642:, or reverse gilded glass, are applied to contemporary uses including countertops, backsplashes, and tabletops. Glass work may be customized to suit by craftsmen in the studio, then installed on site either in small components (such as a kitchen countertop composed of three rectangles of verre églomisé) or as immense, single units (for example, a glass countertop and sink basin formed of one continuous piece of textured glass). Surface texture comes in several variations, such as sanded, melted, pixels, and linear. Glass countertops also often have customized edges, including: bushed polished, textured, and fire polished edges. The glass is non-porous, relatively stain-proof, extremely hygienic, and "extremely heat resistant (up to 700 degrees)." Much work is being done to "recycle" glass using sources such as post consumer glass or post industrial float glass. The material can be crushed or cut into strips that is heated until the softening point of glass, binding the loose material back into a solid form.
501:
inspection, or the stone slabs may be selected by experienced inspectors. Emerging technology allows for virtual stone placement on a computer. Exact photographs can now be taken which allow for the integration of a dxf file to lay on top of a stone image. Multiple slabs of material may be used in this layout process. Then the countertop assembly is installed on the job site by professionals. Commonly, initial countertop fabrication takes place at or near the quarry of origin, with blocks being sawn to thickness and then machined into standard widths (600mm and upwards), before being surface polished and edged. This method removes the need to ship waste material, and reduces the time needed to prepare client orders. This practice is called "cut to size" A wide range of details may be pre-machined by the fabricator, allowing for installation of different
163:(890–910 mm), with a material thickness depending on that chosen. They may include an integrated or applied backsplash (UK: upstand) to prevent spills and objects from falling behind the cabinets. Kitchen countertops may also be installed on freestanding islands, dining areas or bars, desk and table tops, and other specialized task areas; as before, they may incorporate cantilevers, freespans and overhangs depending on application. The horizontal surface and vertical edges of the countertop can be decorated in manners ranging from plain to very elaborate. They are often conformed to accommodate the installation of
830:
mold. These molds can ultimately produce bathtubs, whirlpool decks, shower pans, window sills, and even vanity tops. The finished material is significantly less expensive than natural marble and four times stronger than natural stones such as granite or marble. The process of using a mold also allows the fabricated countertops to have features such as different surface textures and a vast array of colors which natural stone can not. Cultured marble countertops are aesthetically pleasing and a more economical and durable alternative to real stone marble.
721:
discoloration from foods and household products among common household surfaces, the second most stain resistant being granite. Countertops are custom made and more scratch resistant as well as less porous than natural quartz surfaces, and don't need to be sealed like other stone surfaces. Due to the presence of the resins, quartz counters are less prone to staining. Thicknesses may be 6mm, 1.2 cm (1/2 inch), 2 cm (3/4 inch), 3 cm (1¼ inch) or 4 cm (1½ inch).
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548:"Post-formed" (or literally "formed after being laminated" to the substrate) high pressure laminate countertop, often referred to as "plastic laminate countertop" is a material made more of wood product than plastic. The composition is of kraft paper, decorative papers, and melamine resins, bonded through high heat and pressure. This product is sometimes referred to as
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countertop. The disadvantage is that the sinks do not have the same impact resistance of stainless or cast iron and may differentially expand and contract with extreme temperature change (as might be caused by a pot of hot water dumped into the sink). In a similar fashion, with stainless steel, a sink may be
1018:
Solid-surface plastic materials allow a third option: sinks made of the same plastic material as the countertop can easily be glued to the underside of the countertop material and the joint sanded flat, creating the usual invisible joint and eliminating any dirt-catching seam between the sink and the
919:
Many predesigned, prefabricated units (including sinks, drainboards, and other accessories) are available in stainless steel. These may be used "stand-alone" or integrated into larger custom assemblies. Some stainless steel systems stand on integrated legs and do not require the support of cabinetry.
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Cultured marble countertops are man made vanity tops that have the appearance of and resemble real stone marble. Cultured marble countertops are made by mixing high strength polyester resin and real marble stone dust. The combination is then formulated with additional chemicals and poured into a cast
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slabs (e.g. granite) are shaped using cutting and finishing equipment in the shop of the fabricator. The edges are commonly put on by hand-held routers, grinders, or CNC equipment. If the stone has a highly variegated pattern, the stone may be laid out in final position in the shop for the customer's
559:
The postform countertop is typically a high volume factory-produced product, which accounts for the economy of the product. The material composition consists of a single thin sheet of laminate (typically .030" - .040" in thickness) that gets bonded to a 45# density particle board substrate (or other
529:
Although the use of wooden work surfaces is prohibited in commercial food production areas in the EU, and the US Department of
Agriculture advises against the use of wooden chopping boards, research by the Food Research Institute at the University of Wisconsin has shown that wooden work surfaces are
246:
are advised and expected to be stored away in the provided spaces or inside the drawer. The laboratory countertops' styles and variations may differ according to where they are (geographical location) and what labs they are being used for. They are also often made of different materials depending on
609:
Overall, the postform countertop is the most economical countertop on the market, and has the broadest selection of surface material to choose from. Surfaces can be either a solid color, or a pattern, and textures range from a satin furniture finish to a heavily textured stone or pebbled appearance
505:
and cooker designs. A common drawback to natural stone is the need for sealing to prevent harboring of bacteria and/or fluids that may cause staining. In recent years oleophobic impregnators have been introduced as an alternative to surface sealers. With the advent of impregnators the frequency of
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Stainless steel, stone, terrazzo, bamboo, and other materials are usually prefabricated and assembled on site as well. The difficulty of prefabrication rises with the more exotic materials. As with solid-surface synthetic materials, the edge treatments can vary widely, but the material is usually
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Once manufactured the tops need only to be cut to length, mitered, fitted for assembly, and end capped (only if it is a visible finished end). A very specific machine for cutting the postform countertop is manufactured by only a few companies, it is commonly called a
Cutting Station, Top Saw, or
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They have shown that while bacteria do get absorbed by the wood, they do not multiply and eventually die. While brand new plastic work surfaces are indeed easy to disinfect, once they have become heavily knife scarred they are nearly impossible to completely disinfect. This is not a problem with
274:
Countertops can be made from a wide range of materials and the cost of the completed countertop can vary widely depending on the material chosen. The durability and ease of use of the material often rises with the increasing cost of the material but some costly materials are neither particularly
158:, countertops are typically about 25–26 inches (640–660 millimetres) from front to back and are designed with a slight overhang on the front (leading) edge. This allows for a convenient reach to objects at the back of the countertop while protecting the base cabinet faces. It can also act as
1010:
Most materials also allow the installation of a "bottom-mount" or "under-mount" sink. With these, the edge of the countertop material is exposed at the hole created for the sink (and so must be a carefully finished edge rather than a rough cut; this cut is generally done at the fabricator's
755:, drainboards, and decorative embedments are design options which may be incorporated. Due to its site-specific and generally handmade nature, concrete countertops are often produced by small shops and individual artisans although there are several large-scale manufacturers of gauged slabs.
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quartz surfacing is made from a mixture of ground quartz and resins. Testing has shown that they retain much of the toughness of quartz but display increased ductility due to the resin, improving impact resistance. Tests also have shown that this countertop surface is the most resistant to
162:
that may not have been provided at the floor, allowing a person to stand closer to the countertop, improving ergonomics. In the UK the standard width is 600 mm (approximately 24 inches). Finished heights from the floor will vary depending on usage but typically will be 35–36 in
110:
height for the user and the particular task for which it is designed. A countertop may be constructed of various materials with different attributes of functionality, durability and aesthetics, and may have built-in appliances, or accessory items relative to the intended application.
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to joined planks to single wide stave. Wood is considered to be the most eco-friendly option when it comes to choosing a kitchen countertop as wood is a renewable resource. Wood countertops must be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected after contact with foods such as raw meat.
1015:-based sealants are typically used to assure a waterproof joint between the sink and the countertop material. The advantage of an "under-mount" sink is that it gives a contemporary look to the kitchen but the disadvantages are extra cost in both the sink and the counter top.
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similar base material such as MDF - medium density fiberboard, or plywood), with a PVA adhesive (poly vinyl acetate - a water-based adhesive). Traditionally postform countertops were manufactured with a solvent-based contact cement (a highly flammable,
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or other cutter appropriate to the material at hand and are suspended by their rim. The rim forms a close fit, reinforced with a sealant, on the top surface of the countertop, especially when the sink is clamped into the hole from below.
646:
606:. This machine accurately cuts the countertop to field dimensions, making it easy for the installer to make the final scribe cuts on-site to complete the work. Sink cut outs can be made either in the field or at the installers shop.
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may also include detached and/or varied countertop surfaces mounted on discrete base support structures. Primary considerations of material choice and conformation are durability, functionality, hygienics, appearance, and cost.
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to a high gloss resolution. Because of this diversity, the postform countertop can satisfy a wide variety of design applications, and due to its economy, it can be easily replaced to provide a fresh appearance in any room.
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The
Postforming Machine, that not only heats and forms the laminate around the substrate, but also cuts away the backsplash (when the top is to be used against a wall) from the main deck, all in a feed-through motion
736:, places, and then finishes the material in situ), custom precast (in which the fabricator creates site templates, duplicates the pattern in a production facility offsite, and installs the finished product atop the
594:
The AutoCove
Machine, which heats and forms the backsplash upward 90 degrees, locking it into place with what is referred to as a cove stick, utilizing hot melt adhesive technology to hold it all together.
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Self or wood edge plastic laminate countertops are also very popular for those who chose to have few or no surface seams. In this style, the top shop uses substrate for the countertop out of MDF, or
254:
because they are lightweight, strong, chemical and moisture resistant. It can handle heat exposure up to 350 °F (177 °C), beyond this temperature Epoxy Resin is used. Phenolic Resin and
747:
Concrete, especially precast, lends itself to a high degree of customization due to the phase-change nature of its creation, filling a specific form with a fluid material which hardens (through
564:- VOC). However, in today's marketplace PVA adhesives have taken over for reasons of environmental responsibility (no VOC's), safety (non-combustible), economy, and strength of the glue line.
118:
is generally reserved for a surface of this type that forms a boundary between a space for public access and a space for workers to carry out service tasks. In other contexts, the term
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fabricated from paper and resin laminated under heat and pressure to form a solid, dense material have been used as countertops in residences and science labs since the 1950s.
191:
Laboratory countertops are countertops used specifically in science fields for educational labs or research purposes. They can be used to place equipments, tools, projects and
695:, leaving almost no visible trace of the joint. The edge treatment for solid-surface countertops can be very elaborate. The material itself is usually only about 12 mm (
630:. This method can't reproduce the curved contours of post-formed countertopping but can be made to easily conform to a much-wider range of floor plans with fewer seams.
705: in) thick so an edge is usually created by stacking up two or three layers of the material. The built-up edge then can be shaped to a rounded edge or an
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The final stage of the system usually consists of a trim saw that cuts the countertops to rough lengths, typically 8', 10' and 12', ready for distribution.
1002:
In any of these styles, "self-rimming" sinks can be used. They are mounted in templated holes cut in the countertop (or substrate material) using a
732:
may be utilized as a surfacing material in one of several forms: cast-in-place (in which the fabricator creates forms atop the previously installed
691:
materials are usually prefabricated at the installer's shop and then assembled on site. The material is readily glued and the glue joints are then
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are both functionally equivalent, but differ in their heat handling abilities. Other materials to build laboratory countertops may include
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227:, and water-, moisture- or chemical resistant. Depending on the objectives of a lab, they may additionally be required to be resistant to
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the tile gaps after they have been cemented down. The tiles that sit on the wall typically behind a countertop are called a
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that can be used to store materials that might get in the way while conducting an experiment. Materials such as lab
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covered with a more-or-less continuous countertop work surface. The "unfitted" kitchen design style exemplified by
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751:) to a durable cast stone. Color choices, edge styles, three-dimensional sculpting, and integral features such as
574:
The CorFab
Machine, an automated feed-through machine that cuts to size, cuts and bonds build down sticks with a
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workshop). The sink is then mounted to the bottom of the material from below. Especially for under-mount sinks,
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chemicals are being used. The purpose of the countertop would be different depending on whether it is used in a
556:, but these are trade names of a manufactured high pressure laminate, of which there are many manufacturers.
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Custom architectural crafted glass, tempered glass, textured glass pieces, and the ancient art of
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thicker so there is often no need to build up the edge with multiple layers of the material.
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An automated laminating system that applies the adhesive to both the substrate and laminate.
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Natural stone is one of the most commonly used materials in countertops. Natural stone or
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lab. Common characteristics of preferred laboratory countertops are ones that are strong,
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to the under side of the substrate, and shapes the edge detail, all in a single motion.
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195:. Characteristics of laboratory countertops are generally determined according to what
30:
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138:, developed in the early 20th century, is typically an arrangement of assembled unit
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An indexing unit that aligns the laminate to the substrate with the proper overhang.
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is 99.9% solid @ 93% aggregate / 7% polyester resin (by weight), colors and binders
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82:) is a raised, firm, flat, and horizontal surface. They are built for work in
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An automated infeed system for sequencing the particle board into production.
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sealing has been cut down to once every five to ten years on most materials.
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wooden work surfaces where the number of knife cuts made little difference.
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durable nor user-friendly. Some common countertop materials are as follows:
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Casey, Sean; Johnson, Mark; Hauger, Tyler; Mitchell, D.B (January 2006).
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A Pinch Roller that makes the bond between the laminate and substrate.
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Recycled Glass surface either with concrete or polyester resin binders
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in general. The surface is frequently installed upon and supported by
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no more dangerous, and in some cases safer than plastic alternatives.
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1109:"Which type of kitchen countertop is most resistant to staining?".
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740:), and the machining of pre-manufactured gauged slabs (similar to
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Wooden countertops can come in a variety of designs ranging from
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and then glue sheets of laminate to the substrate using
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A modern, granite bathroom countertop with sinks, USA
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The most common and durable type of material used is
1115:. Vol. 88, no. 8. July 2023. p. 10.
1174:"Integral sink and vanity top or similar article"
649:Ribbons of colored glass fused into a solid slab
709:. Fancier edge treatments are more expensive.
409:Post-formed high-pressure decorative laminates
234:Many laboratory countertops are equipped with
412:Self-edged high-pressure decorative laminates
8:
1027:to create a finished, concealed appearance.
665:or wall tiles through the use of mortar and
567:A typical system consists of the following:
114:In Australian and British English, the term
970:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
883:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
797:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
990:Learn how and when to remove this message
903:Learn how and when to remove this message
817:Learn how and when to remove this message
154:on standard (U.S) wall-mounted base unit
1078:"Kitchen Cabinets: What's Hot Right Now"
465:Post-consumer glass suspended in a resin
1036:
1023:into the countertop; the joint is then
626:. The laminate is then trimmed using a
169:stoves (cookers), ranges, and cooktops
7:
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1102:
968:adding citations to reliable sources
881:adding citations to reliable sources
795:adding citations to reliable sources
462:Natural stone suspended in a resin
25:
1127:The Qualities of Quartz Surfacing
1046:"Laboratory Countertops Analysis"
940:
853:
767:
134:The common fitted Western-style
614:Self edge or wood edge laminate
492:Kitchen stone countertops, USA
1:
1154:. Portland Cement Association
187:A lab countertop with drawers
1133:and Brenda Little, CSI, JD,
544:Post-formed plastic laminate
242:, pencils, extra papers and
34:A stainless steel countertop
713:Engineered quartz surfacing
126:, or “sink table” is used.
1215:
1139:The Construction Specifier
562:volatile organic compound
518:Butcher block counter top
398:Compressed paper or fiber
459:Cast-in-place materials
677:Solid surface materials
538:High-pressure laminates
405:High-pressure laminates
377:Manufactured materials
27:Horizontal work surface
1152:"Concrete Countertops"
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839:Paper composite panels
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231:or high temperatures.
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179:Laboratory countertops
35:
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33:
964:improve this section
877:improve this section
791:improve this section
150:When installed in a
130:Kitchen countertops
106:, positioned at an
72:New Zealand English
1194:Building materials
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924:Sink installation
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16:(Redirected from
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1112:Consumer Reports
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1084:. Archived from
1082:The Sexy Kitchen
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88:food preparation
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1058:on 4 March 2017
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401:Cultured marble
393:Processed slabs
353:Stainless steel
279:Natural stones
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893:December 2015
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807:December 2015
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256:Epoxy Resin
144:Johnny Grey
44:counter top
18:Counter top
1188:Categories
1092:2008-02-19
1031:References
671:backsplash
323:Travertine
160:kick space
96:lavatories
68:Australian
40:countertop
1199:Furniture
951:does not
864:does not
778:does not
738:cabinetry
734:cabinetry
689:polyester
604:Miter Saw
442:polyester
437:materials
368:Aluminium
313:Quartzite
298:Soapstone
288:Limestone
270:Materials
240:notebooks
205:chemistry
201:corrosive
193:chemicals
140:cabinetry
108:ergonomic
100:workrooms
92:bathrooms
86:or other
1013:silicone
730:Concrete
725:Concrete
667:grouting
591:machine.
554:Arborite
450:Terrazzo
381:Concrete
343:Softwood
338:Hardwood
197:reagents
156:cabinets
124:benchtop
104:cabinets
84:kitchens
52:benchtop
1158:6 April
1135:LEED AP
1062:4 March
972:removed
957:sources
885:removed
870:sources
799:removed
784:sources
700:⁄
685:acrylic
602:simply
550:Formica
445:acrylic
435:plastic
432:acrylic
389:Precast
349:Metals
283:Granite
244:folders
236:drawers
225:durable
221:biology
209:physics
152:kitchen
136:kitchen
116:counter
90:areas,
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1025:ground
1021:welded
1004:jigsaw
693:sanded
628:router
418:Quartz
358:Copper
328:Quartz
303:Gabbro
293:Marble
98:, and
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753:sinks
503:sinks
471:Epoxy
334:Wood
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229:acids
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207:lab,
165:sinks
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1160:2012
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955:any
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