70:
31:
42:
58:
174:
230:. The reforms also standardised the training for armed officers and the rank of an officer who could authorise the issuing of firearms. Armed officers on protection duties, such as those guarding embassies or government buildings or acting as bodyguards for government officials or royalty, were granted a standing authority to carry arms without the need for repeated authorisation.
561:
high-profile political sites (such as 10 Downing Street, Buckingham Palace and the UK Parliament for example), containing over one hundred foreign embassies, and the fact that the
Metropolitan Police carry out specialist national policing functions such as Diplomatic and Royalty protection duties UK-wide that all require a substantial number of firearms officers.
259:) is an officer who has undergone training to a more advanced level than authorised firearms officer. SFOs receive additional training in areas such as building assault and specialist weapon usage. The common role of an SFO is to assault premises involved in a siege situation, effect high-risk firearms related arrests and respond to terrorist threats.
234:
interviews, psychological and physical fitness tests, medical examinations and assessment days, before permission to commence firearms training is given. There is no guarantee of success; candidates can be returned to their previous role at any point in training if they do not meet the required standard.
299:
1917:
All the forces in the UK and Wales are also issued with the 'Firearms
Guidance to Police' manual, a lengthy document detailing the legal regulation of firearms in the UK and covers the vast range of domestic legislation and international guidance on firearms use. Codes of practice are also issued by
369:
The CTSFO Network provides a collective response capability to terrorist incidents from police forces with CTSFO teams through regional hubs based nationally. The national
Combined Response Firearms Teams established for the Olympics was maintained after the closing of the Games forming the basis of
604:
are not included either. Although to note the BTP is a routinely unarmed police force that maintains its own dedicated firearms unit in the same way as most other police forces in the UK. The other two, the MoD police and the CNC, are however routinely armed police forces with all roughly 3,000 MoD
233:
All police forces in the United
Kingdom have an AFO selection process, varying slightly between each force. As with many police specialities, all authorised firearms officers have volunteered for the role. Candidates are required to gain approval from their superiors before embarking on a series of
560:
for example. Although the figure for the
Metropolitan Police is a uniquely high number compared to police forces outside of London due to certain factors such as London being the UK capital and by far the biggest city by population, being the location of the head of the UK government, monarchy and
551:
The number of firearms officers per police force varies on many factors ranging from the force area population covered, force area jurisdiction covered, force area firearm crime rate, sites regarded at higher risk of threat from terrorism (such as governmental or national infrastructure sites for
237:
Once authorised, AFOs must pass regular refresher training and retests in order to maintain their authorisation. Failure to meet the required standards can result in the officer having their firearms authorisation revoked. Health or fitness problems can also result in temporary or permanent
361:), to form what was named the national Combined Response Firearms Teams (CRFT) capability for the London Olympics and Paralympic Games. The police forces received standardised training and also had standardised procedures, weaponry and equipment to enable interoperability.
1388:
1590:
Deputy Chief
Constable Simon Chesterman (West Mercia) (April 2013). "UK Response to Active Shooters and Terrorist Incidents: Increasing Interoperability across Police Forces and Military". In COL Andrew F. Mazzara USMC (Ret) (ed.).
1930:
1129:
1399:
1330:
592:
sidearm as routine. Though the PSNI does also have in the hundreds of officers trained and equipped to ARVO, SFO and CTSFO standards. Additionally, three specialist UK police forces those being the
1562:
226:
The term "authorised firearms officer" became the national standard term for a police officer trained in the use of firearms as a result of reforms in the late 1980s which were prompted by the
408:
AFOs are used by some specialist units of police forces throughout the United
Kingdom, who by nature of their role have a requirement to deploy armed police officers. Such units include the
1297:
1956:
605:
police officers and all roughly 1,500 CNC officers being trained to AFO as standard and carrying the Glock 17 sidearm as routine as well as main primary firearms such as the
502:
only allows "the use of force which is no more than absolutely necessary". Firearms officers may therefore only discharge their weapons "to stop an imminent threat to life".
1649:
1533:
1447:
498:
United
Kingdom law allows the use of "reasonable force" in order to make an arrest or prevent a crime or to defend oneself. However, if the force used is fatal, then the
35:
1977:
1502:
1428:
157:
1912:
1088:
441:
191:
584:
Police with 221. The most common number of firearms officers per UK police forces typically ranges between 40 and 100. However this does not include the
127:
1239:
318:(SFO). The Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) in preparation for the Olympics trained officers to a higher standard, including use of live rounds during
564:
In comparison, all other UK police forces number significantly fewer firearms officers with the next biggest five police firearms units being those of
61:
Authorised firearms officers standing guard at the entrance to
Downing Street, London, home of the UK Prime Minister. This officer is attached to the
1675:
1594:
Report on the Ninth
International Law Enforcement Forum - International Law Enforcement Recommendations on Preventing and Countering Armed Attacks
475:
AFOs may only carry firearms when authorised by an "appropriate authorising officer". The appropriate authorising officer must be of the rank of
421:
1776:
447:
462:
327:
81:
69:
1942:
499:
1308:
1896:
1874:
1852:
1830:
1808:
1761:
1739:
1717:
1695:
585:
492:
397:
111:
1486:
1110:
396:
National Armed Uplift Programme, commenced to double the number of CTSFOs and was extended until the end of 2018. In July 2019, the
213:
1544:
531:
Different police forces in the United Kingdom use different firearms. For forces in England and Wales, guidance is provided from
1463:
1266:
195:
298:
A national capability to respond to terrorist incidents such as marauding terrorist attacks (MTA) through collaboration of
30:
1199:
331:
1513:
413:
409:
315:
276:
227:
153:
142:
62:
1918:
the Home Office providing comprehensive guidance on the policy and use of firearms and less lethal weapons by police.
711:
601:
597:
526:
429:
425:
119:
115:
46:
1628:"Counter Terrorist Specialist Firearms Officers are not just based in London, they are part of a national network"
1155:
552:
example), and more. As of 2021, the number of firearms officers per police force ranges from a lower end of 37 in
275:) is the highest AFO level in the National Police Firearms Training Curriculum (NPFTC) and was established by the
184:
1331:"NPCC Lead for Armed Policing has said he is confident in the ability of firearms officers to protect the public"
771:
631:
577:
350:
1071:
593:
1592:
1361:
1247:
505:
ACPO policy states that "use" of a firearm includes both pointing it at a person and discharging it (whether
17:
911:
137:
in which the deployment of firearms was authorised and 6,518 firearms officers, 4.9% of the 132,467 active
961:
931:
901:
761:
484:
417:
149:
123:
145:, the decision was made to significantly increase the numbers of armed officers, particularly in London.
1788:
1051:
841:
671:
651:
573:
451:
342:
319:
1650:"Increases in firearms officers allows forces to carry out more armed operations to protect the public"
77:
1631:
1041:
1011:
981:
971:
801:
606:
581:
569:
506:
346:
338:
292:
280:
138:
1563:"London 2012 Olympics: police officers across Great Britain seconded to help bolster Games security"
1961:
1021:
871:
851:
731:
641:
557:
510:
382:
539:. Decisions on which weapons will be employed by an individual police force largely rest with the
1031:
951:
921:
891:
741:
553:
354:
73:
517:
in England and Wales, the onus is on the individual officer to justify their actions in court.
495:
have authority to carry a personal issue handgun as a matter of routine, both on duty and off.
1601:
1482:
1455:
1106:
861:
831:
811:
701:
330:, to be able to respond more effectively to terrorist incidents. CTSFOs conduct training with
134:
1214:
1061:
791:
681:
110:
do not routinely carry firearms. The only forces where officers are routinely armed are the
41:
1889:
1867:
1845:
1823:
1801:
1754:
1732:
1710:
1688:
1627:
392:
In April 2016, a two-year recruitment drive known as the CTSFO uplift project, part of the
1900:
1878:
1856:
1834:
1812:
1765:
1743:
1721:
1699:
941:
661:
565:
540:
358:
1626:
Deputy Chief Constable Simon Chesterman (NPCC lead for Armed Policing) (3 August 2016).
381:
In 2013, West Midlands Police CTSFOs deployed to London to support the MPS following the
57:
1779:, Section 117 or Police and Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order 1989, Article 88
1454:. Vol. 47, no. 3. Rockville, Maryland, USA: Access Intelligence. p. 54.
881:
691:
314:
Prior to the Summer Olympics, the highest authorised firearms officer standard was the
107:
99:
96:
1971:
1001:
991:
721:
288:
781:
751:
514:
34:
An authorised firearms officer in London, England on 29 April 2011 on duty for the
588:
where all roughly 7,000 officers there are trained to AFO as standard and carry a
1429:"Scotland Yard creates SAS-style unit to counter threat of terrorist gun attack"
821:
536:
455:
393:
323:
173:
1600:. Pennsylvania: Institute for Non-Lethal Defense Technologies. pp. 16–25.
1398:. Association of Chief Police Officers Minutes. 24 January 2013. Archived from
1130:"Police use of firearms statistics England and Wales: April 2019 to March 2020"
1605:
469:
1459:
1240:"Operations Unit - Operations Department - Devon & Cornwall Constabulary"
488:
476:
589:
375:
337:
Training was also provided to five territorial police forces, including
1635:
480:
198: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
133:
In 2019/20 fiscal year, there were 19,372 police operations throughout
103:
446:
The use of firearms by the police is covered by statute (such as the
371:
284:
106:. The designation is significant because most police officers in the
487:
in certain areas, 'standing authority' is granted to carry personal
400:
reported that the uplift had increased the number of CTSFOs by 63%.
370:
the CTSFO Network. The CTSFO Network has six regional hubs outside
1791:, Section 3 or Criminal Law Act (Northern Ireland) 1967, Section 3
459:
Code of Practice on Police use of Firearms and Less Lethal Weapons
68:
56:
40:
29:
1941:
Scotland.police.uk. Armed policing quarterly report q1 2021-22.
1929:
Gov.uk. Police use of firearm statistics April 2020-March 2021.
532:
148:
AFOs can be up-skilled with additional qualifications, such as
614:
610:
167:
50:
291:
of police forces organise CTSFOs into teams to establish a
1479:
Stop! Armed police! : inside the Met's firearms unit
160:(CTSFO), alongside other specialities, including rifles.
1369:(Radio broadcast). File on 4. BBC Radio 4. 17 May 2016
483:, nuclear sites, on protection duties and deployed in
302:
who maintain CTSFO teams was established known as the
1267:"More firearms officers ready to protect the public"
1528:
1526:
1103:
Armed Police: The Police Use of Firearms Since 1945
1389:"Minutes of the ACPO Armed Policing Working Group"
1305:Police & Crime Commissioner Greater Manchester
1298:"Firearms Training - Commissioner Briefing Paper"
1215:"By the book: how force trains its firearms unit"
36:wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton
1676:"Ministry of Defence Police and Guarding Agency"
1422:
1420:
420:in various police forces throughout the UK, in
102:who is authorised and trained to carry and use
1292:
1290:
1288:
1158:Met Police To Double Armed Officers On Patrol
269:counter terrorist specialist firearms officer
263:Counter terrorist specialist firearms officer
158:Counter Terrorist Specialist Firearms Officer
18:Counter Terrorist Specialist Firearms Officer
8:
1892:Manual of Guidance on Police Use of Firearms
1870:Manual of Guidance on Police Use of Firearms
1848:Manual of Guidance on Police Use of Firearms
1826:Manual of Guidance on Police Use of Firearms
1804:Manual of Guidance on Police Use of Firearms
1757:Manual of Guidance on Police Use of Firearms
1735:Manual of Guidance on Police Use of Firearms
1713:Manual of Guidance on Police Use of Firearms
1691:Manual of Guidance on Police Use of Firearms
1585:
1583:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1089:Police use of firearms in the United Kingdom
547:Number of firearms officers per police force
466:Manual of Guidance on Police Use of Firearms
442:Police use of firearms in the United Kingdom
1534:"Strategic Policing and Crime Board Report"
1325:
1323:
1321:
27:British police officer armed with a firearm
1261:
1259:
1257:
619:
128:Belfast International Airport Constabulary
214:Learn how and when to remove this message
1120:
1978:Police positions in the United Kingdom
1777:Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984
448:Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984
7:
196:adding citations to reliable sources
1200:"Authorised Firearms Officer (AFO)"
500:European Convention of Human Rights
436:Legal status of the use of firearms
404:Use of authorised firearms officers
1543:. 3 September 2013. Archived from
1448:"A Career Policing London's Skies"
586:Police Service of Northern Ireland
493:Police Service of Northern Ireland
112:Police Service of Northern Ireland
76:authorised firearms officers with
49:officer on duty in London with an
25:
1561:Magnay, Jacquelin (21 May 2012).
1337:(Press release). 18 November 2015
238:suspension from firearms duties.
1512:. 2 October 2012. Archived from
556:to a higher end of 2,469 in the
172:
82:UK general election in June 2017
1654:National Police Chiefs' Council
1396:National Police Chief's Council
1335:National Police Chiefs' Council
1307:. 1 August 2013. Archived from
1271:National Police Chiefs' Council
1154:White, Mark (13 January 2016).
521:Firearms currently used by AFOs
398:National Police Chiefs' Council
183:needs additional citations for
1510:Thames Valley Police Authority
1503:"Performance Review Committee"
1446:Drweiga, Andrew (March 2013).
1273:(Press release). 19 April 2017
150:Armed Response Vehicle Officer
1:
1656:(Press release). 25 July 2019
1213:Morris, Steven (2004-11-04).
332:United Kingdom Special Forces
1427:Vikram Dodd (29 June 2015).
1244:www.devon-cornwall.police.uk
626:Number of firearms officers
513:or on purpose). As with all
1957:Authorised firearms officer
712:Devon & Cornwall Police
479:or higher. When working at
414:Metropolitan Police Service
410:Diplomatic Protection Group
316:Specialist Firearms Officer
277:Metropolitan Police Service
253:specialist firearms officer
247:Specialist firearms officer
228:shooting of Stephen Waldorf
154:Specialist Firearms Officer
143:November 2015 Paris attacks
89:authorised firearms officer
63:Diplomatic Protection Group
1994:
1932:. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
1913:"Police Arms and Weaponry"
632:Avon & Somerset Police
602:Civil Nuclear Constabulary
598:Ministry of Defence Police
527:List of UK police firearms
524:
439:
430:Civil Nuclear Constabulary
426:Ministry of Defence Police
120:Civil Nuclear Constabulary
116:Ministry of Defence Police
47:Ministry of Defence Police
1101:Waldren, Michael (2007).
772:Greater Manchester Police
578:Greater Manchester Police
351:Greater Manchester Police
1944:Retrieved 12 April 2022.
1800:Common Law, as cited in
1072:British Transport Police
594:British Transport Police
141:officers. Following the
53:Personal Defence Weapon.
1481:. London: Robert Hale.
1477:Smith, Stephen (2013).
912:Northamptonshire Police
485:armed response vehicles
454:), policy (such as the
418:armed response vehicles
78:Heckler & Koch G36C
962:South Yorkshire Police
932:Nottinghamshire Police
902:North Yorkshire Police
762:Gloucestershire Police
424:, and officers of the
279:in the lead up to the
124:Belfast Harbour Police
84:
66:
54:
38:
1789:Criminal Law Act 1967
1052:West Yorkshire Police
842:Leicestershire Police
672:City of London Police
652:Cambridgeshire Police
574:West Yorkshire Police
491:. All members of the
452:Human Rights Act 1998
343:West Yorkshire Police
320:close quarters combat
287:on 27th of July. The
72:
60:
44:
33:
1541:West Midlands Police
1466:on 18 November 2015.
1042:West Midlands Police
1012:Thames Valley Police
972:Staffordshire Police
802:Hertfordshire Police
607:Heckler and Koch G36
570:Thames Valley Police
347:West Midlands Police
339:Thames Valley Police
293:police tactical unit
281:2012 Summer Olympics
192:improve this article
139:full-time equivalent
1962:Metropolitan Police
1022:Warwickshire Police
872:Metropolitan Police
852:Lincolnshire Police
642:Bedfordshire Police
558:Metropolitan Police
383:Murder of Lee Rigby
322:(CQC) training and
1899:2008-04-13 at the
1877:2008-04-13 at the
1855:2008-04-13 at the
1833:2008-04-13 at the
1811:2008-04-13 at the
1764:2008-04-13 at the
1742:2008-04-13 at the
1720:2008-04-13 at the
1698:2008-04-13 at the
1105:. Stroud: Sutton.
1032:West Mercia Police
952:South Wales Police
922:Northumbria Police
892:North Wales Police
742:Dyfed-Powys Police
554:North Wales Police
387:Operation Pegboard
355:Strathclyde Police
85:
74:North Wales Police
67:
55:
39:
1550:on 24 March 2017.
1314:on 23 March 2017.
1080:
1079:
862:Merseyside Police
832:Lancashire Police
812:Humberside Police
702:Derbyshire Police
224:
223:
216:
135:England and Wales
16:(Redirected from
1985:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1909:
1903:
1887:
1881:
1865:
1859:
1843:
1837:
1821:
1815:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1752:
1746:
1730:
1724:
1708:
1702:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1672:
1666:
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1640:
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1623:
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1599:
1587:
1578:
1577:
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1573:
1558:
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1538:
1530:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1507:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1462:. Archived from
1443:
1437:
1436:
1424:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1405:on 23 March 2017
1404:
1393:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1368:
1363:Police Firepower
1358:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1327:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1302:
1294:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1263:
1252:
1251:
1246:. Archived from
1236:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1196:
1190:
1189:Waldren, p. 222.
1187:
1181:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1134:
1125:
1116:
1062:Wiltshire Police
792:Hampshire Police
682:Cleveland Police
620:
422:airport policing
219:
212:
208:
205:
199:
176:
168:
21:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1968:
1967:
1953:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1928:
1924:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1901:Wayback Machine
1888:
1884:
1879:Wayback Machine
1866:
1862:
1857:Wayback Machine
1844:
1840:
1835:Wayback Machine
1822:
1818:
1813:Wayback Machine
1799:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1766:Wayback Machine
1753:
1749:
1744:Wayback Machine
1731:
1727:
1722:Wayback Machine
1709:
1705:
1700:Wayback Machine
1687:
1683:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1648:
1647:
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1620:
1610:
1608:
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1588:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1547:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1519:on 9 June 2015.
1516:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1445:
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1440:
1426:
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1212:
1211:
1207:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1180:Waldren, p. 94.
1179:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1113:
1100:
1097:
1085:
942:Police Scotland
662:Cheshire Police
566:Police Scotland
549:
541:chief constable
529:
523:
444:
438:
406:
367:
359:Police Scotland
312:
265:
249:
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220:
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189:
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28:
23:
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11:
5:
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1951:External links
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1634:) – via
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1469:
1452:Rotor and Wing
1438:
1416:
1380:
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1317:
1284:
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1250:on 2003-12-29.
1231:
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1128:Shaw, Daniel.
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982:Suffolk Police
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692:Cumbria Police
688:
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525:Main article:
522:
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437:
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1690:
1684:
1670:
1658:. Retrieved
1653:
1644:
1621:
1609:. Retrieved
1593:
1570:. Retrieved
1566:
1556:
1545:the original
1540:
1514:the original
1509:
1497:
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1472:
1464:the original
1451:
1441:
1433:The Guardian
1432:
1407:. Retrieved
1400:the original
1395:
1383:
1371:. Retrieved
1362:
1339:. Retrieved
1334:
1309:the original
1304:
1275:. Retrieved
1270:
1248:the original
1243:
1234:
1223:. Retrieved
1219:The Guardian
1218:
1208:
1194:
1185:
1176:
1164:. Retrieved
1157:
1149:
1137:. Retrieved
1123:
1102:
782:Gwent Police
752:Essex Police
623:Police force
563:
550:
530:
515:use of force
507:accidentally
504:
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474:
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272:
268:
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232:
225:
210:
201:
190:Please help
185:verification
182:
147:
132:
92:
88:
86:
1660:26 February
1611:24 February
822:Kent Police
537:Home Office
511:negligently
456:Home Office
394:Home Office
328:helicopters
324:fast-roping
156:(SFO), and
1606:1079869509
1225:2010-05-23
1166:13 January
1162:. Sky News
1095:References
600:, and the
576:with 227,
572:with 240,
568:with 530,
470:common law
374:including
1460:1066-8098
477:inspector
204:June 2014
1972:Category
1897:Archived
1875:Archived
1853:Archived
1831:Archived
1809:Archived
1762:Archived
1740:Archived
1718:Archived
1696:Archived
1572:23 March
1409:24 March
1221:. London
1083:See also
590:Glock 17
535:and the
489:sidearms
481:airports
461:and the
428:and the
376:Scotland
283:held in
164:Training
152:(ARVO),
126:and the
104:firearms
1850:, 5.6.1
1828:, 2.3.7
1806:, 2.3.4
1759:, 3.8.5
1715:, 3.6.6
1693:, 3.2.1
1636:Twitter
1139:20 July
412:of the
310:History
100:officer
95:) is a
1604:
1485:
1458:
1373:28 May
1341:27 May
1277:27 May
1109:
876:2,469
596:, the
468:) and
372:London
285:London
118:, the
114:, the
1872:3.2.4
1737:, 3.8
1632:Tweet
1598:(PDF)
1548:(PDF)
1537:(PDF)
1517:(PDF)
1506:(PDF)
1403:(PDF)
1392:(PDF)
1367:(PDF)
1312:(PDF)
1301:(PDF)
1133:(PDF)
357:(now
326:from
273:CTSFO
242:Types
1662:2020
1613:2020
1602:OCLC
1574:2017
1483:ISBN
1456:ISSN
1411:2017
1375:2017
1343:2017
1279:2017
1168:2016
1141:2021
1107:ISBN
1076:171
1056:227
1046:221
1036:125
1016:240
1006:147
966:123
946:530
926:120
886:157
866:124
836:100
826:109
776:225
756:165
716:142
636:112
613:and
533:ACPO
463:ACPO
450:and
353:and
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1026:42
996:84
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906:69
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696:81
686:71
676:86
666:51
656:43
646:61
615:MP5
611:MP7
385:in
257:SFO
194:by
93:AFO
87:An
51:MP7
1974::
1959:-
1915:.
1652:.
1582:^
1565:.
1539:.
1525:^
1508:.
1450:.
1431:.
1419:^
1394:.
1351:^
1333:.
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271:(
255:(
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211:(
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202:(
188:.
91:(
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20:)
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