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legal document, which include historical introduction, border delineations, stipulations, witnesses, blessings, and curses. In royal grants, the master could reward a servant for being loyal. God rewarded
Abraham, Noah, and David in his covenants with them. As part of his covenant with Abraham, God has the obligation to keep Abraham's descendants as God's chosen people and be their God. God acts as the suzerain power and is the party of the covenant accompanied by the required action that comes with the oath whether it be fire or animals in the sacrificial oaths. In doing this, God is the party taking upon the curse if he does not uphold his obligation. Through history there were also many instances where the vassal was the one who performed the different acts and took the curse upon them.
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groups to prevent dissent from those who might believe that the formation of a state would replace direct governance from God. Therefore, Mendenhall continues, these loosely bound tribes merged under the Mosaic covenant to legitimize their unity. They believed that to obey the law was to obey God. They also believed that the king was put into power as a result of God's benefaction, and that this accession was the fulfillment of God's promise of dynasty to David. Mendenhall also notes that a conflict arose between those who believed in the
Davidic covenant, and those who believed that God would not support all actions of the state. As a result, both sides became relatively aloof, and the Davidic covenant and the Mosaic covenant were almost entirely forgotten.
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869:. He goes on to argue that phrases about having a "whole heart" or having "walked after me with all his heart" strongly parallels with Neo-Assyrian grant language, such as "walked with royalty". He further argues that in Jeremiah, God uses prophetic metaphor to say that David will be adopted as a son. Expressing legal and political relationships through familial phraseology was common among Near Eastern cultures. Babylonian contracts often expressed fathership and sonship in their grants to actually mean a king to vassal relationship.
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suzerain who commits himself and swears to keep the promise. In the covenant there are procedures for taking the oath, which involve a smoking oven and a blazing torch. There are many similarities between
Genesis 15 and the Abba-El deed. In Genesis 15 and similarly in the Abba-El deed, it is the superior party who places himself under oath. The oaths in both, moreover, involve a situation wherein the inferior party delivers the animals while the superior party swears the oath.
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1522:(διαθήκη) which in the Greek context only meant 'will (left after death)' and virtually never 'covenant, alliance'. This fact implies a reinterpreted view of the Old Testament covenant as possessing characteristics of a 'will left after death' in Christian theology and has generated considerable attention from biblical scholars and theologians. The reason is connected with the translation of the Hebrew word for covenant,
911:
701:
876:, an Assyrian, to his servant Bulta, he describes Bulta's loyalty with the phrase "kept the charge of my kinship". Abraham similarly kept God's charge in Genesis 26: 4–5: "I will give to your descendants all these lands...in as much as Abraham obeyed me and kept my charge, my commandments, my rules and my teachings."
1036:
With
Abraham multiple promised lands were given to his innumerable descendants (Gen 15:18-21; 17:1-9, 19; 22:15-18; 26:2-4, 24; 28; 35:9-13; Gal 3; Abr 2:6-11), with special 'gathering' and leadership roles assigned to the descendants of Joseph and his son Ephraim (Gen 48 and 50; Deut 33:17; 1 Chron
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peoples, and deals with the relationship between two parties of equal standing. In contrast, the promissory type of covenant is seen in the
Abrahamic and Davidic covenants. Promissory covenants focus on the relationship between the suzerain and the vassal and are similar to the "royal grant" type of
1113:
The
Abrahamic covenant is part of a tradition of covenantal sacrifices that dates to the third millennium BC. The animals that are slaughtered in the covenant in Genesis 15 are considered a sacrificial offering. And it is that covenant which preserves the sacrificial element alongside the symbolic
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According to
Weinfeld, the Abrahamic covenant represents a covenant of grant, which binds the suzerain. It is the obligation of the master to his servant and involves gifts given to individuals who were loyal serving their masters. In the covenant with Abraham in Genesis 15, it is God who is the
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Qumran and
Jerusalem: studies in the Dead Sea scrolls p. 248 Lawrence H. Schiffman – 2010 This priestly covenant is also echoed in the poem in 1QM 17:2–3 that refers to the eternal priestly covenant. ... Num 18:19).57 That the priestly “covenant of salt,” a biblical expression denoting a
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Covenants in biblical times were often sealed by severing an animal, with the implication that the party who breaks the covenant will suffer a similar fate. In Hebrew, the verb meaning to seal a covenant translates literally as "to cut". It is presumed by Jewish scholars that the removal of the
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According to
Mendenhall, pressures from outside invaders led the loosely bound Israelite tribes to converge into monarchical unity for stability and solidarity. He also argues that during this consolidation, the new state also had to unify the religious traditions that belonged to the different
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And ye shall circumcise the flesh of your foreskin; and it shall be a token of the covenant betwixt me and you. And he that is eight days old shall be circumcised among you, every man child in your generations, he that is born in the house, or bought with money of any stranger, which
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for further information on two of the major viewpoints.) Some scholars classify only two: a covenant of promise and a covenant of law. The former involved an oath taken by God – a word of promise instead of command – while the latter is known in the Bible as "the Law".
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and, in God's words, admonishes the Jews for being insolent about it and displaying violence against the prophets – a group of them they called liars, and other prophets among them they killed –, even though they agreed to keep them at the time the covenant was made.
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Weinfeld believes that similar terminology and wording can connect the
Abrahamic and Davidic covenants with ancient Near Eastern grants, as opposed to being largely similar to the Mosaic covenant, which, according to Weinfeld, is an example of a
1211:'s identification and what he had done for Israel ("who brought you out of the land of Egypt"; Ex 20:2) as well as the stipulations commanding absolute loyalty ("You shall not have other gods apart from me"). Unlike the suzerainty treaty, the
1057:
Genesis 12: To make of Abraham a great nation and bless Abraham and make his name great so that he will be a blessing, to bless those who bless him and curse him who curses him and all peoples on earth would be blessed through
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and the generations of his posterity were required by God to procreate, and not to shed human blood (murder), because mankind was made in the image of God. Jews are forbidden to consume meat with the blood in it, but Bnei Noah
983:"usually implies a reciprocal bond, both parties to which come under obligations by it, each to the other. But, in this case, there are no obligations on the part of man or of the creatures. This covenant is God's only."
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sources. For the first two covenants, God grants Abraham land and a multitude of descendants but does not place any stipulations (meaning it was unconditional) on Abraham for the covenant's fulfillment:
1499:: as with all covenants between God and man described in the Bible, the New Covenant is considered "a bond in blood sovereignly administered by God". It has been theorized that the New Covenant is the
384:
1972:
not of thy seed. He that is born in thy house, and he that is bought with thy money, must needs be circumcised: and my covenant shall be in your flesh for an everlasting covenant.
1289:(2 Sam 7). It promised to establish his dynasty forever while acknowledging that its original royal-covenant promises had been given to the ancestor of the whole nation, Abraham.
893:
Students of the Bible hold differing opinions as to how many major covenants were created between God and humanity, with numbers ranging from one to at least twelve. (See
2177:: "The term "berit" ... refers chiefly to God's covenant made with Israel, and with Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Moses, Aaron, Phineas, and David (Derek Ereẓ Zuṭa, i., end)."
1354:"It is this picture of the covenant which colours most of our thinking about covenant in the Old Testament, and in the expression 'Law and Gospel' it represents the
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There are two major types of covenants in the Hebrew Bible, including the obligatory type and the promissory type. The obligatory covenant is more common with the
1196:
Beyond its central religious purpose, the Mosaic covenant was also political. It established Israel as a holy nation, God's special possession (Exod 19:5-6).
2165:: "...for this act he was approved by God and was rewarded with the divine promise that the priesthood should remain in his family forever (Num. xxv. 7–15)."
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5:1-2; Psalm 80:2; Isaiah 11:13; Jer 31:6, 9; Ezek 37:15-19; Zech 10:6-12), and circumcision marking them as a peculiar people set apart (Gen 17:10-13).
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among all people and "a kingdom of priests and a holy nation", if they follow God's commandments. As part of the terms of this covenant, God gives
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and made them suffer for breaking the covenant, while also mentioning other covenants such a prophetic covenant with the Israelites in Quran
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for "covenant" is from a root with the sense of "cutting", because pacts or covenants were made by passing between cut pieces of flesh of an
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1347:, and this became the symbol of the Israelite nation, and of God's presence with His people. Thus when King David wanted to establish
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of kings. In form and terminology, these covenants echo the kinds of treaty agreements existing in the surrounding ancient world.
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Further underlying the idea that these covenants were grant-like in nature is the similar language used in both. In the grant of
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does not have any witness nor explicit blessings and curses. The fullest account of the Mosaic covenant is given in the book of
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1598:(apparently very different from how Christians interpret it), who likewise failed to observe it following their own desires.
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1514:' in the sense of a 'will left after the death of a person', the instructions for the inheritance of property (Latin
1021:, the "Covenant between the parts" in Hebrew (also translated as the "Covenant of the pieces"), and is the basis for
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as the sign of this "everlasting covenant between God and every living creature of all flesh that is on the earth".
2005:
1964:
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is to be the permanent sign of this everlasting covenant with Abraham and his male descendants and is known as the
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2016:
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1944:
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maintains that the Davidic covenant deserves an important place in determining the purposes of God and that its
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Walvoord, John F. "Eschatological Problems VII: The Fulfillment of the Davidic Covenant." Web: 19 Mar 2010.
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Weinfeld, M. (April–June 1970). "The Covenant of Grant in the Old Testament and in the Ancient near East".
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Genesis 17: To make Abraham the father of many nations and of many descendants and give "the whole land of
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is thereafter sprinkled on the altar (Exodus 24:6) and on the people (Exodus 24:8) to seal the covenant.
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Michael D. Coogan, "A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament" page 103, Oxford University Press, 2009
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1492:
1401:, Dispensational (historically grammatically literal) biblical theologians are almost unanimous that
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are allowed the blood of a living animal (Maimonides, Laws of Kings and Wars, Chapter IX Law 10).
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Weinfeld, M. (1970). "The Covenant of Grant in the Old Testament and in the Ancient near East".
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In Genesis chapters 12, 15, and 17, three covenants can be distinguished based on the differing
2042:
Ed. David A. Leeming, Kathryn Madden and Stanton Marlan. New York: Springer, 2010. pp. 153–154.
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The throne will not be taken away from him (Solomon) even though his sins justify chastisement.
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766:, which is decreed between God and all living creatures, as well as a number of more specific
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1397:. While Jewish theologians have always held that Jesus did not fulfill the expectations of a
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1169:, contains the foundations of the written Torah. In this covenant, God promises to make the
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2225:"Comparison of the two covenants mediated by Moses and the two covenants mediated by Jesus"
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Christians see Jesus as the mediator of this New Covenant, and that his blood, shed at his
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David is to have a child, yet to be born, who shall succeed him and establish his kingdom.
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with the saying: "this cup that is poured out for you is the new covenant in my blood".
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1325:
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41:
2450:
Covenant – Old and New', in P. Fiddes, R. Hayden, R. Kidd, K. Clements, and B. Haymes,
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Genesis 15: To give Abraham's descendants all the land from the river of Egypt to the
947:. In this covenant with all living creatures, God promises never again to destroy all
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1870:
The creation: secular, Jewish, Catholic, Protestant, and Muslim perspectives analyzed
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will fully fulfill the Davidic covenant, the provisions of which Walvoord lists as:
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will establish a new covenant with the house of Israel and the house of Judah. Most
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Mendenhall, George E. (September 1954). "Covenant Forms in Israelite Tradition".
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David's house, throne, and kingdom shall be established forever (2 Samuel 7:16).
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made with Moses and the Israelite people at Horeb-Sinai, which is found in
1941:"Blue Letter Bible: Dictionary and Word Search for zera' (Strong's 2233)"
1807:(3). New Haven, Conn.: The American Schools of Oriental Research: 70–73.
1761:(Vol 90 ed.). Jerusalem: American Oriental Society. pp. 184–203
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In the Christian context, this New Covenant is associated with the word '
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1268:
1267:. The Hebrew Bible also mentions another perpetual priestly promise with
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1300:(which included Judah). The Davidic covenant is an important element in
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2280:. It has become an accepted definition among modern scholars. See this
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The Covenant of Grant in the Old Testament and in the Ancient near East
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The Vision of the Lord Directing Abram to Count the Stars (woodcut by
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The Lost Prophet: The Book of Enoch and Its Influence on Christianity
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Eschatological Problems VII: The Fulfillment of the Davidic Covenant
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The Noahic covenant recounted in Genesis 9:9-17 applies to all of
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builds an altar to the Lord after being delivered from the great
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The Mosaic covenant is referred to in a number of places in the
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and his seed, or offspring, both of natural birth and adoption.
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825:, while some believe both covenants are still applicable in a
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This article is about biblical covenants. For other uses, see
2452:
Bound to Love: The Covenant Basis of Baptist Life and Mission
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1351:
as his own capital city he brought the Ark there (2 Sam 6).
1700:
Normative and Sectarian Judaism in the Second Temple Period
1674:
Normative and Sectarian Judaism in the Second Temple Period
1362:
of the gospel . But older than the Mosaic covenant was the
2293:
George R. Law, "The Form of the New Covenant in Matthew,"
1558:. The verses also mention particular commandments of the
1550:
as a reminder for the Jews, of whom two tribes inhabited
1412:
A son (Solomon) shall build the temple instead of David.
1106:
symbolically represents such a sealing of the covenant.
2504:
When God Wanted to Destroy the Chosen People, G. Kugler
1415:
The throne of his kingdom shall be established forever.
2354:
Catholic Encyclopedia, 1912, article 'New Testament'
1343:
The tablets of the Ten Commandments were kept in the
2356:
https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/new-testament
1189:in the rest of the Torah. The blood of sacrificial
2368:"The meaning of "Covenant" (διαθηκη) in the Bible"
929:; God sends the rainbow as a sign of his covenant.
2332:"G1242 - diathēkē - Strong's Greek Lexicon (KJV)"
1203:in the ancient Near East. Like the treaties, the
1185:(Exodus 20:1-17); these are later embellished or
1065:. Later, this land came to be referred to as the
2467:Covenant and Chosenness in Judaism and Mormonism
1985:, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 62–68
1518:the original Greek word used in Scripture being
1366:, which promised stability to the royal house."
1316:is believed to be a future Jewish king from the
1292:The Davidic covenant establishes David and his
762:). These include the Noahic Covenant set out in
1281:David § Jerusalem and the Davidic covenant
1453:and is related to the biblical concept of the
1704:United States: T & T Clark International.
723:
8:
2100:. pp. 33-48, 77-90, 92, 95, 97-98, 105-113.
1712:
1710:
1484:and the New Covenant is seen in most modern
1464:that the New Covenant was instituted at the
1077:By contrast, the third covenant (called the
2207:
2205:
966:Ahead of the covenant (in Genesis 9:1-7),
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716:
350:
36:
2072:
2070:
1983:A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament
1873:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 283.
1596:covenant made with the followers of Jesus
1566:The Quran also states how God cursed the
1486:English translations of the New Testament
2469:. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
2122:The Zondervan Pictorial Bible Dictionary
2040:Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion.
1719:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1434:originally derived from a phrase in the
1226:as the permanent sign of this covenant.
1930:on Genesis 9, accessed 18 February 2024
1649:
1199:The form of the covenant resembles the
439:
48:
1928:MacLaren Expositions Of Holy Scripture
1336:and rule the Jewish people during the
1328:, usher in an era of peace, build the
1332:, have a male heir, re-institute the
1251:) is the covenant that God made with
34:Religious concept in the Hebrew Bible
7:
2308:"testamentum: Latin Word Study Tool"
2272:This definition of covenant is from
1613:Covenantal theology (Roman Catholic)
1222:God gave the children of Israel the
1130:on a monument on the grounds of the
2227:. 25 September 2022. Archived from
1628:Christian views on the Old Covenant
1245:
811:"replacement" or "final fulfilment"
755:
2153:permanent covenant,58 is to be ...
25:
1752:Weinfield, M. (April–June 1970).
1358:of the law in contrast with the
1285:The royal covenant was made with
1324:, gather the Jews back into the
699:
56:
2547:Christian theology of the Bible
2038:"Circumcision." Mark Popovsky.
1671:Moshe Weinfeld (20 June 2005).
1442:. It is often thought of as an
1395:future reign of Christ on earth
746:makes reference to a number of
695:Outline of Bible-related topics
1677:. A&C Black. p. 200.
1497:required blood of the covenant
1025:(covenant of circumcision) in
404:Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia
1:
2567:Covenants in the Hebrew Bible
2491:Jewish Encyclopedia: Covenant
2175:Jewish Encyclopedia: Covenant
2163:Jewish Encyclopedia: Phinehas
1844:Introducing Covenant Theology
1003:Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld
531:Historical-grammatical method
2295:American Theological Inquiry
1623:Covenant (Latter Day Saints)
1320:, who will be anointed with
2282:critical review of his book
2278:The Christ of the Covenants
1846:. Baker Books. p. 51.
1480:. A connection between the
1393:confirms the doctrine of a
2583:
2284:by Dr. C. Matthew McMahon.
1801:The Biblical Archaeologist
1373:
1278:
1233:
1142:
1136:
990:
979:notes that while the term
945:all other living creatures
932:
526:Allegorical interpretation
26:
1867:Jenkins, Everett (2003).
1782:American Oriental Society
1638:Oaths in Jewish tradition
1298:united monarchy of Israel
1255:and his descendants, the
29:Covenant (disambiguation)
2457:. London: Baptist Union.
2372:www.bible-researcher.com
1842:Horton, Michael (2009).
1079:covenant of circumcision
416:Novum Testamentum Graece
218:Composition of the Torah
2098:Sheffield Phoenix Press
1432:biblical interpretation
1240:The priestly covenant (
1029:. The covenant was for
821:and as applying to the
2465:and Seth Ward (2001).
1943:. 2011. Archived from
1532:why the word Testament
1430:The New Covenant is a
1134:
1089:" to his descendants.
1013:The covenant found in
1010:
993:Covenant of the pieces
930:
827:dual covenant theology
679:Criticism of the Bible
422:Documentary hypothesis
2542:Christian terminology
2312:www.perseus.tufts.edu
1697:Weinfeld, M. (2005).
1503:as spoken during his
1385:Christian theologian
1271:and his descendants.
1125:
1000:
915:Noah's Thanksoffering
913:
432:NT textual categories
2509:"What is a Covenant"
2497:Nave's Topical Bible
1658:Strong's Concordance
1296:as the kings of the
1175:treasured possession
833:Ancient Near Eastern
780:Israelite priesthood
379:Internal consistency
285:Samaritan Pentateuch
2552:Hebrew Bible topics
2274:O. Palmer Robertson
1981:Michael D. Coogan,
1582:covenants in Quran
1505:Sermon on the Mount
1345:Ark of the Covenant
1132:Texas State Capitol
1019:Brit bein HaBetarim
213:New Testament canon
208:Old Testament canon
136:Chapters and verses
2116:Kline, Meredith. "
2087:2019-03-29 at the
1568:Children of Israel
1526:(בְּרִית), in the
1462:Christians believe
1322:holy anointing oil
1310:Jewish eschatology
1306:Christian theology
1259:, as found in the
1257:Aaronic priesthood
1135:
1081:) is conditional:
1011:
977:Alexander Maclaren
935:Seven Laws of Noah
931:
803:Christians believe
684:Biblical authority
565:Capital punishment
441:Biblical criticism
410:Rahlfs' Septuagint
114:New Testament (NT)
109:Old Testament (OT)
2517:Meredith G. Kline
2336:Blue Letter Bible
1853:978-0-8010-7195-9
1684:978-0-567-04441-9
1618:Covenantal nomism
1608:Covenant theology
1440:Hebrew Scriptures
1302:Jewish messianism
1236:Priestly covenant
1201:suzerainty treaty
1069:(see map) or the
1007:Bible in Pictures
919:Joseph Anton Koch
899:dispensationalism
895:covenant theology
867:suzerainty treaty
817:described in the
740:
739:
555:Conspiracy theory
484:
483:
223:Mosaic authorship
18:Covenant (Israel)
16:(Redirected from
2574:
2537:Biblical phrases
2513:Kingdom Prologue
2480:
2463:Truman G. Madsen
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1387:John F. Walvoord
1247:
1205:Ten Commandments
1183:Ten Commandments
1165:and the book of
1149:613 commandments
1145:Ten Commandments
1128:Ten Commandments
1017:is known as the
959:and creates the
846:animal sacrifice
837:The Hebrew term
791:Book of Jeremiah
757:
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346:Biblical studies
275:Dead Sea scrolls
236:Petrine epistles
231:Pauline epistles
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2089:Wayback Machine
2075:
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1554:at the time of
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1482:Blood of Christ
1478:New Commandment
1472:, which in the
1468:as part of the
1428:
1383:
1378:
1376:Supersessionism
1372:
1283:
1277:
1249:brith ha-kehuna
1238:
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1159:Mosaic covenant
1155:
1141:
1139:Mosaic covenant
1120:
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784:Davidic lineage
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1399:Jewish messiah
1382:
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1364:royal covenant
1326:Land of Israel
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1234:Main article:
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1516:testamentum),
1513:
1508:
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1501:Law of Christ
1498:
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1489:
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1476:includes the
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1451:world to come
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2562:Biblical law
2523:perspective)
2512:
2500:on covenants
2496:
2466:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2422:
2410:
2398:
2386:
2375:. Retrieved
2371:
2362:
2350:
2339:. Retrieved
2335:
2326:
2315:. Retrieved
2311:
2302:
2294:
2289:
2277:
2268:
2257:
2244:
2233:. Retrieved
2229:the original
2219:
2198:Jer 33:17–21
2193:
2182:
2170:
2158:
2148:
2137:
2128:
2121:
2112:
2080:
2058:
2047:
2039:
2034:
2023:
2012:
2006:Gen 15:18–21
2001:
1990:
1982:
1977:
1969:
1960:
1949:. Retrieved
1945:the original
1935:
1922:
1911:
1900:
1889:
1869:
1862:
1843:
1837:
1804:
1800:
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1785:
1781:
1775:
1763:. Retrieved
1754:
1747:
1722:
1718:
1698:
1693:
1673:
1666:
1656:
1652:
1633:New Covenant
1565:
1545:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1509:
1490:
1459:
1429:
1384:
1370:Christianity
1363:
1360:new covenant
1359:
1356:old covenant
1355:
1353:
1342:
1330:Third Temple
1318:Davidic line
1291:
1284:
1261:Hebrew Bible
1248:
1239:
1221:
1207:begins with
1198:
1195:
1163:Exodus 19–24
1156:
1153:Law of Moses
1112:
1108:
1100:
1094:
1091:Circumcision
1076:
1039:
1035:
1018:
1012:
1006:
980:
965:
938:
917:(c.1803) by
914:
892:
883:
874:Ashurbanipal
871:
863:
850:
841:
836:
815:Old Covenant
807:New Covenant
788:
778:people, the
774:, the whole
758:) with God (
747:
744:Hebrew Bible
741:
638:Perspectives
499:Hermeneutics
414:
402:
322:Luther Bible
317:Gothic Bible
306:Vetus Latina
304:
260:Translations
200:Hebrew canon
128:Antilegomena
123:Deuterocanon
2444:Paul Fiddes
2297:5:2 (2012).
2252:for example
2118:Deuteronomy
2028:Gen 17:9–14
1905:Gen 9:12–17
1493:crucifixion
1466:Last Supper
1460:Generally,
1294:descendants
1246:ברית הכהונה
1217:Deuteronomy
1167:Deuteronomy
880:Dissolution
860:Terminology
536:Inspiration
374:Historicity
332:by language
264:manuscripts
2531:Categories
2454:, pp. 9–23
2377:2020-08-12
2341:2020-08-12
2317:2020-08-12
2262:Luke 22:20
2235:2023-01-29
2092:. London:
2017:Gen 17:2–9
1995:Gen 12:1–3
1951:2011-11-21
1644:References
1528:Septuagint
1279:See also:
1265:Oral Torah
1171:Israelites
1143:See also:
1095:brit milah
1023:brit milah
1015:Genesis 15
933:See also:
797:says that
782:, and the
756:בְּרִיתוֹת
541:Literalism
451:Historical
358:Archeology
295:Septuagint
190:Authorship
178:Authorship
2063:Exod 19:6
2052:Exod 19:5
1829:166165146
1586:, and in
1580:Abrahamic
1560:Decalogue
1538:article.
1534:' in the
1512:testament
1470:Eucharist
1438:, in the
1349:Jerusalem
1334:Sanhedrin
1213:Decalogue
1063:Euphrates
987:Abrahamic
973:Noahidism
793:, verses
776:Israelite
768:covenants
764:Genesis 9
748:covenants
666:Inerrancy
476:Canonical
471:Redaction
363:Artifacts
144:Apocrypha
73:and books
2521:Reformed
2446:(1985).
2276:'s book
2085:Archived
1894:Gen 9:11
1602:See also
1556:Muhammad
1520:diatheke
1391:exegesis
1269:Phinehas
1230:Priestly
1104:foreskin
1058:Abraham.
1050:Priestly
981:covenant
941:humanity
889:Biblical
795:31:30–33
615:Violence
600:Serpents
590:Prophecy
585:Muhammad
300:Peshitta
290:Targumim
42:a series
40:Part of
2404:2:83-84
1916:Gen 9:4
1821:3209151
1765:5 March
1661:(1890).
1530:: see '
1495:is the
1314:messiah
1275:Davidic
1224:Shabbat
1046:Elohist
1042:Jahwist
1031:Abraham
1027:Judaism
961:rainbow
853:Hittite
842:bĕriyth
839:בְּרִית
813:of the
809:is the
772:Abraham
655:Quranic
650:Islamic
645:Gnostic
620:Warfare
610:Slavery
550:Alcohol
512:Midrash
456:Textual
312:Vulgate
98:Ketuvim
93:Nevi'im
2473:
2426:Quran
2414:Quran
2402:Quran
2390:Quran
2187:2Sam 7
2104:
1877:
1850:
1827:
1819:
1739:598135
1737:
1681:
1576:Noahic
1574:, the
1552:Medina
1312:, the
1242:Hebrew
1209:Yahweh
1151:, and
1118:Mosaic
1087:Canaan
906:Noahic
752:Hebrew
580:Incest
560:Ethics
517:Pardes
507:Pesher
461:Source
390:Places
385:People
368:Dating
195:Dating
149:Jewish
83:Tanakh
71:Canons
44:on the
2511:from
2428:4:154
1825:S2CID
1817:JSTOR
1759:(PDF)
1735:JSTOR
1592:7:169
1548:Quran
1542:Islam
1403:Jesus
1308:. In
1287:David
1253:Aaron
1179:Moses
1114:act.
957:flood
953:Earth
927:Flood
805:this
770:with
625:Women
575:Humor
395:Names
88:Torah
50:Bible
2471:ISBN
2416:2:93
2392:2:63
2102:ISBN
2094:SPCK
1875:ISBN
1848:ISBN
1767:2015
1679:ISBN
1590:and
1588:5:14
1584:33:7
1578:and
1572:3:81
1524:brit
1304:and
1263:and
1191:oxen
1181:the
1173:his
1157:The
1126:The
1048:and
968:Noah
949:life
943:and
923:Noah
897:and
799:YHWH
789:The
760:YHWH
742:The
595:Rape
466:Form
262:and
2515:by
2250:KJV
2120:".
1809:doi
1727:doi
1449:or
1426:New
1381:Old
955:by
951:on
605:Sex
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2204:^
2096:;
2069:^
1970:is
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154:OT
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1856:.
1831:.
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