:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1096:
926:
919:
915:
912:
906:
883:
875:
779:Core temperature
728:washing the face
720:heat prostration
530:
446:
414:
412:
406:
404:
382:circadian rhythm
362:thermoregulation
280:thermoregulation
238:
231:
224:
146:
145:
137:
130:
129:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
38:
37:
30:
21:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2629:
2625:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2584:
2580:
2570:
2566:
2558:
2554:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2448:
2446:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2421:
2417:
2404:
2400:
2362:
2361:
2354:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2071:
2069:
2067:Sleep Education
2060:
2059:
2055:
2026:(12): 1158–65.
2017:
2016:
2012:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1911:
1909:
1900:
1899:
1892:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1819:
1817:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1728:
1723:
1722:
1713:
1704:
1702:
1695:
1680:
1679:
1656:
1626:
1625:
1616:
1608:
1606:
1596:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1543:
1542:
1533:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1495:
1490:
1489:
1480:
1470:
1468:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1410:
1409:
1402:
1355:
1354:
1345:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1239:
1238:
1229:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1181:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1140:(23): 2447–56.
1131:
1130:
1126:
1111:
1099:Marx J (2006).
1098:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1075:
1069:
1062:
1052:, of which the
1046:
1020:(54.9 °F).
986:
976:
936:
927:
916:
910:
907:
896:
884:
873:
865:brachial artery
857:
845:digestive tract
781:
769:menstrual cycle
764:
758:
746:
740:
716:heat exhaustion
708:
702:
663:
657:
652:
642:and changes to
628:
620:
614:
525:
453:menstrual cycle
444:
437:
435:Natural rhythms
410:
408:
402:
400:
342:
328:temporal artery
288:
263:range found in
242:
131:
127:
122:
116:
113:
70:
59:
55:primary sources
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2693:
2691:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2623:
2595:
2578:
2564:
2552:
2533:
2494:(2): 340–345.
2474:
2465:
2456:
2431:
2415:
2398:
2352:
2319:
2292:(5): 666–676.
2275:
2210:
2175:
2139:
2125:
2098:(4): 307–317.
2078:
2053:
2010:
1975:
1918:
1890:
1827:
1799:
1764:
1711:
1693:
1654:
1614:
1594:
1572:
1531:
1478:
1452:
1400:
1343:
1325:
1305:
1267:
1227:
1189:
1180:978-0702039744
1179:
1159:
1124:
1109:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1074:
1071:
1060:
1045:
1042:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1004:
1000:
997:
990:
985:
982:
981:
980:
975:
972:
971:
970:
959:
956:
953:
946:
943:
940:
935:
932:
929:
928:
887:
885:
878:
872:
869:
856:
853:
780:
777:
760:Main article:
757:
754:
742:Main article:
739:
736:
704:Main article:
701:
698:
665:A temperature
659:Main article:
656:
653:
651:
648:
627:
624:
616:Main article:
613:
610:
599:
598:
595:
592:
582:
581:
578:
574:
573:
570:
567:
563:
562:
559:
556:
552:
551:
548:
545:
541:
540:
537:
534:
524:
521:
436:
433:
341:
338:
337:
336:
330:
324:
321:
318:
315:
287:
284:
244:
243:
241:
240:
233:
226:
218:
215:
214:
210:
209:
206:
205:
202:
196:
195:
192:
186:
185:
182:
176:
175:
172:
166:
165:
162:
156:
155:
149:
142:
141:
133:
132:
125:
123:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2692:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2670:Medical signs
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2475:
2469:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2444:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2143:
2140:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2079:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1919:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1828:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1803:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1765:
1754:on 2017-08-08
1750:
1746:
1742:
1739:(4): 278–93.
1738:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1701:on 2012-04-29
1700:
1696:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1582:"Temperature"
1576:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1521:on 2017-08-09
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1328:
1326:9780080549996
1322:
1318:
1317:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1283:(5): 435–42.
1282:
1278:
1271:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1163:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1001:
998:
995:
991:
988:
987:
983:
978:
977:
973:
968:
964:
960:
957:
954:
951:
947:
944:
941:
938:
937:
933:
925:
922:
914:
904:
900:
894:
893:
888:This section
886:
882:
877:
876:
870:
868:
866:
862:
861:radial artery
854:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
824:
822:
818:
814:
809:
808:gold standard
805:
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
778:
776:
774:
770:
763:
755:
753:
751:
745:
737:
735:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
712:
707:
699:
697:
695:
691:
690:without fever
687:
682:
678:
677:medications.
676:
672:
668:
662:
654:
649:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
625:
623:
619:
611:
609:
606:
602:
596:
593:
590:
589:
588:
576:
575:
571:
568:
565:
564:
560:
557:
554:
553:
549:
546:
543:
542:
538:
535:
532:
531:
522:
520:
518:
514:
508:
504:
502:
498:
493:
491:
486:
483:. During the
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
449:
442:
434:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
415:), internal (
397:
393:
389:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
352:
346:
339:
335:
331:
329:
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322:
319:
316:
313:
312:
311:
309:
305:
297:
292:
285:
283:
281:
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273:
268:
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239:
234:
232:
227:
225:
220:
219:
217:
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201:
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147:
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139:
138:
124:
120:
117:November 2022
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
67:
63:
57:
56:
52:
48:
43:This article
41:
32:
31:
19:
2680:Thermometers
2631:
2626:
2617:
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797:hypothermia
744:Hypothermia
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724:heat stroke
688:, meaning "
675:antipyretic
457:circamensal
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366:homeostatic
276:homeostatic
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2644:Categories
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1758:2016-12-28
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