949:
1869:
96:
500:
963:
1963:
1333:
82:
262:
1311:
Zweibrücken had a more prominent position than his colleagues. The parish churches of the individual districts convened regularly; sometimes all clergy in the duchy convened in a national synod. There was no institutionalized national church council; initially, this function was exercised by the secular cabinet college, assisted by the superintendent of Zweibrücken. In the 18th century, however, a national church council was created; its membership consisting of secular councillors.
1213:
276:
1361:
2634:
301:
2622:
868:
and half of the
Lordship of Guttenberg from the Palatinate under the Treaty of Heidelberg; this more than doubled his territory. In 1558, he dissolved Hornbach Abbey and took its territory and half the County of Molsheim. In 1559, the Electoral line died out and Wolfgang inherited a share in the
1310:
or an inspector. Priests were state officials and were regularly visited by a commission consisting of the district superintendent, the secular bailiff and a representative of the central administration in Zweibrücken. There was no bishop or church president, although the superintendent of
1129:
in 1815, some parts of the former County
Palatine were returned to Maximilian Joseph, now King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria, together with parts of the former Electorate and territories formerly owned by different families. Maximilian Joseph merged these left-bank territories to form the
1205:
were possible from about 1680. Important statutes were the Court
Judicial Order of 1605, the Lower Court Order of 1657, and later the Criminal Procedure of 1724, and Marriage and Guardianship Regulations. In areas where no state law was available, imperial law applied.
1348:, in second and third the Bavarian silver and blue "bendy lozengy" pattern, and overall a silver shield with a crowned blue lion for Zweibrücken itself. The sinister side was quarterly of six (in two rows of three), combining the lion of Jülich, the
1061:. In 1776, the "Hinder" County of Sponheim was divided between Zweibrücken and Baden, with Zweibrücken receiving Kastellaun, Traben-Trarbach with Starkenburg and Allenbach, and Baden receiving Birkenfeld, Frauenburg and Herrstein.
1179:; in whose meetings the Duke participated. The treasury was responsible for finance, mining and forestry. There was no separation between the judiciary and the administration. Justice was meted out by officials with the rank of
808:
to rule the duchy jointly. However, Alexander declared his older brother mentally ill, locked him up and ruled the duchy alone. Alexander also waged war on the
Electoral Palatinate; his troops looted the Palatinate during the
741:, who was also in conflict with the Electoral Palatinate, appointed Louis I as his field marshal and recognized Palatine Zweibrücken as a duchy. Louis I stimulated mining and simplified the administration of the duchy.
2601:
813:. In 1505, when the war ended with an imperial decision, some territory was transferred from the Electoral Palatinate to Palatine Zweibrücken. Alexander concluded an inheritance treaty with the new Elector
1170:
on 21 April 1571 (although the situation in the city of Zweibrücken had already been somewhat eased by decrees from the years 1352 and 1483). Young men were required to serve six years in the militia.
1473:
1835:
1587:
1557:
95:
852:) was purchased from the Electoral Palatinate. Count Palatine Wolfgang dissolved the monasteries in his territory, thereby augmenting his revenues, and acquired the territory of the
2716:
1571:
1579:
1049:
During
Christian IV's reign, the fragmentation of the area was reduced by exchange of territories. For example, in 1768, Odernheim and half of Molsheim where transferred to the
467:. The younger son, Louis I, received the County of Veldenz from his grandfather's inheritance and the southern half of Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Simmern, which included the former
2711:
1611:
1962:
1481:
1374:
910:
429:
374:
81:
878:
1030:
Gustav was the last Count
Palatine of the Kleeburg line; when he died in 1731 without a male heir, the duchy was seized by the Empire. In 1734, the Emperor invested
1595:
1452:
1031:
898:
1166:
In the duchy, there was no authority that would have limited the power of the Duke. Even the urban population were legally serfs until that status was repealed by
1857:
1603:
1039:
948:
1209:
Administratively, the country was divided into eight districts: Zweibrücken, Homburg, Lichtenberg, Meisenheim, Trarbach, Kastellaun, Bergzabern and
Guttenberg.
921:, which had been annexed by France. In 1680, France, therefore, annexed Zweibrücken as well. In 1681, Frederick Louis died in exile, without male descendants.
1306:
Administratively, the
Reformed Church was organized similarly to the secular authorities: each secular district corresponded to a church district headed by a
2325:
2706:
2701:
1463:
1408:
906:
801:
777:
1756:. France: Laballery. pp. 37–40, 43–45, 54–57, 64–65, 73, 80–88, 101, 104, 108–109, 119, 123, 140–141, 143–147, 202–208, 275–279, 336–337, 340–348.
1430:
1419:
1249:
2696:
2691:
1619:
1549:
1382:
1364:
452:
382:
1072:, including the territory of Zweibrücken. The French annexation of this territory was recognised by the Holy Roman Emperor in a secret clause of the
1491:
1438:
1396:
1167:
805:
1341:
1324:, a layman chosen by the community, who would supervise the lifestyle of the congregation, the pastor, the funds and the property of the parish.
1023:. Members of the ruling family were buried in the castle church in Meisenheim and later in the Alexander Church in Zweibrücken (badly damaged in
2686:
448:
464:
425:
378:
267:
208:
2566:
2647:
1850:
1666:
785:
354:
2145:
1796:
1761:
1245:
829:
738:
346:
2120:
1088:, with its capital at Mainz. The 1799 extinction of the senior Wittelsbach branches made the last Count Palatine of Zweibrücken,
982:
2056:
1999:
1307:
552:
444:
2484:
2297:
1932:
1627:
1352:
of Cleves, the lion of Berg, the red and silver chequy fess of Mark, the triple chevrons of
Ravensberg and the bar of Moers.
1185:. The highest court in the land was the Court of Appeals in Zweibrücken; its traditions are continued today by Zweibrücken's
1089:
401:
986:
499:
2535:
2187:
1843:
1527:
1236:
was the duke's chaplain and later parson. Schwebel was also a leading figure when several pastors of the duchy signed the
770:
722:
520:
2612:
1115:
in 1801, which reaffirmed and recognised internationally the French acquisitions laid out in the Treaty of Campo Formio.
2009:
962:
472:
1103:
Christian IV Reign, Regiment Royal Deux-Ponts (Zweibrücken) French
Expeditionary Regiments in the American Revolution.
2721:
2292:
2095:
1984:
484:
1076:
signed on 17 October 1797. On 4 November 1797, the occupied territory was incorporated into the newly founded French
993:
1827:
869:
Further County of Sponheim. He used these large gains to give each of his five sons some territory: the independent
2110:
1942:
1927:
1499:
810:
776:) is the oldest church in Zweibrücken, a late-Gothic Protestant hall church built from 1493 to 1514 as a gift from
436:
281:
212:
1780:
500 Jahre Alexanderskirche Zweibrücken, 1493-1993 : Betrachtungen zur Geschichte einer Kirche und einer Stadt
1952:
1893:
1344:
to its coat of arms. It was parted per pale. The dexter side was quartered, in the first and fourth quarter the
1287:
726:
573:
508:
2626:
2591:
2066:
956:
918:
814:
2340:
1332:
468:
386:
1908:
1819:
2194:
1937:
1241:
873:
and Palatine Zweibrücken, which fell to John I's second son in 1569, and the non-sovereign collateral lines
1299:(1680–1697), Catholic churches were again permitted and in 1697 under the Swedish administration after the
928:
returned the duchy to its rightful owner, who was a cousin-once-removed of Frederick Louis, Count Palatine
2464:
1112:
1073:
1069:
225:
2204:
1785:
500 years of Alexander's Church Zweibrücken, 1493-1993: Reflections on the history of a church and a city
483:. Both sons inherited the right to use these titles, which is why the two newly formed principalities of
2638:
2547:
2211:
1994:
1632:
1519:
1093:
1065:
1035:
978:
952:
882:
294:
1008:
1318:
played a special role in the church in Zweibrücken. The Reformation revived the ancient office of the
1261:
765:
2231:
2226:
2182:
1873:
1507:
1320:
1233:
1175:
1050:
937:
929:
894:
734:
685:
665:
1217:
2315:
2199:
2165:
1296:
1292:
1265:
1193:
1151:
1133:
1038:
with Zweibrücken. Birkenfeld had been split off from Zweibrücken for a cadet line in 1584. His son
933:
874:
413:
194:
909:
returned in 1645. When Frederick died without a male heir in 1661, he was succeeded by his cousin
2587:
2574:
2423:
2381:
2330:
2221:
2216:
2172:
2105:
1276:
1237:
1126:
870:
865:
857:
681:
456:
397:
2347:
2275:
824:, the rule that the whole of the principality would henceforth be inherited by the eldest son.
981:
in 1718. When Charles XII died without children, the Swedish crown was inherited by his sister
2583:
2570:
2367:
2362:
2335:
2287:
2177:
2160:
2026:
1877:
1868:
1802:
1792:
1757:
1512:
1300:
1240:
and when the first attempts were made to form a uniform territorial church with the two small
1212:
1187:
1016:
925:
837:
730:
593:
532:
440:
390:
342:
142:
17:
2352:
1232:
was introduced in several towns in Palatine Zweibrücken, including Zweibrücken itself, where
2520:
2469:
2260:
2036:
1269:
1097:
1020:
1012:
843:
1360:
1118:
In 1806, Maximilian Joseph became King of Bavaria, as Maximilian I Joseph, and the role of
708:
Guttenberg, Seltz and Hagenbach and Bischwiller were French fiefs, the others were German.
2579:
2554:
2357:
2115:
2100:
2019:
1898:
1155:
990:
614:
488:
460:
330:
322:
129:
63:
47:
2558:
2504:
2090:
2061:
2041:
2031:
1989:
1903:
1788:
1536:
1197:
were no longer possible. In the Alsatian parts of the country, however, appeals to the
1119:
1079:
974:
966:
757:
653:
560:
433:
350:
119:
721:
During the reign of Louis I, who conducted four unsuccessful feuds against his cousin
396:
Palatine Zweibrücken ceased to exist in 1797 when it was annexed by France. After the
2680:
2265:
2248:
2243:
2014:
2004:
1922:
1885:
1345:
1181:
1085:
853:
821:
2238:
2078:
2073:
1979:
1253:
1024:
833:
753:
749:
1913:
2448:
2438:
2408:
2390:
1947:
1670:
1349:
1229:
1043:
1001:
825:
702:
516:
362:
358:
187:
147:
913:. During his reign, the land was occupied by France in 1676. Zweibrücken was a
2270:
1257:
1058:
745:
669:
632:
607:
556:
548:
536:
524:
373:
Palatine Zweibrücken was established as a separate principality in 1459, when
2662:
2649:
2443:
2083:
2051:
1806:
1523:, Count 1697–1718, in personal union with the Kingdom of Sweden (1682-1718)
1260:. After Schwebel died in 1540, Wolfgang took over in 1544. While chancellor
800:
After Louis' death, the duchy was not divided. His testament required dukes
781:
696:
675:
661:
625:
544:
153:
2418:
2403:
2320:
2282:
1971:
1917:
1778:
646:
512:
455:. When Stephen abdicated in 1453, the elder son Frederick I received the
1285:
of 1624, Zweibrücken was still ruled by a Reformed prince, so under the
404:, who joined them with other former territories on the left bank of the
2499:
2433:
2428:
2046:
642:
618:
528:
447:. In 1444, Stephen decided to divide his possessions between his sons,
1252:, who was still a minor. Theologically, Schwebel followed the lead of
2527:
2494:
2479:
2413:
2398:
1674:
1532:
1202:
997:
849:
540:
1150:(Rhenish Palatinate). This area largely corresponds with the modern
596:(acquired in 1755 in a territorial exchange with Nassau-Saarbrücken)
817:, which considerably improved relations between the two countries.
507:
When Palatine Zweibrücken was created in 1444, it consisted of the
2255:
2155:
1359:
1315:
1211:
1053:, in exchange for Neuburg, the district of Hagenbach, district of
961:
947:
789:
752:. In 1477, the Electoral Palatinate threatened Meisenheim and the
692:
600:
498:
405:
338:
167:
109:
27:
Historical territory in present-day Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
2489:
2474:
2134:
2130:
1054:
914:
902:
637:
174:
100:
Palatine Zweibrücken (green) and other Palatine lines, ca. 1700.
1839:
400:
in 1815, some parts of it were returned to the last Duke, King
1752:
Huberty, Michel; Giraud, Alain; Magdelaine, F. and B. (1985).
1340:
Around 1720, Palatinate-Zweibrücken added the symbols of the
1295:, this became the established religion. In the period of the
1004:
in 1714 was forced to leave a year after his death in 1719.
1612:
Friedrich Michael, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld
1191:. After 1774, appeals from the court in Zweibrücken to the
828:
was acquired in 1542, during the regency of Count Palatine
1474:
Friedrich Kasimir, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Landsberg
649:
and Strümmich (originally part of the County of Sponheim)
1264:
and his 1557 extensive Church Order were influenced by
1791:: Protestantische Kirchengemeinde Zweibrücken-Mitte .
1588:
Christian II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld
1502:
and Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Kleeburg (1622-1660)
1492:
Johann Kasimir, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Kleeburg
1303:, Lutheran congregations were re-established as well.
996:
who had been named Count Palatine of Zweibrücken as a
2610:
1580:
Christian I, Count Palatine of Birkenfeld-Bischweiler
1550:
Count Palatine Adolf Johann I of Zweibrücken-Kleeburg
1111:
Palatine Zweibrücken formally ceased to exist by the
684:(acquired in 1768 in a territorial exchange with the
531:
from the County of Veldenz. In 1459, the districts
2457:
2389:
2380:
2308:
2142:
2129:
1970:
1884:
1216:View of Zweibrücken; engraving after a painting by
840:split off. In 1553, the County of Lützelstein (now
487:and Palatine-Zweibrücken were usually described as
222:
205:
183:
173:
163:
135:
125:
115:
105:
32:
1275:After Wolfgang's death, his son John I joined the
1007:From 1725 to 1778, the counts palatine resided in
503:Zweibruecken on a map from 1564 by Tilemann Stella
1572:Karl I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld
897:, the duchy was occupied by imperial forces and
998:Prince exercising the head of state's authority
1631:, Count 1795–1805, in personal union with the
1511:, Count 1681–1697, in personal union with the
375:Stephen, Count Palatine of Simmern-Zweibrücken
2717:States and territories disestablished in 1797
1851:
1404:1489-1490 (1458-1527), deposed by his brother
8:
1244:from 1533 and 1539. Regent at that time was
1145:
1139:
1131:
1077:
841:
53:
37:
1754:L'Allemagne Dynastique, Tome IV Wittelsbach
1533:Prince exercising head of state's authority
1280:
628:(originally part of the County of Sponheim)
621:(originally part of the County of Sponheim)
2712:States and territories established in 1459
2386:
2139:
1858:
1844:
1836:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1019:, to emphasize their claim to inherit the
780:after his return from a pilgrimage to the
610:(originally part of the County of Veldenz)
603:(originally part of the County of Veldenz)
94:
87:Arms of the Duke of Palatinate-Zweibrücken
29:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
381:, between his two sons. The younger son,
1331:
1173:The highest administrative body was the
778:Alexander, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken
2617:
1687:
985:, while Zweibrücken went to his cousin
581:was a larger district, subdivided into
1096:, as Maximilian IV Joseph, as well as
977:with Sweden lasted until the death of
426:County Palatine of Simmern-Zweibrücken
899:Count Palatine John II of Zweibrücken
475:in 1385. Among Stephen's titles were
221:
204:
200:
172:
7:
1342:United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg
1268:, Wolfgang later adopted a stricter
1248:, who ruled in behalf of his nephew
1356:List of Counts Palatine Zweibrücken
577:was an administrative district; an
2702:History of the Palatinate (region)
1144:(Palatinate) and sometimes called
820:Alexander and Louis II introduced
563:from Palatine Simmern were added.
379:Palatinate-Simmern and Zweibrücken
268:Palatinate-Simmern and Zweibrücken
209:Palatinate-Simmern and Zweibrücken
25:
1599:, Count 1731/34-1735 (1674-1735)
1246:Rupert, Count Palatine of Veldenz
936:, who was also king of Sweden as
784:; descendant counts and dukes of
739:Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor
439:. In 1444, Stephen inherited the
2697:Duchies of the Holy Roman Empire
2692:1797 disestablishments in Europe
2632:
2620:
1961:
1867:
760:, where it remained until 1793.
299:
274:
260:
80:
2707:House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken
1667:House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken
1445:, Count 1569-1604 (1550-1604),
1389:, Count 1459-1489 (1424-1489),
445:Frederick III, Count of Veldenz
345:with full voting rights to the
319:Duchy of Palatinate-Zweibrücken
34:Duchy of Palatinate-Zweibrücken
1459:, Count 1604-1635 (1584-1635)
1434:, Count 1532-1569 (1526-1569)
1426:, Count 1514-1532 (1502-1532)
1415:, Count 1489-1514 (1462-1514)
1378:, Count 1410-1459 (1385-1459)
1336:Arms of Palatinate-Zweibrücken
879:Palatine Vohenstrauß-Parkstein
402:Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria
335:Duché de Palatinat-Zweibrücken
18:County Palatine of Zweibrücken
1:
2687:1459 establishments in Europe
1826:, Zweibrücken 1825, p. 15 ff
1623:, Count 1775-1795 (1746-1795)
1607:, Count 1735-1775 (1722-1775)
1561:, Count 1718-1731 (1670-1731)
1485:, Count 1661-1681 (1619-1681)
1467:, Count 1635-1661 (1616-1661)
1138:, known after 1837 simply as
856:Abbey. In 1557, he inherited
729:of Lambsheim, Wachenheim and
723:Frederick I, Elector Palatine
459:and the northern half of the
432:, the third surviving son of
428:had been created in 1410 for
365:of Sweden from 1654 to 1720.
1032:Count Palatine Christian III
645:and 1/3 of the bailiwick of
1777:Hudlet, Richard B. (1993).
1100:, as Maximilian II Joseph.
987:Gustav, Duke of Zweibrücken
953:Charles XII, King of Sweden
477:Count Palatine of the Rhine
327:Herzogtum Pfalz-Zweibrücken
2738:
1500:Charles X Gustav of Sweden
1199:Conseil souverain d’Alsace
989:. Because of this, exiled
811:Landshut War of Succession
282:County Palatine of Veldenz
213:County Palatine of Veldenz
2567:Lower Rhenish–Westphalian
2517:
1959:
1288:Cuius regio, eius religio
955:(1682-1718). Portrait by
832:of Veldenz. In 1544, the
239:
235:
201:
93:
77:
72:
1314:From the beginning, the
957:Johann Heinrich Wedekind
905:. His son and successor
567:Territories held in 1784
443:from his father-in-law,
2602:Unencircled territories
1820:Georg Christian Joannis
1528:Stanisław I Leszczyński
1279:confession in 1588. In
599:Oberamt Lichtenberg at
377:divided his territory,
1539:in exile (1714 - 1719)
1368:
1337:
1281:
1220:
1146:
1140:
1132:
1078:
1074:Treaty of Campo Formio
1070:Left Bank of the Rhine
970:
959:
842:
504:
361:dynasty, was also the
334:
326:
54:
38:
1635:from 1799 (1756-1825)
1633:Electorate of Bavaria
1558:Gustav Samuel Leopold
1520:Charles XII of Sweden
1363:
1335:
1215:
1066:French First Republic
1011:; they then moved to
994:Stanisław Leszczyński
979:Charles XII of Sweden
965:
951:
502:
469:County of Zweibrücken
387:County of Zweibrücken
295:French First Republic
126:Common languages
57:Palatinat-Zweibrücken
1874:Upper Rhenish Circle
1508:Charles XI of Sweden
1051:Electoral Palatinate
763:Alexander's Church (
735:Electoral Palatinate
686:Electoral Palatinate
666:Annweiler am Trifels
2659: /
2578:Circles est. 1512:
2553:Circles est. 1500:
1876:(1500–1806) of the
1787:] (in German).
1293:Peace of Westphalia
1266:Philipp Melanchthon
1224:Religion and church
1194:Reichskammergericht
1113:Treaty of Lunéville
883:Palatine Birkenfeld
756:had to be moved to
589:Oberamt Zweibrücken
465:Simmern-Zweibrücken
195:Early modern period
2722:Western Palatinate
2599:
2595:
2544:
2540:
2532:
2525:
1677:from 1654 to 1720
1369:
1338:
1238:Wittenberg Concord
1221:
1127:Congress of Vienna
1009:Zweibrücken Castle
971:
960:
866:County of Sponheim
788:are buried in its
505:
471:, acquired by the
457:County of Sponheim
414:Rhenish Palatinate
398:Congress of Vienna
357:, a branch of the
349:. Its capital was
207:• Split from
2627:Holy Roman Empire
2608:
2607:
2592:Electoral Rhenish
2548:Swiss Confederacy
2513:
2512:
2376:
2375:
2188:Büdingen-Birstein
2027:Isenburg-Birstein
1878:Holy Roman Empire
1513:Kingdom of Sweden
1365:Charles II August
1301:Treaty of Ryswick
1291:rule of the 1648
1188:Oberlandesgericht
1152:Palatinate region
1122:ceased to exist.
1090:Maximilian Joseph
926:Treaty of Ryswick
919:Bishopric of Metz
895:Thirty Years' War
875:Palatine Sulzbach
733:were lost to the
533:Falkenburg Castle
489:Counties Palatine
441:County of Veldenz
391:County of Veldenz
343:Holy Roman Empire
315:
314:
311:
310:
307:
306:
287:
286:
226:Annexed by France
143:Roman Catholicism
41:Pfalz-Zweibrücken
16:(Redirected from
2729:
2674:
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2664:
2663:49.250°N 7.367°E
2660:
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2521:Three Bishoprics
2424:Münster im Elsaß
2387:
2140:
1965:
1872:
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1837:
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1824:Kalenderarbeiten
1817:
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1774:
1768:
1767:
1749:
1482:Friedrich Ludwig
1402:with his brother
1284:
1282:dies decretorius
1262:Ulrich Sitzinger
1149:
1143:
1137:
1098:Elector Palatine
1083:
1021:Duchy of Bavaria
1013:Karlsberg Castle
871:Palatine Neuburg
858:Palatine Neuburg
847:
844:La Petite-Pierre
838:Palatine Veldenz
774:
766:Alexanderskirche
521:Burg Lichtenberg
485:Palatine-Simmern
303:
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1966:
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1270:Gnesio-Lutheran
1234:Johann Schwebel
1226:
1164:
1156:Saarpfalz-Kreis
1109:
983:Ulrika Eleonora
946:
911:Frederick Louis
901:had to flee to
891:
798:
768:
719:
714:
569:
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481:Duke in Bavaria
461:County Palatine
422:
385:, received the
371:
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2639:Modern history
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2039:
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2024:
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2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1911:
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1886:Ecclesiastical
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1620:Karl II August
1608:
1568:
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1562:
1546:
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1544:
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1537:King of Poland
1488:
1487:
1486:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1405:
1370:
1357:
1354:
1329:
1326:
1308:superintendent
1297:French Reunion
1228:In the 1520s,
1225:
1222:
1218:Theodor Verhas
1163:
1162:Administration
1160:
1108:
1105:
975:personal union
945:
942:
890:
887:
860:, half of the
797:
794:
731:Waldböckelheim
718:
715:
713:
710:
706:
705:
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689:
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672:
656:including the
650:
635:including the
629:
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535:, Guttenberg,
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184:Historical era
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2668:49.250; 7.367
2640:
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2603:
2593:
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2585:
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2576:
2575:(Lower) Saxon
2572:
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2563:Upper Rhenish
2560:
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2011:
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1954:
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1800:
1798:9783924171186
1794:
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1773:
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1763:2-901138-04-7
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1600:
1598:
1597:
1596:Christian III
1593:
1592:
1591:
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1346:Palatine Lion
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1242:Church Orders
1239:
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1135:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1092:, Elector of
1091:
1087:
1086:Mont-Tonnerre
1082:
1081:
1075:
1071:
1068:occupied the
1067:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1042:converted to
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
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1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1003:
1000:on behalf of
999:
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976:
968:
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943:
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908:
904:
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896:
888:
886:
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880:
876:
872:
867:
863:
859:
855:
854:Disibodenberg
851:
846:
845:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
822:primogeniture
818:
816:
812:
807:
803:
795:
793:
791:
787:
783:
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772:
767:
761:
759:
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751:
747:
742:
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736:
732:
728:
724:
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623:
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584:
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566:
564:
562:
558:
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546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
515:, Landsburg,
514:
510:
501:
494:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
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458:
454:
450:
446:
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438:
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427:
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415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
368:
366:
364:
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340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
298:
296:
293:
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289:
283:
280:
273:
272:
269:
266:
259:
258:
255:
254:
251:
248:
246:
243:
242:
238:
234:
230:
227:
217:
214:
210:
196:
189:
186:
182:
178:
176:
169:
166:
162:
155:
152:
149:
146:
144:
141:
140:
138:
134:
131:
128:
124:
121:
118:
114:
111:
108:
104:
97:
92:
83:
76:
71:
65:
58:
49:
42:
31:
19:
2644:
2562:
2519:Part of the
2439:Schlettstadt
2341:Wächtersbach
2298:Wittgenstein
2288:Wittgenstein
1823:
1815:
1784:
1779:
1772:
1753:
1628:Maximilian I
1626:
1618:
1610:
1604:Christian IV
1602:
1594:
1586:
1578:
1570:
1556:
1548:
1526:
1518:
1515:(1655-1697)
1506:
1498:
1490:
1480:
1472:
1462:
1454:
1451:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1429:
1421:
1418:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1373:
1339:
1319:
1313:
1305:
1286:
1274:
1254:Martin Bucer
1227:
1208:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1172:
1165:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1107:19th century
1102:
1064:In 1793 the
1063:
1048:
1040:Christian IV
1029:
1025:World War II
1006:
972:
944:18th century
923:
892:
889:17th century
864:("Further")
861:
834:cadet branch
819:
799:
796:16th century
764:
762:
743:
720:
717:15th century
707:
701:Lordship of
657:
636:
617:, including
582:
578:
572:
570:
506:
480:
476:
423:
412:, later the
409:
408:to form the
395:
372:
318:
316:
250:Succeeded by
249:
244:
2666: /
2588:Upper Saxon
2542:until 1736.
2530:after 1737.
2429:Oberehnheim
2409:Kaisersberg
2326:Falkenstein
2316:Bretzenheim
2212:Kriechingen
2161:Lichtenberg
2121:Zweibrücken
2057:Saarbrücken
1985:Heitersheim
1789:Zweibrücken
1671:Royal House
1614:(1724-1767)
1590:(1637-1717)
1582:(1598-1654)
1574:(1560-1600)
1552:(1629-1689)
1535:) - former
1494:(1589-1652)
1476:(1585-1645)
1455:the Younger
1422:the Younger
1367:(1775-1795)
1350:escarbuncle
1316:lay element
1230:Reformation
1080:département
1044:Catholicism
1002:Charles XII
991:Polish King
967:Zweibrücken
893:During the
826:Bischweiler
769: [
758:Zweibrücken
744:Initially,
703:Bischwiller
561:Zweibrücken
517:Lauterecken
449:Frederick I
437:King Rupert
363:Royal House
359:Wittelsbach
351:Zweibrücken
245:Preceded by
188:Middle Ages
156:, from 1588
150:, from 1532
148:Lutheranism
120:Zweibrücken
2681:Categories
2584:Burgundian
2571:Franconian
2449:Weißenburg
2368:Wartenberg
2363:Salm-Dhaun
2348:Mensfelden
2261:Hohensolms
2244:Grehweiler
2232:Westerburg
2227:Hardenburg
2195:Königstein
2166:Münzenberg
1948:Weißenburg
1682:References
1453:Johann II
1447:second son
1420:Ludwig II
1409:Alexander
1391:second son
1328:Ducal arms
1258:Strasbourg
1182:Schultheiß
1147:Rheinpfalz
1134:Rheinkreis
1125:After the
1059:Selz Abbey
1036:Birkenfeld
938:Charles XI
930:Charles II
746:Meisenheim
670:Wegelnburg
654:Bergzabern
633:Kastellaun
608:Meisenheim
583:Unterämter
557:Wegelnburg
553:Wachenheim
549:Oggersheim
525:Meisenheim
473:Palatinate
410:Rheinkreis
164:Government
2536:Reichstag
2485:Straßburg
2470:Friedberg
2465:Frankfurt
2419:Mülhausen
2293:Berleburg
2276:Rödelheim
2217:Leiningen
2146:Imp. Diet
2052:Ottweiler
2020:Rheinfels
2000:Darmstadt
1933:Straßburg
1464:Friedrich
1439:Johann I
1385:the Black
1383:Ludwig I
1046:in 1758.
924:The 1697
907:Frederick
802:Alexander
782:Holy Land
727:districts
697:Hagenbach
682:Gutenberg
676:Nohfelden
626:Allenbach
545:Lambsheim
509:districts
347:Reichstag
154:Calvinism
136:Religion
73:1459–1801
39:Herzogtum
2580:Austrian
2555:Bavarian
2550:in 1515.
2534:without
2444:Türkheim
2391:Décapole
2336:Meerholz
2331:Isenburg
2321:Dagstuhl
2283:Wetterau
2249:Grumbach
2222:Dagsburg
2205:Stolberg
2183:Büdingen
2178:Birstein
2173:Isenburg
2106:Sponheim
2067:Weilburg
2037:Lorraine
1990:Hersfeld
1918:Bruchsal
1914:Odenheim
1904:Hersfeld
1807:34658300
1661:See also
1441:the Lame
1431:Wolfgang
1411:the Lame
1400:, Count
1277:Reformed
1272:policy.
1250:Wolfgang
934:Kleeburg
786:the line
748:was the
680:Oberamt
662:Kleeburg
652:Oberamt
647:Veltheim
631:Oberamt
615:Trarbach
613:Oberamt
606:Oberamt
592:Oberamt
513:Armsheim
389:and the
369:Overview
337:) was a
55:Duché de
2651:49°15′N
2613:Portals
2559:Swabian
2546:Joined
2500:Wetzlar
2434:Rosheim
2404:Hagenau
2353:Olbrück
2309:Without
2266:Laubach
2116:Waldeck
2111:Veldenz
2096:Simmern
2079:Kyrburg
2062:Usingen
2047:Idstein
2032:Lautern
2015:Marburg
2005:Homburg
1972:Secular
1375:Stephen
1176:cabinet
1120:Elector
1094:Bavaria
1017:Homburg
917:of the
754:capital
750:capital
712:History
643:Senheim
594:Homburg
579:Oberamt
537:Haßloch
529:Veldenz
453:Louis I
430:Stephen
420:Origins
383:Louis I
341:of the
224:•
192:
116:Capital
2654:7°22′E
2528:Nomeny
2495:Verdun
2480:Speyer
2458:Others
2414:Landau
2399:Colmar
2382:Cities
2131:Counts
2042:Nassau
2010:Kassel
1943:Verdun
1928:Speyer
1828:Online
1805:
1795:
1760:
1675:Sweden
1669:, the
1397:Kaspar
1203:Colmar
1168:John I
969:Palace
862:Hinder
850:Alsace
830:Rupert
815:Philip
806:Kaspar
725:, the
658:Vogtei
638:Vogtei
541:Kirkel
495:Extent
353:. The
331:French
323:German
179:
130:German
106:Status
64:French
60:
48:German
44:
2538:seat.
2505:Worms
2256:Solms
2200:Mainz
2156:Hanau
2149:seats
2135:Lords
2091:Savoy
1995:Hesse
1953:Worms
1899:Fulda
1894:Basel
1783:[
1321:Elder
1141:Pfalz
1015:near
790:crypt
773:]
693:Seltz
601:Kusel
406:Rhine
339:duchy
168:Duchy
110:Duchy
2490:Toul
2475:Metz
2271:Lich
2239:Salm
2143:With
2084:Salm
2074:Salm
1938:Toul
1923:Prüm
1909:Metz
1803:OCLC
1793:ISBN
1758:ISBN
1154:and
1057:and
1055:Selz
973:The
915:fief
903:Metz
881:and
804:and
695:and
691:Amt
674:Amt
624:Amt
619:Kröv
559:and
527:and
479:and
451:and
424:The
317:The
231:1801
218:1459
175:Duke
1980:Bar
1673:of
1256:in
1201:in
1084:of
1034:of
1027:).
932:of
848:in
836:of
660:of
641:of
574:Amt
571:An
511:of
463:of
2683::
2597:·
2590:,
2586:,
2582:,
2573:,
2569:,
2565:,
2561:,
2557:,
2133:/
1822::
1801:.
1690:^
1158:.
940:.
885:.
877:,
792:.
771:de
737:.
668:,
664:,
585:.
555:,
551:,
547:,
543:,
539:,
523:,
519:,
491:.
416:.
393:.
333::
329:;
325::
2615::
2523:.
1916:–
1859:e
1852:t
1845:v
1809:.
1766:.
1531:(
688:)
321:(
190:/
66:)
62:(
50:)
46:(
20:)
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