54:
2481:, a Creole of color who lived and worked in Paris for most of his adult life. Other themes approached aspects of love, and religion, and many texts were likened to French romanticism. In daily newspapers locally and abroad, pieces written by Creoles of color were prominent. Even during the ban on racial commentary during the antebellum period, pieces written by these creoles reformulated existing French themes to subtly critique race relations in Louisiana. They still gained popularity among all readers.
60:
2349:
6365:
1927:
2095:
2573:
49:
65:
2337:. They classified all people with African ancestry or visible African features as black, associated with enslavement, and therefore categorized as second-class citizens, regardless of their education, property ownership, or previous status in French society. Former free Creoles of color were relegated to the ranks of
2333:, many Creoles of color lost their favorable social status, despite their service to the militia and their social status prior to the U.S. takeover. The territory and New Orleans became the destination of many migrants from the United States, as well as new immigrants. Migrants from the South imposed their
2239:
period, their society was structured along class lines, and they tended to marry within their group. While it was not illegal, it was a social taboo for
Creoles of color to marry slaves and it was a rare occurrence. Some of the wealthier and prosperous Creoles of color owned slaves themselves. Many
2438:
It was common for wealthy francophone gens de couleur to study in Europe, with some opting to not return to the US because of greater liberties in France. When neither educated abroad nor in whites-only schools in the United States by virtue of passing, Creoles of color were often homeschooled or
2317:
wrote to
Claiborne saying, "…it would be prudent not to increase the Corps, but to diminish, if it could be done without giving offense…" A decade later, the militia of color that remained volunteered to take up arms when the British began landing troops on American soil outside of New Orleans in
2171:
Though interracial relations were legally forbidden, or restricted, they were not uncommon. For a time, there were customs regulating relationships between white men and young women of
African or mixed ancestry, whose mothers would negotiate the terms. These often included freedom for an enslaved
2023:
New
Orleans Creoles of color have been named as a "vital source of U.S. national-indigenous culture." Creoles of color helped produce the historic cultural pattern of unique literature, art, music, architecture, and cuisine that is seen in New Orleans. The first black poetry works in the United
2312:
Months after the colony became part of the United States, Claiborne's administration was faced with a dilemma previously unknown in the U.S.; integration in the military by incorporating entire units of previously established "colored" militia. In a
February 20, 1804, letter, Secretary of War
2234:
is an identity marker specific to
Creoles of color. Many Creoles of color were free-born, and their descendants often enjoyed many of the same privileges that whites did, including (but not limited to) property ownership, formal education, and service in the militia. During the
2108:
is derived from Latin and means to "create", and was first used in the "New World" by the
Portuguese to describe local goods and products. The Spanish later used the term during colonial occupation to mean any native inhabitant of the New World. French colonists used the term
1862:
1749:
2012:" to refer to people born in the colony, rather than in Europe, thus drawing a distinction between Old-World Europeans and Africans from their descendants born in the New World. Today, these Creoles of color have assimilated into (and contributed to)
2405:, white Democrats regained political control of state legislatures across the former Confederate states by intimidation of blacks and other Republicans at the polls. Through the late nineteenth century, they worked to impose white supremacy under
3553:
2413:
the majority of blacks, especially by creating barriers to voter registration through devices such as poll taxes, literacy tests, grandfather clauses, etc., stripping
African Americans, including Creoles of color, of political power.
5737:
5732:
5744:
1734:
5485:
2300:
in 1803 and acquired the large territory west of the
Mississippi, the Creoles of color in New Orleans volunteered their services and pledged their loyalty to their new country. They also took an oath of loyalty to
1666:
1744:
2268:
The first wave of creole migration out of
Louisiana occurred between 1840 and 1890 with the majority of migrants fleeing to ethnic-dominant outskirts of larger U.S. cities and abroad where race was more fluid.
5749:
1729:
382:
5420:
1028:
3557:
2430:
On June 14, 2013, Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal signed into law Act 276, creating the "prestige" license plate stating "I'm Creole", in honor of the Creoles' contributions, culture, and heritage.
441:
393:
1739:
1691:
3599:
1701:
1696:
2410:
1967:
1711:
1681:
2504:
Some Creoles of color trained as classical musicians in 19th-century Louisiana. These musicians would often study with those associated with the French Opera House; some traveled to
6270:
6265:
5814:
4546:
4403:
584:
6077:
4534:
425:
5949:
1616:
1606:
1686:
363:
1676:
1671:
2427:
in 1896, deciding that "separate but equal" accommodations were constitutional. It permitted states to impose Jim Crow rules on federal railways and later interstate buses.
4644:
5233:
4368:
1706:
1586:
5727:
4208:
3792:
6275:
5515:
902:
4099:
6344:
6319:
2456:
In 1850 it was determined that 80% of all gens de couleur libres were literate; a figure significantly higher than the white population of Louisiana at the time.
1941:
1842:
589:
461:
315:
2362:. Dimitry was a Greek immigrant who married Marianne Céleste Dragon, a woman of African and Greek ancestry, around 1799. Their son, Creole author and educator
6329:
6324:
5256:
1960:
4704:
2329:, many Creoles of color lost their favorable social status, despite their service to the militia and their social status prior to the U.S. takeover. After the
2901:
6045:
5881:
5590:
5580:
5238:
5228:
2473:
A significant portion of these works were dedicated to describing the conditions of their enslaved compatriots. One example of such texts is the short story
1896:
1876:
1636:
1128:
1113:
600:
2055:
in 1896, Creoles of color became disenfranchised in Louisiana and other southern states. Some moved to other states, sometimes passing into white groups as
6430:
6087:
5859:
3251:
1641:
1621:
6405:
6307:
5251:
5246:
2778:
2252:
907:
368:
4143:
6450:
5966:
5470:
4579:
3612:
1571:
1448:
482:
6314:
5944:
5465:
4687:
4519:
1953:
1891:
1656:
1611:
6280:
6240:
6082:
5986:
5915:
5520:
2052:
1857:
1601:
1596:
1581:
6339:
6334:
6302:
6072:
5976:
5939:
5720:
3432:
1576:
1561:
1468:
4481:
4476:
410:
405:
6425:
6297:
6255:
6067:
4615:
4361:
3706:
2221:
of French after its systematic suppression for a period by Anglo-Americans. The approach to revitalization is somewhat controversial as many
1528:
605:
594:
456:
378:
255:
4132:
6245:
6230:
6094:
6003:
5998:
5932:
4393:
4201:
2510:
1631:
1591:
1533:
1488:
348:
3582:
2863:
3417:
6420:
6220:
6057:
6027:
5809:
5388:
4600:
2469:
During the antebellum period, well-educated francophone gens de couleur libres contributed extensively to literary collections, such as
1518:
1498:
1343:
912:
758:
4165:
6210:
6104:
6020:
5864:
5645:
5445:
4596:
4574:
4265:
1646:
1626:
1180:
1045:
477:
6435:
6415:
6410:
6357:
4747:
4398:
4003:
3984:
3965:
3942:
3923:
3904:
3885:
3866:
3847:
3828:
3809:
3776:
3738:
3346:
3307:
3080:
526:
358:
6400:
6285:
6250:
6235:
5993:
5595:
4839:
4809:
4625:
4354:
3476:
2251:, another Creole of color, emancipated all of his slaves in 1863. He organized them into a company in the Second Regiment of the
1936:
1872:
1483:
1133:
546:
446:
2277:
The reclassification of Creoles of color as black prompted the second migratory wave of Creoles of color between 1920 and 1940.
6292:
6215:
6010:
5886:
5854:
5585:
5450:
5155:
4794:
4194:
2490:
1438:
1305:
1123:
1050:
2591:
Creoles of color from the New Orleans area were active in defining the earliest days of jazz. Some of the most notable names:
2439:
enrolled in private schools. These private schools were often financed and staffed by affluent Creoles of color. For example,
6062:
5956:
5871:
5475:
4228:
4121:
3102:
1847:
1523:
1473:
3272:
Barnett, C. Brian. “‘La Francophonie En Louisiane’: Problems and Recommendations to Strengthen the French Immersion Model.”
6099:
6032:
6015:
5961:
5910:
5849:
5754:
5715:
5655:
5455:
4844:
4824:
4631:
4610:
4298:
4073:
2194:
1538:
1508:
1493:
1478:
1453:
1433:
1055:
689:
556:
2078:
Creoles of color who moved to other states founded diaspora communities, which were called "Little New Orleans", such as
5922:
5898:
5893:
5876:
5844:
5787:
4900:
4849:
4682:
4335:
4303:
4293:
4233:
4074:
Quadroons for Beginners: Discussing the Suppressed and Sexualized History of Free Women of Color with Author Emily Clark
3536:
2290:
1566:
1458:
1443:
1428:
1395:
694:
373:
3519:
2401:
and served in political office during Reconstruction, helping to bring freedmen into the political system. During late
53:
6187:
6179:
6122:
6037:
5525:
5430:
5286:
5268:
5170:
4829:
4799:
4524:
4444:
4423:
2079:
1789:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1513:
985:
776:
746:
684:
633:
561:
451:
2883:
2285:
Creoles of color had been members of the militia for decades under both French and Spanish control of the colony of
6440:
6205:
6142:
6132:
5682:
5440:
5400:
4757:
4451:
2123:
referred to people born in Louisiana whose ancestors cane from other places. Colonial documents show that the term
1804:
1784:
1287:
1222:
995:
897:
864:
651:
536:
4062:
6395:
6114:
5927:
5759:
5320:
4819:
4657:
4464:
4330:
4217:
2808:
2758:
2441:
2342:
2338:
1759:
1503:
1463:
752:
247:
3243:
3124:
5804:
5368:
5281:
4925:
4714:
4529:
4469:
4459:
4385:
4270:
4020:
2013:
1338:
1118:
965:
849:
623:
504:
332:
4092:
4154:
6390:
6137:
5687:
5341:
5310:
5090:
5030:
4895:
4638:
4280:
4238:
3699:
A Black patriot and a white priest : André Cailloux and Claude Paschal Maistre in Civil War New Orleans
2763:
2696:
2302:
2218:
1985:
1852:
1794:
1257:
1217:
940:
839:
717:
531:
283:
202:
6052:
3616:
3147:"Creole Is, Creole Ain't: Diachronic and Synchronic Attitudes toward Creole Identity in Southern Louisiana"
3048:
5782:
5020:
4814:
4804:
4742:
4552:
4491:
3369:"Migratory Movement: The Politics of Ethnic Community (Re) Construction Among Creoles of Color, 1920-1940"
2990:
Policing Intimacy: Law, Sexuality, and the Color Line in Twentieth-Century Hemispheric American Literature
2625:
2548:
2178:
2154:); a prosperous, educated group of multi-racial Creoles of European, African and Native American descent (
2143:
was historically necessary when referring to Creoles of African and mixed ancestry, as the term "Creole" (
1989:
551:
541:
521:
223:
206:
59:
2164:). French Law regulated interracial conduct within the colony. An example of such laws are the Louisiana
2150:
During French colonization, social order was divided into three distinct categories: Creole aristocrats (
214:
6127:
5640:
5505:
5460:
5276:
4995:
4960:
4779:
4762:
4569:
4486:
4325:
4034:
3679:
2558:
2385:. Some Creoles served as prominent members of the Confederate Government during the American Civil War.
2378:
2319:
2289:. For example, around 80 free Creoles of color were recruited into the militia that participated in the
2286:
2183:
1175:
1165:
1097:
1060:
844:
834:
734:
415:
210:
4275:
6369:
5777:
5540:
5351:
5303:
5175:
5065:
4970:
4737:
4727:
4699:
4564:
4418:
3935:
The Strange History of the American Quadroon: Free Women of Color in the Revolutionary Atlantic World
2655:
2515:
2230:
1931:
1383:
628:
420:
353:
267:
116:
6157:
6152:
5510:
5425:
4905:
4694:
4584:
4514:
4320:
4255:
3769:
Afro-Creole Poetry in French from Louisiana's Radical Civil War–Era Newspapers: A Bilingual Edition
2803:
2645:
2640:
2222:
2030:
1997:
1799:
1282:
1277:
1239:
656:
487:
279:
259:
227:
4100:
A Creole Melting Pot: the Politics of Language, Race, and Identity in southwest Louisiana, 1918-45
3338:
2240:
did so to free and/or reunite with once-separated family members. Other Creoles of color, such as
6225:
6162:
5905:
5363:
5130:
5110:
5015:
4940:
4767:
4672:
4662:
4650:
4541:
4438:
4413:
3786:
3398:
3326:
3224:
3182:
3174:
2835:
2798:
2783:
2423:
2418:
2402:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2297:
2047:
2038:
1170:
955:
722:
699:
388:
287:
120:
3751:
3579:
2860:
2348:
2041:, and Reconstruction, the city's black elite fought against informal segregation practices and
5672:
5393:
5055:
5025:
4620:
4377:
3999:
3980:
3961:
3938:
3919:
3900:
3881:
3862:
3843:
3824:
3805:
3772:
3734:
3712:
3702:
3390:
3342:
3303:
3216:
3166:
3076:
2680:
2538:
2523:
2498:
2363:
2064:
2017:
1355:
975:
816:
323:
295:
291:
263:
194:
156:
4110:
6445:
5828:
5799:
5794:
5660:
5633:
5358:
4975:
4945:
4935:
4930:
4497:
3380:
3334:
3158:
2788:
2773:
2768:
2675:
2665:
2478:
2306:
2248:
2236:
2210:
2206:
2114:
2083:
1350:
1035:
970:
950:
859:
299:
243:
182:
160:
152:
148:
128:
3646:
2341:. Free Creoles of color, regardless of wealth and position, were relegated to the ranks of
5823:
5650:
5560:
5555:
5336:
5291:
5145:
5135:
5115:
5100:
5000:
4875:
4865:
4504:
3586:
2887:
2867:
2721:
2706:
2686:
2670:
2650:
2595:
2382:
2214:
2190:
2099:
2094:
2072:
1378:
1185:
935:
854:
303:
275:
3821:
Cherished Memories: Snapshots of Life and Lessons from a 1950s New Orleans Creole Village
4085:
I Am What I Say I Am: Racial and Cultural Identity among Creoles of Color in New Orleans
3996:
Picturing Black New Orleans: A Creole Photographer's View of the Early Twentieth Century
6260:
5665:
5628:
5618:
5378:
5373:
5315:
5150:
5080:
5010:
5005:
4509:
4433:
3954:
2847:
2753:
2726:
2711:
2610:
2584:
2553:
2450:
2377:
Andrea Dimitry's children were upper-class elite Creole. They were mostly educated at
2359:
2314:
2009:
2001:
1837:
1262:
1232:
990:
980:
811:
174:
2186:), and were granted their free-person status by the Louisiana Supreme Court in 1810.
6384:
5218:
5200:
5190:
5160:
5105:
5060:
5045:
4990:
4980:
4965:
4915:
4910:
4880:
4677:
4605:
4428:
4313:
3977:
Revolution, Romanticism, and the Afro-Creole Protest Tradition in Louisiana 1718-1868
3402:
3186:
2635:
2630:
2605:
2600:
2576:
2494:
2446:
2406:
2060:
2005:
1906:
1901:
136:
5530:
5298:
5223:
5195:
5180:
5165:
5120:
5095:
5075:
4985:
4955:
4950:
4920:
4870:
4722:
4408:
4308:
4260:
2716:
2620:
2615:
2398:
2225:
argue the prioritization of Standard French education deprioritizes Louisianisms.
2202:
2136:
2128:
1390:
1202:
930:
793:
3094:
2977:. Center for Louisiana Studies, University of Louisiana at Lafayette. p. 136.
2572:
48:
5486:
Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)
3554:"First Greek Couple of North America: Andrea Dimitry and Marianne Celeste Dragon"
2113:
to distinguish themselves from foreign-born settlers, and later as distinct from
5550:
5535:
5383:
5346:
5185:
5140:
5125:
4890:
4885:
4732:
3802:
Finding Octave: The Untold Story of Two Creole Families and Slavery in Louisiana
3683:
2839:
2736:
2731:
2701:
2660:
2366:, was the first person of color to represent the United States as Ambassador to
2241:
2156:
1993:
1556:
1212:
1065:
945:
729:
271:
132:
100:
88:
17:
5085:
5070:
5040:
5035:
4784:
4752:
4591:
4559:
4288:
3434:
The Territorial Papers of the United States, Vol. IX, The Territory of Orleans
3162:
2367:
2198:
2173:
2132:
661:
400:
178:
3394:
3385:
3368:
3220:
3170:
5699:
5545:
5050:
4834:
4772:
4667:
4176:
3878:
Louisiana Creoles: Cultural Recovery and Mixed-Race Native American Identity
3716:
2417:
Creoles of color were among the African Americans who were limited when the
2371:
2165:
1886:
1227:
960:
739:
566:
92:
2880:
2508:
to complete their studies. Creole composers of that time are discussed in
2016:, while some retain their distinct identiy as a subset within the broader
6172:
6167:
5677:
4186:
3481:. Mississippi Dept. of Archives & History. pp. Vol II, p. 54–55.
2793:
2741:
2580:
2394:
2172:
woman and any children of the union, property settlement, and education.
2147:) did not convey any racial connotation until after the colonial period.
2042:
1272:
1197:
1190:
239:
235:
108:
3228:
3204:
4789:
3600:
Race & Democracy: The Civil Rights Struggle in Louisiana, 1915-1972
3178:
3146:
2691:
1360:
666:
124:
112:
104:
5421:
Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
3205:"Louisiana's "Creoles of Color": Ethnicity, Marginality, and Identity"
5623:
4250:
4084:
4044:
3300:
Exiles at Home: The Struggle to Become American in Creole New Orleans
2843:
2059:, or integrating into Black groups. Creole of color artists, such as
1267:
251:
198:
4346:
2975:
Visions and Revisions: Perspectives on Louisiana Society and Culture
2945:
Before Obama: A Reappraisal of Black Reconstruction Era Politicians
3541:. Chicago And New York: The Lewis Publishing Company. p. 1104.
3495:"1811 Slave Uprising-Governor on Trial: Claiborne in His Own Words"
3494:
3450:
2902:"When Louisiana Creoles Arrived in Texas, Were They Black or White"
2160:); and the far larger class of African slaves and Creole peasants (
2075:, the "beloved Creole gentleman", contributed to rhythm and blues.
5436:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
5435:
3897:
American Creoles: The Francophone Caribbean and the American South
3859:
Creole: the history and legacy of Louisiana's free people of color
3073:
Creole: The History and Legacy of Louisiana's Free People of Color
3020:
Conjure Women: Betye Saar and Rituals of Transformation, 1960-1990
2831:
2505:
2489:
2488:
2347:
2093:
1040:
96:
64:
2374:. He was also the first superintendent of schools in Louisiana.
2028:, was created by New Orleans Creoles of color. The centuries old
5480:
4047:("An organization dedicated to preserving the Creole Heritage.")
2890:, "KnowLA Encyclopedia of Louisiana". Retrieved October 19, 2011
2827:
2244:, used their social position to support the abolitionist cause.
2068:
1070:
4350:
4190:
4051:
3049:"The Creole Community in The United States of America, a story"
2393:
With the advantage of having been better educated than the new
2176:
Creoles of color became identified as a distinct ethnic group,
3956:
White by Definition: Social Classification in Creole Louisiana
3672:
Massachusetts Teacher and Journal of Home and School Education
4144:
After Katrina, transplanted Creoles vow to keep culture alive
3280:, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44078091. Accessed 8 Mar. 2024.
3731:
Subversive Sounds: Race and the Birth of Jazz in New Orleans
2930:
The Strangers Book: The Human of African American Literature
2305:, the Louisiana Territorial Governor appointed by President
1988:
that developed in the former French and Spanish colonies of
3005:
Jazz à la Creole: French Creole Music and the Birth of Jazz
4122:
Michelle Covington: The Great Migration and Creole Cooking
3670:"EDUCATION OF FREEDMEN.: COLORED SCHOOLS IN NEW ORLEANS".
4155:
Bay Area Grammy Nominee Represents Local Creole Community
2960:
The Story of French New Orleans: History of a Creole City
2189:
Social markers of creole identity have included being of
3916:
The Free People of Color of New Orleans: An Introduction
3499:
Salon Publique, Pitot House, November 7, 2011, Pp. 11-13
2397:, many Creoles of color were active in the struggle for
3327:"Poetry by Mid-Nineteenth-Century Free People of Color"
2217:
in school, particularly in Louisiana. There has been a
3580:
The Creole Community and the Struggle for Civil Rights
3556:. Ethinkos Kirikas The National Herald. Archived from
2381:. One of his daughters married into the English royal
2861:
The Term "Creole" in Louisiana : An Introduction
2008:. French colonists in Louisiana first used the term "
3647:"Afro-creole literature from 19th Century Louisiana"
3478:
Official Letter Books of W.C.C. Claiborne, 1801-1816
2932:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 73, 74.
2850:, Ethnologue.com Website. Retrieved February 3, 2009
6198:
6113:
5837:
5770:
5708:
5608:
5569:
5494:
5409:
5329:
5267:
5209:
4858:
4713:
4384:
3525:
Lynchburg, VA: J.P. Bell Company Inc. 1907: p. 188
3333:, University Press of Mississippi, pp. 80–92,
1863:
Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers
188:
167:
142:
82:
72:
3953:
2127:was used variously at different times to refer to
3733:, University of Chicago Press, 2007, pg. 98-109.
3701:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
3075:. Louisiana State University Press, 2009, p. 73.
5471:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
2318:December 1814. This was the commencement of the
5516:Black players in professional American football
5466:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
4166:Cluse: 'Creole is a lot more than people think'
4111:Beyoncé and Solange Knowles breaking boundaries
3804:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
2139:, both free-born and enslaved. The addition of
590:Education of freed people during the Civil War
4362:
4202:
3602:, University of Georgia Press, 2008, pp. 1-21
3455:Salon Publique, Pitot House, November 7, 2011
2034:was owned and operated by Creoles of color.
1961:
8:
5229:Historically black colleges and universities
3791:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3418:History of Louisiana: The Spanish Domination
2923:
2921:
601:Historically black colleges and universities
33:
3421:, William J. Widdleton, 1867, pp 126-132. .
3339:10.14325/mississippi/9781617039102.003.0007
3302:, Harvard University Press, 2009, pg. 162.
2193:, being a speaker of French and/or another
585:Education during the slave period in the US
5498:
4369:
4355:
4347:
4209:
4195:
4187:
3937:. The University of North Carolina Press.
3754:, wwnorton.com, Accessed November 22, 2013
3007:. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 248.
2992:. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 256.
2962:. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 132.
2779:Cane River Creole National Historical Park
1968:
1954:
1825:
1416:
1326:
1153:
1091:
1016:
908:National Black Caucus of State Legislators
885:
781:
509:
337:
310:
32:
5446:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
4019:Henry, LaFleur, and Simien (July 2015). "
3589:, lameca.org, Accessed November 22, 2013.
3384:
364:Slavery in the colonial history of the US
3325:Brosman, Catharine Savage (2013-10-01),
3145:Dubois, Sylvie; Melançon, Megan (2000).
2947:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 67.
2870:, lameca.org. Retrieved December 5, 2013
2571:
2453:and Jonnai Questy serving as educators.
4063:Test Suggests 'Black' Man Is Really Not
3523:Some Prominent Virginia Families Vol. 4
3099:Louisiana: Cultural and Historic Vistas
2819:
1871:
1828:
1758:
1720:
1655:
1547:
1419:
1369:
1329:
1296:
1248:
1156:
1105:
1019:
921:
888:
825:
802:
784:
708:
675:
642:
614:
575:
512:
469:
433:
340:
322:
6345:Topics related to the African diaspora
5451:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
3895:Martin, Munro; Britton, Celia (2012).
3840:Living Creole and Speaking It Fluently
3784:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3320:
3318:
3316:
6325:Landmark African-American legislation
3767:Bruce, Clint, ed. and trans. (2020).
3198:
3196:
3022:. University of Michigan. p. 22.
1106:Athletic associations and conferences
595:History of African-American education
7:
5456:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
3979:. Louisiana State University Press.
3861:. Louisiana State University Press.
3276:, vol. 90, no. 1, 2016, pp. 101–20.
3242:Brasted, Chelsea (August 25, 2021).
3105:from the original on January 5, 2019
2511:Music and Some Highly Musical People
2358:A notable Creole family was that of
2255:, in which he served as an officer.
2228:For many, being a descendant of the
1029:Association for the Study of African
83:Regions with significant populations
5810:African-American Vernacular English
3771:. Historic New Orleans Collection.
3037:. Rotary International. p. 16.
1843:Race and ethnicity in the US census
1344:African-American Vernacular English
913:National Conference of Black Mayors
6431:Ethnic groups in the United States
5728:U.S. cities with large populations
5431:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
3819:Jacques Anderson, Beverly (2011).
3093:Christophe, Landry (August 2018).
2530:Notable classical Creole musicians
2213:from familial exposure, but learn
2080:Little New Orleans, in Los Angeles
1046:National Black Chamber of Commerce
25:
6406:African-American cultural history
4601:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
4597:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009
4404:African American founding fathers
4021:In their words: We are all Creole
3254:from the original on May 28, 2023
2296:After the United States made the
1750:Places by plurality of population
416:Civil rights movement (1954–1968)
406:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
359:Abolitionism in the United States
6451:People of Louisiana (New France)
6363:
5481:United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
4626:Nadir of American race relations
4072:Le Melle, Stacy Parker (2013). "
3367:Jolivétte, Andrew (2005-01-01).
2084:Little New Orleans, in Galveston
1925:
447:Black Belt in the American South
63:
58:
52:
47:
4487:Civil rights movement 1954–1968
4477:Civil rights movement 1865–1896
4148:Legacy.SanDiegoUnionTribune.com
3998:. University Press of Florida.
3552:Steve Frangos (June 12, 2018).
3538:History of New Orleans Volume 3
1984:are a historic ethnic group of
1051:National Council of Negro Women
5476:Thurgood Marshall College Fund
4482:Civil right movement 1896–1954
3899:. Liverpool University Press.
3125:"(1724) Louisiana's Code Noir"
2353:Creole Marianne Celeste Dragon
1848:Racism against Black Americans
1:
5656:Cherokee freedmen controversy
4632:The Negro Motorist Green Book
3750:Scott DeVeaux, Gary Giddins,
3033:Rotary International (1958).
2900:Steptoe, Tyina (2015-12-15).
1056:National Pan-Hellenic Council
6426:Ethnic groups in Mississippi
4153:Goodrich, Juliette (2013). "
4109:Landry, Christophe (2016). "
4098:Landry, Christophe (2015). "
3960:. Rutgers University Press.
3952:Dominguez, Virginia (1986).
3535:Kendall, John Smith (1922).
3298:Shirley Elizabeth Thompson,
3244:"Reviving the Cajun dialect"
2958:Dianne Guenin-Lelle (2016).
2520:Nos Hommes et Notre Histoire
1858:School segregation in the US
1396:Black American Sign Language
1370:Languages and other dialects
5526:Black players in ice hockey
5461:National Urban League (NUL)
5287:American Society of Muslims
4525:Selma to Montgomery marches
4445:Brown v. Board of Education
4120:Rosenberg, Jeremy (2012). "
3331:Louisiana Creole Literature
3248:National Geographic Society
3095:"Creole originally meant …"
2988:Jenna Grace Sciuto (2021).
685:African-American businesses
6467:
6421:Ethnic groups in Louisiana
5683:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
5441:Nashville Student Movement
4452:Children of the plantation
4164:Fuselier, Herman (2016). "
4142:Flaccus, Gillian (2005). "
4131:Tervalon, Jervey (2006). "
3994:Anthony, Arthe A. (2012).
3975:Cossé Bell, Caryn (2004).
3876:Jolivette, Andrew (2007).
3520:"Louise Pecquet du Bellet"
3451:"1811 Slave Uprising, etc"
3018:Jane H. Carpenter (2002).
2475:"Le Mulatre (The Mulatto)"
1223:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
898:Congressional Black Caucus
865:African Diaspora Religions
652:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
6353:
6320:Index of related articles
5501:
5321:Doctrine of Father Divine
4705:Women's suffrage movement
4658:Reconstruction Amendments
4465:Voting Rights Act of 1965
4224:
4159:SanFrancisco.CBSLocal.com
3838:Malveaux, Vivian (2009).
3697:Ochs, Stephen J. (2000).
3431:Carter, Clarence (1940).
3203:Dormon, James H. (1992).
3163:10.1017/S0047404500002037
3053:African American Registry
2866:December 4, 2013, at the
2826:; smaller populations in
2809:Magnolia Springs, Alabama
2759:List of Louisiana Creoles
1730:US states and territories
1031:American Life and History
753:Lift Every Voice and Sing
462:Treatment of the enslaved
248:French-Canadian Americans
193:
172:
147:
87:
77:
44:
6436:Louisiana Creole culture
6416:Ethnic groups in Alabama
6411:African-American society
6370:United States portal
5805:African-American English
5234:Inventors and scientists
4926:George Washington Carver
4530:Chicago Freedom Movement
3475:Rowland, Dunbar (1917).
3386:10.1525/esr.2005.28.2.37
3209:Social Science Quarterly
3003:Caroline Vezina (2022).
2524:Rodolphe Lucien Desdunes
2460:Contribution to the arts
1932:United States portal
1339:African-American English
850:African-American Muslims
411:Jim Crow era (1896–1954)
6401:Louisiana Creole people
6293:African-American firsts
5342:Back-to-Africa movement
5311:Black Hebrew Israelites
5091:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
4639:Partus sequitur ventrem
4083:Duggar, Nikki (2009). "
3918:. Margaret Media, Inc.
3127:. BlackPast. 2007-07-28
2764:Louisiana Creole people
2303:William C. C. Claiborne
2253:Louisiana Native Guards
2195:French-derived language
1853:Reparations for slavery
941:Back-to-Africa movement
840:Black Hebrew Israelites
718:African-American beauty
284:Stateside Puerto Ricans
203:Louisiana Creole people
6261:Spingarn Medal winners
5750:States and territories
5521:Black NFL quarterbacks
5021:Martin Luther King Jr.
4553:Dred Scott v. Sandford
4492:Montgomery bus boycott
4218:Ethnicity in Louisiana
3800:Douglas, Nick (2013).
2973:Vaughan Baker (2000).
2943:Matthew Lynch (2012).
2886:June 12, 2011, at the
2683:(Ferdinand J. LaMothe)
2588:
2549:Charles Lucien Lambert
2501:
2442:L'Institute Catholique
2355:
2231:Gens de couleur libres
2179:Gens de couleur libres
2102:
2014:Black American culture
1323:Dialects and languages
483:Second Great Migration
5571:Athletic associations
5506:Negro league baseball
5277:African-American Jews
4996:Ketanji Brown Jackson
4961:Henry Highland Garnet
4820:Negro National Anthem
4570:George Floyd protests
4535:Post–civil rights era
4266:Hispanics and Latinos
4133:The Creole Connection
3933:Clark, Emily (2013).
3914:Gehman, Mary (2009).
3373:Ethnic Studies Review
2575:
2559:Victor-Eugene McCarty
2493:Creole jazz musician
2492:
2421:ruled in the case of
2379:Georgetown University
2351:
2320:Battle of New Orleans
2291:Battle of Baton Rouge
2184:free persons of color
2097:
2051:and the beginning of
2004:, in what is now the
1735:US metropolitan areas
1562:List of neighborhoods
1176:Alabama Creole people
1166:African-American Jews
1098:Negro league baseball
1061:National Urban League
1013:Civic/economic groups
845:African-American Jews
735:African-American hair
597:, after the Civil War
426:Post–civil rights era
211:Alabama Creole people
189:Related ethnic groups
5778:Afro-Seminole Creole
5304:Azusa Street Revival
5176:Booker T. Washington
4700:Underground Railroad
4565:Free people of color
4419:Atlantic slave trade
4089:ScholarWorks.UNO.edu
3857:Kein, Sybil (2009).
3678:(5): 168. May 1865.
3651:french.centenary.edu
2928:Lloyd Pratt (2016).
2906:Zócalo Public Square
2656:Louis Nelson Delisle
2516:James Monroe Trotter
2497:, a virtuoso on the
2447:Madame Marie Couvent
2024:States, such as the
2002:Northwestern Florida
1892:Criminal stereotypes
1667:District of Columbia
1384:Afro-Seminole Creole
826:Non-Christian groups
421:Black power movement
385:during the Civil War
354:Atlantic slave trade
268:Portuguese Americans
220:Peoples in Louisiana
6173:Trinidad and Tobago
5788:Black American Sign
5615:By African descent
5609:Ethnic subdivisions
5596:Southwestern (SWAC)
5511:Baseball color line
5426:Black Panther Party
5330:Political movements
5247:in computer science
4906:Carol Moseley Braun
4695:Tulsa race massacre
4688:Treatment of slaves
4520:March on Washington
4515:Birmingham movement
3880:. Lexington Books.
3729:Charles B. Hersch,
3560:on October 22, 2021
3151:Language in Society
2804:Frenchtown, Houston
2646:Louis Cottrell, Jr.
2641:Louis Cottrell, Sr.
2335:binary caste system
2223:French Louisianians
2205:. Many may acquire
2031:New Orleans Tribune
1288:Sierra Leone Creole
1249:Specific ancestries
1134:Southwestern (SWAC)
657:Black History Month
488:New Great Migration
442:Agriculture history
280:Dominican Americans
260:Caribbean Americans
41:
6271:US representatives
6266:US cabinet members
6158:Dominican Republic
5745:Metropolitan areas
5586:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
5411:Civic and economic
5389:Self-determination
5210:Education, science
5131:Fred Shuttlesworth
5111:A. Philip Randolph
5016:Coretta Scott King
4941:Frederick Douglass
4768:Harlem Renaissance
4673:Separate but equal
4663:Reconstruction era
4651:Plessy v. Ferguson
4542:Cornerstone Speech
4456:Civil Rights Acts
4439:Black Lives Matter
4414:American Civil War
4078:HuffingtonPost.com
4031:History Detectives
3585:2014-11-06 at the
2879:Bernard, Shane K,
2848:"Louisiana French"
2836:Dominican Republic
2799:Little New Orleans
2784:Melrose Plantation
2589:
2502:
2424:Plessy v. Ferguson
2419:U.S. Supreme Court
2409:and customs. They
2356:
2343:emancipated slaves
2339:emancipated slaves
2331:Louisiana Purchase
2327:Louisiana Purchase
2298:Louisiana Purchase
2197:, having a strong
2103:
2098:Creole cartoonist
2090:Historical Context
2048:Plessy v. Ferguson
2039:American Civil War
1297:Sexual orientation
1171:Afro-Puerto Ricans
1124:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
759:Self-determination
723:Black is beautiful
389:Reconstruction era
288:Canarian Americans
6441:Louisiana society
6378:
6377:
6206:African Americans
6078:Dallas–Fort Worth
5673:Black Southerners
5604:
5603:
5056:Thurgood Marshall
5026:Bernard Lafayette
4621:Million Man March
4378:African Americans
4344:
4343:
4285:Native Americans
4229:African Americans
4170:TheAdvertiser.com
4045:C.R.E.O.L.E. Inc.
3823:. iUniverse.com.
3708:978-0-8071-2531-1
3598:Adam Fairclough,
3415:Charles Gayarré,
3274:The French Review
2681:Jelly Roll Morton
2499:soprano saxophone
2364:Alexander Dimitry
2203:fan of literature
2065:Jelly Roll Morton
2053:legal segregation
1986:Louisiana Creoles
1978:
1977:
1915:
1914:
1813:
1812:
1587:Dallas-Fort Worth
1404:
1403:
1314:
1313:
1258:Americo-Liberians
1141:
1140:
1079:
1078:
1004:
1003:
873:
872:
817:Womanist theology
767:
766:
709:Symbols and ideas
495:
494:
374:Antebellum period
369:Revolutionary War
324:African Americans
309:
308:
296:Italian Americans
292:Mexican Americans
264:Spanish Americans
195:African Americans
40:Criollos de color
16:(Redirected from
6458:
6396:Louisiana Creole
6368:
6367:
6366:
6330:Lynching victims
5829:Louisiana Creole
5800:American English
5688:Louisiana Creole
5661:Choctaw freedmen
5499:
5036:Huddie Ledbetter
4976:Fannie Lou Hamer
4946:W. E. B. Du Bois
4936:Claudette Colvin
4931:Shirley Chisholm
4748:Family structure
4616:Military history
4498:Browder v. Gayle
4371:
4364:
4357:
4348:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4188:
4052:ZydecoNation.org
4009:
3990:
3971:
3959:
3948:
3929:
3910:
3891:
3872:
3853:
3834:
3815:
3796:
3790:
3782:
3755:
3748:
3742:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3643:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3615:. Archived from
3609:
3603:
3596:
3590:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3532:
3526:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3490:
3484:
3482:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3446:
3440:
3438:
3428:
3422:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3388:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3322:
3311:
3296:
3290:
3289:Oakes pp. 47–49.
3287:
3281:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3200:
3191:
3190:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3090:
3084:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2925:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2897:
2891:
2877:
2871:
2857:
2851:
2824:
2789:Faubourg Marigny
2774:Louisiana Creole
2769:Louisiana French
2676:Lawrence Marrero
2666:Illinois Jacquet
2585:Duke Ellington's
2543:Laurent Dubuclet
2445:was financed by
2307:Thomas Jefferson
2249:Francis E. Dumas
2247:Wealthy planter
2211:Louisiana Creole
2207:Louisiana French
2162:petits habitants
2152:grands habitants
2067:, helped spread
2018:African American
1982:Creoles of color
1970:
1963:
1956:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1877:media depictions
1826:
1721:Population count
1417:
1351:Liberian English
1330:English dialects
1327:
1283:Samaná Americans
1208:Creoles of color
1154:
1092:
1036:Black conductors
1017:
886:
860:Louisiana Voodoo
782:
527:Family structure
510:
457:Military history
452:Business history
383:military history
338:
311:
300:German Americans
256:Native Americans
244:French Americans
181:; some practice
161:Louisiana Creole
73:Total population
67:
62:
56:
51:
42:
34:Creoles of color
21:
18:Creoles of Color
6466:
6465:
6461:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6456:
6455:
6381:
6380:
6379:
6374:
6364:
6362:
6349:
6315:Historic places
6308:US state firsts
6194:
6109:
5833:
5766:
5738:2010 majorities
5733:2000 majorities
5704:
5651:Black Seminoles
5600:
5591:Southern (SIAC)
5574:
5573:and conferences
5572:
5565:
5561:Serena Williams
5556:Jackie Robinson
5490:
5414:
5412:
5405:
5325:
5292:Nation of Islam
5263:
5211:
5205:
5146:Sojourner Truth
5136:Clarence Thomas
5101:Gabriel Prosser
5001:Michael Jackson
4876:Crispus Attucks
4866:Ralph Abernathy
4854:
4810:Musical theater
4709:
4575:Great Migration
4547:COVID-19 impact
4505:Sit-in movement
4380:
4375:
4345:
4340:
4336:White Americans
4220:
4215:
4016:
4006:
3993:
3987:
3974:
3968:
3951:
3945:
3932:
3926:
3913:
3907:
3894:
3888:
3875:
3869:
3856:
3850:
3842:. AuthorHouse.
3837:
3831:
3818:
3812:
3799:
3783:
3779:
3766:
3763:
3761:Further reading
3758:
3749:
3745:
3728:
3724:
3709:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3655:
3653:
3645:
3644:
3631:
3622:
3620:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3597:
3593:
3587:Wayback Machine
3578:Kathe Managan,
3577:
3573:
3563:
3561:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3518:
3514:
3504:
3502:
3493:Eaton, Fernin.
3492:
3491:
3487:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3459:
3457:
3449:Eaton, Fernin.
3448:
3447:
3443:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3414:
3410:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3324:
3323:
3314:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3271:
3267:
3257:
3255:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3202:
3201:
3194:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3130:
3128:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3108:
3106:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3070:
3066:
3057:
3055:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2927:
2926:
2919:
2910:
2908:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2888:Wayback Machine
2878:
2874:
2868:Wayback Machine
2859:Kathe Managan,
2858:
2854:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2750:
2722:Armand J. Piron
2707:Alcide Pavageau
2687:Albert Nicholas
2671:Freddie Keppard
2651:Joe Darensbourg
2596:Vernel Fournier
2583:long a part of
2570:
2532:
2487:
2467:
2462:
2436:
2391:
2383:House of Stuart
2283:
2275:
2266:
2261:
2215:Standard French
2100:George Herriman
2092:
2073:Allen Toussaint
2000:, Alabama, and
1992:(especially in
1974:
1926:
1924:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1867:
1823:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1754:
1716:
1692:Omaha, Nebraska
1657:Historic places
1651:
1543:
1414:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1365:
1324:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1292:
1244:
1186:Black Seminoles
1151:
1150:Sub-communities
1143:
1142:
1129:Southern (SIAC)
1089:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1030:
1014:
1006:
1005:
1000:
917:
883:
875:
874:
869:
855:Nation of Islam
821:
798:
779:
769:
768:
763:
704:
671:
638:
610:
571:
547:Musical theater
507:
497:
496:
478:Great Migration
335:
304:Irish Americans
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
276:Cuban Americans
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
230:
226:
222:
217:
68:
57:
46:
39:
37:
36:Gens de couleur
35:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6464:
6462:
6454:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6391:Creole peoples
6383:
6382:
6376:
6375:
6373:
6372:
6360:
6354:
6351:
6350:
6348:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6311:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6290:
6289:
6288:
6283:
6281:Visual artists
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6241:Mathematicians
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6202:
6200:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6192:
6191:
6190:
6182:
6177:
6176:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6147:
6146:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6119:
6117:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6091:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6065:
6060:
6058:South Carolina
6055:
6050:
6049:
6048:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6028:North Carolina
6025:
6024:
6023:
6013:
6008:
6007:
6006:
5996:
5991:
5990:
5989:
5981:
5980:
5979:
5973:Massachusetts
5971:
5970:
5969:
5959:
5954:
5953:
5952:
5942:
5937:
5936:
5935:
5925:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5908:
5903:
5902:
5901:
5891:
5890:
5889:
5884:
5874:
5869:
5868:
5867:
5862:
5852:
5847:
5841:
5839:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5820:
5819:
5818:
5817:
5815:social context
5812:
5802:
5792:
5791:
5790:
5780:
5774:
5772:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5764:
5763:
5762:
5757:
5747:
5742:
5741:
5740:
5735:
5725:
5724:
5723:
5712:
5710:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5702:
5697:
5696:
5695:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5669:
5668:
5666:Creek Freedmen
5663:
5658:
5653:
5643:
5641:Alabama Creole
5638:
5637:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5612:
5610:
5606:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5581:Central (CIAA)
5577:
5575:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5502:
5496:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5417:
5415:
5410:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5403:
5398:
5397:
5396:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5374:Pan-Africanism
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5355:
5354:
5344:
5339:
5333:
5331:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5323:
5318:
5316:Black theology
5313:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5296:
5295:
5294:
5289:
5279:
5273:
5271:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5257:in STEM fields
5254:
5249:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5215:
5213:
5212:and technology
5207:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5151:Harriet Tubman
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5081:Michelle Obama
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5011:Barbara Jordan
5008:
5006:Harriet Jacobs
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4896:Amelia Boynton
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4862:
4860:
4859:Notable people
4856:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4795:LGBT community
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4719:
4717:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4647:
4642:
4635:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4594:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4510:Freedom Riders
4507:
4502:
4494:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4454:
4449:
4441:
4436:
4434:Black genocide
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4390:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4351:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4299:Choctaw-Apache
4296:
4291:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4236:
4231:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4206:
4199:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4173:
4162:
4151:
4140:
4129:
4118:
4107:
4096:
4081:
4070:
4067:ABCNews.Go.com
4061:(December ): "
4056:
4048:
4042:
4035:'Creole Poems'
4028:
4025:DailyWorld.com
4015:
4014:External links
4012:
4011:
4010:
4004:
3991:
3985:
3972:
3966:
3949:
3943:
3930:
3924:
3911:
3905:
3892:
3886:
3873:
3867:
3854:
3848:
3835:
3829:
3816:
3810:
3797:
3777:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3743:
3722:
3707:
3689:
3662:
3629:
3604:
3591:
3571:
3544:
3527:
3512:
3501:. academia.edu
3485:
3467:
3441:
3437:. p. 174.
3423:
3408:
3359:
3347:
3312:
3291:
3282:
3265:
3234:
3215:(3): 615–626.
3192:
3157:(2): 237–258.
3137:
3116:
3085:
3064:
3040:
3025:
3010:
2995:
2980:
2965:
2950:
2935:
2917:
2892:
2872:
2852:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2754:Criollo people
2749:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2727:John Robichaux
2724:
2719:
2714:
2712:Alphonse Picou
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2611:Louis Barbarin
2608:
2603:
2598:
2569:
2568:Jazz musicians
2566:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2556:
2554:Sidney Lambert
2551:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2528:
2486:
2483:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2451:Armand Lanusse
2435:
2432:
2403:Reconstruction
2390:
2387:
2360:Andrea Dimitry
2315:Henry Dearborn
2282:
2279:
2274:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2201:, and being a
2191:Catholic faith
2115:Anglo-American
2091:
2088:
2020:ethnic group.
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1838:Black genocide
1834:
1831:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1745:US communities
1742:
1737:
1732:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1702:South Carolina
1699:
1697:North Carolina
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1653:
1652:
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1569:
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1559:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1519:South Carolina
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1499:North Carolina
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1408:
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1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1356:Samaná English
1353:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1306:LGBT community
1302:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1263:Creek Freedmen
1260:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1233:Carmel Indians
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1114:Central (CIAA)
1108:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1002:
1001:
999:
998:
993:
988:
983:
981:Pan-Africanism
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
927:
924:
923:
919:
918:
916:
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910:
905:
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894:
891:
890:
884:
881:
880:
877:
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871:
870:
868:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
831:
828:
827:
823:
822:
820:
819:
814:
812:Black theology
808:
805:
804:
800:
799:
797:
796:
790:
787:
786:
780:
775:
774:
771:
770:
765:
764:
762:
761:
756:
749:
744:
743:
742:
732:
727:
726:
725:
714:
711:
710:
706:
705:
703:
702:
697:
692:
687:
681:
678:
677:
676:Economic class
673:
672:
670:
669:
664:
659:
654:
648:
645:
644:
640:
639:
637:
636:
631:
626:
620:
617:
616:
615:Academic study
612:
611:
609:
608:
603:
598:
592:
587:
581:
578:
577:
573:
572:
570:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
518:
515:
514:
508:
503:
502:
499:
498:
493:
492:
491:
490:
485:
480:
472:
471:
467:
466:
465:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
436:
435:
431:
430:
429:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
397:
396:
386:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
343:
342:
336:
331:
330:
327:
326:
320:
319:
307:
306:
191:
190:
186:
185:
175:Roman Catholic
173:Predominantly
170:
169:
165:
164:
145:
144:
140:
139:
85:
84:
80:
79:
78:Indeterminable
75:
74:
70:
69:
45:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6463:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6371:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6355:
6352:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6340:Neighborhoods
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6303:Sports firsts
6301:
6299:
6296:
6295:
6294:
6291:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6208:
6207:
6204:
6203:
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6197:
6189:
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6151:
6150:
6148:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6125:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6116:
6112:
6106:
6105:West Virginia
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6070:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6047:
6044:
6043:
6042:Pennsylvania
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6022:
6021:New York City
6019:
6018:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6005:
6002:
6001:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5988:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5978:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5968:
5965:
5964:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5900:
5897:
5896:
5895:
5892:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5866:
5865:San Francisco
5863:
5861:
5858:
5857:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5838:By state/city
5836:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5797:
5796:
5793:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5784:
5783:American Sign
5781:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5769:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5729:
5726:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5717:
5716:Neighborhoods
5714:
5713:
5711:
5707:
5701:
5698:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5647:
5646:Black Indians
5644:
5642:
5639:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5607:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5568:
5562:
5559:
5557:
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5549:
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5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5500:
5497:
5493:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5408:
5402:
5399:
5395:
5392:
5391:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5328:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5297:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5266:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5224:Black schools
5222:
5220:
5219:Black studies
5217:
5216:
5214:
5208:
5202:
5201:Whitney Young
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5191:Oprah Winfrey
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5161:Denmark Vesey
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5106:Joseph Rainey
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5061:Toni Morrison
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5046:Joseph Lowery
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4991:Jesse Jackson
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4981:Kamala Harris
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4966:Marcus Garvey
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4916:Blanche Bruce
4914:
4912:
4911:Edward Brooke
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4901:James Bradley
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4881:James Baldwin
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4857:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4825:Neighborhoods
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4774:
4771:
4770:
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4766:
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4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
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4744:
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4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4678:Silent Parade
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4640:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4606:Jim Crow laws
4604:
4602:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
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4558:
4555:
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4500:
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4483:
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4478:
4475:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4429:Black cowboys
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4372:
4367:
4365:
4360:
4358:
4353:
4352:
4349:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4315:
4314:Tunica-Biloxi
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4212:
4207:
4205:
4200:
4198:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4182:
4178:
4177:Finding Agnes
4174:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4055:(documentary)
4054:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4007:
4005:9780813041872
4001:
3997:
3992:
3988:
3986:9780807141526
3982:
3978:
3973:
3969:
3967:9780813511092
3963:
3958:
3957:
3950:
3946:
3944:9781469607528
3940:
3936:
3931:
3927:
3925:9781508483670
3921:
3917:
3912:
3908:
3906:9781846317538
3902:
3898:
3893:
3889:
3887:9780739118962
3883:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3868:9780807126011
3864:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3849:9781467846486
3845:
3841:
3836:
3832:
3830:9781462003198
3826:
3822:
3817:
3813:
3811:9781493522088
3807:
3803:
3798:
3794:
3788:
3780:
3778:9780917860799
3774:
3770:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3753:
3747:
3744:
3740:
3739:9780226328690
3736:
3732:
3726:
3723:
3718:
3714:
3710:
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3700:
3693:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3666:
3663:
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3648:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3619:on 2021-04-11
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3404:
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3348:9781617039102
3344:
3340:
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3328:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3308:9780674023512
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3104:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3081:9780807126011
3078:
3074:
3071:Kein, Sybil.
3068:
3065:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3036:
3029:
3026:
3021:
3014:
3011:
3006:
2999:
2996:
2991:
2984:
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2800:
2797:
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2728:
2725:
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2700:
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2690:
2688:
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2679:
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2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2636:Barney Bigard
2634:
2632:
2631:Sidney Bechet
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2606:Paul Barbarin
2604:
2602:
2601:George Baquet
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2586:
2582:
2579:, noted jazz
2578:
2577:Barney Bigard
2574:
2567:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2500:
2496:
2495:Sidney Bechet
2491:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2479:Victor Séjour
2476:
2472:
2471:Les Cenelles.
2464:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:with writers
2448:
2444:
2443:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2412:
2411:disfranchised
2408:
2407:Jim Crow laws
2404:
2400:
2396:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2354:
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2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2323:
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2299:
2294:
2292:
2288:
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2263:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2238:
2233:
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2226:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2096:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2061:Sidney Bechet
2058:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2006:United States
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1908:
1907:Minstrel show
1905:
1903:
1902:Magical Negro
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
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1849:
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1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1819:
1818:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
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1791:
1788:
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1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1757:
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1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1713:
1712:West Virginia
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1647:San Francisco
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1627:New York City
1625:
1623:
1620:
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1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
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1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
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1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
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1487:
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1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
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1447:
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1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1410:
1409:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1320:
1319:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1278:Nova Scotians
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1181:Black Indians
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1147:
1146:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1119:HBCU (HBCUAC)
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1085:
1084:
1072:
1069:
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1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1020:Organizations
1018:
1010:
1009:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
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964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
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942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
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925:
920:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
895:
893:
892:
889:Organizations
887:
879:
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6256:Sportspeople
6226:Billionaires
6143:Sierra Leone
6046:Philadelphia
5882:Jacksonville
5709:Demographics
5692:
5541:Jack Johnson
5531:Muhammad Ali
5364:Conservatism
5299:Black church
5196:Andrew Young
5181:Ida B. Wells
5171:David Walker
5166:C. T. Vivian
5121:Paul Robeson
5116:Hiram Revels
5096:Colin Powell
5076:Barack Obama
5031:James Lawson
4986:Jimi Hendrix
4956:James Farmer
4951:Medgar Evers
4921:Ralph Bunche
4871:Maya Angelou
4845:Middle class
4723:Afrofuturism
4649:
4637:
4630:
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4409:Afrocentrism
4399:Abolitionism
4243:
4181:BlogSpot.com
4180:
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4137:LAWeekly.com
4136:
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4104:Academia.edu
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3650:
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3617:the original
3607:
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3558:the original
3547:
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3503:. Retrieved
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3035:The Rotarian
3034:
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2909:. Retrieved
2905:
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2717:De De Pierce
2697:Manuel Perez
2621:Emile Barnes
2616:Danny Barker
2590:
2563:Samuel Snaër
2535:Basile Barès
2519:
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2399:civil rights
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2135:people, and
2129:white people
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2036:
2029:
2025:
2022:
1981:
1979:
1805:Sierra Leone
1637:Philadelphia
1607:Jacksonville
1207:
1203:Brass Ankles
956:Conservatism
931:Afrocentrism
903:Joint Center
794:Black church
785:Institutions
700:Billionaires
690:Middle class
643:Celebrations
606:Fraternities
231:
219:
218:
163:(Kouri-Vini)
30:Ethnic group
27:Ethnic group
6276:US senators
6246:Republicans
6231:Journalists
6088:San Antonio
6053:Puerto Rico
5994:Mississippi
5887:Tallahassee
5860:Los Angeles
5551:Jesse Owens
5536:Arthur Ashe
5394:Nationalism
5384:Raised fist
5347:Black power
5252:in medicine
5186:Roy Wilkins
5141:Emmett Till
5126:Al Sharpton
4891:Julian Bond
4886:James Bevel
4850:Upper class
4840:Stereotypes
4733:Black mecca
4645:Plantations
4424:Black Codes
2840:Puerto Rico
2737:Lorenzo Tio
2732:Omer Simeon
2702:Jimmy Palao
2661:Cie Frazier
2626:Paul Barnes
2581:clarinetist
2539:Edmund Dédé
2273:Second Wave
2242:Thomy Lafon
2157:bourgeoisie
2141:"-of color"
2117:settlers.
2057:passé blanc
2045:laws. With
1998:Mississippi
1994:New Orleans
1873:Stereotypes
1800:Nova Scotia
1682:Mississippi
1642:San Antonio
1622:Los Angeles
1557:Black mecca
1484:Mississippi
1391:Negro Dutch
1213:Dominickers
1157:Multiethnic
1066:TransAfrica
976:Nationalism
946:Black power
730:Black pride
695:Upper class
394:Politicians
272:Afro Latino
133:Los Angeles
101:Mississippi
89:New Orleans
38:Mounn koulè
6385:Categories
6221:Astronauts
6011:New Jersey
5855:California
5359:Capitalism
5156:Nat Turner
5086:Rosa Parks
5071:Diane Nash
5041:John Lewis
4830:Newspapers
4800:Literature
4785:Juneteenth
4738:Businesses
4592:Exodusters
4560:Free Negro
4331:Vietnamese
4289:Chitimacha
4115:MyLHCV.com
3656:2021-12-06
3623:2013-06-18
3354:2021-12-13
3131:2021-11-26
3058:2021-12-06
2911:2021-03-21
2815:References
2465:Literature
2368:Costa Rica
2325:After the
2264:First Wave
2237:antebellum
2199:work ethic
2174:Mixed-race
2133:mixed-race
2037:After the
1439:California
1413:Population
986:Patriotism
971:Liberalism
951:Capitalism
922:Ideologies
803:Theologies
662:Juneteenth
634:Literature
562:Newspapers
470:Migrations
401:Juneteenth
179:Protestant
6335:Monuments
6211:Activists
6063:Tennessee
5983:Michigan
5967:Baltimore
5957:Louisiana
5950:Lexington
5933:Davenport
5872:Cleveland
5771:Languages
5700:Melungeon
5678:Blaxicans
5546:Joe Louis
5401:Socialism
5337:Anarchism
5066:Bob Moses
5051:Malcolm X
4971:Fred Gray
4835:Soul food
4773:New Negro
4758:Folktales
4668:Redlining
4304:Coushatta
4271:Hondurans
4059:Nightline
4033:, S7E2: "
3787:cite book
3684:136905107
3564:April 17,
3403:134077616
3395:1555-1881
3221:0038-4941
3187:144287855
3171:0047-4045
2881:"Creoles"
2587:orchestra
2434:Education
2372:Nicaragua
2293:in 1779.
2287:Louisiana
2259:Migration
2166:Code Noir
1990:Louisiana
1897:Hollywood
1887:Blackface
1822:Prejudice
1740:US cities
1617:Lexington
1592:Davenport
1572:Baltimore
1548:US cities
1524:Tennessee
1474:Louisiana
1420:US states
1228:Melungeon
1198:Blaxicans
996:Socialism
961:Garveyism
936:Anarchism
740:Good hair
567:Soul food
537:Folktales
215:Québécois
143:Languages
93:Louisiana
6358:Category
6149:America
6115:Diaspora
6100:Virginia
6033:Oklahoma
6016:New York
5999:Nebraska
5962:Maryland
5945:Kentucky
5911:Illinois
5850:Arkansas
5755:Illinois
5693:of color
5379:Populism
5352:Movement
5269:Religion
4611:Lynching
4394:Timeline
4321:Redbones
4281:Italians
4126:KCET.org
3717:42772101
3680:ProQuest
3583:Archived
3258:March 8,
3252:Archived
3229:42863083
3109:March 8,
3103:Archived
2884:Archived
2864:Archived
2748:See also
2742:Eddie Bo
2395:freedmen
2389:Activism
2281:Military
2043:Jim Crow
2026:Cenelles
1937:Category
1760:Diaspora
1687:Missouri
1612:Kentucky
1539:Virginia
1509:Oklahoma
1494:New York
1489:Nebraska
1479:Maryland
1454:Illinois
1434:Arkansas
1273:Merikins
1218:Freedmen
1191:Mascogos
991:Populism
882:Politics
777:Religion
747:Stepping
513:Lifeways
349:Timeline
316:a series
314:Part of
240:Acadians
168:Religion
129:New York
109:Maryland
6446:Mulatto
6286:Writers
6251:Singers
6236:Jurists
6184:Europe
6138:Liberia
6083:Houston
5987:Detroit
5923:Indiana
5916:Chicago
5899:Atlanta
5894:Georgia
5877:Florida
5845:Alabama
5795:English
5369:Leftism
5239:Museums
4790:Kwanzaa
4715:Culture
4683:Slavery
4386:History
4326:Spanish
4294:Choctaw
4276:Isleños
4261:Germans
4244:Colored
4239:Creoles
4039:PBS.org
3613:"HB147"
3505:June 7,
3460:June 7,
3179:4169003
2692:Kid Ory
2219:revival
1795:Liberia
1677:Georgia
1672:Florida
1602:Houston
1597:Detroit
1582:Chicago
1567:Atlanta
1459:Indiana
1449:Georgia
1444:Florida
1429:Alabama
1361:Tutnese
1240:Redbone
966:Leftism
667:Kwanzaa
624:Studies
576:Schools
505:Culture
434:Aspects
379:Slavery
341:Periods
333:History
228:Redbone
224:Isleños
207:Isleños
157:Spanish
149:English
125:Chicago
121:Memphis
117:Georgia
113:Florida
105:Alabama
6298:Mayors
6216:Actors
6188:France
6180:Israel
6168:Mexico
6153:Canada
6128:Gambia
6123:Africa
6073:Austin
6038:Oregon
5977:Boston
5940:Kansas
5906:Hawaii
5824:Gullah
5634:Yoruba
5624:Gullah
5495:Sports
5413:groups
5243:Women
4780:Hoodoo
4654:(1896)
4580:Second
4556:(1857)
4501:(1956)
4448:(1954)
4256:French
4251:Cajuns
4234:Asians
4002:
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2145:Créole
2125:Créole
2121:Créole
2111:Créole
2106:Créole
2071:; and
2010:Creole
1829:Racism
1790:Israel
1780:France
1775:Canada
1770:Africa
1577:Boston
1514:Oregon
1469:Kansas
1379:Gullah
1268:Gullah
1088:Sports
835:Hoodoo
252:Cajuns
199:Cajuns
183:Voodoo
153:French
6199:Lists
6163:Haiti
6133:Ghana
6068:Texas
6004:Omaha
5282:Islam
4815:Names
4805:Music
4743:Dance
4309:Houma
3399:S2CID
3278:JSTOR
3225:JSTOR
3183:S2CID
3175:JSTOR
2832:Haiti
2794:Tremé
2506:Paris
2485:Music
1942:Index
1785:Ghana
1707:Texas
1632:Omaha
1529:Texas
1041:NAACP
552:Names
542:Music
522:Dance
236:Métis
232:Other
97:Texas
6095:Utah
5928:Iowa
5760:Ohio
5721:list
5629:Igbo
5619:Fula
4763:Hair
4753:Film
4470:1968
4460:1964
4000:ISBN
3981:ISBN
3962:ISBN
3939:ISBN
3920:ISBN
3901:ISBN
3882:ISBN
3863:ISBN
3844:ISBN
3825:ISBN
3806:ISBN
3793:link
3773:ISBN
3752:Jazz
3735:ISBN
3713:OCLC
3703:ISBN
3566:2021
3507:2013
3462:2013
3391:ISSN
3343:ISBN
3304:ISBN
3260:2024
3217:ISSN
3167:ISSN
3111:2024
3077:ISBN
2834:and
2828:Cuba
2370:and
2082:and
2069:Jazz
2063:and
1980:The
1875:and
1534:Utah
1504:Ohio
1464:Iowa
1071:UNCF
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