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their classmates. The distance educational increase in communication, particularly communication amongst students and their classmates, is an improvement that has been made to provide distance education students with as many of the opportunities as possible as they would receive in in-person education. The improvement being made in distance education is growing in tandem with the constant technological advancements. Present-day online communication allows students to associate with accredited schools and programs throughout the world that are out of reach for in-person learning. By having the opportunity to be involved in global institutions via distance education, a diverse array of thought is presented to students through communication with their classmates. This is beneficial because students have the opportunity to "combine new opinions with their own, and develop a solid foundation for learning". It has been shown through research that "as learners become aware of the variations in interpretation and construction of meaning among a range of people construct an individual meaning", which can help students become knowledgeable of a wide array of viewpoints in education. To increase the likelihood that students will build effective ties with one another during the course, instructors should use similar assignments for students across different locations to overcome the influence of co-location on relationship building.
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teach in real-time and could only switch to asynchronous instruction, this significantly and negatively affected their coping with the transition, and posed various legal issues, especially in terms of copyright. The physical surroundings during the COVID-19 pandemic are seen by university instructors as having a detrimental effect on the quality of distance education. However, where the lecture is delivered and the type of faculty do not show any significant statistical variances in the quality of distance education. The shift away from real-time instruction to asynchronous learning modes has posed significant challenges, impacting both the teaching and learning experience. Educators, grappling with this abrupt transition, have faced hurdles in effectively engaging students and delivering course content, leading to heightened stress and burnout among faculty members. Additionally, this shift has raised legal concerns, particularly regarding copyright issues related to the dissemination of educational materials in digital formats. Post-COVID-19 pandemic, while some educational institutions went back to physical classes, others switched to blended learning or kept up their online distance learning.
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able to complete a scheduled course, need additional courses, or have pressure which precludes regular study for any length of time. The self-paced nature of the programming, though, is an unfamiliar model for many students and can lead to excessive procrastination, resulting in course incompletion. Assessment of learning can also be challenging as exams can be written on any day, making it possible for students to share examination questions with resulting loss of academic integrity. Finally, it is extremely challenging to organize collaborative work activities, though some schools are developing cooperative models based upon networked and connectivist pedagogies for use in self-paced programs.
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education. Distance education may be able to help to save students a considerable amount financially by removing the cost of transportation. In addition, distance education may be able to save students from the economic burden of high-priced course textbooks. Many textbooks are now available as electronic textbooks, known as e-textbooks, which can offer digital textbooks for a reduced price in comparison to traditional textbooks. Also, the increasing improvements in technology have resulted in many school libraries having a partnership with digital publishers that offer course materials for free, which can help students significantly with educational costs.
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can be synchronized with campus delivery. Student familiarity and the pressure of deadlines encourage students to readily adapt to and usually succeed in paced models. However, student freedom is sacrificed as a common pace is often too fast for some students and too slow for others. In additional life events, professional or family responsibilities can interfere with a student's capability to complete tasks to an external schedule. Finally, paced models allow students to readily form communities of inquiry and to engage in collaborative work.
159:
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280:. Private correspondence schools outside of the major cities provided a flexible, focused solution. Large corporations systematized their training programs for new employees. The National Association of Corporation Schools grew from 37 in 1913 to 146 in 1920. Private schools that provided specialized technical training to everyone who enrolled, not just employees of one company, began to open across the nation in the 1880s. Starting in Milwaukee in 1907, public schools began opening free vocational program.
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the learner and teacher and has direct implications for the learning process and future endeavors in distance education. Distance education providers began to introduce various strategies, techniques, and procedures to increase the amount of interaction between learners and teachers. These measures e.g. more frequent face-to-face tutorials, and increased use of information and communication technologies including teleconferencing and the
Internet, were designed to close the gap in transactional distance.
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institutional capacity constraints arising from the traditional demand on institutional buildings and infrastructure. As a result, more classes can be offered and enable students to enroll in more of their required classes on time and prevent delayed graduation. Furthermore, there is the potential for increased access to more experts in the field and to other students from diverse geographical, social, cultural, economic, and experiential backgrounds. As the population at large becomes more involved in
221:
343:
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89:, online learning, virtual classroom, etc.) are used roughly synonymously with distance education. E-learning has shown to be a useful educational tool. E-learning should be an interactive process with multiple learning modes for all learners at various levels of learning. The distance learning environment is an exciting place to learn new things, collaborate with others, and retain self-discipline.
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share, question, infer, and suggest new methods and techniques for continuous improvement of the content. The ability to complete a course at a pace that is appropriate for each individual is the most effective manner to learn given the personal demands on time and schedule. Self-paced distance learning on a mobile device, such as a smartphone, provides maximum flexibility and capability.
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have the potential to foster deeper reflections and discussions of client issues as well as a quicker response to client issues, since supervision happens on a regular basis and is not limited to a weekly supervision meeting. This also may contribute to the students feeling a greater sense of support, since they have ongoing and regular access to their instructors and other students.
1217:(ICT), replacing traditional content delivery with postal correspondence. Instruction can be synchronous and asynchronous online communication in an interactive learning environment or virtual communities, in lieu of a physical classroom. "The focus is shifted to the education transaction in the form of a virtual community of learners sustainable across time."
1111:, "A Swiveling Proxy Will Even Wear a Tutu", explains the positive impact of virtual learning in the classroom, and another explains how even a simple, stationary telepresence robot can help. Distance education may provide equal access regardless of socioeconomic status or income, area of residence, gender, race, age, or cost per student. Applying
327:, who established a model for the Open University as one of widening access to the highest standards of scholarship in higher education and setting up a planning committee consisting of university vice-chancellors, educationalists, and television broadcasters, chaired by Sir Peter Venables. The British Broadcasting Corporation's (
436:
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Some students attempt to participate in distance education without proper training with the tools needed to be successful in the program. Students must be provided with training opportunities (if needed) on each tool that is used throughout the program. The lack of advanced technology skills can lead
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Distance learning offers individuals a unique opportunity to benefit from the expertise and resources of the best universities currently available. Moreover, the online environment facilitates pedagogical innovation such as new program structures and formats. Students have the ability to collaborate,
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The rapid spread of film in the 1920s and radio in the 1930s led to proposals to use it for distance education. By 1938, at least 200 city school systems, 25 state boards of education, and many colleges and universities broadcast educational programs for public schools. One line of thought was to use
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resulted in the closure of the vast majority of schools worldwide for in-person learning. COVID-19 increased the value of distance education although its policies were implemented and formulated among several universities much earlier. Many schools moved to online remote learning through platforms
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One of the most significant issues encountered in the mainstream correspondence model of distance education is transactional distance, which results from the lack of appropriate communication between learner and teacher. This gap has been observed to become wider if there is no communication between
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Additionally, though distance education offers industrial countries the opportunity to become globally informed, there are still negative sides to it. Hellman states that "These include its cost and capital intensiveness, time constraints and other pressures on instructors, the isolation of students
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There may also be institutional challenges. Distance learning is new enough that it may be a challenge to gain support for these programs in a traditional brick-and-mortar academic learning environment. Furthermore, it may be more difficult for the instructor to organize and plan a distance learning
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noted that there is no evidence that large class size is always worse or that small class size is always better, although a negative link has been established between certain types of instruction in large classes and learning outcomes; he argued that higher education has not made a sufficient effort
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deliver full curricula online. The capacity of the
Internet to support voice, video, text, and immersion teaching methods made earlier distinct forms of telephone, videoconferencing, radio, television, and text-based education somewhat redundant. However, many of the techniques developed and lessons
357:
The Open
University revolutionized the scope of the correspondence program and helped to create a respectable learning alternative to the traditional form of education. It has been at the forefront of developing new technologies to improve distance learning service as well as undertaking research in
258:
grew explosively in the 1890s. Founded in 1888 to provide training for immigrant coal miners aiming to become state mine inspectors or foremen, it enrolled 2500 new students in 1894 and matriculated 72,000 new students in 1895. By 1906 total enrollments reached 900,000. The growth was due to sending
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Not all courses required to complete a degree may be offered online. Health care profession programs in particular require some sort of patient interaction through field work before a student may graduate. Studies have also shown that students pursuing a medical professional graduate degree who are
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face-to-face social interaction. However, as more people become used to personal and social interaction online (for example dating, chat rooms, shopping, or blogging), it is becoming easier for learners to both project themselves and socializes with others. This is an obstacle that has dissipated."
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a few more disadvantages should be considered." He describes that over multiple years, "all of the obstacles have been overcome and the world environment for distance education continues to improve." Pankaj Singhm also claims there is a debate to distance education stating, "due to a lack of direct
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proxies. This helps the students have experiences in the classroom and social interaction that they are unable to receive at home or the hospital, while still keeping them in a safe learning environment. Over the last few years more students are entering safely back into the classroom thanks to the
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Distance education can also provide a broader method of communication within the realm of education. With the many tools and programs that technological advancements have to offer, communication appears to increase in distance education amongst students and their professors, as well as students and
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beyond the normal schooling age, institutions can benefit financially, and adult learning business courses may be particularly lucrative. Distance education programs can act as a catalyst for institutional innovation and are at least as effective as face-to-face learning programs, especially if the
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In the United States in 2011, it was found that a third of all the students enrolled in postsecondary education had taken an accredited online course in a postsecondary institution. Growth continued. In 2013 the majority of public and private colleges offered full academic programs online. Programs
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to students from less affluent backgrounds. Enrollment increased steadily during the late 19th century, and its example was widely copied elsewhere. However, the university only provided examinations, not instructional material, leading academics to state that "the original degree by external study
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A more complex challenge of distance education relates to cultural differences between students and teachers and among students. Distance programs tend to be more diverse as they could go beyond the geographical borders of regions, countries, and continents, and cross the cultural borders that may
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Within the class, students are able to learn in ways that traditional classrooms would not be able to provide. It is able to promote good learning experiences and therefore, allow students to obtain higher satisfaction with their online learning. For example, students can review their lessons more
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The high cost of education affects students in higher education, and distance education may be an alternative in order to provide some relief. Distance education has been a more cost-effective form of learning, and can sometimes save students a significant amount of money as opposed to traditional
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Paced models are a familiar mode since they are used almost exclusively in campus-based schools. Institutes that offer both distance and campus programs usually use paced models so that teacher workload, student semester planning, tuition deadlines, exam schedules, and other administrative details
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endorsed the project and predicted that the "college-by-radio" would put "American education 25 years ahead". The university was owned by the city, and local residents would pay the low tuition rates, receive their study materials in the mail, and listen by radio to live classroom discussions
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A recent study about the benefits and drawbacks of online learning found that students have had a harder time producing their own work. The study suggests teachers should cut back on the amount of information taught and incorporate more activities during the lesson, in order for students to create
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but with many others added over the next two decades. The affiliated colleges provided certificates that the student had attended a course. A new charter in 1858 removed this requirement, allowing men (and women from 1878) taking instruction at any institution or pursuing a course of self-directed
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are at their optimal conditions, distance education can lead students to higher satisfaction with their learning experiences. Studies have shown that high satisfaction correlates to increased learning. For those in a healthcare or mental health distance learning program, online-based interactions
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Self-paced courses maximize student freedom, as not only can students commence studies on any date, but they can complete a course in as little time as a few weeks or up to a year or longer. Students often enroll in self-paced study when they are under pressure to complete programs, have not been
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The two methods can be combined. Many courses offered by both open universities and an increasing number of campus-based institutions use periodic sessions of residential or day teaching to supplement the sessions delivered at a distance. This type of mixed distance and campus-based education has
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perform just as effectively as participants in conventional learning classes. The use of online learning is becoming a pathway for learners with sparse access to physical courses so they can complete their degrees. Furthermore, digital classroom technologies allow those living remotely to access
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Concerns arose over the impact of this transition on students without access to an internet-enabled device or a stable internet connection. Distanced education during the COVID-19 pandemic has interrupted synchronous learning for many students and teachers; where educators were no longer able to
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Most distance education uses a paced format similar to traditional campus-based models in which learners commence and complete a course at the same time. Some institutions offer self-paced programs that allow for continuous enrollment, and the length of time to complete the course is set by the
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Experts in given fields broadcast lessons for pupils within the many schoolrooms of the public school system, asking questions, suggesting readings, making assignments, and conducting tests. This mechanizes education and leaves the local teacher only the tasks of preparing for the broadcast and
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and was the first distance education and online university in the
Philippines. Its mandate is to provide educational opportunities to individuals aspiring for higher education and improved qualifications but were unable to take advantage of traditional modes of education because of personal and
288:
The
International Conference for Correspondence Education held its first meeting in 1938. The goal was to provide individualized education for students, at low cost, by using a pedagogy of testing, recording, classification, and differentiation. Since then, the group has changed its name to the
263:
The regular technical school or college aims to educate a man broadly; our aim, on the contrary, is to educate him only along some particular line. The college demands that a student shall have certain educational qualifications to enter it and that all students study for approximately the same
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Distance learning can also reduce the phenomenon of rural exodus by enabling students from remote regions to remain in their hometowns while pursuing higher education. Eliminating the distance barrier to higher education can also increase the number of alternatives open to students, and foster
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Web conferencing software helps to facilitate class meetings, and usually contains additional interaction tools such as text chat, polls, hand raising, emoticons etc. These tools also support asynchronous participation by students who can listen to recordings of synchronous sessions. Immersive
381:(who had earlier called the idea of an Open University "blithering nonsense"). However, the OU accepted its first 25,000 students in 1971, adopting a radical open admissions policy. At the time, the total student population of conventional universities in the United Kingdom was around 130,000.
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Distance learning may also offer a final opportunity for adolescents that are no longer permitted in the general education population due to behavior disorders. Instead of these students having no other academic opportunities, they may continue their education from their homes and earn their
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Distance learning can expand access to education and training for both general populace and businesses since its flexible scheduling structure lessens the effects of the many time-constraints imposed by personal responsibilities and commitments. Devolving some activities off-site alleviates
1201:(DELES), which examines instructor support, student interaction, and collaboration, personal relevance, authentic learning, active learning, and student autonomy. Harnish and Reeves provide a systematic approach based on training, implementation, system usage, communication, and support.
1248: (MOOCs) have a very direct bearing on our understanding of learning, recognition and levels as they pose a direct challenge to the status quo. It is useful to distinguish between three forms of online credentials: Test-based credentials, online badges, and online certificates.
249:
In 1892, Harper encouraged correspondence courses to further promote education, an idea that was put into practice by the
University of Chicago, U. Wisconsin, Columbia U., and several dozen other universities by the 1920s. Enrollment in the largest private for-profit school based in
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to an unsuccessful experience. Schools have a responsibility to adopt a proactive policy for managing technology barriers. Time management skills and self-discipline in distance education is just as important as complete knowledge of the software and tools being used for learning.
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and receiving transcriptions from his students in return for correction. The element of student feedback was a crucial innovation in Pitman's system. The postage stamp made this scheme for remote education possible, and these efforts were scalable because of the introduction of
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participating in distance education courses, favor a face to face communication over professor-mediated chat rooms and/or independent studies. However, this is little correlation between student performance when comparing the previous different distance learning strategies.
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This early beginning proved extremely successful and the
Phonographic Correspondence Society was founded three years later to establish these courses on a more formal basis. The society paved the way for the later formation of Sir Isaac Pitman Colleges across the country.
852:, and community colleges. This study led to coordinated instructional systems legislation allowing the use of public funds for non-classroom instruction and paved the way for the emergence of tele-courses as the precursor to the online courses and programs of today. The
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Blackmore, C., van
Deurzen, E., & Tantam, D. (2007). Therapy training online: Using the internet to widen access to training in mental health issues. In T. Stickley & T. Basset (Eds.) Teaching Mental Health (pgs. 337-352). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons,
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In asynchronous learning, participants access course materials flexibly on their schedules. Students are not required to be together at the same time. Mail correspondence, which is the oldest form of distance education, is an asynchronous delivery technology, as are
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length of time; when they have finished their courses they are supposed to be qualified to enter any one of a number of branches in some particular profession. We, on the contrary, are aiming to make our courses fit the particular needs of the student who takes them.
837:(AIM) which brought in a variety of communications technologies aimed at providing learning to an off-campus population. The radio courses faded away in the 1950s. Many efforts to use television along the same lines proved unsuccessful, despite heavy funding by the
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Online credentials for learning are digital credentials that are offered in place of traditional paper credentials for a skill or educational achievement. Directly linked to the accelerated development of internet communication technologies, the development
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of such courses to students with a range of abilities, disabilities, learning styles, and native languages. Distance education graduates, who would never have been associated with the school under a traditional system, may donate money to the school.
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than once according to their needs. Students can then manipulate the coursework to fit their learning by focusing more on their weaker topics while breezing through concepts that they already have or can easily grasp. When course design and the
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The results of a study of
Washington state community college students showed that distance- learning students tended to drop out more often than their traditional counterparts due to difficulties in language, time management, and study skills.
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and the learning is usually mediated by some form of technology. A distance learning program can either be completely a remote learning, or a combination of both online learning and traditional offline classroom instruction (called hybrid or
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Barriers to effective distance education include obstacles such as domestic distractions and unreliable technology, as well as students' program costs, adequate contact with teachers and support services, and a need for more experience.
677:
devices such as the Kubi
Telepresence robot stand that looks around and the Double Robot that roams around. With these telepresence robots, the remote students have a seat at the table or desk instead of being on a screen on the wall.
670:) have also been used to enhance participant presence in distance education courses. Another form of synchronous learning using the classroom is the use of robot proxies including those that allow sick students to attend classes.
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Stebnicki, M. A. & Glover, N. M. (2001). E-supervision as a complementary approach to traditional face-to-face clinical supervision in rehabilitation counseling: Problems and solutions. Rehabilitation Education, 15(3),
949:. Levels of accreditation vary: widely respected universities such as Stanford University and Harvard now deliver online courses—but other online schools receive little outside oversight, and some are fraudulent, i.e.,
1610:. Studien und Berichte der Arbeitsstelle Fernstudienforschung der Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg (in German). Vol. 11. Bibliotheks-und Informationssystem der Universitat Oldenburg. p. 13.
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learner's time, skill, and commitment levels. Self-paced courses are almost always offered asynchronously. Each delivery method offers advantages and disadvantages for students, teachers, and institutions.
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or illness such as decreased mobility and immune system suppression, to get a good education. Children who are sick or are unable to attend classes are able to attend them in "person" through the use of
725:" or less often "hybrid learning". Many open universities use a blend of technologies and a blend of learning modalities (face-to-face, distance, and hybrid) all under the rubric of "distance learning".
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Olszewski-Kubilius, Paula; Corwith, Susan. "Distance Education: Where It Started and Where It Stands for Gifted Children and Their Educators." Gifted Child Today, v. 34 issue 3, 2011, pp. 16–24,.
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Jedlicka, J. S., Brown, S. W., Bunch, A. E., & Jaffe, L. E. (2002). A comparison of distance education instructional methods in occupational therapy. Journal of Allied Health, 31(4), 247-251.
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from instructors and their peers, instructors' enormous difficulty in adequately evaluating students they never meet face-to-face, and drop-out rates far higher than in classroom-based courses."
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use distance education technologies as delivery methods, though some require attendance at local study centers or at regional "summer schools". Some open universities have grown to become
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Betts, Kristen, et al. (2021) "Historical review of distance and online education from 1700s to 2021 in the United States: Instructional design and pivotal pedagogy in higher education."
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to experiment with a variety of instructional methods to determine whether the large class size is always negatively correlated with a reduction in learning outcomes. Early proponents of
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The External Programme is now known as the University of London Worldwide, and includes postgraduate and undergraduate degrees created by member institutions of the University of London.
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The five characteristics of technological innovations (compatibility, observability, relative advantage, complexity, and trialability) have a significant positive relationship with the
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Some universities have been starting to use robot proxies to enable more engaging synchronous hybrid classes where both remote and in-person students can be present and interact using
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918:), offering a course in "Women and Computers in Education", dealing with gender issues and educational computing. The first new and fully online university was founded in 1994 as the
62:. Distance education is a technology-mediated modality and has evolved with the evolution of technologies such as video conferencing, TV, and the Internet. Today, it usually involves
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SMOCs (Synchronous Massive Online Courses): Open-access online course that allows for unlimited participation but requires students to be "present" at the same time (synchronously);
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Development and Validation of an Instrument for Assessing Distance Education Learning Environments in Higher Education: The Distance Education Learning Environments Survey (DELES)
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In the United States, only a third of the population lived in cities of 100,000 or more population in 1920; in order to reach the rest, correspondence techniques were adopted.
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Ellen L. Bunker, "The History of Distance Education through the Eyes of the International Council for Distance Education", in Michael Grahame Moore, William G. Anderson, eds.
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came into being and the "wrapped" series, and individually produced tele-course for credit became a significant part of the history of distance education and online learning.
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in New York City, with students earning the MA in Media Studies completely online via computer conferencing, with no in-person requirements. This was followed in 1986 by the
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exist concerning race, gender, and religion. That requires a proper understanding and awareness of the norms, differences, preconceptions, and potential conflicting issues.
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SSOCs (Synchronous Private Online Courses): Online course that only offers a limited number of places and requires students to be "present" at the same time (synchronously).
937:, and for-profit institutions worldwide now offer distance education courses from the most basic instruction through to the highest levels of degree and doctoral programs.
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strategies to distance learning courses as they are being developed (rather than instituting accommodations for specific students on an as-needed basis) can increase the
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Between 2000 and 2008, enrollment in distance education courses increased rapidly almost every country in both developed and developing countries. Many private, public,
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From 1970 to 1972 the Coordinating Commission for Higher Education in California funded Project Outreach to study the potential of tele-courses. The study included the
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272:, as American high schools and colleges expanded greatly. For men who were older or were too busy with family responsibilities, night schools were opened, such as the
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1177:(MOOCs) saw them as just the type of experiment that Barwick had pointed out was lacking in higher education, although Barwick himself has never advocated for MOOCs.
387:, Canada's open university, was created in 1970 and followed a similar, though independently developed, pattern. The Open University inspired the creation of Spain's
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2985:
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The social mediation of multinational legal education: A case study of the University of London's undergraduate laws programme for external/international students
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In synchronous learning, all participants are "present" at the same time in a virtual classroom, as in traditional classroom teaching. It requires a timetable.
1042:(Massive Open Online Courses): Open-access online course (i.e., without specific participation restrictions) that allows for unlimited (massive) participation;
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Vlachopoulos, Dimitrios, and Agoritsa Makri. (2019) "Online communication and interaction in distance higher education: A framework study of good practice."
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There is a theoretical problem with the application of traditional teaching methods to online courses because online courses may have no upper size limit.
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Soekartawi, Haryono, A. & Librero, F. 2002. Greater Learning Opportunities Through Distance Education: Experiences in Indonesia and the Philippines.
2846:"Transitioning to the "new normal" of learning in unpredictable times: pedagogical practices and learning performance in fully online flipped classrooms"
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1783:"The Evolution, Principles and Practices of Distance Education, Borj Holmberg, Bibliotheks-und Informationssytem der Universitat Oldenburg 2005 page 15"
1156:, "distance learning benefits may outweigh the disadvantages for students in such a technology-driven society, however before indulging into the use of
471:
Filipino homeschooling students – blended (printed-digital modular) distance learning with self-learning materials during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic in
2592:"Teachers' engagement in and coping with emergency remote instruction during COVID-19-induced school closures: A multi-national contextual perspective"
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Kaplan, Andreas M.; Haenlein, Michael (2016). "Higher education and the digital revolution: About MOOCs, SPOCs, social media, and the Cookie Monster".
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339:, and his natural enthusiasm for the project did much to overcome the technical difficulties of using television to broadcast teaching programs.
1048:(Small Private Online Courses): Online course that only offers a limited number of places and therefore requires some form of formal enrollment;
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Maggio, L. M., Chenail, R., & Todd, T. (2001). Teaching family therapy in an electronic age. Journal of Systemic Therapies, 20(1), 13-23.
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out complete textbooks instead of single lessons, and the use of 1200 aggressive in-person salesmen. There was a stark contrast in pedagogy:
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Stanton, S. (2001). Going the distance; Developing shared web-based learning programmes. Occupational Therapy International, 8(2), 96-106.
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Nasiri, Fuzhan; Mafakheri, Fereshteh (2014). "Postgraduate research supervision at a distance: A review of challenges and strategies".
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615:. Although the expansion of the Internet blurs the boundaries, distance education technologies are divided into two modes of delivery:
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2274:
71:). Other modalities include distance learning with complementary virtual environment or teaching in virtual environment (e-learning).
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Garrison, D.R. (20 May 2011). E-Learning in the 21st Century: A Framework for Research and Practice. New York: Taylor & Francis.
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Orr, P. (2010). Distance supervision: Research, findings, and considerations for art therapy. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 37, 106-111.
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Caruth, Gail D., and Donald L. Caruth. "The impact of distance education on higher education: A case study of the United States."
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program, especially since many are new programs and their organizational needs are different from a traditional learning program.
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or other network technologies, are recent educational modes in distance education. A number of other terms (distributed learning,
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3310:"Coping with Administrative Pressures in the Chicago Schools' Superintendency: An Analysis of William Henry Johnson, 1936-1946"
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3979:"Increasing success in Higher Education: The relationships of online course taking with college completion and time-to-degree"
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2713:"Digital Disruption in the COVID-19 Era: The Impact on Learning and Students' Ability to Cope with Study in an Unknown World"
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246:, celebrated the concept of extended education, where a research university had satellite colleges elsewhere in the region.
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Robert J. Taggart. (2007). "The Promise and Failure of Educational Television in a Statewide System: Delaware, 1964–1971."
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4425:"Stress, disruption and community — Adult learners' experiences of obstacles and opportunities in distance education"
2427:"The influence of online distance learning and digital skills on digital literacy among university students post Covid-19"
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Lee, Francis (2008). "Technopedagogies of mass-individualization: Correspondence education in the mid twentieth century".
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study to sit the examinations and receive degrees. The External Programme was referred to as the "People's University" by
5060:. A series of over 10 books related to distance education research. Available in print for sale or online as open access.
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Tools have been developed to assess the quality of distance education. Walker developed a survey instrument known as the
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of users. Besides, observability, trialability, and digital skill were found to have a positive significant influence on
5725:
4571:
4451:
3594:
1035:
and Haenlein classify distance education into four groups according to "Time dependency" and "Number of participants":
919:
4676:
Harnish, D; Reeves, P (2000), "Issues in the evaluation of large-scale two-way interactive distance learning systems",
5782:
4901:
3477:
What's the difference? A review of contemporary research on the effectiveness of distance learning in higher education
1326:
1174:
1045:
869:
853:
849:
375:
332:
177:
in 1858. It had been established in 1836 as an examining and degree-awarding body for affiliated colleges, originally
4864:"The Business of Education: Home Study at Columbia University and the University of Wisconsin in the 1920s and 1930s"
4485:
3628:
2252:
54:, or where the learner and the teacher are separated in both time and distance. Traditionally, this usually involved
1672:"The stamp: A classic object in the development of education? | Social Worlds in 100 Objects, Themes and Ideas"
1341:
Level-setting and recognition of learning outcomes: The use of level descriptors in the twenty-first century
5747:
5735:
5710:
5327:
4156:
3284:"Perspective | In Chicago, schools closed during a 1937 polio epidemic and kids learned from home — over the radio"
3124:
1245:
784:
643:
612:
604:
346:
214:
74:
5792:
5535:
5525:
5342:
3309:
2490:"290 million students out of school due to COVID-19: UNESCO releases first global numbers and mobilizes response"
999:
982:
927:
178:
3895:
2905:"Synchronous collaboration competencies in web-conferencing environments – their impact on the learning process"
787:
and assistant superintendent Minnie Fallon implemented a programs of distance learning that provided the city's
728:
Distance learning can also use interactive radio instruction (IRI), interactive audio instruction (IAI), online
158:
5705:
5520:
5433:
4223:
4074:
1292:
845:
799:
639:
363:
207:
3801:"Alleviating the Senses of Isolation and Alienation in the Virtual World: Socialization in Distance Education"
182:
4427:. Department of Child and Youth Education, Special Education and Counselling, Umeå University. Archived from
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2162:
1213:(also called e-learning) facilitates distance learning and independent learning through the extensive use of
4965:
Picciano, Anthony G. (2021) "Theories and frameworks for online education: Seeking an integrated model." in
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Arandas, Mohammed Fadel; Salman, Ali; Idid, Syed Arabi; Loh, Yoke Ling; Nazir, Syaira; Ker, Yuek Li (2024).
467:
395:(1974). There are now many similar institutions around the world, often with the name "Open University" (in
367:
277:
5654:
5644:
5545:
5495:
5378:
4530:"Online and Hybrid Course Enrollment and Performance in Washington State Community and Technical Colleges"
4122:"Homophily of Network Ties and Bonding and Bridging Social Capital in Computer-Mediated Distributed Teams"
2063:
A Union Against Unions: The Minneapolis Citizens Alliance and Its Fight Against Organized Labor, 1903–1947
1267:
1210:
1157:
635:
608:
251:
82:
35:
5700:
5649:
5286:
5199:
5163:
5100:
4093:
1272:
911:
620:
243:
239:
227:
encouraged the development of external university courses at the new University of Chicago in the 1890s.
224:
217:, formerly an examining and certification body, started to present distance education tuition in 1946.
173:
was the first university to offer degrees to anyone who could pass their examinations, establishing its
4997:
Sun, Anna, and Xiufang Chen. (2016) "Online education and its effective practice: A research review."
3799:
Sazmandasfaranjan, Yasha; Shirzad, Farzad; Baradari, Fatemeh; Salimi, Meysam; Salehi, Mehrdad (2013).
2358:
988:
By 2008, online learning programs were available in the United States in 44 states at the K-12 level.
220:
5438:
5421:
5416:
5409:
5050:
4832:
2024:
J.J. Clark, "The Correspondence School—Its Relation to Technical Education and Some of Its Results",
1762:
1090:
966:
616:
384:
170:
3622:"Learning at a Distance: Undergraduate Enrollment in Distance Education Courses and Degree Programs"
1097:
Distance learning may enable students who are unable to attend a traditional school setting, due to
289:
International Council for Open and Distance Education (ICDE), with its main office in Oslo, Norway.
5730:
5664:
5550:
5301:
5137:
1241:
938:
903:
472:
402:
The University of the Philippines Open University was established in 1995 as the fifth constituent
392:
142:
4182:
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5367:
5244:
5148:
4885:
4637:
4428:
4364:
4289:
4270:
4008:
3250:
2979:
2932:
2131:
1460:
895:
861:
120:
2711:
James, Trixie; Toth, Gabriela; Tomlins, Melissa; Kumar, Brijesh; Bond, Kerry (2 November 2021).
2672:
Al-Tkhayneh, Khawlah M.; Altakhaineh, Abdel Rahman Mitib; Nser, Khaled Khamis (1 January 2023).
815:
also was a pioneer in the field of distance education when he hosted a televised course through
362:
was appointed the OU's first vice-chancellor in January 1969, and its foundation secretary was
5742:
5596:
5540:
5239:
5209:
4986:
4936:
4921:
4908:
Transactional Radio Instruction: Improving Educational Outcomes for Children in Conflict Zones
4848:
4765:
4737:
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4000:
3959:
3449:
3421:
3415:
3228:
3070:
3034:
2967:
2957:
2924:
2885:
2867:
2823:
2805:
2786:"Advantages, Limitations and Recommendations for online learning during COVID-19 pandemic era"
2763:
2752:"Digital Higher Education and Copyright Law in the Age of Pandemic - The Hungarian Experience"
2732:
2693:
2654:
2446:
2387:
2312:
2094:
2067:
1968:
1748:
1717:
1692:
1639:
1611:
1551:
1519:
1509:
1452:
1314:
1073:
946:
881:
822:
816:
631:
479:
411:
308:
4919:
Pursuit of Knowledge Under Difficulties: From Self-Improvement to Adult Education in America.
4790:
Discussion-based online teaching to enhance student learning: Theory, practice and assessment
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Fischer, Christian; Baker, Rachel; Li, Qiujie; Orona, Gabe Avakian; Warschauer, Mark (2022).
3546:
2559:"Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Life of Higher Education Students: A Global Perspective"
2088:
2061:
114:
in the 1840s who taught a system of shorthand by mailing texts transcribed into shorthand on
5752:
5606:
5601:
5515:
5291:
5032:
Unlocking the Gates: How and Why Leading Universities Are Opening Up Access to Their Courses
4875:
4840:
4629:
4356:
4133:
4033:"The Effectiveness of Online Learning: Beyond No Significant Difference and Future Horizons"
3990:
3949:
3859:
3812:
2916:
2875:
2857:
2813:
2797:
2724:
2685:
2644:
2636:
2603:
2570:
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Pursuit of Knowledge Under Difficulties: From Self-Improvement to Adult Education in America
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Vaughan, Norman D. (2010). "Blended Learning". In Cleveland-Innes, MF; Garrison, DR (eds.).
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627:
584:
564:
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396:
191:
68:
4813:
4728:
3475:
2625:"The Right to Teach in a Hyper-Digital Age: Legal Protections for (Post-)Pandemic Concerns"
2282:
1339:
97:
One of the earliest attempts at distance education was advertised in 1728. This was in the
5591:
5581:
5490:
5474:
5459:
5371:
5337:
5332:
5296:
5184:
5057:
4224:"An Exploration of the Representation of Students with Disabilities in Distance Education"
4106:
1257:
1153:
838:
812:
695:
568:
560:
552:
524:
520:
504:
488:
484:
350:
304:
298:
269:
187:
5063:
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Anderson, T., & Dron, J. (2010). "Three generations of distance education pedagogy".
4586:
2028:(1906) 24#611 pp 327-8, 332, 333. Clark was manager of the school's text-book department.
1814:
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4836:
4821:"The Correspondence School--Its Relation to Technical Education and Some of Its Results"
4656:
3474:
Gold, Larry; Maitland, Christine (1999). Phipps, Ronald A.; Merisotis, Jamie P. (eds.).
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Correspondence Study in the American University: A Second Historiographical Perspective,
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White, Michael (2009). "Distance education in Australian higher education – a history".
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5322:
5249:
4345:"Untapped Potential: Seeking Library Donors among Alumni of Distance Learning Programs"
3954:
3937:
2880:
2845:
2818:
2785:
2649:
2624:
1839:
1547:
An Introduction to Distance Education: Understanding Teaching and Learning in a New Era
1309:
1262:
1169:
1032:
991:
970:
907:
902:
The first online courses for graduate and undergraduate credit were offered in 1985 by
891:
857:
788:
659:
651:
647:
588:
162:
99:
78:
2751:
1889:
592:
learning, and it enables the student to fit learning into their schedule more easily.
583:
required schools to adapt and learn how to use new digital and online learning tools.
342:
17:
5776:
5626:
5469:
5404:
5362:
5204:
5132:
4889:
4800:
4641:
4503:
4138:
4121:
4012:
2844:
Hew, Khe Foon; Jia, Chengyuan; Gonda, Donn Emmanuel; Bai, Shurui (21 December 2020).
2801:
2135:
1578:
1464:
1287:
1237:
1132:
greater competition between institutions of higher learning regardless of geography.
1116:
1003:
962:
942:
732:, digital games, webinars, and webcasts, all of which are referred to as e-Learning.
729:
683:
544:
429:
Distance lessons over video conferences in the world during the COVID-19 pandemic ...
312:
107:", who sought students who wanted to learn the skills through weekly mailed lessons.
31:
4368:
4183:"Online Versus In-Class Courses: An Examination of Differences in Learning Outcomes"
2936:
1671:
336:
77:(MOOCs), offering large-scale interactive participation and open access through the
5659:
5621:
5555:
5454:
5254:
5234:
5189:
5104:
4983:
Adult Education in the American Experience: From the Colonial Period to the Present
2426:
2195:
1331:
1304:
1013:
950:
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371:
359:
111:
4974:
Saba, F. (2011). "Distance Education in the United States: Past, Present, Future"
4032:
3199:
3000:"Strengths and Weaknesses of Online Learning | University of Illinois Springfield"
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753:
4633:
4360:
3817:
3800:
3222:
3033:. Ana A. Ciereszko, Al P. Mizell (3rd ed.). Allyn & Bacon. p. 377.
3028:
2920:
2712:
2383:
Mega-Universities and Knowledge Media: Technology Strategies for Higher Education
2381:
1962:
1686:
1605:
1545:
1497:
1427:"A Critical look at Educational Technology from a Distance Education Perspective"
1379:
5679:
5616:
5611:
5464:
5428:
5306:
5194:
5153:
5069:
2230:
1438:
1017:
974:
532:
500:
492:
4880:
4863:
4844:
4610:
Hellman, Judith Adler. "The Riddle of Distance Education." Geneva. 1 June 2003.
2904:
2862:
2640:
1402:
Proceedings to the 20th Annual National Agricultural Education Research Meeting
3995:
3978:
3864:
3847:
2971:
2442:
2127:
1098:
934:
667:
104:
86:
4455:
4004:
3598:
3074:
2928:
2871:
2809:
2767:
2736:
2697:
2689:
2674:"The impact of the physical environment on the quality of distance education"
2450:
1922:
1656:
1523:
1456:
5674:
5259:
4911:
4907:
2608:
2591:
2304:
1282:
957:(DEAC) specializes in the accreditation of distance education institutions.
757:
699:
655:
512:
110:
The first distance education course in the modern sense was provided by Sir
4852:
3963:
2951:
2889:
2827:
2784:
Mukhtar, Khadijah; Javed, Kainat; Arooj, Mahwish; Sethi, Ahsan (May 2020).
2673:
2658:
1395:"Agriculture distance education: A valid alternative for higher education?"
1344:, 129-131, Keevey, James; Chakroun, Borhene, UNESCO. UNESCO.
50:, is the education of students who may not always be physically present at
5051:"Issues in Distance Education book series from Athabasca University Press"
4222:
Woods, Michael L.; Maiden, Jeffrey; Brandes, Joyce A. (15 December 2011).
3621:
3121:"From a Spot on the Wall to a Seat at the Table – CEPSE/COE Design Studio"
2260:
1124:
diplomas, offering them another chance to be an integral part of society.
587:
has become more popular since 2007. Researchers have found that people in
5757:
5158:
3333:"Remote learning isn't new: Radio instruction in the 1937 polio epidemic"
1650:(1). The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning.
887:
600:
580:
548:
540:
115:
4399:"Quebec can become a 'leader in distance learning" at universities: MEI"
3270:
Community Backgrounds of Education: A Textbook and Educational Sociology
349:, renovated in 1970 to act as the headquarters of the newly established
5684:
5168:
4308:"Cyber-charter Schools: The end of Public Education or a New Beginning"
2575:
2558:
2557:
Aristovnik A, Keržič D, Ravšelj D, Tomaževič N, Umek L (October 2020).
1447:
1009:
1002:
can contribute to a distance education experience. Research shows that
124:
27:
Mode of delivering education to students who are not physically present
579:
their own work. Though schools are slow to adapt to new technologies,
5214:
2728:
2493:
1644:
The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning
806:
to use radio as a medium for distance education. The chairman of the
775:
The first large-scale implementation of radio for distance education
687:
51:
4820:
3894:(March/April). Michigan: Michigan Virtual University. Archived from
3570:"Celebrating the 30th anniversary of the first fully online course"
3372:"Before Carl Sagan and Neil deGrasse Tyson, There Was Dan Q. Posin"
2850:
International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education
1738:
4776:
The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning
3852:
The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning
3653:
3178:
Distance Education for Teacher Training: Modes, Models and Methods
2170:
1936:
1103:
1039:
780:
779:. During a three-week school closure implemented in response to a
691:
567:
was the most used by students as decided by their lectures,
536:
466:
341:
219:
157:
3462:
Teachers and Machines: The Classroom Use of Technology Since 1920
3402:
Teachers and Machines: The Classroom Use of Technology Since 1920
3248:
Tyson, Levering (1936). "Ten Years of Educational Broadcasting".
3224:
Teachers and Machines: The Classroom Use of Technology Since 1920
5560:
914:
through the Graduate School of Education (then called OISE: the
273:
59:
5073:
2090:
Letters and bytes: Sociotechnical studies of distance education
603:
technology has enabled many forms of distance learning through
210:
established its Department of Correspondence Studies in 1911.
3148:"Michigan State Tests Telepresence Robots for Online Students"
2311:. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary Press. p. 135.
1840:""Key Facts", University of London External Programme Website"
1640:"Reflections on Student Support in Open and Distance Learning"
1498:"Narrowing the Distance: Implementing a Hybrid Learning Model"
803:
703:
508:
328:
2200:
The Association for Educational Communications and Technology
1688:
distance learning... a magazine for leaders volume 2 number 6
1607:
The evolution, principles and practices of distance education
1006:
plays an important role in some forms of distance education.
134:
The first correspondence school in the United States was the
5007:
Taylor, J. C. (2001). "Fifth-generation distance education"
4544:"Unleashing the potential of ODL – "Reaching the unreached""
3832:
1815:""History", University of London External Programme Website"
4952:
Teaching online: A guide to theory, research, and practice
1579:"Simonson, Michael and Berg, Gary A.. "distance learning""
899:
learned with earlier media are used in Internet delivery.
5047:
full-text books and articles online; from 1930s and 1940s
4384:"Business Schools: Going Digital Simply Must Make Sense!"
3775:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3176:
2517:"Virtual learning gets mixed reviews from Pocono parents"
551:. However, the most preferred platforms by students were
206:
The vast distances made Australia especially active; the
3717:
3715:
3713:
3501:"Technology in Education and the Next Twenty-Five Years"
2956:. Johns Hopkins University. Press. Baltimore, Maryland.
2544:"Georgia awards $ 21 million in digital learning grants"
2309:
Athabasca University The Evolution of Distance Education
941:
and International University Canada, for example, offer
890:
has made distance learning easier and faster, and today
785:
superintendent of Chicago Public Schools William Johnson
4678:
International Journal of Educational Telecommunications
3480:. Washington, DC: Institute for Higher Education Policy
4151:
4149:
3747:
3745:
2066:. Minnesota Historical Society Press. pp. 60–61.
1361:
1359:
1357:
5064:
The Center on Accessible Distance Learning (AccessDL)
4323:"Equal Access: Universal Design of Distance Learning"
3702:
3700:
2167:
International Council For Open And Distance Education
945:
in engineering and management-related fields through
58:
wherein the student corresponded with the school via
4981:
Stubblefield, Harold W., and Patrick Keane. (1994).
4931:
Moore, Michael Grahame and William Anderson (2012).
4664:, Western Australia: Curtin University of Technology
3735:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3597:. US: Jones International University. Archived from
1998:
in Michael Grahame Moore, William G. Anderson, eds.
791:
students with instruction through radio broadcasts.
165:, home of the University of London from 1837 to 1870
5693:
5635:
5574:
5508:
5483:
5447:
5391:
5355:
5315:
5279:
5270:
5225:
5177:
5120:
5111:
3545:. Electronic Networking Association. Archived from
2590:Jelińska, Magdalena; Paradowski, Michał B. (2021).
1425:Anderson, Terry; Rivera Vargas, Pablo (June 2020).
742:
519:was the most used platform by students followed by
307:(OU) in the United Kingdom was founded by the then
145:was the first distance-learning college in the UK.
4959:Contemporary issues in American distance education
4228:Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration
3848:"Three generations of distance education pedagogy"
3027:Lever-Duffy, Judy; McDonald, Jean B (March 2007).
2465:"School closures caused by Coronavirus (COVID-19)"
926:was launched as the first fully online university
829:also promoted new methods. From 1964 to 1968, the
195:of the UOL was not a form of distance education".
103:for "Caleb Philipps, Teacher of the new method of
5009:e-Journal of Instructional Science and Technology
1012:are available from educational platforms such as
930:by a regional accrediting association in the US.
331:) Assistant Director of Engineering at the time,
5014:Terry Evans, M. H., David Murphy (Ed.). (2008).
4797:Journal of Online Learning Research and Practice
3759:
3757:
2037:Clark, "The Correspondence School" (1906) p 329
1334:work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 (
1020:on many topics and for students of all levels.
768:
642:are examples of synchronous technology, as are
527:respectively. The less-used platforms included
261:
4040:MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching
3888:"The Nature and Purpose of Distance Education"
3356:Dwayne D. Cox and William J. Morison. (1999).
3063:"A Swiveling Proxy That Will Even Wear a Tutu"
3022:
3020:
1199:Distance Education Learning Environment Survey
794:A typical setup came in Kentucky in 1948 when
5085:
4783:Technology, e-learning and distance education
4715:, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 283–320. Retrieved from
4343:Casey, Anne Marie; Lorenzen, Michael (2010).
3414:Christopher H. Sterling; Cary O'Dell (2011).
2953:Learning online : the student experience
2779:
2777:
2357:. UK: FernUniversität in Hage. Archived from
1740:The Invisible Woman and the Silent University
1293:Qualifications frameworks for online learning
922:, headquartered in Barcelona, Spain. In 1999
335:, had obtained most of his qualifications at
8:
5018:. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
5016:International Handbook of Distance Education
4810:Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education
4452:"Barriers to Learning in Distance Education"
4258:A Swiveling Proxy That Will Even Wear a Tutu
3673:
3671:
3627:. National Center for Education Statistics.
1863:"History lessons at the people's university"
1834:
1832:
1767:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1330: This article incorporates text from a
463:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education
4999:Journal of Information Technology Education
4504:"Library: Remote learning: Time management"
4176:
4174:
4062:
4060:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3875:
5690:
5276:
5117:
5092:
5078:
5070:
4967:A guide to administering distance learning
4126:Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication
3983:Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis
3417:The Concise Encyclopedia of American Radio
2984:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1483:Teaching Crowds: Learning and Social Media
916:Ontario Institute for Studies in Education
4912:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32369-1
4898:Theory and Practice of Distance Education
4879:
4290:"Robot brings classroom to sick students"
4271:"Robot brings classroom to sick students"
4137:
4068:"Educational Benefits of Online Learning"
4026:
4024:
4022:
3994:
3953:
3863:
3816:
3805:Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences
3096:"Robot brings classroom to sick students"
2879:
2861:
2817:
2648:
2607:
2574:
1712:Moore, Michael G.; Greg Kearsley (2005).
1655:
1446:
1215:information and communications technology
1077:instructor is knowledgeable and skilled.
955:Distance Education Accrediting Commission
783:outbreak that the city was experiencing,
571:was the most preferred by those students
389:National University of Distance Education
5066:, DO-IT Center, University of Washington
4727:Keevy, James; Chakroun, Borhene (2015).
4073:. CalPoly.edu. 1998: 1–6. Archived from
3312:. Loyola University Chicago. p. 126
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2048:Pursuit of Knowledge Under Difficulties,
1964:Community colleges: a reference handbook
1716:(2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
1393:Honeyman, M; Miller, G (December 1993).
1152:According to Pankaj Singhm, director of
886:The widespread use of computers and the
858:Dallas County Community College District
4762:Theory and Practice of Online Education
4572:"GoDaddy Corporate Domains – Protected"
2223:"A Brief History of Distance Education"
1353:
835:Articulated Instructional Media Project
319:, planning commenced in 1965 under the
4551:Symbiosis Center for Distance Learning
4102:
4091:
4053:from the original on 6 September 2015.
3931:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3913:
2977:
1865:. Guardianabroad.co.uk. Archived from
1760:
1502:Quarterly Review of Distance Education
739:
4479:"Quality issues in distance learning"
3331:Foss, Katherine A. (5 October 2020).
3030:Teaching and Learning with Technology
2839:
2837:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
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2188:
1888:Thanapal, Vigneswari (January 2015).
1550:. Taylor & Francis. p. 165.
268:Education was a high priority in the
242:, founder and first president of the
7:
4713:Journal of Southeast Asian Education
3634:from the original on 16 October 2011
3442:American Educational History Journal
2790:Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences
2196:"13.2 History of distance education"
1842:. Londonexternal.ac.uk. 15 July 2009
1817:. Londonexternal.ac.uk. 15 July 2009
1476:
1474:
1420:
1418:
1107:help of robots. An article from the
811:that were held on campus. Physicist
404:University of the Philippines System
374:, in 1970; led to budget cuts under
256:International Correspondence Schools
136:Society to Encourage Studies at Home
4736:. Paris, UNESCO. pp. 129–131.
4397:Goldenberg, Joel (6 October 2021).
4120:Yuan, Y. Connie; Gay, Geri (2006).
3846:Anderson, Terry; Dron, Jon (2011).
2542:Raymond, Jonathon (28 April 2020).
2431:Journal of Media Literacy Education
1481:Dron, Jon; Anderson, Terry (2014).
1411:from the original on 30 April 2015.
370:government under the leadership of
5034:(Princeton University Press, 2011)
4935:(2nd ed.). Psychology Press.
3537:Gail S. Thomas (1 February 1988).
3282:Strauss, Valerie; Hines, Michael.
1737:Robinson, Cole, Elizabeth (2012).
1714:Distance Education: A Systems View
25:
5023:International Review of Education
4954:(Johns Hopkins University Press).
4910:, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. DOI:
4553:. 24 January 2018. Archived from
4349:Journal of Library Administration
3678:Lederman, Doug (8 January 2013).
3518:Ray Percival (28 November 1995).
3146:Meyer, Leila (24 February 2015).
808:Federal Communications Commission
149:University correspondence courses
4587:"Views: Does Class Size Matter?"
4203:from the original on 6 June 2013
4139:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00308.x
2802:10.12669/pjms.36.COVID19-S4.2785
2169:. 17 August 2018. Archived from
1896:Queen Mary, University of London
1325:
748:
447:
435:
4906:Jacob, J.U., Ensign M. (2020).
3568:Bates, Tony (18 January 2016).
3376:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
3202:. www.wnyc.org. 2 December 1931
1496:Tabor, Sharon W (Spring 2007).
1231:Online credentials for learning
827:University of Wisconsin–Madison
771:keeping order in the classroom.
321:Minister of State for Education
5798:Types of university or college
4933:Handbook of Distance Education
4157:"Benefits of Online Education"
3499:Withrow, Frank (1 June 1997).
3370:Vyse, Stuart (November 2017).
2678:Quality Assurance in Education
2333:"History of UNED (in Spanish)"
2150:Handbook of Distance Education
2000:Handbook of Distance Education
1861:Tatum Anderson (16 May 2007).
924:Jones International University
1:
5670:Open-source software movement
5399:Free and open-source software
5128:Commons-based peer production
4662:(unpublished doctoral thesis)
3221:Cuban, Larry (15 June 1986).
3061:Brown, Robbie (7 June 2013).
2750:Mezei, Péter (30 June 2023).
1209:The modern use of electronic
777:took place in 1937 in Chicago
515:. A recent study showed that
483:including—but not limited to—
276:school in Boston that became
4634:10.1080/03075079.2014.914906
4361:10.1080/01930826.2010.488597
3818:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.09.199
3680:"Growth for Online Learning"
3620:Walton Radford, Alexandria.
3358:The University of Louisville
3308:White, Theresa Mary (1988).
2950:Veletsianos, George (2020).
2921:10.1080/01587919.2011.565502
2515:Hood, Micaela (1 May 2020).
1380:10.1016/j.bushor.2016.03.008
1336:license statement/permission
920:Open University of Catalonia
862:Miami Dade Community College
854:Coastline Community Colleges
721:recently come to be called "
4622:Studies in Higher Education
4190:Issues in Teacher Education
4181:Kirtman, Lisa (Fall 2009).
3936:Masson, M (December 2014).
3886:Oblinger, Diana G. (2000).
3833:"Community of Inquiry site"
3268:Lloyd Allen Cook. (1938).
2093:. Francis Lee. p. 48.
1439:10.1344/der.2020.37.208-229
1246:massive open online courses
1175:Massive Open Online Courses
1024:Paced and self-paced models
870:Public Broadcasting Service
850:California State University
766:radio as a master teacher.
399:or in the local language).
376:Chancellor of the Exchequer
138:which was founded in 1873.
75:Massive open online courses
5819:
5748:Open educational resources
4969:( Brill, 2021) pp. 79-103.
4881:10.1177/016146811011200905
4845:10.1126/science.24.611.327
4477:Stephens, D. (July 2007).
4031:Nguyen, Tuan (June 2015).
3539:"Connected Education, Inc"
3420:. Routledge. p. 609.
3227:. Teachers College Press.
2903:Bower, Matt (1 May 2011).
2863:10.1186/s41239-020-00234-x
2641:10.1007/s12115-021-00584-w
1961:Levinson, David L (2005).
1228:
879:
644:direct-broadcast satellite
605:open educational resources
460:
407:professional obligations.
366:. The election of the new
296:
215:University of South Africa
202:Australia and South Africa
29:
5536:Open Knowledge Foundation
5526:Open Architecture Network
5343:Open-door academic policy
4957:Moore, M. G. ed. (1990).
4896:Holmberg, Börje. (1995).
4862:Hampel, Robert L (2010).
3996:10.3102/01623737211055768
3942:Canadian Family Physician
3865:10.19173/irrodl.v12i3.890
2443:10.23860/JMLE-2024-16-1-6
2128:10.1080/07341510801900318
2060:William Millikan (2003).
1000:online learning community
983:rehabilitation counseling
961:included training in the
756:, 2:45, 2 December 1931,
747:
315:. Based on the vision of
190:as it provided access to
179:University College London
5521:Free Software Foundation
5434:Open-source architecture
4917:Kett, Joseph F. (1994).
4288:Elizabeth Regan (2014).
2690:10.1108/QAE-09-2022-0163
2623:Deflem, Mathieu (2021).
1967:. ABC-CLIO. p. 69.
1923:10.1080/0158791820030207
1657:10.19173/irrodl.v4i1.134
1638:Alan Tait (April 2003).
1604:Holmberg, Börje (2005).
1431:Digital Education Review
846:University of California
800:University of Louisville
640:instructional television
393:FernUniversität in Hagen
364:Anastasios Christodoulou
284:International Conference
208:University of Queensland
30:Not to be confused with
5484:Politics and governance
5056:16 October 2017 at the
4868:Teachers College Record
4792:(Taylor & Francis).
4382:Andreas Kaplan (2021).
4252:Brown, Robbie. (2013).
3938:"Benefits of TED Talks"
3835:. Athabasca University.
2796:(COVID19–S4): S27–S31.
2609:10.24059/olj.v25i1.2492
2596:Online Learning Journal
2380:Daniel, John S (1998).
1937:"William Rainey Harper"
1583:Encyclopedia Britannica
1338:). Text taken from
607:and facilities such as
353:(artist: Hilary French)
278:Northeastern University
5803:Television terminology
5788:Educational television
5655:Free software movement
5546:Open Source Initiative
5496:Open-source governance
5379:Open-source journalism
4976:Educational Technology
4812:14.4 (2013): 121-131.
4788:Bender, Tisha. (2023)
4528:Gabriel (March 2011).
4403:The Suburban Newspaper
4101:Cite journal requires
2116:History and Technology
1941:president.uchicago.edu
1268:Educational technology
1211:educational technology
1205:Educational technology
1158:educational technology
866:Adult Learning Service
773:
666:environments (notably
636:educational television
475:
354:
266:
252:Scranton, Pennsylvania
228:
166:
56:correspondence courses
36:out-of-school learning
18:Correspondence classes
5660:Open science movement
5650:Free-culture movement
5328:Educational resources
5287:Collaborative writing
5164:Participatory culture
5025:65.4 (2019): 605-632.
5011:(e-JIST), 4(1), 1-14.
4950:Major, C. H. (2015).
4819:Clark, J. J. (1906).
4760:Anderson, T. (2008).
3892:The Technology Source
1273:Low-residency program
912:University of Toronto
796:John Wilkinson Taylor
621:asynchronous learning
470:
461:Further information:
391:(1972) and Germany's
345:
244:University of Chicago
240:William Rainey Harper
225:William Rainey Harper
223:
213:In South Africa, the
183:King's College London
161:
121:uniform postage rates
5439:Open-source hardware
5417:Open-design movement
5410:Open-source software
5178:Research and science
5045:"Radio in education"
4508:libguides.hull.ac.uk
4159:. Worldwidelearn.com
3448: (1), 111–122.
2285:on 19 September 2020
2087:Francis Lee (2009).
1242:electronic passports
1091:learning environment
967:occupational therapy
896:virtual universities
736:Radio and television
617:synchronous learning
385:Athabasca University
171:University of London
5721:Free Cultural Works
5665:Open Source Ecology
5551:Open Web Foundation
5448:Economic principles
5405:Free/libre software
5302:Participatory media
4837:1906Sci....24..327C
4799:8.1 (2021) pp 3-55
4585:Barwick, Daniel W.
4560:on 25 January 2018.
4458:on 29 February 2000
4310:. 22 November 2010.
3520:"Carry on learning"
2361:on 23 November 2010
2279:The Open University
2257:The Open University
2253:"History of the OU"
939:New York University
904:Connected Education
833:funded Wedemeyer's
831:Carnegie Foundation
798:, president of the
698:, print materials,
473:San Miguel, Bulacan
358:other disciplines.
143:Wolsey Hall, Oxford
5783:Distance education
5587:Alexandra Elbakyan
5531:Openmod Initiative
5368:Citizen journalism
5245:Open communication
5226:Data, information,
5149:Open collaboration
5030:Walsh, T. (2011).
4785:: RoutledgeFalmer.
4781:Bates, T. (2005).
4655:Walker, S (2003),
4269:Regan, Elizabeth.
4254:The New York Times
3251:School and Society
3200:"Air college talk"
3127:on 8 November 2018
3067:The New York Times
2909:Distance Education
2576:10.3390/su12208438
1911:Distance Education
1585:. 17 February 2023
476:
355:
311:government led by
229:
175:External Programme
167:
44:Distance education
5770:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5758:Open Web movement
5743:Open Data Indices
5597:Peter Murray-Rust
5541:Open Rights Group
5504:
5503:
5387:
5386:
5240:Knowledge commons
4942:978-1-4106-0729-4
4743:978-92-3-100138-3
4502:Bartram, Jacqui.
4450:Galusha, Jill M.
3549:on 27 August 2008
3427:978-1-135-17684-6
3360:, pp 115–117
3272:, pp 249–250
3234:978-0-8077-2792-8
3152:Campus Technology
3040:978-0-205-51191-4
2963:978-1-4214-3810-8
2073:978-0-87351-499-6
1795:on 29 August 2017
1557:978-0-415-99598-6
1508:(1). IAP: 48–49.
1368:Business Horizons
1315:Virtual education
1074:lifelong learning
996:discussion groups
953:. In the US, the
947:NYU Tandon Online
882:Virtual education
864:led the way. The
823:Charles Wedemeyer
817:DePaul University
802:, teamed up with
789:elementary school
763:
762:
754:Air college talk.
717:.
632:videoconferencing
480:COVID-19 pandemic
422:COVID-19 pandemic
416:mega-universities
412:open universities
293:Open universities
141:Founded in 1894,
48:distance learning
16:(Redirected from
5810:
5793:Learning methods
5753:Open music model
5717:Definition docs
5706:Creative Commons
5691:
5607:Richard Stallman
5602:Douglas Rushkoff
5516:Creative Commons
5292:Democratic media
5277:
5200:Notebook science
5118:
5094:
5087:
5080:
5071:
4946:
4893:
4883:
4874:(9): 2496–2517.
4856:
4748:
4747:
4735:
4724:
4718:
4709:
4703:
4693:
4687:
4685:
4673:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4617:
4611:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4591:Inside Higher Ed
4582:
4576:
4575:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4548:
4540:
4534:
4533:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4499:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4484:. Archived from
4483:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4454:. Archived from
4447:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4431:on 25 April 2012
4423:Östlund, Berit.
4420:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4320:Burgstahler, S.,
4318:
4312:
4311:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4294:Norwich Bulletin
4285:
4279:
4278:
4266:
4260:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4202:
4187:
4178:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4153:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4104:
4099:
4097:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4080:on 18 April 2013
4079:
4072:
4064:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4037:
4028:
4017:
4016:
3998:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3957:
3933:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3883:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3796:
3790:
3787:
3781:
3777:
3764:
3761:
3752:
3749:
3740:
3737:
3722:
3719:
3708:
3704:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3675:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3633:
3626:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3601:on 21 April 2013
3591:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3574:www.tonybates.ca
3565:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3471:
3465:
3458:
3452:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3411:
3405:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3382:on 24 April 2018
3378:. Archived from
3367:
3361:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3337:The Conversation
3328:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3279:
3273:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3172:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3123:. Archived from
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3100:Norwich Bulletin
3092:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3024:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2983:
2975:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2883:
2865:
2841:
2832:
2831:
2821:
2781:
2772:
2771:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2729:10.5204/ssj.1784
2708:
2702:
2701:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2652:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2519:. Archived from
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2422:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2281:. Archived from
2271:
2265:
2264:
2263:on 17 July 2010.
2259:. Archived from
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2229:. Archived from
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2192:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2173:on 25 March 2019
2159:
2153:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2057:
2051:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2029:
2022:
2016:
2011:Joseph F. Kett,
2009:
2003:
1994:Von V. Pittman,
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1836:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1794:
1788:. Archived from
1787:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1766:
1758:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1478:
1469:
1468:
1450:
1422:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1399:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1363:
1329:
1299:Sunrise Semester
1278:Media psychology
1113:universal design
979:physical therapy
752:
751:
740:
723:blended learning
715:digital literacy
711:digital literacy
696:audio recordings
628:Web conferencing
585:Web conferencing
565:Google Classroom
557:Google Classroom
529:Blackboard Learn
517:Google Classroom
497:Google Classroom
451:
439:
192:higher education
64:online education
46:, also known as
21:
5818:
5817:
5813:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5808:
5807:
5773:
5772:
5771:
5762:
5689:
5637:
5631:
5592:Lawrence Lessig
5582:Tim Berners-Lee
5570:
5500:
5491:Open government
5479:
5475:Sharing economy
5460:Open innovation
5443:
5383:
5372:Wiki journalism
5351:
5311:
5297:Open publishing
5272:
5266:
5227:
5221:
5185:Citizen science
5173:
5113:
5107:
5098:
5058:Wayback Machine
5041:
4943:
4930:
4861:
4831:(611): 327–34.
4818:
4778:, 12(3), 80–97.
4757:
4755:Further reading
4752:
4751:
4744:
4733:
4726:
4725:
4721:
4710:
4706:
4694:
4690:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4661:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4609:
4605:
4595:
4593:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4557:
4546:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4512:
4510:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4491:on 1 June 2012.
4488:
4481:
4476:
4475:
4471:
4461:
4459:
4449:
4448:
4444:
4434:
4432:
4422:
4421:
4417:
4407:
4405:
4396:
4395:
4391:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4355:(5–6): 515–29.
4342:
4341:
4337:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4306:
4305:
4301:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4251:
4247:
4237:
4235:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4185:
4180:
4179:
4172:
4162:
4160:
4155:
4154:
4147:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4100:
4090:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4058:
4050:
4035:
4030:
4029:
4020:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3935:
3934:
3911:
3901:
3899:
3898:on 18 July 2011
3885:
3884:
3873:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3788:
3784:
3778:
3767:
3762:
3755:
3750:
3743:
3738:
3725:
3720:
3711:
3705:
3698:
3688:
3686:
3677:
3676:
3669:
3659:
3657:
3654:"Accreditation"
3652:
3651:
3647:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3624:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3604:
3602:
3595:"Accreditation"
3593:
3592:
3588:
3578:
3576:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3552:
3550:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3483:
3481:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3464:, pp 27–50
3459:
3455:
3439:
3435:
3428:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3404:, pp 19–26
3400:Cuban. (1986).
3399:
3395:
3385:
3383:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3355:
3351:
3341:
3339:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3315:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3292:
3290:
3288:Washington Post
3281:
3280:
3276:
3267:
3263:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3235:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3205:
3203:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3183:
3181:
3174:
3173:
3166:
3156:
3154:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3130:
3128:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3104:
3102:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3079:
3077:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3026:
3025:
3018:
3008:
3006:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2976:
2964:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2843:
2842:
2835:
2783:
2782:
2775:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2717:Student Success
2710:
2709:
2705:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2526:
2524:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2499:
2497:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2473:
2471:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2424:
2423:
2408:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2364:
2362:
2355:"Three Decades"
2353:
2352:
2348:
2338:
2336:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2288:
2286:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2236:
2234:
2233:on 28 July 2013
2221:Bizhan Nasseh.
2220:
2219:
2215:
2205:
2203:
2202:. 3 August 2001
2194:
2193:
2186:
2176:
2174:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2147:
2143:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2023:
2019:
2015:(1996) pp 236-8
2010:
2006:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1943:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1872:
1870:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1843:
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1830:
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1813:
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1808:
1798:
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1759:
1755:
1736:
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1724:
1711:
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1684:
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1679:
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1637:
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1618:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1528:
1526:
1516:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1479:
1472:
1433:(37): 208–229.
1424:
1423:
1416:
1408:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1365:
1364:
1355:
1350:
1323:
1258:Autodidacticism
1254:
1244: and
1233:
1227:
1207:
1195:
1154:Nims University
1138:
1069:
1026:
992:Internet forums
892:virtual schools
884:
878:
839:Ford Foundation
813:Daniel Q. Posin
749:
738:
598:
569:Microsoft Teams
553:Microsoft Teams
521:Microsoft Teams
505:Microsoft Teams
465:
459:
458:
457:
456:
455:
452:
444:
443:
440:
431:
430:
424:
351:Open University
305:Open University
301:
299:Open university
295:
286:
270:Progressive Era
234:
204:
188:Charles Dickens
156:
151:
95:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5816:
5814:
5806:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
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5774:
5768:
5767:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5739:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5715:
5714:
5713:
5708:
5697:
5695:
5688:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5641:
5639:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5578:
5576:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5512:
5510:
5506:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5493:
5487:
5485:
5481:
5480:
5478:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5451:
5449:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5425:
5424:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5407:
5395:
5393:
5389:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5376:
5375:
5374:
5359:
5357:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5346:
5345:
5340:
5330:
5323:Open education
5319:
5317:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5283:
5281:
5274:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5257:
5250:Open knowledge
5247:
5242:
5237:
5231:
5229:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5219:
5218:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5187:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5135:
5130:
5124:
5122:
5115:
5109:
5108:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5089:
5082:
5074:
5068:
5067:
5061:
5048:
5040:
5039:External links
5037:
5036:
5035:
5027:
5026:
5019:
5012:
5005:
4994:
4993:
4991:978-0787900250
4979:
4971:
4970:
4962:
4961:
4955:
4948:
4941:
4928:
4926:978-0804726801
4915:
4904:
4894:
4858:
4857:
4816:
4805:
4804:
4793:
4786:
4779:
4772:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4742:
4719:
4704:
4688:
4668:
4647:
4628:(10): 1962–9.
4612:
4603:
4577:
4563:
4535:
4520:
4494:
4469:
4442:
4415:
4389:
4374:
4335:
4313:
4299:
4280:
4261:
4245:
4214:
4196:(2): 103–115.
4170:
4145:
4132:(4): 1062–84.
4112:
4103:|journal=
4056:
4046:(2): 309–319.
4018:
3989:(3): 355–379.
3969:
3909:
3871:
3838:
3824:
3791:
3782:
3765:
3753:
3741:
3723:
3709:
3696:
3684:InsideHigherEd
3667:
3645:
3612:
3586:
3560:
3529:
3510:
3505:T.H.E. Journal
3491:
3466:
3460:Cuban (1986).
3453:
3433:
3426:
3406:
3393:
3362:
3349:
3323:
3300:
3274:
3261:
3240:
3233:
3213:
3191:
3164:
3138:
3112:
3087:
3053:
3039:
3016:
2991:
2962:
2942:
2895:
2833:
2773:
2742:
2703:
2684:(3): 504–519.
2664:
2635:(3): 204–212.
2615:
2602:(1): 303–328.
2582:
2563:Sustainability
2549:
2534:
2507:
2496:. 4 March 2020
2481:
2456:
2406:
2392:
2372:
2346:
2324:
2317:
2296:
2266:
2244:
2213:
2184:
2154:
2141:
2106:
2099:
2079:
2072:
2052:
2039:
2030:
2017:
2004:
1987:
1973:
1953:
1928:
1901:
1880:
1869:on 24 May 2007
1853:
1828:
1806:
1774:
1753:
1729:
1722:
1704:
1697:
1691:. p. 18.
1677:
1663:
1630:
1616:
1596:
1570:
1556:
1536:
1514:
1488:
1470:
1414:
1385:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1310:Videotelephony
1307:
1302:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1263:Digital divide
1260:
1253:
1250:
1238:digital badges
1229:Main article:
1226:
1223:
1206:
1203:
1194:
1191:
1170:Daniel Barwick
1137:
1134:
1109:New York Times
1068:
1065:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1043:
1025:
1022:
971:family therapy
943:online degrees
908:The New School
880:Main article:
877:
874:
761:
760:
745:
744:
743:External audio
737:
734:
730:virtual worlds
660:web-based VoIP
652:live streaming
648:internet radio
597:
594:
589:online classes
453:
446:
445:
441:
434:
433:
432:
428:
427:
426:
425:
423:
420:
297:Main article:
294:
291:
285:
282:
233:
230:
203:
200:
163:Somerset House
155:
154:United Kingdom
152:
150:
147:
100:Boston Gazette
94:
91:
79:World Wide Web
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5815:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5726:Free Software
5724:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5703:
5702:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5692:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5642:
5640:
5634:
5628:
5627:John Wilbanks
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5573:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5509:Organizations
5507:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5482:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5470:Open standard
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5446:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5423:
5420:
5419:
5418:
5415:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5380:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5364:
5363:Citizen media
5361:
5360:
5358:
5354:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5314:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5278:
5275:
5273:and learning
5271:Communication
5269:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5228:and knowledge
5224:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5176:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5134:
5133:Crowdsourcing
5131:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5119:
5116:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5095:
5090:
5088:
5083:
5081:
5076:
5075:
5072:
5065:
5062:
5059:
5055:
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5049:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5038:
5033:
5029:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5017:
5013:
5010:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4995:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4977:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4963:
4960:
4956:
4953:
4949:
4944:
4938:
4934:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4920:
4916:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4817:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4791:
4787:
4784:
4780:
4777:
4773:
4771:
4770:9781897425084
4767:
4763:
4759:
4758:
4754:
4745:
4739:
4732:
4731:
4723:
4720:
4717:
4714:
4708:
4705:
4702:
4701:0-203-83876-9
4698:
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4689:
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4265:
4262:
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3810:
3806:
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3754:
3748:
3746:
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3710:
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3697:
3685:
3681:
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3668:
3655:
3649:
3646:
3630:
3623:
3616:
3613:
3600:
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3590:
3587:
3575:
3571:
3564:
3561:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3533:
3530:
3525:
3524:New Scientist
3521:
3514:
3511:
3506:
3502:
3495:
3492:
3479:
3478:
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3467:
3463:
3457:
3454:
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3447:
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3410:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3363:
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3353:
3350:
3338:
3334:
3327:
3324:
3311:
3304:
3301:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3244:
3241:
3236:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3217:
3214:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3180:
3179:
3175:Burns, Mary.
3171:
3169:
3165:
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3149:
3142:
3139:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3101:
3097:
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3057:
3054:
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3032:
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3021:
3017:
3005:
3001:
2995:
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2987:
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2899:
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2859:
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2847:
2840:
2838:
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2829:
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2523:on 7 May 2020
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2393:0-7494-2634-9
2389:
2386:. Routledge.
2385:
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2376:
2373:
2360:
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2328:
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2318:0-919813-51-8
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2168:
2164:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2122:(3): 239–53.
2121:
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2110:
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2100:9789173935180
2096:
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2018:
2014:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1976:
1974:1-57607-766-7
1970:
1966:
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1957:
1954:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1917:(2): 255–78.
1916:
1912:
1905:
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1898:. p. 16.
1897:
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1723:0-534-50688-7
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1374:(4): 441–50.
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330:
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317:Michael Young
314:
313:Harold Wilson
310:
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281:
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5556:Pirate Party
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5235:Free content
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5190:Open science
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5121:Key concepts
5112:Concepts and
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2305:Byrne, T. C.
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2166:
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1819:. Retrieved
1809:
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1777:
1745:ProQuest LLC
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1539:
1527:. Retrieved
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1367:
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1332:free content
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1297:
1234:
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596:Technologies
577:
573:
555:followed by
477:
454:... in Italy
415:
409:
401:
383:
379:Iain Macleod
372:Edward Heath
368:Conservative
360:Walter Perry
356:
337:night school
302:
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267:
262:
248:
238:
235:
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205:
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140:
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109:
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5736:Open Source
5680:OpenWetWare
5617:Peter Sunde
5612:Peter Suber
5465:Open patent
5429:Open gaming
5307:Peer review
5154:Open source
4684:(3): 267–81
4328:12 February
3638:30 November
3157:17 February
3105:17 February
3080:17 February
3004:www.uis.edu
2237:14 November
1946:17 February
1763:cite thesis
1485:. AU Press.
1448:2445/172738
1225:Credentials
1193:Assessments
1018:MasterClass
975:art therapy
563:. Although
501:Google Meet
493:Cisco Webex
347:Walton Hall
5777:Categories
5356:Journalism
5338:Admissions
5333:University
4435:3 December
4408:13 October
4238:7 December
3902:23 January
3605:23 January
3484:23 January
3206:5 November
3046:23 January
2972:1145122616
2474:12 January
2399:23 January
2365:23 January
2339:26 January
1980:23 January
1747:(Thesis).
1623:23 January
1563:23 January
1529:23 January
1348:References
1099:disability
935:non-profit
928:accredited
868:of the US
668:SecondLife
609:e-learning
489:Blackboard
325:Jennie Lee
105:Short Hand
87:m-learning
83:e-learning
5675:OpenCores
5638:movements
5575:Activists
5316:Education
5114:practices
4900:(2nd ed)
4890:141830291
4764:(2nd ed)
4642:144996503
4596:3 October
4013:244498785
4005:0162-3737
3811:: 332–7.
3553:25 August
3543:Netweaver
3342:16 August
3316:15 August
3293:16 August
3258:: 225–31.
3075:0362-4331
2980:cite book
2929:0158-7919
2872:2365-9440
2856:(1): 57.
2810:1682-024X
2768:2190-3387
2737:2205-0795
2698:0968-4883
2451:2167-8715
2289:25 August
2275:"History"
2227:SeniorNet
2206:25 August
2136:144728618
1524:1528-3518
1465:225664918
1457:2013-9144
1404:: 67–73.
1283:New media
1136:Criticism
1010:E-Courses
994:, online
700:voicemail
656:telephone
513:Edgenuity
127:in 1840.
116:postcards
5701:Licenses
5422:Robotics
5392:Products
5205:Research
5159:Openness
5054:Archived
4853:17772791
4513:19 April
4462:10 April
4369:62142672
4207:30 March
4198:Archived
4084:29 March
4048:Archived
3964:25500595
3780:283-293.
3689:30 March
3629:Archived
3386:25 April
3009:20 April
2937:17247273
2890:34778516
2828:32582310
2659:34075264
2307:(1989).
2177:25 March
2152:pp 49-66
2002:pp 21-36
1846:27 April
1821:27 April
1799:16 April
1589:18 April
1406:Archived
1252:See also
1236:of
1067:Benefits
985:fields.
906:through
888:Internet
876:Internet
686:forums,
601:Internet
581:COVID-19
549:WhatsApp
541:DingTalk
5685:Sci-Hub
5401:(FOSS)
5255:Content
5169:Sharism
5141:versus
4833:Bibcode
4825:Science
4163:1 April
3955:4264800
3579:12 June
3131:25 June
2881:7750097
2819:7306967
2756:Jipitec
2650:8161721
2629:Society
2500:6 March
2026:Science
1894:(PhD).
1321:Sources
1240:,
825:of the
646:(DBS),
545:Tencent
397:English
125:England
123:across
93:History
69:blended
5645:DIYbio
5215:Plan S
5195:Access
5139:Gratis
5003:online
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1033:Kaplan
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981:, and
860:, and
856:, The
702:, and
688:e-mail
658:, and
638:, and
547:, and
511:, and
309:Labour
254:, the
52:school
5694:Tools
5566:SPARC
5280:Media
5143:libre
4886:S2CID
4734:(PDF)
4638:S2CID
4558:(PDF)
4547:(PDF)
4489:(PDF)
4482:(PDF)
4365:S2CID
4201:(PDF)
4186:(PDF)
4078:(PDF)
4071:(PDF)
4051:(PDF)
4036:(PDF)
4009:S2CID
3632:(PDF)
3625:(PDF)
2933:S2CID
2762:(2).
2132:S2CID
2050:p 240
1793:(PDF)
1786:(PDF)
1685:IAP.
1461:S2CID
1409:(PDF)
1398:(PDF)
1104:robot
1046:SPOCs
1040:MOOCs
781:polio
692:video
613:MOOCs
537:Cisco
533:Webex
410:Most
5731:Open
5561:PLOS
5370:and
5260:Data
5103:and
4987:ISBN
4937:ISBN
4922:ISBN
4849:PMID
4766:ISBN
4738:ISBN
4697:ISBN
4598:2011
4515:2024
4464:2012
4437:2011
4410:2021
4330:2013
4240:2012
4209:2013
4165:2013
4107:help
4086:2013
4001:ISSN
3960:PMID
3904:2011
3707:Ltd.
3691:2013
3662:2016
3640:2011
3607:2011
3581:2019
3555:2008
3486:2011
3422:ISBN
3388:2018
3344:2021
3318:2021
3295:2021
3229:ISBN
3208:2016
3186:2012
3159:2023
3133:2016
3107:2023
3082:2023
3071:ISSN
3048:2011
3035:ISBN
3011:2024
2986:link
2968:OCLC
2958:ISBN
2925:ISSN
2886:PMID
2868:ISSN
2824:PMID
2806:ISSN
2764:ISSN
2733:ISSN
2694:ISSN
2655:PMID
2529:2020
2502:2020
2476:2021
2447:ISSN
2401:2011
2388:ISBN
2367:2011
2341:2012
2335:. ES
2313:ISBN
2291:2020
2239:2013
2208:2020
2179:2019
2095:ISBN
2068:ISBN
1982:2011
1969:ISBN
1948:2023
1875:2016
1848:2010
1823:2010
1801:2020
1769:link
1749:ISBN
1718:ISBN
1693:ISBN
1625:2011
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