28:
117:
294:
205:
58:
283:
2663:
367:
327:
The outbreak of new unrest in 1282 caused the king to initiate a huge construction programme. The
English Army was accompanied by 355 carpenters, 70 stonemasons, and 1,000 stone breakers and earthworks builders. In addition, 1,700 lumberjacks were gathered from the whole of England. After a year this
195:
Academic research has only investigated counter and siege castles to any great extent since the end of the 20th century. After scholars like
Joachim Zeune had concerned themselves in the 1980s and 1990s more with the symbolism of medieval fortifications, subsequent research began to be more critical
85:
A counter-castle is often used to describe a castle that was built at a greater distance from enemy fortifications and castles. It did not support the immediate siege of a castle, but was constructed as a base in an area of rival power in order to prevent enemy attempts to expand their influence and
69:
and conquer the estates of rival rulers. In such cases, it may also be referred to as a siege castle. These terms are not used uniformly by specialist authors. Usually a distinction is made between counter-castles and siege castles. Where this is the case, a siege castle refers to one built near the
262:
fortifications were reactivated. The wooden components of these wood and earth castles had in some cases been prepared on the continent and were later assembled on the spot. This enabled the rapid establishment of a dense network of military strongpoints, some of which were later turned into stone
191:
The few surviving stone counter or siege castles generally show evidence of less careful construction. In order to build the fortification quickly, clay was mixed with the lime mortar. These defences are therefore dangerous today in view of their condition and can be made safe through painstaking
97:
Sometimes only a trebuchet position was established instead of a masonry or wooden siege castle. A favourable point in the terrain, within range of the besieged castle, was levelled and lightly fortified. From this position, the enemy castle could be engaged relatively safely with a trebuchet or
167:
In the majority of known cases, siege castles were abandoned after the fighting and fell into disrepair. Sometimes the lord of the formerly besieged castle was given the counter-castle in a peace agreement or even took it over as a
93:
onwards. They were usually built as a temporary fortifications using wood and earth above the castle to be captured and within sight and the range of their guns. From this location the target would be bombarded.
196:
of the then established theses. As part of the new focus on the functional and military aspects of military architecture, the counter castle became more of a focus of military historical interest.
544:
was commonly used to describe the defensive character of a castle that defied all attacks. The word is also used in German as a metaphor for things that are especially durable and resistant.
2057:
335:. With supplies coming in from the sea, these strongpoints enabled the land to be secured militarily. The Welsh castle-building programme cost huge sums of money that had to be raised by
308:, the English king, Edward I, ordered in 1277 the construction of several castles at strategically important places. Among these early English castles of occupation were those in
172:, as in the case of Trutzeltz Castle. In exceptional cases, such structures were - when the conquest was successful - expanded into independent castles. Examples include the
65:
In castle science, and according to mediaeval usage, a counter-castle was a type of castle that was built to secure a territorial lord's claims to power or to
770:
1873:
331:
Within a short period of time a complete network of the most modern fortifications sprang up, which are today seen as the epitome of mediaeval
109:
Trebuchets were used in sieges from the early 13th century. Large catapults had a range of about 400 to 500 metres. However, only wealthy
689:
219:
of
England had undergone long preparation and is generally reckoned as one of the most notable military-strategic campaigns of the early
2467:
2162:
270:. Occasionally even the barrels are depicted in which the invaders transported nails for the construction of forts on the other side of
227:
attacked the island just at the time when the
English were busy defending a Norwegian attack in the north. The English Army under King
2282:
723:
704:
674:
659:
640:
98:
catapult and its occupants psychologically ground down. Such a position may be seen today about 430 metres northeast and above
2067:
427:
As well as siege castles, counter-castles were also built at greater distance from the besieged towns. For example, in 1117, King
339:
and even the church. A subsequent plan to defeat
Scotland in the same way foundered due to the cost of such a building campaign.
27:
2492:
124:
Only occasionally did the attackers have the time and financial resources to build their fortress of stone. Rare examples are
563:("siege castle"). These terms are used today by modern castle scientists and researchers in preference to the more generic
305:
1715:
1253:
763:
173:
157:
2052:
1133:
1648:
463:
2097:
1722:
2688:
2594:
1672:
125:
420:. Raymond was the Count of St. Gilles, which is why the castle in the centre of the town is known locally as
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2416:
2122:
2117:
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1508:
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498:
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2482:
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1969:
1854:
1038:
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428:
409:
394:
374:
During the siege of larger, fortified cities and towns castles were sometimes built as protection against
153:
113:
could finance the use of such a large, costly siege engine or even the construction of a counter-castle.
2619:
2457:
2239:
1992:
1729:
1552:
881:
628:
152:. The Rauschenburg was also built in connection with the Eltz Feud as counter castle to the castles of
2604:
2132:
1758:
1557:
1523:
923:
805:
332:
228:
2421:
2157:
1513:
891:
739:Ăśberlegungen zu Belagerungen und Gegenburgen anhand von Beispielen des sĂĽdwestdeutschen Sprachraums
697:… wurfen hin in steine - grôze und niht kleine … Belagerungen und Belagerungsanlagen im Mittelalter
343:
161:
2543:
2152:
2127:
2112:
2107:
1957:
1937:
1734:
1295:
1162:
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was built specifically with the object of besieging enemy fortifications it was also known as a
389:
the
Crusaders built the first siege castles before the gates of Islamic towns and cities in the
116:
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2558:
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that could act as a strongpoint, a route barrier, a refuge in the event of counter-attacks, a
2573:
2548:
2477:
2401:
2002:
1997:
1932:
1483:
1287:
866:
375:
247:
220:
141:
90:
49:, that is, a fortified base from which attacks could be launched on a nearby enemy castle.
2462:
2314:
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2227:
2197:
2082:
2047:
2027:
2012:
1567:
1562:
1530:
1291:
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1203:
1070:
1051:
977:
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321:
267:
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216:
209:
177:
204:
57:
2631:
2626:
2277:
2212:
2202:
2077:
2062:
1962:
1952:
1917:
1791:
1584:
1281:
1212:
1028:
886:
850:
355:
297:
282:
99:
2682:
2636:
2589:
2497:
2487:
2441:
2411:
2396:
2365:
2346:
2207:
2147:
2102:
2017:
1976:
1786:
1419:
1414:
1147:
1110:
1095:
1046:
991:
970:
779:
447:
440:
436:
386:
379:
313:
2614:
2472:
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2256:
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1849:
1710:
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1542:
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521:
486:
351:
317:
129:
2513:
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2007:
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1577:
1547:
1537:
1443:
1332:
1140:
949:
896:
513:
309:
271:
259:
238:
During the invasion numerous simple 'occupation castles' were built, the first,
149:
137:
42:
32:
366:
17:
2538:
2518:
2358:
2330:
2261:
2137:
2092:
2022:
1942:
1839:
1744:
1684:
1643:
1621:
1572:
1518:
1468:
1463:
1448:
1407:
1355:
1313:
1258:
1100:
1063:
1016:
738:
336:
169:
235:
but now exhausted, had to fight roughly 7,000 well-equipped Norman warriors.
1947:
1878:
1705:
1700:
1633:
1274:
1187:
1117:
1075:
901:
871:
832:
798:
390:
145:
110:
71:
342:
Among the most important
English occupation castles were those of built by
2431:
2426:
2351:
2192:
1910:
1885:
1868:
1798:
1739:
1667:
1660:
1503:
1391:
1265:
1085:
1080:
1056:
984:
964:
944:
911:
525:
501:
undertook numerous raids in the surrounding area. In retaliation, Sultan
494:
251:
79:
75:
450:
of Derb el-Hadj from several new castles. Here the
Pilgrim's Way ran to
393:. In 1097 Malregard Castle was built in front of the St. Paul's Gate at
2563:
2528:
2523:
1861:
1844:
1829:
1813:
1765:
1693:
1638:
1628:
1596:
1498:
1473:
1458:
1228:
1172:
1090:
937:
930:
876:
581:
502:
232:
224:
133:
103:
66:
2568:
1922:
1488:
1426:
1370:
1348:
1325:
1318:
1194:
1177:
1009:
841:
823:
793:
455:
181:
716:
Burgen in
Mitteleuropa, Band II - Geschichte und Burgenlandschaften
2609:
2553:
2297:
1822:
1653:
1493:
814:
475:
459:
451:
365:
292:
281:
255:
243:
203:
115:
56:
26:
748:
714:. In: Horst Wolfgang Böhme, Busso von der Dollen (et al., eds.):
1591:
1433:
1400:
1375:
1167:
1157:
1126:
1105:
185:
752:
242:, being at the landing-place of William's army. In addition to
61:
View of
Thurant Castle on the Moselle from the Bleidenberg hill
474:
were built and, in 1116, fortified strongpoints were added at
608:
The Deeds of the Franks and the Other Pilgrims to Jerusalem
328:
force was increased by 25 carpenters and 100 stonemasons.
485:
In 1142, construction started on the mighty fortress of
89:
Siege castles are only evident from the period of the
493:) in northern Transjordan, to which a harbour on the
45:
to counter the power of a hostile neighbour or as a
2582:
2506:
2450:
2384:
2270:
2175:
1985:
1896:
1612:
1605:
1037:
786:
443:. Despite this siege Tyre did not fall until 1124.
278:
The Welsh occupation castles of Edward I of England
208:The construction of the castle of Hastings (left),
610:. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons LTD. p. 30.
446:The king also attempted to monitor the important
1020:
524:) were built around the Egyptian-held city of
1582:
1528:
1346:
1192:
633:Wörterbuch der Burgen, Schlösser und Festungen
508:Between 1136 and 1142 four strong castles (at
412:ordered the construction of the siege castle,
82:and a battery position for ballistic weapons.
2237:
1967:
1796:
1772:
1389:
1380:
1337:
1061:
857:
848:
764:
8:
2356:
2337:
2328:
2319:
1908:
1883:
1859:
1820:
1811:
1763:
1749:
1720:
1691:
1682:
1658:
1619:
1424:
1405:
1323:
1272:
1263:
1219:
1210:
1201:
1138:
1124:
1115:
998:
975:
266:These castles can be made out on the famous
1007:
989:
935:
921:
839:
830:
821:
812:
803:
1609:
771:
757:
749:
362:Siege and counter-castles in the Holy Land
200:Early Norman occupation castles in England
736:DBV Seminar zur Burgenforschung 2003/II:
435:(to conquer the aforementioned town) of
648:Burgen der Kreuzfahrer im Heiligen Land
598:
505:attacked the Frankish crusader states.
405:were built in front of other gateways.
144:. The last-named was built during the
652:Die KreuzzĂĽge - Kein Krieg ist heilig
7:
2163:Weapons Storage and Security System
25:
70:enemy castle within the range of
2662:
2661:
684:. Regionalia, Euskirchen, 2011,
650:. In: Hans-JĂĽrgen Kotzur (ed.):
433:"ad coercendum praedictam urbem"
397:. A little later the castles of
1:
2058:British "hedgehog" road block
480:Isle de Graye/Jazirat Fara’un
306:his conquest of Celtic Wales
2468:Cities with defensive walls
2053:Defensive fighting position
1968:
1773:
1583:
1529:
1390:
1381:
1347:
1338:
1193:
699:. Frankfurt am Main, 2006,
635:. Reclam, Stuttgart, 2004,
231:succeeded in repelling the
2705:
120:Eltz and Trutzeltz castles
2652:
2098:Hardened aircraft shelter
2073:Entry control point (ECP)
559:("occupation castle") or
2595:Continuity of government
2417:Motte-and-bailey castle
2123:Missile launch facility
2118:Main line of resistance
813:
665:Georg Ulrich GroĂźmann:
606:Hill, Rosalind (1962).
431:built a counter-castle
370:Montreal Castle, Jordan
148:as a counter-castle to
2493:Military installations
2357:
2338:
2329:
2320:
2238:
1909:
1884:
1860:
1850:Scarp and Counterscarp
1821:
1812:
1797:
1764:
1750:
1721:
1692:
1683:
1659:
1620:
1425:
1406:
1324:
1273:
1264:
1220:
1211:
1202:
1139:
1125:
1116:
1062:
1021:
1008:
999:
990:
976:
936:
922:
858:
849:
840:
831:
822:
804:
627:, Reinhard Friedrich,
587:Sconce (fortification)
410:Raymond IV of Toulouse
371:
304:Right at the start of
301:
290:
212:
121:
62:
35:
31:The counter-castle of
2262:Floating water castle
1993:Admiralty scaffolding
1286:Fortified buildings (
629:Barbara Schock-Werner
369:
296:
285:
254:were built and older
207:
119:
60:
30:
2605:Subterranean warfare
1558:Viking ring fortress
695:Olaf Wagener (ed.):
669:. Regensburg, 2005,
625:Horst Wolfgang Böhme
555:("counter castle"),
499:Raynald of Châtillon
497:belonged. From here
333:profane architecture
2422:Quadrangular castle
2158:Weapon storage area
1514:Quadrangular castle
742:(PDF; 3.7 MB)
718:. Stuttgart, 1999,
344:James of St. George
2153:Underground hangar
1938:Fire control tower
1735:Gunpowder magazine
1163:Butter-churn tower
682:Kleine Burgenkunde
532:German terminology
372:
302:
291:
213:
122:
63:
41:were built in the
36:
2676:
2675:
2600:Military urbanism
2534:Fortified gateway
2407:Concentric castle
2171:
2170:
2088:Fire support base
1928:Coastal artillery
1803:(Spanish America)
1397:
1239:Concentric castle
726:, pp. 79–81.
712:Okkupationsburgen
690:978-3-939722-39-7
538:Holy Roman Empire
287:Caernarfon Castle
248:circular ramparts
16:(Redirected from
2696:
2665:
2664:
2658:
2549:National redoubt
2478:Fortified estate
2402:Circular rampart
2362:
2343:
2334:
2325:
2243:
2003:Anti-tank trench
1998:Air raid shelter
1973:
1933:Disappearing gun
1914:
1889:
1865:
1826:
1817:
1802:
1778:
1769:
1755:
1726:
1697:
1688:
1664:
1625:
1610:
1588:
1568:Bailey (or ward)
1534:
1439:Motte-and-bailey
1430:
1411:
1395:
1387:
1386:
1352:
1343:
1329:
1278:
1269:
1225:
1216:
1207:
1198:
1144:
1130:
1121:
1067:
1024:
1013:
1004:
995:
981:
941:
927:
867:Circular rampart
863:
854:
845:
836:
827:
818:
809:
773:
766:
759:
750:
745:
667:Burgen in Europa
612:
611:
603:
403:Tancred's Castle
221:High Middle Ages
142:Trutzeltz Castle
91:Late Middle Ages
21:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2689:Castles by type
2679:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2656:
2648:
2578:
2502:
2446:
2380:
2315:Imperial castle
2288:Coercion castle
2283:Coastal defence
2266:
2228:Promontory fort
2198:Hillside castle
2167:
2083:Fallout shelter
2048:Concertina wire
2028:Border security
1981:
1892:
1601:
1234:Coercion castle
1222:Cheval de frise
1204:Chemin de ronde
1052:Albarrana tower
1033:
978:Schwedenschanze
955:Promontory fort
782:
777:
743:
733:
710:Joachim Zeune:
680:Michael Losse:
654:. Mainz, 2004,
646:Daniel Burger:
621:
616:
615:
605:
604:
600:
595:
577:Coercion castle
573:
561:Belagerungsburg
557:Okkupationsburg
534:
510:Castrum Arnaldi
462:the castles of
422:Qualat Sandjill
414:Mons Pelegrinus
364:
280:
268:Bayeux Tapestry
217:Norman Conquest
210:Bayeux Tapestry
202:
178:Schadeck Castle
126:Ramstein Castle
55:
39:Counter-castles
23:
22:
18:Counter-castles
15:
12:
11:
5:
2702:
2700:
2692:
2691:
2681:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2634:
2632:Trench warfare
2629:
2627:Tunnel warfare
2624:
2623:
2622:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2483:Fortifications
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2335:
2326:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2300:
2295:
2293:Counter-castle
2290:
2285:
2280:
2278:Border barrier
2274:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2213:Lowland castle
2210:
2205:
2203:Hilltop castle
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2078:Electric fence
2075:
2070:
2068:Dragon's teeth
2065:
2063:Czech hedgehog
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1977:Wire obstacles
1974:
1965:
1963:Polygonal fort
1960:
1955:
1953:Martello tower
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1918:Border outpost
1915:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1818:
1809:
1804:
1794:
1792:Polygonal fort
1789:
1784:
1779:
1770:
1761:
1756:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1689:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1616:
1614:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1403:
1398:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1344:
1335:
1330:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1304:
1299:
1284:
1282:Flanking tower
1279:
1270:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1249:Counter-castle
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1217:
1208:
1199:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
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2208:Island castle
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2176:By topography
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2148:Submarine pen
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1047:Advanced work
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724:3-8062-1355-0
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705:3-631-55467-2
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448:caravan route
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411:
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383:
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380:relief troops
377:
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2660:
2615:Siege engine
2583:Other topics
2507:Related word
2473:Defense line
2437:Tower castle
2392:Bastion fort
2376:Urban castle
2304:Ganerbenburg
2302:
2292:
2257:Water castle
2233:Ridge castle
2218:Marsh castle
2033:Bomb shelter
2013:Belgian gate
1986:20th century
1897:19th century
1835:Retrenchment
1807:Punji sticks
1716:Entrenchment
1711:Device Forts
1678:Counterguard
1613:Early modern
1543:Tower castle
1479:Powder tower
1454:Outer bailey
1366:Inner bailey
1340:Gulyay-gorod
1308:Ganerbenburg
1306:
1302:Fujian tulou
1248:
1244:Corner tower
1183:Chamber gate
1153:Bridge tower
1001:Trou de loup
737:
715:
711:
696:
681:
666:
651:
647:
632:
607:
601:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
546:
541:
535:
522:Blanchegarde
514:Beth Gibelin
507:
491:Krak de Moab
490:
484:
479:
471:
467:
445:
432:
426:
421:
413:
407:
402:
399:la Mahomerie
398:
384:
373:
341:
330:
326:
303:
265:
237:
214:
194:
192:renovation.
190:
166:
130:Rauschenburg
123:
111:feudal lords
108:
96:
88:
84:
64:
47:siege castle
46:
38:
37:
2514:Castle town
2371:Toll castle
2340:Lustschloss
2322:Kaiserpfalz
2252:Spur castle
2247:Rock castle
2188:Hill castle
2183:Cave castle
2143:Spider hole
2043:Bremer wall
2008:Barbed tape
1904:Barbed wire
1578:Witch tower
1548:Tower house
1538:Toll castle
1524:Shield wall
1444:Murder hole
1333:Guard tower
950:Pincer gate
897:Faussebraye
744:(in German)
540:, the term
478:and on the
470:(1115) and
385:During the
310:Aberystwyth
272:the Channel
240:at Pevensey
43:Middle Ages
2539:Gatekeeper
2359:Ordensburg
2331:Landesburg
2138:Sentry gun
2093:Flak tower
2023:Blast wall
1943:Gun turret
1840:Sally port
1745:Kotta mara
1685:Couvreface
1649:Breastwork
1644:Blockhouse
1622:Abwurfdach
1573:Watchtower
1563:Wall tower
1519:Shell keep
1469:Portcullis
1464:Peel tower
1449:Neck ditch
1408:Landesburg
1356:Half tower
1314:Gate tower
1259:Drawbridge
1101:Battlement
1017:Wagon fort
860:Chengqiang
619:Literature
593:References
547:Where the
441:Ä°skenderun
348:Caernarfon
346:including
337:parliament
72:trebuchets
2642:Guerrilla
2385:By design
2133:Revetment
1948:Land mine
1879:Star fort
1706:Crownwork
1701:Covertway
1634:Barricade
1275:Embrasure
1188:Chartaque
1118:Bergfried
1076:Arrowslit
902:Gatehouse
872:City gate
833:Castellum
799:Acropolis
631:(Hrsg.):
565:Trutzburg
553:Gegenburg
549:Trutzburg
542:Trutzburg
458:. Around
429:Baldwin I
391:Holy Land
263:castles.
252:palisades
174:Hohenfels
154:Ehrenburg
146:Eltz Feud
86:control.
76:catapults
2683:Category
2667:Category
2657:See also
2544:Loophole
2432:Ringwork
2427:Ringfort
2352:Obstacle
2193:Hillfort
2113:Loophole
1911:Barbette
1886:Tenaille
1869:Sea fort
1799:Presidio
1759:Magazine
1740:Hornwork
1673:Cavalier
1668:Casemate
1661:Caponier
1504:Ringwork
1392:Detinets
1361:Hoarding
1266:Enceinte
1141:Bretèche
1086:Bartizan
1081:Barbican
1057:Alcazaba
985:Stockade
965:Ringfort
945:Palisade
917:Landwehr
912:Hillfort
571:See also
526:Ashkelon
495:Dead Sea
464:Montreal
408:In 1103
322:Rhuddlan
162:Schöneck
138:HunsrĂĽck
80:barracks
2574:Vedette
2564:Schloss
2529:Festung
2524:Dungeon
2519:Château
2463:Castles
2271:By role
2128:Pillbox
1958:Outpost
1874:Station
1862:Schanze
1845:Sandbag
1830:Redoubt
1814:Ravelin
1782:Palanka
1766:Orillon
1752:Lunette
1694:Coupure
1639:Bastion
1629:Arsenal
1597:Zwinger
1509:Roundel
1499:Ricetto
1474:Postern
1459:Outwork
1383:Kremlin
1254:Curtain
1229:Citadel
1213:Chemise
1173:Caltrop
1091:Bastion
1064:Alcázar
960:Rampart
938:Oppidum
931:Nuraghe
877:Crannog
851:Castros
787:Ancient
582:Schanze
536:In the
503:Saladin
418:Tripoli
395:Antioch
376:sallies
356:Harlech
233:Vikings
225:Normans
184:on the
158:Waldeck
136:in the
134:Mermuth
104:Moselle
102:on the
67:besiege
53:Purpose
2569:Trench
2559:Picket
1970:Sangar
1923:Bunker
1855:Sconce
1775:Ostrog
1723:Flèche
1606:Modern
1585:Yagura
1553:Turret
1489:Reduit
1427:Merlon
1371:Kasbah
1349:Gusuku
1326:Glacis
1319:Gabion
1288:church
1195:Chashi
1178:Castle
1022:Laager
1010:Vallum
967:(Rath)
842:Castra
824:Burgus
794:Abatis
722:
703:
688:
673:
658:
639:
518:Ibelin
468:Shobaq
456:Medina
352:Conway
314:Builth
256:Celtic
244:mottes
229:Harold
223:. The
182:Runkel
128:, the
2610:Siege
2554:Palas
2498:Walls
2488:Forts
2451:Lists
2298:Fence
2240:Rocca
2108:Kabal
1823:Redan
1730:Gorge
1654:Canal
1531:Shiro
1494:Ribat
1484:Qalat
1296:Dzong
1292:house
992:Sudis
924:Limes
882:Ditch
815:Broch
806:Agger
487:Kerak
476:Aqaba
460:Petra
452:Mecca
439:near
416:, at
318:Flint
260:Saxon
250:with
2620:list
2038:Buoy
1592:Yett
1434:Moat
1401:Ksar
1376:Keep
1168:Caer
1158:Burh
1134:Boom
1127:Berm
1106:Bawn
1071:Amba
907:Gord
720:ISBN
701:ISBN
686:ISBN
671:ISBN
656:ISBN
637:ISBN
520:and
454:and
437:Tyre
401:and
378:and
354:and
320:and
215:The
186:Lahn
176:and
170:fief
160:and
150:Eltz
140:and
74:and
33:Katz
892:Dun
258:or
180:at
132:at
2685::
2659::
1294:,
1290:,
567:.
528:.
516:,
512:,
482:.
424:.
382:.
358:.
350:,
324:.
316:,
312:,
274:.
246:,
188:.
164:.
156:,
106:.
1396:)
1388:(
1298:)
1025:)
1019:(
772:e
765:t
758:v
707:.
692:.
677:.
662:.
643:.
489:(
466:/
300:.
289:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
