168:(AV). The new Office of Economic Opportunity gave substantial grants to support rapid expansion of the AV program. By 1966 tension between the CSM's cooperative community development strategy and the emerging conflict orientation of the AV led Ayer to fire Ogle and his top assistant; the rest of the AV staff resigned and incorporated as a separate nonprofit organization. OEO transferred its grants to the new AV organization, which moved its headquarters to
104:. The membership of the CSM had traditionally been drawn from faculty and administrators of mountain colleges and settlement schools, agricultural extension workers, public school administrators, field staff of church home mission boards, and students of Appalachian folk arts. The CSM held an annual conference for its 300 members; published a quarterly magazine,
251:, giving publicity and support to Black Lung Associations, welfare rights groups, mine health and safety programs, and miners' strikes. The CSM also maintained the Appalachian Bookstore and Record Shop in Berea, and a mobile bookstore that traveled to regional events. The CSM closed its doors in 1989.
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The reorganized CSM board of directors chose Warren Wright, a farmer and self-educated minister, as its new executive director, assisted by CSM staff Isaac
Vanderpool and Julian Griggs, but a year later Wright resigned. A new egalitarian model of staff decision-making was instituted. In fall 1972
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The archives of the CSM were transferred to the
Weatherford-Hammond Mountain Collection of the Hutchins Library at Berea College in two collections. The first, covering 1912 to 1970, was received by the college in 1970; it consists of 295 boxes of correspondence, records, newspaper clippings, and
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The CSM was involved with programs to assist the adjustment of
Appalachian migrants to urban areas in the Midwest from the mid-1950s to the early 1970s. Berea College sociologist Roscoe Giffin conducted summer workshops in Berea, with support from the Ford Foundation, on Appalachian culture and
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photographs. It was catalogued by volunteers and staff and made available for research in 1978. The second collection, covering 1970 to 1989, was received in several batches from 1984 to 1995. The 1970-1989 materials, comprising 268 boxes, were organized and indexed with a grant from the
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The CSM began a new phase in 1951 with the hiring of Perley Ayer as executive director. His energetic fund-raising increased the CSM budget from less than $ 5,000 a year to more than $ 25,000 by 1956. Two new staff, including Milton Ogle, were hired in 1958. The
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neighborhood in 1963; it remained an important center for work among
Appalachian and Southern migrants until it closed in 1971. Urban renewal and demographic changes scattered the Southern and Appalachian whites from Uptown, and Stone withdrew his support.
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in 1970. A vote at
Fontana approved a proposal to require the CSM board of directors to include 51 percent poor people within three years, and resolutions were passed in favor of a guaranteed annual income and opposing the
197:. In 1961 the CSM began its "Hands-Across-the-Ohio" program to follow up the workshops and coordinate its efforts in the Midwest. With financial help from Chicago insurance executive and philanthropist
112:), from 1925 to 1989; and organized commissions in which members could meet occasionally to discuss such subjects as health, education, and rural religion. The Conference changed its name in 1944 to
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231:. Conservative critics charged the meeting had been packed with radical outsiders. Conservatives' fears were reinforced the next year at Lake Junaluska, when the meeting voted to oppose
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replaced Ayer as executive director, but internal controversies were just getting started. The issues came to a head at the annual meetings at
Fontana, North Carolina in 1969, and at
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The departure of the AV staff did not end conflicts within the CSM. As staff grew more critical of Ayer's insistence on strict neutrality on the politics of anti-poverty efforts and
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Until the 1950s, the CSM's activities were conducted by a volunteer staff headed by an executive secretary who usually held at least a part-time position with Berea
College.
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for coal and took other controversial positions. Funding sources began to withhold grant money, and several weeks later Jones resigned as executive director.
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Phillip J. Obermiller and Thomas E. Wagner, "'Hands-Across-The-Ohio':The Urban
Initiatives of the Council of the Southern Mountains, 1954-1971," ch. 7 in
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transformed the CSM into a substantial organization with a $ 250,000 grant for community development and education in
October 1962. Following President
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247:. A lean staff, often working for subsistence wages, managed to continue CSM activities for another decade and a half, continuing to publish
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447:
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442:, edited by Phillip J. Obermiller, Thomas E. Wagner, and E. Bruce Tucker (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2000), pp. 121–140.
456:, edited by Phillip J. Obermiller, Thomas E. Wagner, and E. Bruce Tucker (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2000), pp. 69–95.
172:. The CSM continued its community action technician programs, providing technical assistance to anti-poverty groups.
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Bruce Tucker, "Transforming
Mountain Folk: Roscoe Giffin and the Invention of Urban Appalachia," ch. 5 in
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until 1942. She was followed by Alva Taylor and Glyn Morris in the 1940s. Financial support from the
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David E. Whisnant, "Workers in God's Grand Division: The Council of the Southern Mountains," ch. 1 in
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From Diversity to Unity: Southern and Appalachian Migrants in Uptown Chicago, 1950-1970
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in January 1964, Ogle organized college student volunteers into what would become the
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Special Exhibition on the CSM from archival material; Berea College Hutchins Library
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Special exhibition on the Council of the Southern Mountains from archival material
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in 1913, for most of the years from 1925 until 1972 the CSM was headquartered in
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140:'s sociology department, served as part-time executive secretary and editor of
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and Berea College was cut off in 1949, and the office was closed until 1951.
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John M. Glen, "The War on Poverty in Appalachia - A Preliminary Report,"
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in southern Appalachia, the pressure grew on Ayer to step down. In 1966
201:, the CSM opened the Chicago Southern Center on Montrose Avenue in the
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was the first executive secretary until his death in 1919. His widow,
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Modernizing the Mountaineer: People, Power, and Planning in Appalachia
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Appalachian Odyssey: Historical Perspectives on the Great Migration
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Appalachian Odyssey: Historical Perspectives on the Great Migration
421:(Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1992), p. 229.
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spoke at training sessions for social workers in such cities as
463:(New York: Burt Franklin & Company, 1980), pp. 3–39.
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The Appalachian Volunteers: A Case Study in Community Conflict
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CSM Archives, 1970-1989, at Berea College Hutchins Library
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CSM Archives, 1912-1970, at Berea College Hutchins Library
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John M. Glen, "Council of the Southern Mountains, Inc.,"
264:, with work completed and opened for research in 2006.
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National Historical Publications and Records Commission
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Glen, "The War on Poverty in Appalachia," pp. 53-54.
116:, and in 1954 to Council of the Southern Mountains.
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Non-profit organizations based in the United States
332:Obermiller and Wagner, "Hands-Across-The-Ohio," in
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393:Glen, "Council of the Southern Mountains, Inc.,"
412:The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society
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435:(M.A. Thesis, University of Kentucky, 1971).
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538:1989 disestablishments in the United States
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319:Tucker, "Transforming Mountain Folk," in
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62:research, education, technical assistance
533:1913 establishments in the United States
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94:Conference of Southern Mountain Workers
132:, occupied the position until 1928.
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548:Organizations disestablished in 1989
428:(Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2007).
114:Council of Southern Mountain Workers
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543:Organizations established in 1913
70:Council of the Southern Mountains
17:Council of the Southern Mountains
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518:Appalachian culture in Kentucky
414:, Vol. 87 (Winter 1989), 40–57.
239:the CSM moved out of Berea to
224:Lake Junaluska, North Carolina
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382:Modernizing the Mountaineer
369:Modernizing the Mountaineer
308:Modernizing the Mountaineer
295:Modernizing the Mountaineer
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282:The Appalachian Volunteers
245:Dickenson County, Virginia
176:Urban Appalachian programs
92:Formally organized as the
419:The Kentucky Encyclopedia
395:The Kentucky Encyclopedia
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106:Mountain Life & Work
347:From Diversity to Unity
243:, in the coalfields of
146:Russell Sage Foundation
78:non-profit organization
166:Appalachian Volunteers
160:'s declaration of the
528:Society of Appalachia
310:, pp. 18-25, 185-191.
43:Community development
284:, M.A. Thesis, 1971.
216:economic development
210:Conflict and decline
334:Appalachian Odyssey
321:Appalachian Odyssey
54:Southern Appalachia
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170:Bristol, Tennessee
431:Billy D. Horton,
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50:Area served
424:Roger Guy,
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229:Vietnam War
220:Loyal Jones
512:Categories
405:References
380:Whisnant,
367:Whisnant,
306:Whisnant,
293:Whisnant,
187:Cincinnati
82:Appalachia
397:, p. 229.
241:Clintwood
120:Expansion
494:Archived
280:Horton,
255:Archives
249:ML&W
142:ML&W
110:ML&W
76:) was a
88:Origins
31:Founded
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203:Uptown
191:Dayton
185:, and
59:Method
345:Guy,
268:Notes
136:, of
39:Focus
465:ISBN
444:ISBN
193:and
68:The
34:1912
74:CSM
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