84:
59:
40:
433:, Scotland. The species was thought to have died out at all of these sites except Derwent Water. The Castle Loch population disappeared in the early part of the 20th century, and the Mill Loch population disappeared in the 1990s. The fish had not been recorded at Bassenthwaite Lake since 2001, but was recently rediscovered in 2014. The decline is thought to be caused by predation by
1461:
479:
after the severity of habitat deterioration at
Bassenthwaite was noticed. This has proved largely successful and Loch Skeen now has nearly ten times the number of vendace per hectare as Derwent Water according to a survey carried out by the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology. A population was also
744:
449:
This fish has a restricted range, with a total area of occupancy of less than 500 km (190 sq mi). The current population trend is unknown and the main threats are thought to be
1819:
741:
1719:
454:
284:
271:. Population surveys since the 1960s have revealed a steady decline and the fish is no longer present in some of its previous haunts but is still present in
437:, and by pollution. For example, a water treatment works near the lake had been overflowing with raw sewage at times of high water levels, causing severe
321:
as a separate species, reflecting the recent treatment of the
European freshwater fish fauna by Kottelat & Freyhof (2007). Another synonym of British
1799:
1693:
1732:
721:
401:, as its primary food source. The fish does not migrate and has a life span of about six years. The species is now Britain's rarest fish.
838:
1809:
1641:
769:
692:
604:
798:
1771:
63:
645:
1814:
573:
1737:
627:
Kottelat, M. & Freyhof, J. (2007). Handbook of
European Freshwater Fishes. Cornol & Berlin: Kottelat & Freyhof.
195:
682:
1659:
83:
441:
that were depleting the lake's oxygen supply, but the plant was to be renovated in 2004 in order to prevent this.
1672:
1176:
20:
1619:
1373:
1442:
1327:
831:
1581:
1162:
930:
923:
422:
309:, which is a more widespread North European freshwater whitefish species. Both taxa are also known by the
1062:
1413:
1401:
1380:
1189:
951:
667:
488:
10 miles from
Derwentwater, in 2011, with the aim of creating a refuge for the species in cooler water.
472:
178:
1266:
1259:
1140:
1085:
1016:
987:
1776:
1125:
1078:
1030:
1023:
959:
945:
1628:
1548:
1506:
1356:
1350:
1342:
1198:
1053:
908:
847:
476:
264:
713:
1482:
1427:
1420:
1155:
966:
901:
351:
48:
1804:
1514:
1449:
1310:
1288:
1252:
1205:
1107:
1045:
1009:
980:
868:
824:
532:
458:
434:
410:
288:
272:
204:
78:
1724:
426:
1758:
1387:
1183:
1169:
894:
688:
1763:
1750:
1281:
1235:
973:
914:
876:
527:
367:
305:
234:
1498:
1490:
1394:
1333:
1227:
1116:
1099:
748:
481:
761:
1667:
1654:
1433:
1243:
1091:
1037:
993:
790:
450:
333:
280:
268:
125:
1793:
1745:
1318:
885:
637:
600:
518:
509:
418:
414:
358:
276:
68:
1294:
1146:
936:
559:"Conservation ecology of the vendace in Bassenthwaite Lake and Derwent Water, U.K."
558:
409:
The vendace has only ever been known as a native species at four sites in
Britain:
39:
1706:
1613:
485:
438:
310:
1604:
1563:
468:
394:
283:
and the introduction of alien species of fish which eat its eggs and fry. The
145:
135:
1646:
1473:
1069:
859:
742:
Extinct fish found in the Lake
District after millions spend on cleanup work
430:
371:
342:
155:
95:
1680:
1598:
1531:
613:
391:
314:
115:
1685:
1698:
1364:
1302:
1272:
816:
398:
1711:
1219:
105:
1575:
361:
1540:
1001:
1633:
1460:
1211:
1131:
1579:
820:
557:
Winfield, Ian J.; Fletcher, Janis M.; James, J. Ben (2004),
252:
243:
374:
313:
vendace. The status however remains controversial, and
255:
246:
791:"Llamas move fish to cooler waters in Lake District"
249:
240:
1588:
1526:
1468:
854:
237:
751:, www.independent.co.uk, accessed 9 October 2014
455:International Union for Conservation of Nature
285:International Union for Conservation of Nature
832:
668:"Zeitschrift Für Anglistik und Amerikanistik"
8:
684:An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English
533:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T135640A4168717.en
457:has rated its conservation status as being "
453:and the introduction of alien species. The
345:
336:
1820:Taxa named by John Richardson (naturalist)
1576:
839:
825:
817:
552:
550:
475:, Scotland, in the 1990s as an attempt at
57:
38:
27:
531:
708:
706:
704:
497:
503:
501:
287:has rated its conservation status as "
7:
1673:2c8da24d-c4c7-4ae7-8046-c2b646dd7b4a
595:
593:
579:from the original on 4 December 2008
390:inhabits deep, cold lakes, and uses
519:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
714:"Ice Age fish thrives in new home"
508:Freyhof, J.; Kottelat, M. (2008).
14:
1314:(humpback whitefish or pidschian)
772:from the original on 26 June 2008
724:from the original on 2 March 2008
19:For other uses of "vendace", see
1800:IUCN Red List endangered species
1459:
801:from the original on 7 June 2021
681:Weekley, Ernest (18 July 2012).
648:from the original on 7 June 2020
279:. The main threats it faces are
233:
82:
303:to be a subjective synonym of
299:Most authorities now consider
1:
880:(European cisco or vendace)
762:"Algae threatens rare fish"
363:vandoise, vendese, vendoise
1836:
1057:(Lake Constance whitefish)
18:
1810:Freshwater fish of Europe
1560:
1457:
747:25 September 2015 at the
697:– via Google Books.
566:Annales Zoologici Fennici
210:
203:
184:
177:
79:Scientific classification
77:
55:
46:
37:
30:
603:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
405:Distribution and habitat
21:Vendace (disambiguation)
687:. Courier Corporation.
642:www.merriam-webster.com
638:"Definition of VENDACE"
617:. January 2010 version.
375:
362:
350:(which referred to the
337:
1815:Fish described in 1836
1510:(Bonneville whitefish)
1408:C. vandesius (vendace)
346:
338:vengis, vangis, venace
1486:(Bear Lake whitefish)
526:: e.T135640A4168717.
473:Dumfries and Galloway
1668:Fauna Europaea (new)
1518:(mountain whitefish)
1111:(Atlantic whitefish)
848:Freshwater whitefish
768:, 27 November 2002,
720:, 27 February 2008,
477:ex-situ conservation
332:The name "vendace" (
265:freshwater whitefish
1620:Coregonus vandesius
1590:Coregonus vandesius
607:Coregonus vandesius
512:Coregonus vandesius
465:Coregonus vandesius
388:Coregonus vandesius
355:Leuciscus leuciscus
341:) is borrowed from
301:Coregonus vandesius
225:Coregonus vandesius
213:Coregonus gracilior
188:Coregonus vandesius
49:Conservation status
32:Coregonus vandesius
1544:(nelma or inconnu)
1239:(Alaska whitefish)
1193:(Peipsi whitefish)
872:(autumn brienzlig)
870:Coregonus albellus
467:was introduced to
435:introduced species
411:Bassenthwaite Lake
273:Bassenthwaite Lake
1787:
1786:
1759:Open Tree of Life
1582:Taxon identifiers
1570:
1569:
1502:(round whitefish)
1494:(pygmy whitefish)
1337:(shortnose cisco)
1231:(broad whitefish)
1177:C. macrophthalmus
1120:(deepwater cisco)
1103:(Ives Lake cisco)
797:. 12 April 2011.
221:
220:
216:
170:C. vandesius
72:
1827:
1780:
1779:
1767:
1766:
1754:
1753:
1741:
1740:
1728:
1727:
1715:
1714:
1702:
1701:
1689:
1688:
1676:
1675:
1663:
1662:
1650:
1649:
1637:
1636:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1577:
1463:
1437:(shortjaw cisco)
1374:C. subautumnalis
1247:(blackfin cisco)
997:(lake whitefish)
841:
834:
827:
818:
811:
810:
808:
806:
787:
781:
780:
779:
777:
758:
752:
739:
733:
732:
731:
729:
710:
699:
698:
678:
672:
671:
664:
658:
657:
655:
653:
634:
628:
625:
619:
618:
597:
588:
587:
586:
584:
578:
563:
554:
545:
544:
542:
540:
535:
505:
480:introduced into
378:
365:
349:
340:
306:Coregonus albula
262:
261:
258:
257:
254:
251:
248:
245:
242:
239:
215:
190:
87:
86:
66:
61:
60:
42:
28:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1775:
1770:
1762:
1757:
1749:
1744:
1736:
1731:
1723:
1718:
1710:
1705:
1697:
1692:
1684:
1679:
1671:
1666:
1658:
1653:
1645:
1640:
1632:
1627:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1584:
1573:
1571:
1566:
1556:
1528:
1522:
1500:P. cylindraceum
1470:
1464:
1455:
1443:C. zuerichensis
1360:(sardine cisco)
1328:C. pravdinellus
995:C. clupeaformis
889:(longjaw cisco)
856:
850:
845:
815:
814:
804:
802:
789:
788:
784:
775:
773:
760:
759:
755:
749:Wayback Machine
740:
736:
727:
725:
712:
711:
702:
695:
680:
679:
675:
666:
665:
661:
651:
649:
636:
635:
631:
626:
622:
599:
598:
591:
582:
580:
576:
561:
556:
555:
548:
538:
536:
507:
506:
499:
494:
482:Sprinkling Tarn
447:
417:in the English
407:
385:
297:
236:
232:
199:
192:
186:
173:
81:
73:
62:
58:
51:
24:
17:
16:Species of fish
12:
11:
5:
1833:
1831:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1792:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1768:
1755:
1742:
1729:
1716:
1703:
1690:
1677:
1664:
1655:Fauna Europaea
1651:
1638:
1625:
1610:
1594:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1568:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1550:S. leucichthys
1546:
1537:
1535:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1516:P. williamsoni
1512:
1504:
1496:
1488:
1479:
1477:
1466:
1465:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1439:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1405:
1402:C. ussuriensis
1398:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1366:C. stigmaticus
1362:
1354:
1346:
1339:
1331:
1324:
1316:
1308:
1300:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1245:C. nigripinnis
1241:
1233:
1225:
1217:
1213:C. migratorius
1209:
1202:
1195:
1191:C. maraenoides
1187:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1159:
1152:
1150:(Bering cisco)
1144:
1137:
1129:
1122:
1113:
1105:
1097:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1066:
1059:
1050:
1043:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1013:
1006:
999:
991:
984:
977:
970:
963:
956:
953:C. baicalensis
949:
942:
940:(Arctic cisco)
934:
927:
920:
912:
905:
898:
891:
882:
874:
865:
863:
852:
851:
846:
844:
843:
836:
829:
821:
813:
812:
782:
753:
734:
700:
693:
673:
659:
629:
620:
601:Froese, Rainer
589:
546:
496:
495:
493:
490:
451:eutrophication
446:
443:
406:
403:
384:
381:
366:, probably of
296:
293:
281:eutrophication
269:United Kingdom
219:
218:
208:
207:
201:
200:
193:
182:
181:
175:
174:
167:
165:
161:
160:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
126:Actinopterygii
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
75:
74:
56:
53:
52:
47:
44:
43:
35:
34:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1832:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1552:(beloribitsa)
1551:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1525:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1508:P. spilonotus
1505:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1484:P. abyssicola
1481:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1467:
1462:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1435:C. zenithicus
1432:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1358:C. sardinella
1355:
1353:
1352:
1351:C. restrictus
1347:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1274:C. oxyrinchus
1271:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1199:C. maxillaris
1196:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1163:C. lucinensis
1160:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1109:C. huntsmanni
1106:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1055:C. gutturosus
1051:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1004:
1003:C. clupeoides
1000:
998:
996:
992:
990:
989:
985:
983:
982:
978:
976:
975:
971:
969:
968:
964:
962:
961:
957:
955:
954:
950:
948:
947:
943:
941:
939:
938:C. autumnalis
935:
933:
932:
931:C. austriacus
928:
926:
925:
924:C. atterensis
921:
919:
917:
913:
911:
910:
909:C. arenicolus
906:
904:
903:
899:
897:
896:
892:
890:
888:
883:
881:
879:
875:
873:
871:
867:
866:
864:
862:
861:
853:
849:
842:
837:
835:
830:
828:
823:
822:
819:
800:
796:
792:
786:
783:
771:
767:
763:
757:
754:
750:
746:
743:
738:
735:
723:
719:
715:
709:
707:
705:
701:
696:
694:9780486122861
690:
686:
685:
677:
674:
669:
663:
660:
647:
643:
639:
633:
630:
624:
621:
616:
615:
610:
608:
602:
596:
594:
590:
575:
571:
567:
560:
553:
551:
547:
534:
529:
525:
521:
520:
515:
513:
504:
502:
498:
491:
489:
487:
484:, a mountain
483:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
460:
456:
452:
444:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
419:Lake District
416:
415:Derwent Water
412:
404:
402:
400:
396:
393:
389:
382:
380:
377:
373:
369:
364:
360:
359:Middle French
356:
353:
348:
344:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
307:
302:
294:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
277:Derwent Water
274:
270:
267:found in the
266:
260:
231:
227:
226:
217:
214:
209:
206:
202:
197:
196:J. Richardson
191:
189:
183:
180:
179:Binomial name
176:
172:
171:
166:
163:
162:
159:
158:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
136:Salmoniformes
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
85:
80:
76:
70:
65:
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
33:
29:
26:
22:
1589:
1572:
1549:
1541:
1530:
1515:
1507:
1499:
1492:P. coulterii
1491:
1483:
1472:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1428:C. widegreni
1426:
1421:C. wartmanni
1419:
1412:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1357:
1349:
1341:
1335:C. reighardi
1334:
1326:
1319:
1312:C. pidschian
1311:
1303:
1295:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1265:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1236:
1228:
1220:
1212:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1182:
1175:
1168:
1161:
1156:C. lavaretus
1154:
1148:C. laurettae
1147:
1139:
1132:
1124:
1117:
1108:
1100:
1092:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1063:C. heglingus
1061:
1054:
1046:
1038:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1008:
1002:
994:
986:
979:
972:
967:C. bavaricus
965:
958:
952:
944:
937:
929:
922:
915:
907:
902:C. anaulorum
900:
893:
886:
877:
869:
858:
803:. Retrieved
794:
785:
774:, retrieved
765:
756:
737:
726:, retrieved
717:
683:
676:
662:
650:. Retrieved
641:
632:
623:
612:
606:
581:, retrieved
569:
565:
537:. Retrieved
523:
517:
511:
464:
463:
448:
439:algae blooms
408:
387:
386:
370:origin; cf.
354:
331:
327:C. gracilior
326:
323:C. vandesius
322:
319:C. vandesius
318:
317:still lists
304:
300:
298:
229:
224:
223:
222:
212:
211:
187:
185:
169:
168:
156:
31:
25:
1707:iNaturalist
1614:Wikispecies
1450:C. zugensis
1414:C. vessicus
1381:C. suidteri
1304:C. pennatii
1289:C. pallasii
1253:C. nilssoni
1237:C. nelsonii
1206:C. megalops
1118:C. johannae
1073:(gravenche)
1071:C. hiemalis
1047:C. fontanae
1041:(true fera)
1010:C. confusus
981:C. candidus
583:28 February
572:: 155–164,
423:Castle Loch
395:crustaceans
379:, "white."
352:common dace
311:common name
1794:Categories
1564:Salmonidae
1527:Members of
1469:Members of
1388:C. trybomi
1267:C. nobilis
1260:C. nipigon
1184:C. maraena
1170:C. lutokka
1141:C. ladogae
1086:C. holsata
1017:C. danneri
988:C. chadary
895:C. alpinus
887:C. alpenae
855:Members of
539:10 January
492:References
469:Loch Skeen
459:endangered
421:, and the
397:, such as
392:planktonic
289:endangered
146:Salmonidae
64:Endangered
1805:Coregonus
1474:Prosopium
1368:(schelly)
1320:C. pollan
1306:(gwyniad)
1282:C. palaea
1276:(houting)
1221:C. muksun
1126:C. kiletz
1101:C. hubbsi
1095:(bloater)
1079:C. hoferi
1031:C. fatioi
1024:C. duplex
974:C. bezola
960:C. baunti
946:C. baerii
916:C. artedi
878:C. albula
860:Coregonus
776:2 January
728:2 January
431:Lochmaben
427:Mill Loch
372:Old Irish
347:vandesius
343:Neo-Latin
164:Species:
157:Coregonus
102:Kingdom:
96:Eukaryota
1725:11288366
1681:FishBase
1605:Q2997229
1599:Wikidata
1542:S. nelma
1532:Stenodus
1395:C. tugun
1343:C. renke
1322:(pollan)
1296:C. peled
1229:C. nasus
1223:(muksun)
799:Archived
795:BBC News
770:archived
766:BBC NEWS
745:Archived
722:archived
718:BBC NEWS
646:Archived
614:FishBase
574:archived
399:copepods
357:), from
315:FishBase
295:Taxonomy
205:Synonyms
142:Family:
116:Chordata
112:Phylum:
106:Animalia
92:Domain:
69:IUCN 3.1
1777:1022569
1764:3642563
1699:2351116
1634:1156805
1562:Family
1298:(peled)
1133:C. kiyi
1093:C. hoyi
1039:C. fera
918:(cisco)
670:. 1968.
383:Biology
263:, is a
230:vendace
198:, 1836)
152:Genus:
132:Order:
122:Class:
67: (
1751:135640
1738:623434
1660:304709
1529:genus
1471:genus
1215:(omul)
1135:(kiyi)
857:genus
805:3 July
691:
652:3 July
445:Status
368:Celtic
228:, the
1772:WoRMS
1720:IRMNG
1712:98488
1686:49290
1647:15331
1642:EUNIS
577:(PDF)
562:(PDF)
334:Scots
1746:IUCN
1733:ITIS
1694:GBIF
807:2021
778:2010
730:2010
689:ISBN
654:2021
585:2008
541:2018
524:2008
486:tarn
425:and
413:and
376:find
275:and
1629:EoL
528:doi
471:in
461:".
429:in
325:is
291:".
1796::
1774::
1761::
1748::
1735::
1722::
1709::
1696::
1683::
1670::
1657::
1644::
1631::
1616::
1601::
793:.
764:,
716:,
703:^
644:.
640:.
611:.
592:^
570:41
568:,
564:,
549:^
522:.
516:.
500:^
329:.
253:eɪ
1348:†
1115:†
1068:†
1052:†
1036:†
884:†
840:e
833:t
826:v
809:.
656:.
609:"
605:"
543:.
530::
514:"
510:"
259:/
256:s
250:d
247:n
244:ɛ
241:v
238:ˈ
235:/
194:(
71:)
23:.
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