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society to laugh at. This policy was not generally criticised during its time. Groups of people even saw this act as a positive one, as these "natural" comedians were not typically able to have a job or earn any sort of living on their own. The second group, artificial fools, is what most people in modern times imagine when they hear the word "jester": someone who comes up with witty and original jokes in order to entertain a royal court. The main difference between the two groups is that a natural fool's comedy is not done intentionally while an artificial fool's is.
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996:, where the court jester is a character used for insight and advice on the part of the monarch, taking advantage of his licence to mock and speak freely to dispense frank observations and highlight the folly of his monarch. This presents a clashing irony as a greater man could dispense the same advice and find himself being detained in the dungeons or even executed. Only as the lowliest member of the court can the jester be the monarch's most useful adviser.
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1011:, and jesters of the time, but their characteristics are greatly heightened for theatrical effect. The "groundlings" (theatre-goers who were too poor to pay for seats and thus stood on the 'ground' in the front by the stage) that frequented the Globe Theatre were more likely to be drawn to these Shakespearean fools. However they were also favoured by the nobility. Most notably,
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802:("Kester the Jester") as the State Jester for England, the first since Muckle John 355 years previously. However, following an objection by the National Guild of Jesters, English Heritage accepted they were not authorised to grant such a title. Roder was succeeded as "Heritage Jester" by Pete Cooper ("Peterkin the Fool").
520:. During his lifetime Armstrong was given great honours at court. He was eventually thrown out of the King's employment when he over-reached and insulted too many influential people. Even after his disgrace, books telling of his jests were sold in London streets. He held some influence at court still in the reign of
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There are two major groups when it comes to defining fools: artificial fools and natural fools. Natural fools consisted of people who were deemed "mentally defective," or as having a "deficiency in their education, experience or innate capacity for understanding," and stood as someone for the rest of
1117:
they are called an "ouwoer". They all perform a cabaret speech in dialect, during which many current issues are reviewed. Often there are local situations and celebrities from local and regional politics who are mocked, ridiculed and insulted. The "Tonpraoter" or "Buuttereedner" may be considered
1061:
is someone who provides amusement through inappropriate appearance or behaviour. Originally the term was used to describe a ridiculous but amusing person. The term is now frequently used in a derogatory sense to describe someone considered foolish, or someone displaying inappropriately vulgar,
656:
Scholar David
Carlyon has cast doubt on the "daring political jester", calling historical tales "apocryphal", and concluding that "popular culture embraces a sentimental image of the clown; writers reproduce that sentimentality in the jester, and academics in the Trickster", but it "falters as
968:. The tarot depiction of the Fool includes a man (or less often, a woman) holding a white rose in one hand and a small bundle of possessions in the other with a dog or cat at their heels. The fool is in the act of unknowingly walking off the edge of a cliff, precipice, or other high place.
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Jester's privilege is the ability and right of a jester to talk and mock freely without being punished. As an acknowledgement of this right, the court jester had symbols denoting their status and protection under the law. The crown
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922:). They entertained mostly through dancing and storytelling, and were at times counted on for strategic advice. By the 16th century they fought alongside their lord in battle in addition to their other duties.
438:. Jesters would ride in front of their troops, provoke or mock the enemy, and even serve as messengers. They played an important part in raising their own army's spirits by singing songs and reciting stories.
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130:. Jesters were also traveling performers who entertained common folk at fairs and town markets, and the discipline continues into the modern day, where jesters perform at historical-themed events.
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bumbling or ridiculous behaviour which is a source of general amusement. The term originates from the old
Italian "buffare", meaning to puff out one's cheeks that also applies to
224:. These terms described entertainers who differed in their skills and performances but who all shared many similarities in their role as comedic performers for their audiences.
1007:. Shakespearean fools are usually clever peasants or commoners that use their wits to outdo people of higher social standing. In this sense, they are very similar to the real
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184:. Much of the entertainment was performed in a comic style. Many jesters made contemporary jokes in word or song about people or events well known to their audiences.
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in his famous diary does call
Killigrew "The King's fool and jester, with the power to mock and revile even the most prominent without penalty" (12 February 1668).
577:
581:, he calls himself a court jester, and, later in the text, he explicitly invokes the jester's privilege when saying that monks should break their chastity vows.
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throughout
English royal history employed entertainers and most had professional fools, sometimes called "licensed fools". Entertainment included
544:" because he was short of stature. One of his jests was to be presented hidden in a giant pie from which he would leap out. Hudson fought on the
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appointed Russel Erwood (aka Erwyd le Fol) as the official resident jester of the town and its people, a post that had been vacant since 1295.
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Jesters could also give bad news to the King that no one else would dare deliver. In 1340, when the French fleet was destroyed at the
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A Day in a
Working Life: 300 Trades and Professions through History [3 volumes]: 300 Trades and Professions through History
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were paid for their jests, and the tables of the wealthy were generally open to them for the sake of the amusement they afforded.
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791:. 1480–1560), whose jokes were usually related to political matters, and who later became a historical symbol for Poles.
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1604:
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In ancient times, other cultures, such as the Aztecs and the
Chinese, also employed cultural equivalents to the jester.
2370:
1287:
3219:
1102:
848:, often with deformities, were employed as buffoons to entertain the king and his family, especially the children. In
1066:. Having swelled their cheeks they would slap them to expel the air and produce a noise which amused the spectators.
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did not come into use until the mid-16th century, during Tudor times. This modern term derives from the older form
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668:'s jester told him the English sailors "don't even have the guts to jump into the water like our brave French".
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2152:
2102:
1150:
2868:
Swain, Barbara. "Fools and Folly During the Middle Ages and the
Renaissance" Columbia University Press, 1932.
719:, travelling groups of jesters performed plays featuring stylised characters in a form of theatre called the
1991:
Notes and
Queries: A Medium of Inter-Communication for Literary Men, Artists, Antiquaries, Genealogists, Etc
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did not reinstate the tradition of the court jester, but he did greatly patronise the theatre and proto-
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Costume (Jester Hat), ca. 1890-1920, in the Staten Island
Historical Society Online Collection Database
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Encyclopædia
Britannica; or A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature, Volume 4
3178:
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What 14th-16th century jesters wore and carried, as seen in illustrations and museum collections.
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Billington, Sandra. "A Social History of the Fool", The Harvester Press, 1984. ISBN 0-7108-0610-8
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390:, "to bleat like a sheep", and hence, to speak sillily. Others have suggested a connection with
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742:. In France the tradition of the court jester ended with the abolition of the monarchy in the
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Jesters entertained with a wide variety of skills: principal among them were song, music, and
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History is Now Magazine, Podcasts, Blog and Books | Modern International and American history
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used jest in many of his criticisms against the Catholic Church. In the introduction to his
261:
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this person is called a "tonpraoter" or "sauwelaar", and is actually in or on a barrel. In
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2128:"The Role of Fool was a Staple in Medieval Culture... In Some of the Most Unexpected Ways"
1489:
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and jesters were featured in Shakespeare's plays, and the company's expert on jesting was
420:
2936:
2049:
895:, the Papal court in Rome had a court jester, similar to the secular courts of the time.
366:, because they, so to speak, carried their jesting to market, even into the very depth (
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Pauli Diaconi excerpta ex libris Pompeii Festi de significatione verborum, liber II,
1934:
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Foolish Clothing: Depictions of Jesters and Fools in the Middle Ages and Renaissance
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3142:
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2891:
Fools and Jesters in Literature, Art, and History: A Bio-bibliographical Sourcebook
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Ethical consensus and the truth of laughter: the structure of moral transformations
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may have proved vital to the cultivation of the fool character in his many plays.
2890:
2775:"Bristol juggler to become North Wales town's first official jester in 700 years"
2513:
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like a modern-day court jester. He holds a mirror to make us aware of our times (
423:. Fool Societies, or groups of nomadic entertainers, were often hired to perform
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The Works of Shakespeare ....: Twelfth night; or, What you will, ed. by M. Luce
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2735:
Joel Gibson. (2006, September 23). Disgraced court jester no laughing matter.
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948:, which means "bag of wind" or bellows or that which contains air or breath.
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to that role in 1999. Bogdanoff was later embroiled in a financial scandal.
884:. There are other paintings by Velázquez that include court dwarves such as
826:
813:
is a folkloric hero dating back to medieval times and ruling each year over
533:
177:
17:
3066:
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eras, jesters are often thought to have worn brightly coloured clothes and
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3005:
2941:
2371:"This official town jester can balance a flaming barbecue on his head..!"
1808:
1640:
1566:
1299:(b. 1981), known as Erwyd le Fol, is the 2nd official resident jester of
1095:
928:
was the first royal court to appoint a court jester in the 20th century;
845:
821:
time, mocking politicians and public figures of power and authority with
818:
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205:
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1161:, eventually elevated to gentleman courtier of the Royal Household and
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708:
619: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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who was very popular and loyal. Jeffrey Hudson had the title of "Royal
525:
123:
80:
1632:
is the only person at a 1514 royal ball troubled by the news that the
990:
The jester can be symbolic of common sense and of honesty, notably in
3000:
2618:
The fools of Shakespeare: an ... - Frederick B. Warde - Google Boeken
1976:
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780:
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1141:(1479–1536), court jester of Kings Louis XII and Francis I of France
2910: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
552:. A third jester associated with Charles I was called Muckle John.
3168:
2394:
Janusz Pelc; Paulina Buchwald-Pelcowa; Barbara Otwinowska (1989).
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was a buffoon, though others have since objected to this account.
98:
76:
1715:
1087:
165:
2956:
776:, 1493. Two jesters are depicted in the centre of the picture.
149:
pattern. Their modern counterparts usually mimic this costume.
2398:(in Polish). Lublin: Wydawnictwo Lubelskie. pp. 425–438.
2313:
Carlyon, D. (2002). "The Trickster as Academic Comfort Food".
1015:
was a great admirer of the popular actor who portrayed fools,
588:
169:
2223:
The Miscellaneous and Posthumous Works of Henry Thomas Buckle
1496:
a 16th ct. collection of portraits copied by Jacques de Boucq
569:) mirrored the royal crown and sceptre wielded by a monarch.
276:
270:
57:
c. 1540 woodcut of a jester, by Heinrich Vogtherr the Younger
2539:"Tonga royal decree appointing JD Bogdanoff as court jester"
899:
dismissed the court Jester, and no later Pope employed one.
354:
because they were dirty fellows, covered with spots of mud (
310:
There are various theories about the origin of the term. In
2835:
The Spirituality of Comedy: comic heroism in a tragic world
1273:, a medieval flatulist who lived in twelfth-century England
501:
the jester is described as "wise enough to play the fool".
471:
wrote his plays and performed with his theatre company the
326:
from the proper name, suggesting that buffoons were called
285:
2238:"Medieval Jesters – And their Parallels in Modern America"
360:) from walking. Another writer suggests a derivation from
2937:
Fooling Around the World (A history of the court jester)
2341:"Welsh town appoints first official jester in 700 years"
1714:
jester participating in the Garebeg Moeloed procession,
1695:
Mr. Arthur Price, selected as "The Court Jester" at the
1113:
they are named "buuttereedner" or "buutteredner" and in
2849:
Fools Are Everywhere: The Court Jester Around the World
2153:"What It Was Really Like To Be A Court Jester - Grunge"
2103:"What It Was Really Like To Be A Court Jester - Grunge"
2078:
Fools Are Everywhere: The Court Jester Around the World
1074:
Today, the jester is portrayed in different formats of
876:. Mari Bárbola can also be seen in a later portrait of
1286:(b. 1955), court jester and financial advisor to King
2666:. Archibald Constable and Company. 1823. p. 780.
2396:
Jan Kochanowski 1584-1984: epoka, twórczość, recepcja
1395:
Pomni – protagonist in the adult animated web series
1105:, cabaret performances in local dialect are held. In
294:
699:
In the 18th century, jesters had died out except in
282:
279:
273:
267:
3161:
3080:
3039:
2988:
264:
204:, originally from French meaning 'storyteller' or '
122:, was a member of the household of a nobleman or a
86:
72:
62:
45:
2689:Home Kalender Nieuws Zoekertjes Albums Copyright.
239:"Balatro" redirects here. For the video game, see
2280:, Morality and the meaning of life, vol. 4,
688:entertainments, especially favouring the work of
692:. Though Killigrew was not officially a jester,
2876:The Fool : His Social and Literary History
1831:, California jester-themed entertainment troupe
1941:. London: Faber & Faber. pp. 114–115.
1003:is a recurring character type in the works of
944:The root of the word "fool" is from the Latin
578:To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation
2968:
2878:(out of print) (1935 + subsequent reprints):
2679:Vol.III, London (1847), Charles Knight, p.918
1913:. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. pp. 89–93.
1744:Jester-doll made by Olina Ventsel (1938–2007)
1563:Queen Henrietta Maria with Sir Jeffrey Hudson
1387:Dimentio - antagonist in the 2007 video game
8:
2677:The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge
1435:Portrait of the Ferrara Court Jester Gonella
1379:Nights - protagonist in the 1996 video game
1036:"Buffoon" redirects here. For the film, see
348:, and supposes buffoons to have been called
1939:The Fool: His Social & Literary History
1351:– court jester to the king of the fairies,
1157:. 1524–1567), African court jester of King
536:. Charles I later employed a jester called
391:
385:
379:
373:
367:
361:
355:
349:
343:
333:
327:
321:
320:. An old scholiast derives the common word
315:
302:
252:
2975:
2961:
2953:
2750:"Conwy jester to take new job 'seriously'"
1550:, engraving by Francis Delaram, c. 1615/24
1509:Jester Knight Christoph by Hans Wertinger,
1019:. For Shakespeare himself, however, actor
51:
2922:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
635:Learn how and when to remove this message
2080:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1476:Anonymous German engraving, 16th century
764:
301:) was a professional jester or buffoon.
1898:
1408:
1201:(fl. 1589 – fl. 1627), court jester of
434:Jesters were also occasionally used as
2856:Fools and Jesters at the English Court
2445:
2434:
2269:
2267:
1911:Fools and Jesters at the English Court
42:
2071:
2069:
1663:Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
1363:Jack Point – a 'strolling jester' in
1232:(1713–1778), the Laird of Udny's Fool
1192:(c. 1540–1591), court jester of King
906:from the 13th to 18th centuries, the
886:Prince Balthasar Charles With a Dwarf
7:
2419:Jan Zygmunt Jakubowski, ed. (1959).
2030:Hor. Ep. i. 15. 31. (cited by Allen)
1904:
1902:
1878:, comedic sidekick in Javanese tales
1867:– the staff often carried by jesters
1601:Hinric Hasenberger, the Court Jester
1317:Rigoletto – eponymous jester to the
1240:Charles III Philip, Elector Palatine
617:adding citations to reliable sources
314:, Balatro is used as a proper name:
126:employed to entertain guests during
2925:. London: John Murray. p. 183.
2894:. Greenwood Publishing Group, USA.
2514:"Jester completes 100-mile tribute"
981:King Lear and the Fool in the Storm
192:The modern use of the English word
2641:. Foolsforhire.com. Archived from
1183:(died 1560), court jester of King
25:
2851:," Chicago University Press, 2001
2716:"Tongan court jester faces trial"
2567:"Tongan court jester faces trial"
2490:"Jesters get serious in name row"
2464:"Jesters joust for historic role"
1511:1515 (Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid)
1238:, 18th century, jester of Prince
1223:(1619–c. 1682), "court dwarf" of
1070:Carnival and medieval reenactment
2905:
2209:. Methuen & Company Limited.
1772:
1749:
1737:
1723:
1704:
1688:
1670:
1647:
1612:
1593:
1586:The Woman, the Fool and His Cat,
1574:
1555:
1536:
1516:
1501:
1488:Caricature of a court jester of
1481:
1469:
1446:
1427:
1411:
1170:(c. 1543–1558), natural fool of
1098:. During the Burgundian and the
783:'s most famous court jester was
725:. A version of this passed into
593:
260:
208:'. Other earlier terms included
2351:from the original on 2018-10-11
2315:The Journal of American Culture
2126:sheldon, Natasha (2018-09-19).
932:, the King of Tonga, appointed
882:Juan Bautista Martinez del Mazo
604:needs additional citations for
2888:Janik, Vicki K. (ed.) (1998).
2488:Griffiths, Emma (2004-12-23).
2226:. Longmans, Green and Company.
2004:Sat ii. 8. 21 (cited by Allen)
1979:Sat. i. 2. 2. (cited by Allen)
1655:"Keying Up" – The Court Jester
1527:on the far right and probably
837:, is the symbol of his power.
1:
2809:, The Harvester Press, 1984.
2592:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
2429:Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe
2220:Buckle, Henry Thomas (1872).
2203:Shakespeare, William (1906).
2176:Westfahl, Gary (2015-04-21).
2039:Gell. i. 15. (cited by Allen)
1731:The Court Jester of Tabbyland
1462:Jacob Cornelisz van Oostsanen
1147:(c. 1480–1560), Polish jester
916:, attended the feudal lords (
532:had a Scottish jester called
36:Court jester (disambiguation)
27:Medieval European entertainer
2837:1996 Transaction Publishers
2807:A Social History of the Fool
2781:. 2015-07-19. Archived from
2615:Warde, Frederick B. (1913).
1422:manuscript, c. 1470 (detail)
1307:replacing the jester of 1295
1214:(died 1672), jester of King
585:Natural and artificial fools
2858:, Sutton Publishing, 1998.
2151:Kelly, Debra (2020-12-26).
2101:Kelly, Debra (2020-12-26).
1957:Online Etymology Dictionary
1492:, Duke of Burgundy, in the
1418:Illumination from a French
1118:successors of the jesters.
516:, employed a jester called
403:English royal court jesters
3236:
2737:Sydney Morning Herald, The
1523:Family of Henry VIII with
1398:The Amazing Digital Circus
1125:
1042:
1035:
238:
29:
3205:Entertainment occupations
2919:, ed. (1870). "Balatro".
1605:David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl
1588:1641–1645 (private coll.)
1358:A Midsummer Night's Dream
1225:Henrietta Maria of France
878:princess Margarita Teresa
856:two dwarfs are included:
555:
156:, but many also employed
50:
2983:Humor and wit characters
2824:A History of Court Fools
1909:Soutworth, John (1998).
1531:on the far left, c. 1545
444:employed a jester named
2369:Day, Liz (2015-08-08).
2327:10.1111/1542-734X.00003
2076:Otto, Beatrice (2001).
2054:Encyclopædia Britannica
1374:The Yeomen of the Guard
1336:– dead court jester in
770:Festival of the Archers
524:and estates of land in
32:Jester (disambiguation)
2421:Przegląd humanistyczny
1824:Foolishness for Christ
1814:Fool (stock character)
987:
860:, a female dwarf from
777:
652:Political significance
508:, had a jester called
473:Lord Chamberlain's Men
392:
386:
384:may be connected with
380:
374:
368:
362:
356:
350:
344:
342:derives the word from
334:
328:
322:
316:
303:
253:
2639:"History of the Fool"
1789:Basil Fool for Christ
1718:(Indonesia), c. 1920s
1659:William Merritt Chase
1185:Henry VIII of England
1057:In a similar vein, a
979:
768:
749:In 2015, the town of
487:, author of the book
459:During the reigns of
442:Henry VIII of England
436:psychological warfare
2847:Otto, Beatrice K., "
1871:Master of the Revels
1850:Joker (playing card)
1365:Gilbert and Sullivan
1271:Roulandus le Fartere
1236:Perkeo of Heidelberg
1199:Mathurine de Vallois
1159:John III of Portugal
1076:medieval reenactment
870:Nicolasito Portusato
613:improve this article
514:James VI of Scotland
506:Mary, Queen of Scots
241:Balatro (video game)
30:For other uses, see
3215:Medieval performers
3103:Hershel of Ostropol
2805:Billington, Sandra
1458:Early Netherlandish
1338:William Shakespeare
1288:Taufa'ahau Tupou IV
1251:and jester to King
1212:Archibald Armstrong
1203:Henry III of France
1194:Henry III of France
1163:Knight of St. James
1005:William Shakespeare
964:" is a card of the
930:Taufa'ahau Tupou IV
833:, his "bauble", or
774:Master of Frankfurt
518:Archibald Armstrong
491:. In Shakespeare's
469:William Shakespeare
452:was entertained by
372:) of the shambles (
3220:Jungian archetypes
3179:Shakespearean fool
2854:Southworth, John,
2691:"Wat is carnaval?"
2596:www.etymonline.com
2282:Peeters Publishers
2274:Hub Zwart (1996),
2132:History Collection
1760:, Germany, in 2015
1682:Friends in Council
1678:John Dawson Watson
1382:Nights into Dreams
1278:Modern-day jesters
1266:Philip IV of Spain
1258:Don Diego de Acedo
1253:Philip IV of Spain
1245:Sebastian de Morra
1216:James I of England
1207:Henry IV of France
1151:João de Sá Panasco
1001:Shakespearean fool
988:
893:Renaissance Papacy
778:
722:commedia dell'arte
556:Jester's privilege
475:(later called the
465:James I of England
180:), and performing
3192:
3191:
3148:Till Eulenspiegel
2444:Missing or empty
2405:978-83-222-0473-3
2291:978-90-390-0412-8
2244:. 13 January 2019
2189:978-1-61069-403-2
2087:978-0-226-64091-4
1845:Joker (character)
1819:Fool's literature
1697:Pageant of Empire
1460:artist (possibly
1390:Super Paper Mario
1355:in Shakespeare's
1312:Fictional jesters
1176:Mary I of England
1094:performance, and
1080:Renaissance fairs
1013:Queen Elizabeth I
912:, a kind of male
811:Till Eulenspiegel
744:French Revolution
732:in the form of a
645:
644:
637:
550:English Civil War
375:barathrum macelli
335:Servilius Balatro
317:Servilius Balatro
104:
103:
16:(Redirected from
3227:
3162:Related subjects
3057:Dănilă Prepeleac
2977:
2970:
2963:
2954:
2926:
2909:
2908:
2831:Hyers, M. Conrad
2794:
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2625:
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2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2573:. 11 August 2003
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2547:
2541:. Archived from
2535:
2529:
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2526:
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2510:
2504:
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2501:
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1996:
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1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
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1949:
1943:
1942:
1931:
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1906:
1782:
1777:
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1727:
1708:
1692:
1674:
1651:
1616:
1597:
1578:
1559:
1540:
1520:
1505:
1494:Recueil d'Arras,
1485:
1473:
1454:Laughing Jester,
1450:
1431:
1415:
1053:Slapstick comedy
840:In 17th century
823:political satire
796:English Heritage
690:Thomas Killigrew
672:End of tradition
664:by the English,
640:
633:
629:
626:
620:
597:
589:
512:. Her son, King
489:Foole upon Foole
395:
389:
383:
377:
371:
365:
359:
353:
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306:
297:
292:
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256:
110:, also known as
55:
43:
21:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3157:
3138:Pedro Urdemales
3076:
3035:
3026:Mulla Do-Piyaza
2984:
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2933:
2915:
2906:
2802:
2797:
2788:
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2307:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2284:, p. 156,
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2256:
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2161:
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2058:
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2048:
2047:
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2029:
2025:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1959:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1933:
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1900:
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1589:
1579:
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1551:
1541:
1532:
1521:
1512:
1506:
1497:
1490:Philip the Good
1486:
1477:
1474:
1465:
1451:
1442:
1432:
1423:
1416:
1407:
1314:
1284:Jesse Bogdonoff
1280:
1135:
1130:
1128:List of jesters
1124:
1122:Notable jesters
1072:
1055:
1045:Goofball comedy
1041:
1034:
1029:
1017:Richard Tarlton
974:
954:
942:
880:in mourning by
763:
761:Other countries
674:
662:Battle of Sluys
654:
641:
630:
624:
621:
610:
598:
587:
565:) and sceptre (
558:
530:Anne of Denmark
448:. His daughter
421:physical comedy
405:
396:, a busy-body.
295:
263:
259:
244:
237:
230:
190:
87:Descendant arts
58:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3233:
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3217:
3212:
3207:
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3187:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3153:Wonderful Fool
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3133:Onufry Zagłoba
3130:
3125:
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3110:
3105:
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2950:
2945:
2939:
2932:
2931:External links
2929:
2928:
2927:
2917:Smith, William
2903:
2886:
2872:Welsford, Enid
2869:
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2852:
2845:
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2796:
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2707:
2695:Fen Vlaanderen
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2321:(1–2): 14–18.
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2006:
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1969:
1944:
1935:Welsford, Enid
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1890:
1889:
1884:
1879:
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1842:
1840:Itinerant poet
1837:
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1582:Jacob Jordaens
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1393:
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1346:
1331:
1325:'s 1851 opera
1323:Giuseppe Verdi
1319:Duke of Mantua
1313:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1294:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1268:
1264:and jester to
1255:
1247:, (died 1649)
1242:
1233:
1227:
1221:Jeffrey Hudson
1218:
1209:
1196:
1187:
1178:
1172:Catherine Parr
1165:
1148:
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1134:
1131:
1126:Main article:
1123:
1120:
1071:
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1038:Buffoon (film)
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
973:
970:
953:
950:
941:
938:
762:
759:
739:Punch and Judy
730:folk tradition
673:
670:
653:
650:
643:
642:
601:
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592:
586:
583:
557:
554:
538:Jeffrey Hudson
404:
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236:
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189:
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143:eccentric hats
135:post-classical
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3101:
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3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3062:Ivan Turbincă
3060:
3058:
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3053:
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3009:
3007:
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3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
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2978:
2973:
2971:
2966:
2964:
2959:
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2946:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2912:public domain
2904:
2901:
2900:0-313-29785-1
2897:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2885:
2884:1-299-14274-5
2881:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2864:0-7509-1773-3
2861:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2844:
2843:1-56000-218-2
2840:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2815:0-7108-0610-8
2812:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2785:on 2015-08-18
2784:
2780:
2776:
2770:
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2755:
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2732:
2729:
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2711:
2708:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2645:on 2008-10-11
2644:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2620:
2619:
2611:
2608:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2548:on 2012-11-06
2544:
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2519:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2495:
2491:
2484:
2481:
2469:
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2459:
2456:
2451:
2438:
2430:
2426:
2423:(in Polish).
2422:
2415:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2387:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2362:
2350:
2346:
2345:NY Daily News
2342:
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2036:
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2027:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1994:. Bell. 1868.
1993:
1992:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1970:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1922:
1920:0-7509-1773-3
1916:
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1903:
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1883:
1880:
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1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1804:Clown society
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1794:Cap and bells
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1780:Comedy portal
1775:
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1759:
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1735:
1732:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1686:
1683:
1680:(1832–1892),
1679:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1630:Polish jester
1627:
1623:
1622:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1577:
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1332:
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1329:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1297:Russel Erwood
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1256:
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1246:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1230:Jamie Fleeman
1228:
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1217:
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1210:
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1200:
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1084:entertainment
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1049:Absurd humour
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618:
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602:This section
600:
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591:
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584:
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573:Martin Luther
570:
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563:cap and bells
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504:In Scotland,
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494:Twelfth Night
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3143:Pickelhering
3123:Lange Wapper
3113:İncili Çavuş
3052:Cilibi Moise
2920:
2889:
2875:
2855:
2848:
2834:
2823:
2806:
2787:. Retrieved
2783:the original
2779:Bristol Post
2778:
2769:
2758:. Retrieved
2756:. 2015-07-16
2753:
2744:
2736:
2731:
2720:. Retrieved
2718:. 2003-08-11
2710:
2699:. Retrieved
2697:(in Flemish)
2694:
2684:
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2663:
2658:
2647:. Retrieved
2643:the original
2633:
2622:. Retrieved
2617:
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2595:
2586:
2575:. Retrieved
2570:
2561:
2550:. Retrieved
2543:the original
2533:
2522:. Retrieved
2520:. 2006-08-09
2517:
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2497:. Retrieved
2493:
2483:
2472:. Retrieved
2470:. 2004-08-08
2467:
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2057:. Retrieved
2053:
2044:
2035:
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2009:
2000:
1990:
1984:
1972:
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1956:
1947:
1938:
1929:
1910:
1730:
1681:
1654:
1628:, 1862. The
1619:
1600:
1585:
1562:
1548:Will Sommers
1525:Will Sommers
1508:
1493:
1453:
1439:Jean Fouquet
1434:
1419:
1396:
1388:
1380:
1372:
1356:
1341:
1326:
1181:Will Sommers
1086:, including
1073:
1058:
1056:
1027:Modern usage
1021:Robert Armin
998:
991:
989:
985:William Dyce
980:
966:Major Arcana
955:
945:
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934:JD Bogdanoff
924:
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611:Please help
606:verification
603:
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548:side in the
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488:
485:Robert Armin
458:
446:Will Sommers
440:
433:
417:storytelling
409:royal courts
406:
398:
309:
251:
248:ancient Rome
245:
233:
221:
217:
213:
209:
201:
197:
193:
191:
182:magic tricks
154:storytelling
151:
132:
119:
116:court jester
115:
111:
107:
105:
91:Harlequinade
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18:Court Jester
3118:Josef Švejk
3108:Hitar Petar
3031:Tenali Rama
2996:Bakor Patel
2820:Doran, John
2375:walesonline
2017:. See also
1860:Madame d'Or
1829:Fools Guild
1626:Jan Matejko
1369:Savoy Opera
1305:North Wales
1262:court dwarf
1249:court dwarf
940:As a symbol
897:Pope Pius V
891:During the
854:Las Meninas
829:), and his
800:Nigel Roder
755:North Wales
678:Restoration
657:analysis".
461:Elizabeth I
174:stereotypes
139:Renaissance
133:During the
128:royal court
67:Entertainer
3199:Categories
3021:Miya Fuski
3016:Hum Jayega
3011:Gopal Bhar
2800:References
2789:2016-10-14
2760:2016-10-14
2722:2023-10-17
2701:2014-01-23
2649:2011-12-24
2624:2011-12-24
2601:2017-03-30
2577:2009-10-29
2552:2009-10-29
2524:2012-07-11
2499:2012-07-11
2474:2010-05-06
2427:. Warsaw:
2380:2016-10-14
2355:2016-10-14
2248:2022-02-18
2162:2022-10-16
2157:Grunge.com
2137:2022-10-16
2112:2022-10-16
2107:Grunge.com
2059:2012-06-07
1962:28 October
1758:Weingarten
1756:Jester in
1546:'s jester
1544:Henry VIII
1529:Jane Foole
1464:), c. 1500
1168:Jane Foole
1133:Historical
1043:See also:
972:In fiction
909:taikomochi
798:appointed
686:music hall
682:Charles II
676:After the
477:King's Men
454:Jane Foole
425:acrobatics
351:balatrones
329:balatrones
304:Balatrones
234:Balatrones
164:, telling
158:acrobatics
3184:Wise fool
3128:Nasreddin
3098:Hanswurst
2303:Swain 1–2
1894:Footnotes
1887:Trickster
1882:Skomorokh
1876:Punakawan
1855:King Momo
1835:Harlequin
1712:Susuhunan
1328:Rigoletto
1139:Triboulet
1096:carnivals
993:King Lear
850:Velázquez
827:Zeitgeist
534:Tom Durie
522:Charles I
369:barathrum
363:barathrum
298:-lah-troh
188:Etymology
178:imitation
168:(such as
3088:Abu Abed
3040:Romanian
3006:Gonu Jha
2754:BBC News
2571:BBC News
2518:BBC News
2494:BBC News
2468:BBC News
2349:Archived
2050:"Jester"
2015:sub voce
1953:"Jester"
1937:(1935).
1809:Drollery
1766:See also
1661:, 1875 (
1641:Smolensk
1638:captured
1634:Russians
1621:Stańczyk
1567:Van Dyck
1456:unknown
1420:Lancelot
1367:'s 1888
1340:'s play
1145:Stańczyk
1103:carnival
962:The Fool
952:In Tarot
819:Carnival
815:Fasching
794:In 2004
785:Stańczyk
546:Royalist
429:juggling
332:because
206:minstrel
162:juggling
95:comedian
3210:Jesters
2914::
1865:Marotte
1699:in 1909
1405:Gallery
1115:Zeeland
1111:Limburg
1107:Brabant
1100:Rhenish
1064:bouffon
1059:buffoon
1032:Buffoon
919:daimyōs
862:Germany
846:dwarves
835:marotte
831:sceptre
807:Germany
727:British
709:Germany
567:marotte
526:Ireland
510:Nichola
393:blatero
381:Balatro
357:blateae
323:balatro
254:balatro
228:History
222:bourder
218:buffoon
202:jestour
198:gestour
124:monarch
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3174:Jester
3072:Păcală
3067:Mitică
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1051:, and
946:follis
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868:, and
781:Poland
736:show,
734:puppet
713:France
707:, and
701:Russia
481:Clowns
419:, and
387:balare
345:blatea
340:Festus
312:Horace
220:, and
214:disour
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1292:Tonga
1092:stage
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864:with
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717:Italy
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705:Spain
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407:Many
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166:jokes
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2896:ISBN
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