1349:
2342:
1339:
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mirror array replaces the tentative bomb in
Elitzur and Vaidman's device (actually a Mach–Zehnder interferometer). One time in four a photon will exit the device in such a way as to indicate that the maze is not navigable, even though the photon never passed through the mirror array. The mirror array itself is set up in such a way that it is defined by an
146:
and
Richard Jozsa, and inspired by the idea of the (1993) Elitzur-Vaidman bomb tester, Keith Bowden (Birkbeck College) published a paper describing a digital computer that could be counterfactually interrogated to calculate whether a photon would fail to pass through a maze of mirrors. This so-called
167:
In 2015, counterfactual quantum computation was demonstrated in the experimental context of "spins of a negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy color center in a diamond". Previously suspected limits of efficiency were exceeded, achieving counterfactual computational efficiency of 85% with the higher
159:-squared bit in, 1 bit out digital computer which calculates mazes and can be run counterfactually. Although the overall device is clearly a quantum computer, the part which is counterfactually tested is semi classical.
129:
of measurement outcomes is a counterfactual outcome if (iv) there are no terms left with the computer-running label in their history labels, and (v) there is only a single possible computer output associated to
120:
A refined definition of counterfactual computation expressed in procedures and conditions is: (i) Identify and label all histories (quantum paths), with as many labels as needed, which lead to the same set
62:
published a paper in 1997 describing a digital computer that could be counterfactually interrogated to calculate whether a light beam would fail to pass through a maze as an example of this idea.
125:
of measurement outcomes, and (ii) coherently superpose all possible histories. (iii) After cancelling the terms (if any) whose complex amplitudes together add to zero, the set
89:. After many repetitions of very rapid projective measurements, the "not running" state evolves to a final value imprinted into the properties of the quantum computer.
538:
500:
1230:
1385:
1131:
792:
693:
1018:
2095:
2067:
385:
Hosten, Onur; Rakher, Matthew T.; Barreiro, Julio T.; Peters, Nicholas A.; Kwiat, Paul (Jun 26, 2006). "Counterfactual computation revisited".
2120:
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and that history contains only "off" (non-running) states, and there is only a single possible computational output associated to
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1466:
1168:
90:
253:
Bowden, Keith G, "Classical
Computation can be Counterfactual", in Aspects I, Proc ANPA19, Cambridge 1997 (published May 1999),
74:
44:
1753:
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891:
871:
86:
2006:
670:
73:
The quantum computer may be physically implemented in arbitrary ways but, to date, the common apparatus considered features a
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Kong, Fei; Ju, Chenyong; Huang, Pu; Wang, Pengfei; Kong, Xi; Shi, Fazhan; Jiang, Liang; Du, Jiangfeng (August 21, 2015).
2267:
1855:
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486:
48:
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1220:
565:
509:
40:
665:
155:
matrix of bits. The output (fail or otherwise) is itself defined by a single bit. Thus the mirror array itself is an
39:
introduced the notion of counterfactual computing as an application of quantum computing, founded on the concepts of
299:
Liu Y, et al. (2012) "Experimental demonstration of counterfactual quantum communication". Phys Rev Lett 109:030501
2327:
1976:
1092:
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861:
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2272:
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More recently the idea of counterfactual quantum communication has been proposed and demonstrated.
364:
Mitchison, Graeme; Jozsa, Richard (February 1, 2008). "The limits of counterfactual computation".
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2014:
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of measurement outcomes is a counterfactual outcome if there is only one history associated to
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313:(December 14, 2005). "Counterfactual quantum computation through quantum interrogation".
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even though the result was derived from the non-running state of the quantum computer.
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The original formulation of counterfactual quantum computation stated that a set
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1112:
650:
93:
that value allows for learning the result of some types of computations such as
19:
is a method of inferring the result of a computation without actually running a
188:
Mitchison, Graeme; Jozsa, Richard (May 8, 2001). "Counterfactual computation".
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Hosten, Onur; Rakher, Matthew T.; Barreiro, Julio T.; Peters, Nicholas A.;
229:
1873:
1287:
1263:
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1087:
457:"Quantum computer that 'computes without running' sets efficiency record"
391:
370:
202:
408:"Experimental Realization of High-Efficiency Counterfactual Computation"
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1314:
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47:
thought experiment, and making theoretical use of the phenomenon of
1363:
290:(Original version of "Classical Computation can be Counterfactual")
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54:
After seeing a talk on counterfactual computation by Jozsa at the
1309:
782:
715:
1367:
482:
926:
911:
81:
of "not running" and "running" states by means such as the
58:, Keith Bowden of the Theoretical Physics Research Unit at
23:
otherwise capable of actively performing that computation.
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2005:
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1002:
940:
900:
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753:
679:
588:
516:
275:"Can Schrodinger's Cat Collapse the Wavefunction?"
183:
181:
1403:Note: This template roughly follows the 2012
1379:
494:
8:
190:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A
1386:
1372:
1364:
1146:
750:
501:
487:
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201:
1019:Continuous-variable quantum information
177:
2096:Knowledge representation and reasoning
60:Birkbeck College, University of London
2121:Philosophy of artificial intelligence
7:
1447:Energy consumption (Green computing)
2126:Distributed artificial intelligence
1405:ACM Computing Classification System
77:. The quantum computer is set in a
1638:Integrated development environment
168:efficiency foreseen in principle.
17:Counterfactual quantum computation
14:
2106:Automated planning and scheduling
1643:Software configuration management
2360:
2350:
2341:
2340:
1348:
1347:
1338:
1337:
142:In 1997, after discussions with
43:, on a re-interpretation of the
2351:
1754:Computational complexity theory
1545:Network performance evaluation
433:10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.080501
1:
1909:Multimedia information system
1894:Geographic information system
1884:Enterprise information system
1480:Computer systems organization
1014:Adiabatic quantum computation
2268:Computational social science
1856:Theoretical computer science
1676:Software development process
1452:Electronic design automation
1437:Very Large Scale Integration
1065:Topological quantum computer
463:. Omicron Technology Limited
273:Bowden, Keith (1997-03-15).
85:. Those state histories are
49:interaction-free measurement
2387:Quantum information science
2091:Natural language processing
1879:Information storage systems
1343:Quantum information science
510:Quantum information science
75:Mach–Zehnder interferometer
45:Elitzur–Vaidman bomb tester
41:counterfactual definiteness
2403:
2007:Human–computer interaction
1977:Intrusion detection system
1889:Social information systems
1874:Database management system
738:quantum gate teleportation
163:Experimental demonstration
2336:
2273:Computational engineering
2248:Computational mathematics
1401:
1333:
867:Quantum Fourier transform
763:Post-quantum cryptography
706:Entanglement distillation
2283:Computational healthcare
2278:Differentiable computing
2197:Graphics processing unit
1623:Domain-specific language
1492:Computational complexity
1353:Quantum mechanics topics
1048:Quantum machine learning
1024:One-way quantum computer
877:Quantum phase estimation
778:Quantum key distribution
711:Monogamy of entanglement
2258:Computational chemistry
2192:Photograph manipulation
2083:Artificial intelligence
1899:Decision support system
960:Randomized benchmarking
822:Amplitude amplification
412:Physical Review Letters
2323:Educational technology
2154:Reinforcement learning
1904:Process control system
1802:Computational geometry
1792:Algorithmic efficiency
1787:Analysis of algorithms
1442:Systems on Chip (SoCs)
1060:Quantum Turing machine
1053:quantum neural network
800:Quantum secret sharing
230:10.1098/rspa.2000.0714
56:Isaac Newton Institute
2293:Electronic publishing
2263:Computational biology
2253:Computational physics
2149:Unsupervised learning
2063:Distributed computing
1939:Information retrieval
1846:Mathematical analysis
1836:Mathematical software
1726:Theory of computation
1691:Software construction
1681:Requirements analysis
1559:Software organization
1487:Computer architecture
1457:Hardware acceleration
1422:Printed circuit board
1132:Entanglement-assisted
1093:quantum convolutional
768:Quantum coin flipping
733:Quantum teleportation
694:entanglement-assisted
524:DiVincenzo's criteria
69:Outline of the method
2053:Concurrent computing
2025:Ubiquitous computing
1997:Application security
1992:Information security
1821:Discrete mathematics
1797:Randomized algorithm
1749:Computability theory
1734:Model of computation
1706:Software maintenance
1701:Software engineering
1663:Software development
1613:Programming language
1608:Programming paradigm
1525:Network architecture
943:processor benchmarks
872:Quantum optimization
755:Quantum cryptography
566:physical vs. logical
2328:Document management
2318:Operations research
2243:Enterprise software
2159:Multi-task learning
2144:Supervised learning
1866:Information systems
1696:Software deployment
1653:Software repository
1507:Real-time computing
656:Quantum speed limit
551:Quantum programming
546:Quantum information
424:2015PhRvL.115h0501K
335:10.1038/nature04523
327:2006Natur.439..949H
212:2001RSPSA.457.1175M
196:(2009): 1175–1193.
83:quantum Zeno effect
2111:Search methodology
2058:Parallel computing
2015:Interaction design
1924:Computing platform
1851:Numerical analysis
1841:Information theory
1633:Software framework
1596:Software notations
1535:Network components
1432:Integrated circuit
1305:Forest/Rigetti QCS
1041:quantum logic gate
827:Bernstein–Vazirani
814:Quantum algorithms
689:Classical capacity
573:Quantum processors
556:Quantum simulation
95:Grover's algorithm
87:quantum interfered
2374:
2373:
2303:Electronic voting
2233:Quantum Computing
2226:Applied computing
2212:Image compression
1982:Hardware security
1972:Security services
1929:Digital marketing
1716:Open-source model
1628:Modeling language
1540:Network scheduler
1361:
1360:
1272:
1271:
1169:Linear optical QC
950:Quantum supremacy
904:complexity theory
857:Quantum annealing
808:
807:
745:Superdense coding
534:Quantum computing
321:(7079): 949–952.
27:Conceptual origin
2394:
2364:
2363:
2354:
2353:
2344:
2343:
2164:Cross-validation
2136:Machine learning
2020:Social computing
1987:Network security
1782:Algorithm design
1711:Programming team
1671:Control variable
1648:Software library
1586:Software quality
1581:Operating system
1530:Network protocol
1395:Computer science
1388:
1381:
1374:
1365:
1351:
1350:
1341:
1340:
1147:
1077:error correction
1006:computing models
972:Relaxation times
862:Quantum counting
751:
699:quantum capacity
646:No-teleportation
631:No-communication
503:
496:
489:
480:
473:
472:
470:
468:
452:
446:
445:
435:
403:
397:
396:
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392:quant-ph/0607101
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371:quant-ph/0606092
361:
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306:
300:
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291:
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277:. Archived from
270:
261:
251:
242:
241:
223:
205:
203:quant-ph/9907007
185:
33:Graeme Mitchison
21:quantum computer
2402:
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2393:
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2391:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2370:
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2332:
2313:Word processing
2221:
2207:Virtual reality
2168:
2130:
2101:Computer vision
2077:
2073:Multiprocessing
2039:
2001:
1967:Security hacker
1943:
1919:Digital library
1860:
1811:Mathematics of
1806:
1768:
1744:Automata theory
1739:Formal language
1720:
1686:Software design
1657:
1590:
1576:Virtual machine
1554:
1550:Network service
1511:
1502:Embedded system
1475:
1408:
1397:
1392:
1362:
1357:
1329:
1279:
1268:
1241:Superconducting
1235:
1201:
1192:Neutral atom QC
1184:Ultracold atoms
1178:
1143:implementations
1142:
1136:
1076:
1069:
1036:Quantum circuit
1004:
998:
992:
982:
942:
936:
903:
896:
852:Hidden subgroup
804:
793:other protocols
749:
726:quantum network
721:Quantum channel
681:
675:
621:No-broadcasting
611:Gottesman–Knill
584:
512:
507:
477:
476:
466:
464:
454:
453:
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405:
404:
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308:
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221:10.1.1.251.9270
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140:
103:
71:
29:
12:
11:
5:
2400:
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2255:
2250:
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2222:
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2219:
2217:Solid modeling
2214:
2209:
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2178:
2176:
2170:
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2156:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2116:Control method
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2068:Multithreading
2065:
2060:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2041:
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2038:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1962:Formal methods
1959:
1953:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1934:World Wide Web
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
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1410:
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1345:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1325:many others...
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1234:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1212:
1210:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1197:Trapped-ion QC
1194:
1188:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1155:
1153:
1151:Quantum optics
1144:
1138:
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1129:
1128:
1127:
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1008:
1000:
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997:
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984:
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968:
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957:
955:Quantum volume
952:
946:
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938:
937:
935:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
908:
906:
898:
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889:
884:
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869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
832:Boson sampling
829:
824:
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809:
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805:
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802:
797:
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795:
790:
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685:
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668:
666:Solovay–Kitaev
663:
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498:
491:
483:
475:
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398:
377:
356:
311:Kwiat, Paul G.
301:
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262:
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176:
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139:
136:
102:
99:
70:
67:
28:
25:
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418:(8): 080501.
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281:on 2007-10-16
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79:superposition
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37:Richard Jozsa
34:
26:
24:
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18:
2298:Cyberwarfare
1957:Cryptography
1249:Charge qubit
1174:KLM protocol
1123:
987:
977:
671:Purification
601:Eastin–Knill
465:. Retrieved
460:
455:Zyga, Lisa.
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283:. Retrieved
279:the original
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138:Mirror array
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16:
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2308:Video games
2288:Digital art
2045:Concurrency
1914:Data mining
1826:Probability
1566:Interpreter
1280:programming
1259:Phase qubit
1164:Circuit QED
636:No-deleting
578:cloud-based
467:6 September
31:Physicists
2366:Glossaries
2238:E-commerce
1831:Statistics
1774:Algorithms
1571:Middleware
1427:Peripheral
1320:libquantum
1254:Flux qubit
1159:Cavity QED
1108:Bacon–Shor
1098:stabilizer
626:No-cloning
285:2007-12-08
172:References
101:Definition
2187:Rendering
2182:Animation
1813:computing
1764:Semantics
1462:Processor
1226:NV center
661:Threshold
641:No-hiding
606:Gleason's
216:CiteSeerX
91:Measuring
2381:Category
2346:Category
2174:Graphics
1949:Security
1618:Compiler
1517:Networks
1414:Hardware
1288:OpenQASM
1264:Transmon
1141:Physical
941:Quantum
842:Grover's
616:Holevo's
589:Theorems
539:timeline
529:NISQ era
461:Phys.org
442:26340170
343:16495993
238:16208575
2356:Outline
1278:Quantum
1216:Kane QC
1075:Quantum
1003:Quantum
932:PostBQP
902:Quantum
887:Simon's
680:Quantum
517:General
420:Bibcode
351:3042464
323:Bibcode
208:Bibcode
1296:IBM QX
1292:Qiskit
1231:NMR QC
1209:-based
1113:Steane
1084:Codes
882:Shor's
788:SARG04
596:Bell's
440:
349:
341:
315:Nature
257:
236:
218:
1759:Logic
1600:tools
1118:Toric
561:Qubit
387:arXiv
366:arXiv
347:S2CID
234:S2CID
198:arXiv
1598:and
1471:Form
1467:Size
1310:Cirq
1301:Quil
1207:Spin
1103:Shor
783:BB84
716:LOCC
469:2015
438:PMID
339:PMID
255:ISBN
35:and
1124:gnu
1088:CSS
965:XEB
927:QMA
922:QIP
917:EQP
912:BQP
892:VQE
847:HHL
651:PBR
428:doi
416:115
331:doi
319:439
226:doi
194:457
151:by
2383::
1469:/
1315:Q#
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265:^
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180:^
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1407:.
1387:e
1380:t
1373:v
1303:–
1294:–
1290:–
991:2
988:T
981:1
978:T
502:e
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157:n
153:n
149:n
132:m
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111:m
107:m
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