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of whom are bilingual in
Quechua and Spanish. There is a desire to preserve the uniqueness of Quechua as a language with its own attributes and representations of culture. Some argue that promoting a diverse literacy program gives students diverse perspectives on life, which could only enhance their educational experience. Before 1975, Peru had bilingual education programs, but Quechua was not taught as a subject in primary and secondary schools. After the 1975 education reform, Quechua and Spanish both had standing in bilingual programs, but only in restricted speech communities. These experimental programs were then canceled due to a change in government planning, but again reinstated in 1996. Even with national
340: – a typology drawn from Bernard Spolsky's theory of language policy. According to Spolsky, language management is a more precise term than language planning. Language management is defined as "the explicit and observable effort by someone or some group that has or claims authority over the participants in the domain to modify their practices or beliefs" (p. 4) Language planning is often associated with government planning, but is also used by a variety of
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and political planning. Some proposed acquisition changes could also be too drastic or instituted too suddenly without proper planning and organization. Acquisition planning can also be financially draining, so adequate planning and awareness of financial resources is essential. Therefore, it is important that government goals be organized and planned carefully.
1418:; communities of Quechua speakers outside Peru enable communication in Quechua across borders. Still, because of Quechua's low status, Spanish is almost always used as the lingua franca instead. Recently, Quechua has also gained ground in the academic world, both as a school subject and a topic of literary interest.
1451:/i/ and /u/ with separate letters <e> and <o>, which creates an apparent five-vowel system. They argued that this makes the language easier to learn for people who are already familiar with written Spanish. However, other Quechua linguists argued that a three-vowel system was more faithful to the
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Since
Quechua is no longer an official language of Peru, Quechua literacy is not consistently encouraged in schools. Peru's education system is instead based on Spanish, the nation's official language. Despite its low prestige, Quechua is still spoken by millions of indigenous Peruvians, a great deal
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When
Quechua was made an official language in Peru in 1975, the introduction of the language into the education and government domains made it essential to have a standard written language. The task of adopting a writing system proved to be a point of contention among Quechua linguists. Although most
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Although acquisition planning can be useful to governments, there are problems which must be considered. Even with a solid evaluation and assessment system, the effects of planning methods can never be certain; governments must consider the effects on other aspects of state planning, such as economic
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programs, teachers at local schools and members of the community often prefer using
Spanish, destabilizing support for bilingual education. This underscores the importance of community support as a goal for the education sector as mentioned earlier. Some believe that due to Spanish's higher national
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Lexical modernization has also been critical to the development of
Quechua. Language planners have attempted to coin new Quechua words by combining Quechua morphemes to give new meanings. Generally, loanwords are considered only when the words cannot be developed through existing Quechua structures.
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Choosing the standard language has important social consequences, as it benefits the speakers whose spoken and written dialect conforms closest to the chosen standard. The chosen standard is generally spoken by the most powerful social group within society, and it is imposed upon other groups as the
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of a language often adopt characteristics in the written form that are distinct from the spoken form. Second, the use of writing often leads to a folk belief that the written language is the 'real' language, and speech is a corruption of it. Written language is viewed as more conservative, while the
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and orthographic conventions for a language. The use of writing in a speech community can have lasting sociocultural effects, which include easier transmission of material through generations, communication with greater numbers of people, and a standard against which varieties of spoken language are
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intervention in the forms of a language, whereby planning decisions are made to engineer changes in the structure of the language. Corpus planning activities often arise as the result of beliefs about the adequacy of the form of a language to serve desired functions. Unlike status planning, which is
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Language status is distinct from, though intertwined with, language prestige and language function. Language status is the given position (or standing) of a language against other languages. A language garners status according to the fulfillment of four attributes, described in 1968 by two different
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of a language. Another approach, where dialects are mutually intelligible, is to introduce a poly-phonemic written form that is intended to represent all dialects of a language adequately but with no standard spoken form. If one dialect is chosen, it comes to be perceived as supra-dialectal and the
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served as a language of wider communication, a lingua franca, between
Spaniards and Peruvian natives. As the years passed, Spaniards asserted the superiority of the Spanish language; as a result, Spanish gained prestige, taking over as a language of wider communication and the dominant language of
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language program, only to name a few. For example, if a government chooses to raise the status level of a certain language or change its level of prestige, it can establish a law which requires teachers to teach only in this language or that textbooks are written using only this language's script.
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The three main types of corpus planning are all evident in the development of
Quechua languages in Peru since the colonial era. Graphization has been in process since the arrival of the Spanish in the region, when the Spanish imperialists attempted to describe the exotic sounds of the language to
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Acquisition planning is often integrated into a broader language planning process in which the statuses of languages are evaluated, corpuses are revised and the changes are finally introduced to society on a national, state or local level through education systems, ranging from primary schools to
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Acquisition planning is a type of language planning in which a national, state or local government system aims to influence aspects of language, such as language status, distribution and literacy through education. Acquisition planning can also be used by non-governmental organizations, but it is
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The program implementation was mostly left to the individual schools, which did not consistently carry it out. Additionally, educating a generation is a long process, for which the League was not prepared. There was no consensus as to how the Irish language should be reinstituted; the League and
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in education, especially in many countries which were once colonized. Choosing the language of instruction which would be most beneficial to effective communication on the local and state level requires thoughtful planning, and it is surrounded by debate. Some states prefer to teach only in the
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The search for a unified alphabet reflects the process of standardization. Unlike other cases of standardization, in
Quechua this has been applied only to the written language, not to the spoken language, and no attempt was made to change the spoken language of native speakers, which varied by
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Vitality – the ratio, or percent, of users of a language to another variable, such as the total population. Kloss and
Stewart both distinguish six classes of statistical distribution. However, they draw the line between classes at different percentages. According to Kloss, the highest level of
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declares
Spanish the only official language of the state; Quechua and Aymara are relegated to "official use zones," equivalent to Stewart's provincial function described above. Quechua has officially remained a provincial language since 1979. Today, Quechua also serves a limited international
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of Spain. These organizations often write their own dictionaries and grammar books, thus affecting the materials which students are exposed to in schools. Although these organizations do not hold official power, they influence government planning decisions, such as with educational materials,
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mostly undertaken by administrators and politicians, corpus planning is generally the work of individuals with greater linguistic expertise. There are three traditionally recognized types of corpus planning: graphization, standardization, and modernization.
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gained independence in 1922, the League declared that Irish must be the language of instruction for at least one hour in primary schools in the state. Irish-speaking teachers were recruited, and preparatory colleges were established to train new teachers.
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made two key observations about the results of adopting a writing system. First, the use of writing adds another form of the language to the community's repertory. Although written language is often viewed as secondary to spoken language, the
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spoken form is more susceptible to language change. Isolated relic areas of the spoken language may be less innovative than the written form, or the written language may have been based on a divergent variety of the spoken language.
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vitality is demarcated by 90% or more speakers, followed by 70%, 40%, 20%, 3%, and less than 3%. According to Stewart, the six classes are determined by the following percentages of speakers: 75%, 50%, 25%, 10%, 5%, and less than 5%.
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Official – An official language "function as a legally appropriate language for all politically and culturally representative purposes on a nationwide basis." The official function of a language is often specified in a
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Kadochnikov, Denis (2016). Languages, Regional Conflicts and Economic Development: Russia. In: Ginsburgh, V., Weber, S. (Eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Economics and Language. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 538-580.
1202:, or to promote linguistic purism. In a case where a government revises a corpus, new dictionaries and educational materials will need to be revised in schools in order to maintain effective language acquisition.
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from another language. While Hungarian has almost exclusively used language-internal processes to coin new words, Japanese has borrowed extensively from English to derive new words as part of its modernization.
1298:. The use of a single language of instruction supports national unity and homogeneity whereas the incorporation of different languages may help students to learn better by offering alternative perspectives.
1081:, as the print language. Because of the dialect's use for administrative, government, business, and literary purposes, it became entrenched as the prestigious variety of English. After the development of
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Wider communication – A language of wider communication may be official or provincial, but more importantly, it functions as a medium of communication across language boundaries within a nation (e.g.
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prestige, it is more socially and economically beneficial to learn and speak Spanish. It is debatable whether these education programs will benefit education or raise the status of Quechua.
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programs and textbooks. However, the Peruvian Academy and the SIL both refused to adopt it and continued to propose new alphabets, leaving the issue unsettled. For more information, see
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of Quechua. After years of debate and disagreement, in 1985 Quechua linguists proposed the Pan-Quechua alphabet as an accurate representation of the language, and this was adopted in
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to describe new technical terms, but it is also necessary to ensure that the new terms are consistently used by the appropriate sectors within society. While some languages, such as
804:
International – An international language functions as a medium of communication across national boundaries (e.g. English, formerly French as a diplomatic and international language)
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form to emulate, making the standard norm necessary for socioeconomic mobility. In practice, standardization generally entails increasing the uniformity of the norm, as well as the
1335:, as the nation's primary language, based on a widespread sentiment for Irish nationalism and cultural identity. During and after colonisation, Irish had competed with English and
628:. Both Kloss and Stewart stipulated four qualities of a language that determine its status. Their respective frameworks differ slightly, but they emphasize four common attributes:
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often play a significant role in lexical expansion, but technical vocabulary can be effective within a language, regardless of whether it comes from the language's own process of
1385:, the revolutionary government of Peru declared Quechua an official language of the Peruvian state, "coequal with Spanish." Four years later, the law was reversed. Peru's 1979
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Modernization occurs when a language needs to expand its resources to meet functions. Modernization often occurs when a language undergoes a shift in status, such as when a
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universities. This process of change can entail an alteration in student textbook formatting, a change in methods of teaching an official language, or the development of a
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schools did not develop a system assessment plan to monitor progress. Thus the movement lost strength, and the number of native Irish speakers has been in steady decline.
611:
Status planning is the allocation or reallocation of a language or dialect to functional domains within a society, thus affecting the status, or standing, of a language.
461:. The coexistence of many languages may not necessarily arise from a conscious language ideology but rather the relative efficiency of communicating in a shared language.
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of a single dominant language can bring economic benefits to minorities but is also perceived to facilitate their political domination. It involves the establishment of
1467:. Another disagreement was about how to reflect the phonological differences apparent in different dialects of Quechua. For example, some distinct dialects utilize
994:, but Ainu contains many CVC syllables which cannot easily be adapted to this syllabary. Therefore, Ainu uses a modified katakana system, in which syllable-final
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Promoted language – lacks official status on a national or regional level but is promoted and sometimes used by public authorities for specific functions (e.g.
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This, in turn, would support the elevation of the language's status or could increase its prestige. In this way, acquisition planning is often used to promote
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the adoption of a non-indigenous language as a means of wider communication, as an official language or in a particular domain, such as the use of English in
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In addition to the education sector, there are non-governmental sectors or organizations that have a significant effect on language acquisition, such as the
279:
1753:
Linguist Ghil'ad Zuckermann claims that any attempt to revive a no-longer spoken language is likely to end up with a hybrid - see Zuckermann, Ghil'ad,
1435:, linguists disagreed about how to represent the phonological system of Quechua, particularly in regards to the vowel system. Representatives from the
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regions. Rather, standardization was needed to produce a uniform writing system to provide education to Quechua speakers in their native language.
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Auxiliary-code standardization – standardization of marginal, auxiliary aspects of language, such as signs for the deaf, place names, or rules of
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Jennifer Jones, Dee Ann Bosworth, Amy Lonetree, "American Indian Boarding Schools: An Exploration of Global Ethnic & Cultural Cleansing"
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356:, such as formal or informal agencies, committees, societies or academies to design or develop new structures to meet contemporary needs.
1989:. Ed. Rubin, Joan, Björn H. Jernudd, Jyotirindra Das Gupta, Joshua A. Fishman and Charles A. Ferguson. The Hague: Mouton Publishers, 1977
1976:. Ed. Rubin, Joan, Björn H. Jernudd, Jyotirindra Das Gupta, Joshua A. Fishman and Charles A. Ferguson. The Hague: Mouton Publishers, 1977
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In establishing a writing system for a language, corpus planners have the option of using an existing system or designing a new one. The
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as the natural choice for a standard since it is recognized as the form which is most similar to that spoken by the Incas. Others favor
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1436:
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Robert Cooper outlines two additional functional domains (mass media and work) and distinguishes three sub-types of official functions:
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Coronel-Molina, Serafin M. "Functional Domains of the Quechua Language in Peru: Issues of Status Planning." University of Pennsylvania
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Hornberger, Nancy and Kendell A. King. "Authenticity and Unification in Quechua Language Planning." University of Pennsylvania: 1998.
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This article is about the field of language planning and policy. For details on the creation of planned or artificial languages, see
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Liddicoat, Anthony J., and Richard B. Baldauf, Jr., "Language Planning in Local Contexts: Agents, Contexts and Interactions."
1157:, have failed to do so. Such expansion is aided by the use of new terms in textbooks and professional publications. Issues of
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Provincial – A provincial language functions as an official language for a geographic area smaller than a nation, typically a
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Group – A group language functions as a conventional language among the members of a single cultural or ethnic group
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Interlingual communication – facilitation of linguistic communication between members of distinct speech communities
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514:" of language, protect language from foreign influences, and guard against perceived language deviation from within
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official language, but some aim to foster linguistic and thus social diversity by encouraging teaching in several
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Religious – A religious language functions as a language for the ritual purposes of a particular religion (e.g.
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in the Southeast of the present-day United States. It uses some Latin characters but also introduces new ones.
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was founded to promote the acquisition of Irish in schools, thus "de-Anglicizing" Ireland. Immediately after
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1479:, while others do not and some language planners found it important to reflect these dialectal differences.
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Degree of standardization – the extent of development of a formal set of norms that define 'correct' usage
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1877:
Hornberger, Nancy H. (2006). "Frameworks and Models in Language Policy and Planning", in Thomas Ricento,
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Rubin, Joan, Björn H. Jernudd, Jyotirindra Das Gupta, Joshua A. Fishman and Charles A. Ferguson, eds.
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choices based on state and local evaluation reports. The duties of education sectors vary by country;
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the recognition and support of many languages within one society. Examples include the coexistence of
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31:
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Liddicoat, Anthony J. (2005). "Corpus Planning: Syllabus and Materials Development," in Eli Hinkel,
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Christian, Donna (1988). "Language Planning: the view from linguistics", in Frederick J. Newmeyer,
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that combines features of both dialects. This norm has been accepted by many institutions in Peru.
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for the guidance of writers and speakers in a non-homogeneous speech community" (p. 8). Along with
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Ferguson, Charles A. (1968). "Language Development", in Charles A. Ferguson, Thom Huebner (1996),
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405:, should learn and use the dominant language of the society in which they live. An example is the
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Coronel-Molina, Serafin M. (1996). "Corpus Planning for the Southern Peruvian Quechua Language."
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1963:. Ed. Anthony J. Liddicoat and Richard B. Baldauf, Jr. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd., 2008
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Wiley, Terrance G. (2003). "Language Planning and Policy," in Sandra McKay, Nancy H. Horberger,
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568:, grammar, and style. That includes changing the use of language in social and formal contexts.
520:– the attempt to restore to common use a language which has few or no surviving native speakers
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Ed. Anthony J. Liddicoat and Richard B. Baldauf, Jr. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd., 2008
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320:. Robert L. Cooper (1989) defines language planning as "the activity of preparing a normative
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since it is more conservative, whereas Qusqu-Qullaw has been influenced by contact with the
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Language origin – whether a given language is indigenous or imported to the speech community
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By contrast, English has become standardized without any planning. The process began when
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often involves one variety of a language taking precedence over other social and regional
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School subject – A school subject language is taught as a subject in secondary school or
526:– deliberate change in specific aspects of language or extralinguistic elements, such as
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Macnamara, John. "Successes and Failures in the Movement for the Restoration of Irish,"
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If loanwords are adopted, linguists may adjust them to match typical Quechua phonology.
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led to the dissemination of this dialect as the cultural norm for the English language.
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Capital – A capital language functions as a prominent language in and around a national
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Four overarching language ideologies are proposed to explain motivations and decisions.
1800:, Ziibiwing Center of Anishinabe Culture & Lifeways, 2011, accessed 25 January 2014
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and development of an indigenous language, along with its adoption by the state as an
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Tolerated language – neither promoted nor proscribed; acknowledged but ignored (e.g.
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Deliberate effort to influence languages or their varieties within a speech community
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Ed. Rubin, Joan, and Björn H. Jernudd. Hawaii: The University Press of Hawaii, 1971
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Ed. Rubin, Joan, and Björn H. Jernudd. Hawaii: The University Press of Hawaii, 1971
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Ed. Rubin, Joan, and Björn H. Jernudd. Hawaii: The University Press of Hawaii, 1971
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2196:. Studia philologiæ Scandinavicæ Upsaliensia, 6. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksell.
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as well as individuals. Goals of such planning vary. Better communication through
1719:. Eds. Juan Cobarrubias and Joshua Fishman. New York: Mouton Publishers, 1983.
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To determine what materials will be used and how they will be incorporated into
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Eds. Paulston, Christina Bratt and G. Richard Tucker. Oxford: Blackwell, 2003
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Language maintenance – preservation of a group's native language as a first or
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Educational – An educational language functions as a medium of instruction in
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Language spread – the attempt to increase the number of speakers of a language
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2139:"Language planning and language ecology: Towards a theoretical integration."
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or education sector of government is typically in charge of making national
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Proscribed language – discouraged by official sanction or restriction (e.g.
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Mac Giolla Chriost, Diarmait. "Micro-level Language Planning in Ireland."
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Language planners in Peru have proposed several varieties to serve as the
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where pressures threaten or cause a decline in the status of the language
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1372:'s history of language planning begins in the 16th century with Spanish
1812:
Stewart, William A. "Sociolinguistic Typology of Multilingualism," in
1755:"Hybridity versus Revivability: Multiple Causation, Forms and Patterns"
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Ferguson, Charles A. "Sociolinguistic Settings of Language Planning."
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Sociolinguistic Perspectives: papers on language in society, 1959-1994
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William Stewart outlines ten functional domains in language planning:
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Fishman, Joshua A. "The Impact of Nationalism on Language Planning,"
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version of a katakana symbol that begins with the desired consonant.
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Research Methods in Language Policy and Planning: A Practical Guide.
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Sole official language (e.g. French in France and Turkish in Turkey)
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and Richard B. Baldauf describe the sectors' six principal goals:
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Graphization refers to development, selection and modification of
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Eleven language planning goals have been recognized (Nahir 2003):
378:
1339:; the movement to restore the language gained momentum after the
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of the neighboring peoples. Likewise, in the early 19th century,
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An example of an original script includes the development of the
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the belief that every member of a society, irrespective of their
304:) is a deliberate effort to influence the function, structure or
2001:
Thorburn, Thomas. "Cost-Benefit Analysis in Language Planning."
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for a regional language or dialect, developing it as the chosen
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A working language is used by a government for daily activities
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Stylistic simplification – simplification of language usage in
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Handbook of Research in Second Language Teaching and Learning
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in 1476. This was followed by the adoption of the south-east
1816:. Ed. Joshua Fishman. The Hague: Mouton Publishers, 1968.
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Nahir, Moshe. "Language Planning Goals: A Classification."
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Cobarrubias, Juan. "Ethical Issues in Status Planning."
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To choose the languages which should be taught within the
1129:. The main force in modernization is the expansion of the
1717:
Progress in Language Planning: International Perspectives
2146:
Progress in Language Planning: International Perspective
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Ed. Hornberger, Nancy. New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1996
1133:, which allows the language to discuss topics in modern
2121:
Hornberger, Nancy "Quechua Literacy and Empowerment."
990:. Katakana is designed for a language with a basic CV
1331:, a movement began which aimed at the restoration of
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A statutory language is a "de jure" official language
652:; French, German, Italian and Romansh in Switzerland)
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Language planning has been divided into three types:
336:
and language practices, language planning is part of
1770:
Edwards, John. "Language, Prestige, and Stigma," in
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There is also growing concern over the treatment of
1198:, which can change a language's status or reverse a
1137:. Language planners generally develop new lists and
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Directorate of Language Planning and Implementation
1185:more commonly associated with government planning.
1985:Ferguson, Charles A. "Language Planning Processes"
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554:Lexical modernization – word coining or adaptation
1653:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.
1381:Peru. In 1975, under the leadership of President
557:Terminology unification – development of unified
537:Language standardization – the attempt to garner
1683:Department of English Literature and Linguistics
2158:Hult, F.M., & Johnson, D.C. (eds.) (2015).
1021:, it distinguished Armenian from the Greek and
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1850:. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
1774:. Ed. Hans Goebel. New York: de Gruyter, 1996.
1631:Kaplan B., Robert, and Richard B. Baldauf Jr.
2194:Introduction to a Theory of Language Planning
2155:. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
2144:Cobarrubius, Juan & Joshua Fishman, eds.
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34:. For applied computational linguistics, see
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2260:Articles on language planning in West Africa
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2107:Working Papers in Educational Linguistics,
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1633:Language Planning from Practice to Theory.
1376:. When the Spanish first arrived in Peru,
1125:or when there is a change in the language
1017:. Though the script was modeled after the
644:Joint official language (e.g. English and
280:
266:
40:
2018:. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005
1950:, Cambridge University Press, pp 103-147.
1937:, Cambridge University Press, pp 193-211.
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1742:Sociolinguistics: The Essential Readings.
1635:Clevedon: Multilingual Matters ltd., 1997
833:schools on a regional or national basis (
510:of usage norms in order to preserve the "
2245:Language Problems and Language Planning.
1700:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1437:Peruvian Academy of the Quechua language
1921:, Oxford University Press US, pp 40-47.
1617:
1239:To determine the amount and quality of
1089:in the 18th century, the rise of print
1029:(Cherokee) designed an orthography for
916:A symbolic language is used as a state
199:
182:
96:
50:
43:
1948:Sociolinguistics and Language Teaching
2188:. The Hague: Mouton Publishers, 1977.
2123:Indigenous Literacies in the Americas
2016:Language Planning in Higher Education
1814:Readings in the Sociology of Language
7:
1935:Language: the socio-cultural context
1787:. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2008
441:; and the shared official status of
2262:(Journal of West African Languages)
2227:Current Issues in Language Planning
2153:Language Planning and Social Change
2058:Language Planning in Local Contexts
1961:Language Planning in Local Contexts
1848:Language Planning and Social Change
1785:An Introduction to Sociolinguistics
1649:Language planning and social change
1465:Quechuan and Aymaran spelling shift
1879:An Introduction to Language Policy
1783:Wardhaugh, Ronald. "Planning," in
25:
1731:Lehmann, W.P., 1983, Random House
1527:intercultural bilingual education
1457:intercultural bilingual education
655:Regional official language (e.g.
1866:Language Planning and Education.
248:
239:
238:
189:
188:
1441:Summer Institute of Linguistics
1260:To establish a local and state
1508:proposed a literary standard,
1302:Non-governmental organizations
986:as the writing system for the
928:Corpus planning refers to the
342:non-governmental organizations
1:
2291:Language varieties and styles
1050:'best' form of the language.
561:, mainly in technical domains
2162:Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell
1881:, Wiley-Blackwell, pp 24-41.
1540:Abstand and ausbau languages
867:functions as a language for
534:, in order to facilitate use
2281:Concepts in language policy
2186:Language Planning Processes
1987:Language Planning Processes
1974:Language Planning Processes
1868:Edinburgh University Press.
1759:Journal of Language Contact
1360:Case study: Quechua in Peru
1264:system to monitor progress.
684:West African Pidgin English
607:Prestige (sociolinguistics)
2322:
2210:Language policy in Oceania
2148:. The Hague: Mouton, 1983.
1864:Ferguson, Gibson. (2006).
1729:Language: An Introduction,
1209:
1177:
604:
363:
29:
2137:Bastardas-Boada, Albert.
1897:, Routledge, pp 993-1012.
1696:Spolsky, Bernard (2009).
1477:voiceless uvular stop /q/
1341:Irish War of Independence
1308:
946:often compared. Linguist
695:Native American languages
409:of some residents of the
346:grass-roots organizations
223:Sociocultural linguistics
2208:Silva, Diego B. (2019).
2045:Can Language Be Planned?
2029:Can Language Be Planned?
2003:Can Language Be Planned?
1761:, Varia 2 (2009), 40-67.
1327:Before the partition of
506:Language purification –
1645:Cooper, Robert (1989).
1565:Gender-neutral language
1506:Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino
1319:affecting acquisition.
1267:To determine financial
1196:language revitalization
961:phonological structures
898:for the reading of the
708:in the UK in the past,
398:Linguistic assimilation
218:Linguistic anthropology
135:Phono-semantic matching
2192:Tauli, Valter (1968).
1685:. Bar Ilan University.
1587:Linguistic imperialism
1490:spoken norm. Some saw
1461:Quechua writing system
1316:Real Academia Española
957:grammatical structures
716:and others in France;
213:Historical linguistics
155:Linguistic description
125:Homophonic translation
1607:Languages in censuses
1577:Linguistic relativity
1570:Political correctness
1383:Juan Velasco Alvarado
1210:Further information:
1178:Further information:
605:Further information:
407:English-only movement
364:Further information:
228:Sociology of language
2214:Alfa, Rev. Linguíst.
1520:Acquisition planning
1443:wanted to represent
1390:function throughout
1349:The Irish Free State
1222:language acquisition
1206:The education sector
1180:Language acquisition
1174:Acquisition planning
740:'s regime in Spain;
418:Linguistic pluralism
374:Internationalization
302:language engineering
36:language engineering
32:Constructed language
2296:Language regulators
2276:Applied linguistics
1846:Cooper, Robert L.
1772:Contact Linguistics
1698:Language Management
1077:dialect, spoken in
1015:St. Mesrop Mashtots
975:chose to adopt the
948:Charles A. Ferguson
858:Classical languages
750:boarding school era
701:in the present day)
477:. Examples include
354:language regulators
208:Applied linguistics
1560:Inclusive language
1431:agreed to use the
1310:Académie française
1296:(native) languages
1212:Language education
1165:or from extensive
992:syllable structure
314:language varieties
254:Linguistics portal
150:Language varieties
145:Discourse analysis
130:Macaronic language
2286:Linguistic rights
2221:Relevant journals
2180:978-1-137-32505-1
2168:978-1-118-30838-7
1679:"Spolsky Bernard"
1597:Linguistic rights
1592:Linguistic purism
1314:of France or the
1246:To involve local
1159:linguistic purism
1095:industrialization
977:Japanese language
865:literary language
638:Juridical status
543:standard language
512:linguistic purity
475:official language
466:Vernacularization
381:, Singapore, the
366:Language ideology
360:Language ideology
334:language ideology
298:language planning
290:
289:
74:Language planning
69:Language ideology
16:(Redirected from
2313:
2306:Interlinguistics
2301:Sociolinguistics
2205:
2126:
2119:
2110:
2109:12 (2), pp 1-27.
2103:
2086:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2061:
2054:
2048:
2041:
2032:
2025:
2019:
2014:Mansor, Sabiha.
2012:
2006:
1999:
1990:
1983:
1977:
1970:
1964:
1957:
1951:
1944:
1938:
1931:
1922:
1915:
1898:
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1701:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1652:
1642:
1636:
1629:
1602:Interlinguistics
1510:Southern Quechua
1496:Ayacucho Quechua
1475:versions of the
1313:
1312:
1241:teacher training
1226:Robert B. Kaplan
1135:semantic domains
1127:education policy
1023:Syriac alphabets
884:Liturgical Latin
854:higher education
795:Swahili language
782:(e.g. French in
738:Francisco Franco
518:Language revival
481:in the state of
455:Mandarin Chinese
387:Papua New Guinea
318:speech community
294:sociolinguistics
282:
275:
268:
252:
242:
241:
192:
191:
45:Sociolinguistics
41:
21:
2321:
2320:
2316:
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2266:
2265:
2256:
2236:Language Policy
2223:
2191:
2134:
2132:Further reading
2129:
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2089:
2084:
2080:
2075:
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2055:
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2013:
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1555:Language policy
1536:
1522:
1500:Aymara language
1424:
1422:Corpus planning
1367:
1365:Status planning
1362:
1325:
1304:
1291:multilingualism
1287:
1285:Multilingualism
1278:
1214:
1208:
1182:
1176:
1111:
1065:introduced the
1043:standardization
1041:The process of
1039:
1037:Standardization
1011:Armenian script
939:
926:
924:Corpus planning
892:Catholic Church
626:William Stewart
617:
615:Language status
609:
603:
601:Status planning
595:
583:transliteration
576:second language
524:Language reform
500:
403:native language
368:
362:
338:language policy
300:(also known as
286:
79:Multilingualism
64:Language change
39:
28:
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22:
18:Corpus planning
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1123:colonial power
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1103:mass education
1067:printing press
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1109:Modernization
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988:Ainu language
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848:
847:East Pakistan
844:
840:
839:West Pakistan
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391:South Africa
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350:assimilation
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73:
51:Key concepts
2238:(Springer)
1473:glottalized
1427:Europeans.
1248:communities
890:within the
799:East Africa
724:in Sweden;
669:Maharashtra
622:Heinz Kloss
532:orthography
471:restoration
439:Switzerland
383:Philippines
322:orthography
306:acquisition
2270:Categories
1613:References
1445:allophones
1262:assessment
1234:curriculum
1139:glossaries
1091:capitalism
1000:consonants
953:vocabulary
875:purposes (
793:in India;
742:Macedonian
680:New Mexico
330:dictionary
165:Pragmatics
2248:Home page
2240:Home page
2231:Home page
2202:0081-6809
1469:aspirated
1453:phonology
1396:Argentina
1191:bilingual
1167:borrowing
1147:Hungarian
1004:subscript
984:syllabary
877:Academese
873:scholarly
831:secondary
718:Elfdalian
646:Afrikaans
620:authors,
459:Singapore
316:within a
310:languages
120:Diglossia
89:Variation
1534:See also
1439:and the
1412:Colombia
1276:Problems
1218:ministry
1143:Japanese
1083:grammars
1075:Midlands
1047:dialects
1031:Cherokee
1027:Sequoyah
981:katakana
886:for the
869:literary
817:Brussels
776:province
726:Galician
714:Alsatian
688:Cameroon
671:, India)
539:prestige
344:such as
244:Category
175:Soramimi
160:Loanword
140:Register
84:Prestige
2216:63 (2).
1447:of the
1416:Ecuador
1400:Bolivia
1378:Quechua
1329:Ireland
1323:Ireland
1255:syllabi
1131:lexicon
1121:from a
1115:country
1071:England
943:scripts
843:Bengali
827:primary
809:capital
736:during
734:Catalan
722:Gutnish
697:in the
676:Spanish
665:Marathi
661:Nigeria
566:lexicon
528:grammar
487:Quechua
443:English
435:Romansh
431:Italian
326:grammar
115:Dialect
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1449:vowels
1414:, and
1404:Brazil
1343:. The
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1117:gains
1101:, and
1079:London
918:symbol
900:Qur'an
896:Arabic
856:(e.g.
811:(e.g.
784:Quebec
780:region
746:Greece
730:Basque
710:Breton
547:region
483:Israel
479:Hebrew
453:, and
433:, and
427:German
423:French
389:, and
328:, and
183:People
170:Pidgin
105:Accent
2141:2000.
1796:cite
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1337:Scots
1333:Irish
1269:costs
1151:Hindi
1002:by a
996:codas
973:Japan
813:Dutch
791:Hindi
706:Welsh
593:Types
545:of a
498:Goals
451:Tamil
447:Malay
379:India
2198:ISSN
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1659:ISBN
1471:and
1463:and
1370:Peru
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959:and
841:and
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720:and
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485:and
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