2605:
always speak with a straight, and not with a forked tongue; that I have always told you the truth ... Where you now are, you and my white children are too near to each other to live in harmony and peace. Your game is destroyed, and many of your people will not work and till the earth. Beyond the great River
Mississippi, where a part of your nation has gone, your Father has provided a country large enough for all of you, and he advises you to remove to it. There your white brothers will not trouble you; they will have no claim to the land, and you can live upon it you and all your children, as long as the grass grows or the water runs, in peace and plenty. It will be yours forever. For the improvements in the country where you now live, and for all the stock which you cannot take with you, your Father will pay you a fair price ...
1961:. Noted historian Robert Remini wrote, "hey presumed that once the Indians adopted the practice of private property, built homes, farmed, educated their children, and embraced Christianity, these Native Americans would win acceptance from white Americans." Washington's six-point plan included impartial justice toward Indians; regulated buying of Indian lands; promotion of commerce; promotion of experiments to civilize or improve Indian society; presidential authority to give presents; and punishing those who violated Indian rights. The Muscogee would be the first Native Americans to be "civilized" under Washington's six-point plan. Communities within the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Seminole tribes followed Muscogee efforts to implement Washington's new policy of civilization.
1943:
1382:
2460:
808:
2760:; the Commission separately registered intermarried whites and Creek Freedmen, whether or not they had any Creek ancestry. This ruined their claims to Creek membership later, even for people who had parents or other relative who were Creek. The Dawes Rolls have been used as the basis for many tribes to establish membership descent. European-American settlers had moved into the area and pressed for statehood and access to some of the tribal lands for settlement.
2352:. It ended the war and required the tribe to cede some 20 million acres (81,000 km) of land—more than half of their ancestral territorial holdings—to the United States. Even those who had fought alongside Jackson were compelled to cede land, since Jackson held them responsible for allowing the Red Sticks to revolt. The state of Alabama was created largely from the Red Sticks' domain and was admitted to the United States in 1819.
3579:
653:
1291:
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2135:
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1039:
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45:
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152:
2423:. The white pro-slave holding planters correctly felt its simple existence inspired escape or rebellion by the oppressed African-Americans, and they complained to the US government. The maroons had not received training in how to aim the Fort's cannons. After notifying the Spanish governor, who had very limited resources, and who said he had no orders to take action, U.S. General
1781:
2048:
1178:
1738:, on behalf of the 'Upper, Middle and Lower Creek and Seminole composing the Creek nation of Indians,' ceding a large portion of their lands to the federal government and promising to return fugitive slaves, in return for federal recognition of Muscogee sovereignty and promises to evict white settlers. McGillivray died in 1793, and with the invention of the
2860:
boys. Clan members do not claim "blood relation" but consider each other as family due to their membership in the same clan. This is expressed by their using the same kinship titles for both family and clan relations. For example, clan members of approximately the same age consider each other "brother" and "sister", even if they have never met before.
2085:. While the interpretation of this event varied from tribe to tribe, one consensus was universally accepted: the powerful earthquake had to have meant something. The earthquake and its aftershocks helped the Tecumseh resistance movement by convincing, not only the Muscogee, but other Native American tribes as well, that the Shawnee must be supported.
2357:
is due to the rectitude of proceeding dictated by instructions relating to the re-establishment of peace: Be it remembered, that prior to the conquest of that part of the Creek nation hostile to the United States, numberless aggressions had been committed against the peace, the property, and the lives of citizens of the United States ...
2809:
3012:
2982:: Fayet aresasvtēs. Mont fayēpat vrēpēt omvtēs, hopvyēn. Momēt vrēpēt omvtētan, nake punvttv tat pvsvtēpet, momet hvtvm efvn sulkēn omvtēs. Momet mv efv tat efv fayvlket omekv, nak punvttuce tayen pvsvtēpēt omvtēs. Mont aret omvtētan, efv tat estvn nak wohēcēto vtēkat, nake punvttvn oken mv efv-pucase enkerrēt omvtēs.
2576:. The tribe ceded their lands to Georgia in return for $ 200,000, although they were not required to move west. Troup ignored the new treaty and ordered the eviction of the Muscogee from their remaining lands in Georgia without compensation, mobilizing state militia when Adams threatened federal intervention.
1766:. The two nations agreed to settle the dispute by ball-play. With nearly 10,000 players and bystanders, the two nations prepared for nearly three months. After a day-long struggle, the Muscogee won the game. A fight broke out and the two nations fought until sundown with nearly 500 dead and many more wounded.
3719:
in their petitioning the United States government to recognize a government-to-government relationship. On August 11, 1984, these efforts culminated in the United States
Government, Department of Interior, and the Bureau of Indian Affairs acknowledging that the Poarch Band of Creek Indians existed as
2859:
Biological fathers are important within the family system but must come from another clan than the mother. But, within the clan, it is the mother's brother (the mother's nearest blood relation) who functions as the primary teacher, protector, disciplinarian and role model for children, especially for
2647:
By 1836, when extensive Creek removal was underway, Eneah
Emathala emerged as leader of the Lower Creeks ... their desire was only to be left alone in their homeland ... Gen. Winfield Scott was ordered to capture Eneah Emathala ... Captured with Emathala were some one thousand other person ... their
2863:
Because of this system, the
Muscogee Creek children born of European fathers belonged to their mother's clans and were part of their tribal communities. High-ranking daughters of chiefs often found it advantageous to marry European traders, who could provide their families with goods. Muscogee Creek
2946:
During the 17th century, the
Muscogee adopted some elements of European fashion and materials. As cloth was lighter and more colorful than deer hide, it quickly became a popular trade item throughout the region. Trade cloth in a variety of patterns and textures enabled Muscogee women to develop new
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WHEREAS an unprovoked, inhuman, and sanguinary war, waged by the hostile Creeks against the United States, hath been repelled, prosecuted and determined, successfully, on the part of the said States, in conformity with principles of national justice and honorable warfare … And whereas consideration
1957:, the first U.S. Secretary of War, proposed a cultural transformation of the Native Americans. Washington believed that Native Americans were equals as individuals but that their society was inferior. He formulated a policy to encourage the "civilizing" process, and it was continued under President
1527:
society, their children belonged to their mother's clan. With the exception of McGillivray, mixed-raced
Muscogee people worked against Muscogee Creek interests, as they understood them; to the contrary, in many cases, they spearheaded resistance to settler encroachment on Muscogee Creek lands. That
798:
Muscogee people were gradually influenced by interactions and trade with the
Europeans: trading or selling deer hides in exchange for European goods such as muskets, or alcohol. Secondly, the Spanish pressed them to identify leaders for negotiations; they did not understand government by consensus.
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to fight trespassers. The bilingual and bicultural McGillivray worked to create a sense of
Muscogee nationalism and centralize political authority, struggling against village leaders who individually sold land to the United States. He also became a wealthy landowner and merchant, owning as many as
835:
who led the first expedition into the interior of the North
American continent. De Soto, convinced of the "riches", wanted Cabeza de Vaca to go on the expedition, but Cabeza de Vaca declined his offer because of a payment dispute. From 1540 to 1543, de Soto explored through present-day Florida and
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That hereafter no Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States shall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty: Provided, further, that nothing herein contained shall be construed to invalidate or
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Andrew
Jackson was inaugurated president of the United States in 1829, and with his inauguration the government stance toward Indians turned harsher. Jackson abandoned the policy of his predecessors of treating different Indian groups as separate nations. Instead, he aggressively pursued plans to
2604:
Friends and Brothers – By permission of the Great Spirit above, and the voice of the people, I have been made President of the United States, and now speak to you as your Father and friend, and request you to listen. Your warriors have known me long You know I love my white and red children, and
2111:
The Muscogee who joined Tecumseh's confederation were known as the Red Sticks. Stories of the origin of the Red Stick name varies, but one is that they were named for the Muscogee tradition of carrying a bundle of sticks that mark the days until an event occurs. Sticks painted red symbolize war.
1923:
before being forced to retreat. Although a Spanish force that set out to destroy Mikosuki got lost in the swamps, a second attempt to take San Marcos ended in disaster. After a European armistice led to the loss of British support, Bowles was discredited. The Seminole signed a peace treaty with
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and to admit them as full members and citizens of the Creek Nation, equal to the Creek in receiving annuities and land benefits. They were then known as Creek Freedmen. The US government required setting aside part of the Creek reservation land to be assigned to the freedmen. Many of the tribe
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At Jackson's request, the United States Congress opened a fierce debate on an Indian Removal Bill. In the end, the bill passed, but the vote was close. The Senate passed the measure 28 to 19, while in the House it squeaked by, 102 to 97. Jackson signed the legislation into law June 30, 1830.
1569:) in 1763, France lost its North American empire, and British-American settlers moved inland. Indian discontent led to raids against back-country settlers, and the perception that the royal government favored the Indians and the deerskin trade led many back-country white settlers to join the
1573:. Fears of land-hungry settlers and need for European manufactured goods led the Muscogee to side with the British, but like many tribes, they were divided by factionalism, and, in general, avoided sustained fighting, preferring to protect their sovereignty through cautious participation.
3720:
an "Indian Tribe". The tribe is the only federally recognized tribe in the state of Alabama. On November 21, 1984, the US government took 231.54 acres (0.9370 km) of land into trust for the tribe as a communal holding. On April 12, 1985, 229.54 acres (0.9289 km) were declared a
2511:
In the late 1810s and early 1820s, McIntosh helped create a centralized police force called 'Law Menders,' establish written laws, and form a National Creek Council. Later in the decade, he came to view relocation as inevitable. In 1821, McIntosh and several other chiefs, including Chief
2214:. Hawkins demanded that the Muscogees turn over Little Warrior and his six companions. Instead of handing the marauders over to the federal agents, Big Warrior and the old chiefs decided to execute the war party. This decision was the spark which ignited the civil war among the Muscogee.
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of 1892. These efforts were part of the US government's attempt to impose assimilation on the tribes, to introduce household ownership of land, and to remove legal barriers to the Indian Territory's achieving statehood. Members of the Creek Nation were registered as individuals on the
2792:. Additionally, Muscogee descendants of varying degrees of acculturation live throughout the southeastern United States. The majority of the Muscogee citizens live in Oklahoma, where the Muscogee Reservation is located. The Muscogee Nation is headquartered out of the nation's capital
1697:
After the war ended in 1783, the Muscogee learned that Britain had ceded their lands to the now independent United States. That year, two Lower Creek chiefs, Hopoithle Miko (Tame King) and Eneah Miko (Fat King), ceded 800 square miles (2,100 km) of land to the state of Georgia.
2257:
On the morning of August 30, 1813, few of Fort Mims' defenders stirred in the steaming heat. In the forested shade, the Creeks watched and waited. The fort's main gate, located on the east side of the stockade, had not been closed by the garrison troops ... No sentries occupied the
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Ancestral Muscogee peoples wore clothing made of woven plant materials or animal hides, depending upon the climate. During the summer, they preferred lightweight fabrics woven from tree bark, grasses, or reeds. During the harsh winters, they used animal skins and fur for warmth.
2991:: Someone was hunting. He went hunting in far away places. He went continually, killing small game, and he had many dogs. And the dogs were hunting dogs, so he had killed many animals. When hunting, he always knew his dogs had an animal trapped by the sound of their barking.
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in 1819, ceding Florida to the U.S. In 1823, a delegation of Seminole chiefs met with the new U.S. governor of Florida, expressing their opposition to proposals that would reunite them with the Upper and Lower Creek, partly because the latter tribes intended to enslave the
2097:
The Indians were filled with great terror ... the trees and wigwams shook exceedingly; the ice which skirted the margin of the Arkansas river was broken into pieces; and most of the Indians thought that the Great Spirit, angry with the human race, was about to destroy the
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responded by prescribing the death penalty for tribesmen who surrendered additional land. Georgian settlers continued to pour into Indian lands, particularly after the discovery of gold in northern Georgia. in 1825 McIntosh and his first cousin, Georgia Governor
1548:. ... By virtue of their ancestry and upbringing, they had greater cultural, social, linguistic, and geographic ties to the colonial settlements, traveling periodically to Pensacola and the Georgia trading posts to unload their skins and pick up more trade goods.
2751:. They formed the core of a band that became known as the Snakes, which also included many Creek Freedmen. At the end of the century, they resisted the extinguishing of tribal government and break-up of communal tribal lands enacted by the US Congress with the
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to the British cause, McIntosh never knew his white father. He had family ties to some of Georgia's planter elite, and after the wars became a wealthy cotton-planter. Through his mother, he was born into the prominent Wind Clan of the Creek; as the Creek had a
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Land was the most valuable asset, which the Native Americans held in collective stewardship. The southern English colonies, US government and settlers systematically obtained Muscogee land through treaties, legislation, and warfare. Some treaties, such as the
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502:
with surrounding networks of satellite towns and farmsteads. Muscogee confederated town networks were based on a 900-year-old history of complex and well-organized farming and town layouts around plazas, ballparks, and square ceremonial dance grounds.
1552:
As Andrew Frank writes, "Terms such as mixed-blood and half-breed, which imply racial categories and partial Indianness, betray the ways in which Native peoples determined kinship and identity in the eighteenth- and early-nineteen-century southeast."
1349:. Fearing they would come under French influence, the British reopened the deerskin trade with the Lower Creeks, antagonizing the Yamasee, now allies of Spain. The French instigated the Upper Creeks to raid the Lower Creeks. In May 1718, the shrewd
2275:
The only explanation of this catastrophic event is that the Upper Creek leaders thought that fighting the United States was like fighting another Creek tribe, and taking Fort Mims was an even bigger victory than the Battle of Burnt Corn had been.
584:, which ceded 22,000,000 acres of land to the US, including land belonging to the Southern Muscogee who had fought alongside Jackson. The result was a weakening of the Muscogee Creek Confederacy and the forced cession of Muscogee lands to the US.
2027:, rejecting accommodation with white settlers and adaptation of European-American culture. Although Hawkins personally was never attacked, he was forced to watch an internal civil war among the Muscogee develop into a war with the United States.
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The Red Stick victory spread panic throughout the southeastern United States, and the cry "Remember Fort Mims!" was popular among the public wanting revenge. With Federal troops tied up on the northern front against the British in Canada, the
1361:
band, invited representatives of Britain, France, and Spain to his village and, in council with Upper and Lower Creek leaders, declared a policy of Muscogee neutrality in their colonial rivalry. That year, the Spaniards built the presidio of
1987:
For years, Hawkins met with chiefs on his porch to discuss matters. He was responsible for the longest period of peace between the settlers and the tribe, overseeing 19 years of peace. In 1805, the Lower Creeks ceded their lands east of the
2415:, who had had military training, however rudimentary, and discipline (but whose English officers had departed). The Seminole only wanted to return to their villages, so the maroons became owners of the Fort. It soon came to be called the '
440:, the Seminole emerged with a separate identity from the rest of the Muscogee Creek Confederacy. The great majority of Seminole were forcibly relocated to Indian Territory in the late 1830s, where their descendants later formed
2851:
While families include people who are directly related to each other, clans are composed of all people who are descendants of the same ancestral clan grouping. Like many Native American nations, the Muscogee Creek are
2252:
whom they took as captured booty. After the Indians killed nearly 250–500 at the fort, settlers across the American southwestern frontier were in a panic. Although the Red Sticks won the battle, they had lost the war.
3516:, an ambassador for the US to the Creek Nation and merchant who lived in southern Georgia estimated Creek population in year 1794 at 10,000 warriors (and therefore around 50,000 people). Around the same time (1789)
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3944:
2019:, which destroyed his life work of improving the Muscogee quality of life. Hawkins saw much of his work toward building a peace destroyed in 1812. A faction of Muscogee joined the Pan-American Indian movement of
720:
religious and political elites. This culture flourished in what is now the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States from 800 to 1500, especially along the Mississippi River and its major tributaries.
886:
that colonists conducted in the Southeast during the 17th and 18th centuries. As the survivors and descendants regrouped, the Muscogee Creek Confederacy arose as a loose alliance of Muskogee-speaking peoples.
2195:, Hawkins' most powerful ally. Before the Muscogee Civil War began, the Red Sticks attempted to keep their activities secret from the "old chiefs" of the Creek national government. They were emboldened when
2734:
Because many Muscogee Creek people did support the Confederacy during the Civil War, the US government required a new treaty with the nation in 1866 to define peace after the war. It required the Creek to
2718:
to request help for the Union loyalists. On September 10, they received a positive response, stating the United States government would assist them. The letter directed Opothleyahola to move his people to
3548:
reported Creek population in 1857 as 28,214 people. It appears that Creek population declined during the subsequent years. Enumeration published in 1886 estimated only around 14,000 Creeks in Oklahoma (
1522:
married a Muscogee woman. In Muscogee culture, unmarried Muscogee women had great freedom over their own sexuality compared to European and European-American counterparts. Under the customs of Muscogee
2856:; each person belongs to the clan of their mother, who belongs to the clan of her mother. Inheritance and property are passed through the maternal line. Hereditary chiefs were born into certain clans.
2823:
influences; however, interaction with Spain, France, and England greatly shaped it as well. They were known for their rapid incorporation of modernity, developing a written language, transitioning to
1734:, who persuaded him to travel to New York City, then the capital of the U.S., and deal directly with the federal government. In the summer of 1790, McGillivray and 29 other Muscogee chiefs signed the
1409:
was the daughter of an English trader and a Muscogee woman from the powerful Wind Clan, half-sister of 'Emperor' Brim. She was the principal interpreter for Georgia's founder and first Governor Gen.
2248:, where white settlers and their Indian allies had gathered. The Red Sticks captured the fort by surprise, and carried out a massacre, killing men, women, and children. They spared only the black
6311:
4207:
Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee Country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws
4188:
Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee Country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws
2864:
believed young men who became educated in European ways could help them manage under the new conditions related to colonialism, while preserving important Muscogee Creek cultural institutions.
2233:. The Red Sticks fled the scene, and the U.S. soldiers looted what they found, allowing the Red Sticks to regroup and retaliate with a surprise attack that forced the Americans to retreat. The
2004:
to Washington, D.C. to be built through their territory. A number of Muscogee chiefs acquired slaves and created cotton plantations, grist mills and businesses along the Federal Road. In 1806,
2947:
styles of clothing, which they made for both men, women, and children. They incorporated European trade items such as bells, silk ribbons, glass beads, and pieces of mirror into the clothing.
1244:, known as Ochese-hatchee (creek), where a dozen towns relocated to escape the Spanish and acquire English goods. The name "Creek" most likely derived from a shortening of Ocheese Creek (the
860:, where the Native Americans were defeated. However, the victory came at great cost to the Spanish campaign in loss of supplies, casualties, and morale. The expedition never fully recovered.
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6727:
2237:, as the exchange became known, broadened the Creek Civil War to include American forces, and was interpreted as a good omen, showing that in fact the Creeks could defeat the whites.
1389:
Native Americans meet with the trustee of the colony of Georgia in England, July 1734. Notice the Native American boy (in a blue coat) and woman (in a red dress) in European clothing.
1305:
The Ochese Creeks joined the Yamasee, burning trading posts, and raiding back-country settlers, but the revolt ran low on gunpowder and was put down by Carolinian militia and their
4804:
1378:. As the three European colonial powers established themselves along the borders of Muscogee lands, the latter's strategy of neutrality allowed them to hold the balance of power.
2141:
was one of the principal leaders of the Red Sticks. After the war, he continued to oppose white encroachment on Muscogee lands, visiting Washington, D.C., in 1826 to protest the
3492:
In 1871, Congress added a rider to the Indian Appropriations Act to end the United States' recognizing additional Indian tribes or nations, and prohibiting additional treaties.
6747:
2169:(to whom 19th-century writers attributed fiery speeches that he "must have said") and their own religious leaders, and encouraged by British traders, Red Stick leaders such as
5518:
2544:
at his hotel. Signed by six other Lower Creek chiefs, the treaty ceded the last Lower Creek lands to Georgia, and allocated substantial sums to relocate the Muscogee to the
878:
carried unknowingly by the Europeans, but new to the Muscogee, the Spanish expedition resulted in epidemics of smallpox and measles, and a high rate of fatalities among the
1159:
system, with children considered born into their mother's clan, and inheritance was through the maternal line. The Wind Clan is the first of the clans. The majority of
6712:
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2300:. Outnumbered and poorly armed, much too far from Canada or the Gulf Coast to receive British aid, the Red Sticks put up a desperate fight. On March 27, 1814, General
382:
1924:
Spain. The following year, he was betrayed by Lower Creek supporters of Hawkins at a tribal council. They turned Bowles over to the Spanish, and he died in prison in
1003:
are the four "mother towns" of the Muscogee Confederacy. Traditionally, the Cusseta and Coweta bands are considered the earliest members of the Muscogee Nation. The
5318:
Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, showing the operations, expenditures, and condition of the Institution to July, 1885. Part II
2427:
quickly destroyed the Fort, in a famous and picturesque, though tragic, incident in 1816 that has been called "the deadliest cannon shot in American history" (see
2181:
won the support of the Upper Creek towns. Allied with the British, they opposed white encroachment on Muscogee lands and the "civilizing programs" administered by
4732:
2336:
Depiction of Red Eagle's surrender to Andrew Jackson after the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. Jackson was so impressed with Weatherford's boldness that he let him go.
1834:
as 'Chief of the Embassy for Creek and Cherokee Nations'; it was with British backing that he returned to train the Muscogee as pirates to attack Spanish ships.
856:. As the de Soto expedition's brutalities became known to the indigenous peoples, they decided to defend their territory. Chief Tuskaloosa led his people in the
1904:
had negotiated with Spain and the U.S., threatening to declare war on the United States unless it returned Muscogee lands, and issuing a death sentence against
1822:, and later used this union as the basis for his claim to exert political influence among the Creeks. In 1781, a 17-year-old Bowles led Muscogee forces at the
5673:
767:, many political centers of the Mississippians were already in decline, or abandoned. The region is best described as a collection of moderately sized native
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1283:, who were sold into slavery in Carolina and the West Indies. A decade later, tensions between colonists and Indians in the American Southwest led to the
934:
was spoken in several towns along the Chattahoochee River and across much of present-day Georgia. The Muscogee were a confederacy of tribes consisting of
6722:
6717:
6327:
5619:
The Triumph of Ecunnau-Nuxulgee: Land Speculators, George M. Troup, State Rights, and the Removal of the Creek Indians from Georgia and Alabama, 1825–38.
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2434:
The Seminole continued to welcome fugitive black slaves and raid American settlers, leading the U.S. to declare war in 1817. The following year, General
5655:
4023:
3544:. According to Indian Affairs 1841 the number of Creeks in Oklahoma (removed west of the Mississippi) was 24,549 while 744 still remained in the east.
1714:
with Spain, recognizing Muscogee control over 3,000,000 acres (12,000 km) of land claimed by Georgia, and guaranteeing access to the British firm
6526:
3900:
534:
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In February 1813, a small party of Red Sticks, led by Little Warrior, was returning from Detroit when they killed two families of settlers along the
1540:
These offspring of mixed marriages occupied a different position in the economy of the Deep South than did most Creeks and Seminoles. They worked as
779:), interspersed with completely autonomous villages and tribal groups. The earliest Spanish explorers encountered villages and chiefdoms of the late
6221:
3959:
1113:
led warriors in battle and represented their villages, but held authority only insofar as they could persuade others to agree with their decisions.
4682:
4586:
2419:' by Southern planters, and it was widely known among enslaved blacks by word of mouth – a place nearby where blacks were free and had guns, as in
576:
against the United States, while the Southern Muscogee remained US allies. Once the northern Muscogee Creek rebellion had been put down by General
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4388:
2074:
had sent him by giving the Muscogee a sign. Shortly after Tecumseh left the Southeast, the sign arrived as promised in the form of an earthquake.
1726:, and Georgia mobilized its militia. McGillivray refused to negotiate with the state that had confiscated his father's plantations, but President
2524:. As a reward, McIntosh was granted 1,000 acres (4 km) at the treaty site, where he built a hotel to attract tourists to local hot springs.
627:
are federally recognized. Formed in part originally by Muscogee refugees, the Seminole people today have three federally recognized tribes: the
5225:
3520:
wrote that the Creek lived in at least 100 towns and villages. Census taken in 1832 reported 22,700 Creeks and 900 Black slaves. Following the
2324:. Though the Red Sticks had been soundly defeated and about 3,000 Upper Muscogee died in the war, the remnants held out several months longer.
636:
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852:. De Soto brought with him a well-equipped army. He attracted many recruits from a variety of backgrounds who joined his quest for riches in
526:
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519:
6466:
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2796:. The Muscogee Nation has over 100,000 citizens as of 2024, The Muscogee Nation has increased in popularity due to the television series
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4812:
3540:
to Oklahoma, Indian Affairs 1836 reported 17,894 Creeks already removed to Oklahoma while an estimated 4,000 still remained east of the
1192:
and related settlements to influence Native Americans. The British and the French opted for trade over conversion. In the 17th century,
572:(Creek War, 1813–1814). Begun as a civil war within Muscogee factions, it enmeshed the Northern Muscogee bands as British allies in the
428:. Another Muscogee group moved into Florida between roughly 1767 and 1821, trying to evade European encroachment, and intermarried with
5140:
1942:
820:
6486:
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reservation. The ruling also opened the possibility for Native Americans to have more power to regulate alcohol and casino gambling.
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sites. Precontact Muscogee societies shared agriculture, transcontinental trade, craft specialization, hunting, and religion. Early
372:
128:
5402:
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3800:–1825), Muscogee chief prior to removing to Indian Territory led part of the pro-American Muscogee forces against the Red Sticks
3555:
Creek population has rebounded in the 20th and 21st centuries. In 2020 there were 107,370 Creeks (including 50,168 in Oklahoma).
2217:
The first clashes between Red Sticks and the American whites took place on July 21, 1813, when a group of American soldiers from
1639:
1236:. The Spanish and their "mission Indians" burned most of the towns along the Chattahoochee after they welcomed Scottish explorer
1189:
624:
459:
The respective languages of all of these modern-day branches, bands, and tribes, except one, are closely related variants called
2731:
and aid. They became known as Loyalists, and many were members of the traditional Snake band in the latter part of the century.
1980:. He began to teach agricultural practices to the tribe, starting a farm at his home on the Flint River. In time, he brought in
6128:
3281:
2541:
2317:
2142:
1394:
5446:
3843:–1863), speaker, Muscogee chief, warrior leader during first two Seminole Wars and the Civil War, treaty signer, American ally
3762:, Maryland-born English adventurer and organizer of Muscogee Creek attempts to create a state outside of Euro-American control
6061:
6030:
5300:
4742:
4715:
4284:
4254:
3919:
3680:
2521:
2488:
1886:
1873:, encompassing large portions of present-day Florida, Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee, and incorporating the
1795:
1671:
1627:
1613:
515:
424:. A small group of the Muscogee Creek Confederacy remained in Alabama, and their descendants formed the federally recognized
66:
2973:, with some words being identical in pronunciation. The following table is an example of Muscogee text and its translation:
2438:
invaded Florida with an army that included more than 1,000 Lower Creek warriors; they destroyed Seminole towns and captured
5191:
4988:
4607:
Wood, Brian M. (1984). "Fort Okfuskee: A British Challenge to Fort Toulouse aux Alibamons". In Waselkov, Gregory A. (ed.).
1381:
6621:
6253:
6194:
6133:
5925:
5894:
4132:
3990:
3606:
2691:
2396:
2387:
tripled the Seminole population, and strengthened the tribe's Muscogee characteristics. In 1814, British forces landed in
1655:
1620:
1500:
811:
Hernando de Soto and his men burn Mabila, after a surprise attack by Chief Tuskaloosa and his people in 1540; painting by
788:
756:, Icofan, Patican and others, until at length they had overcome them, and absorbed some as confederates into their tribe.
712:
led to agricultural surpluses and population growth. Increased population density gave rise to urban centers and regional
600:
429:
1417:
near Oakfuskee to compete with French trade with the Creeks at Fort Toulouse. The deerskin trade grew, and by the 1750s,
6273:
6258:
5353:
3716:
3564:
2835:
and share a vibrant tribal identity through events such as annual festivals, stickball games, and language classes. The
1799:
1663:
698:
620:
616:
425:
5603:
Swanton, John R. (1928). "Social Organization and the Social Usages of the Indians of the Creek Confederacy", in Forty-
2292:
militias were commissioned and invaded the Upper Creek towns. They were joined by Indian allies, the Lower Creek under
109:
6501:
6376:
6205:
5465:
3769:
3529:
3303:
2589:
2573:
2070:, where he told the Muscogee that the comet signaled his coming. McKenney reported that Tecumseh would prove that the
1272:
1201:
628:
441:
5665:
3665:
2676:
Members of the Creek Nation in Oklahoma around 1877. They included men of mixed Creek, European and African ancestry.
1718:
which controlled the deerskin trade, while making himself an official representative of Spain. In 1786, a council in
1715:
1593:
81:
1742:
white settlers on the Southwestern frontier who hoped to become cotton planters clamored for Indian lands. In 1795,
6436:
6386:
5843:
5670:
3552:) as of 1884. Indian Affairs 1910 reported 11,911 in Oklahoma. While the census of 1910 counted only 6,945 Creeks.
3011:
2042:
2009:
1997:
1993:
1823:
1515:, William Perryman, and others. These reflect Muscogee women having children with British colonists. For instance,
1413:, using her connections to foster peace between the Creek Indians and the new colony. In 1735, Georgia constructed
1213:
869:
612:
507:
3684:
3669:
1670:
in March 1780, with the aid of an Upper Creek war-party, but reinforcements from the Lower Creeks and local white
1405:, a Yamasee band that remained allies of Britain, allowed John Musgrove to establish a fur-trading post. His wife
55:
6406:
6391:
6184:
5332:
3676:
3197:
3133:
2412:
1735:
1237:
1188:
Britain, France, and Spain all established colonies in the present-day Southeastern woodlands. Spain established
632:
445:
62:
31:
6651:
6506:
2443:
1532:, and knew European customs as well, made them community leaders; they "dominated Muskogee politics". As put by
541:", because they were said to have integrated numerous cultural and technological practices of their more recent
88:
6516:
6471:
6278:
6200:
3777:(unknown–1918), she was subject to a known lawsuit, highlighting a pattern of abuse against freedmen among the
3622:
3497:
impair the obligation of any treaty heretofore lawfully made and ratified with any such Indian nation or tribe.
2769:
2367:
Many Muscogee refused to surrender and escaped to Florida. They allied with other remnant tribes, becoming the
2082:
1973:
1581:
1148:. Clans organized hunts, distributed lands, arranged marriages, and punished lawbreakers. The authority of the
1043:
608:
161:
2702:
began gathering at Opothleyahola's plantation, where they hoped to remain neutral in the conflict between the
4020:
6446:
6268:
6097:
3755:
3740:
3605:
Three Muscogee tribal towns are federally recognized tribes: Alabama-Quassarte, Kialegee, and Thlopthlocco.
3595:
2780:, and Muscogee live in essentially undocumented ethnic towns in Florida. The Alabama reservation includes a
2528:
1788:
1647:
596:
476:
456:, resisting removal. These two tribes gained federal recognition in the 20th century and remain in Florida.
2744:
resisted these changes. The loss of lands contributed to problems for the nation in the late 19th century.
2459:
748:. Here they waged war against other bands of Native American Indians, such as the Savanna, Ogeeche, Wapoo,
6421:
6416:
6189:
6163:
6123:
6082:
5775:
5222:"The Creek stories of Earnest Gouge, "Tiger helps man defeat a giant lizard" [#16 on linked page]"
5040:
3991:"2010 Census CPH-T-6. American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2010"
3765:
3525:
3219:
2781:
2707:
2703:
2585:
2349:
2269:
2207:
1984:
and workers, cleared several hundred acres, and established mills and a trading post as well as his farm.
1920:
1363:
1326:
831:
had said that America was the "richest country in the world". Hernando de Soto was a Spanish explorer and
581:
557:
95:
5730:
1711:
1682:
retook Augusta in 1781. The next year an Upper Creek war-party trying to relieve the British garrison at
6168:
6071:
6046:
5815:
5377:
4679:
4583:
3954:
3924:
3784:
3778:
3021:
2724:
2517:
2501:
2500:
system of descent and inheritance, he achieved his chieftainship because of her. He was also related to
2289:
2078:
2005:
1946:
Painting (1805) of Benjamin Hawkins on his plantation, instructing Muscogee Creek in European technology
1937:
1901:
1747:
1699:
1605:
1562:
1496:
1467:, remnants of the 'mission Indians,' and escaped African slaves. Their name comes from the Spanish word
1004:
959:
780:
725:
705:
671:
660:
538:
495:
5278:
4385:
3512:
Early estimates of the Creek probably did not cover the whole nation but just parts of the population.
824:
784:
568:, actively resisted European-American encroachment. Internal divisions with the Lower Towns led to the
5378:"Distribution of American Indian tribes: Creek People in the USA | County Ethnic Groups | Statimetric"
4650:"'Burning & Destroying All Before Them': Creeks and Seminoles on Georgia's Revolutionary Frontier"
3787:, Hoboi-Hili-Miko (1750–1793), principal chief of the Upper Creek towns during the American Revolution
1972:. He personally assumed the role of principal agent to the Muscogee. He moved to the area that is now
1819:
1722:
decided to wage war against white settlers on Muscogee lands. War parties attacked settlers along the
6431:
6263:
6113:
6056:
6015:
4210:
4191:
3929:
3914:
3614:
2428:
2285:
2234:
1977:
1858:
1675:
1643:
1617:
1585:
1358:
1217:
1083:
955:
895:
837:
656:
604:
511:
398:
243:
189:
77:
4464:
4302:
Narratives of the Career of Hernando de Soto in the Conquest of Florida as told by a Knight of Elvas
1479:" emerges linguistically from this root as well—and American Indians who fled the Europeans. In the
6752:
6656:
6020:
5966:
5956:
5076:
3939:
3856:
2840:
2559:
2505:
2345:
2241:
2188:, and clashed with many of the leading chiefs of the Muscogee Nation, most notably the Lower Creek
2170:
2052:
2036:
1870:
1850:
1842:
1811:
1635:
1609:
1577:
1566:
1512:
1445:
1314:
1276:
1008:
911:
903:
875:
553:
468:
260:
5707:
5695:
5316:
1432:
in present-day Florida, guaranteeing Native hunting grounds for the deerskin trade and protecting
807:
6606:
6586:
6496:
6210:
6148:
6138:
6118:
5979:
5810:
5624:
Worth, John E. (2000). "The Lower Creeks: Origins and Early History", in Bonnie G. McEwan (ed.),
4367:
3949:
3736:
3721:
3599:
3583:
3155:
2793:
2748:
2681:
2620:
2392:
2129:
1915:, who won the loyalty of the Lower Creeks. He built a tiny navy, and raided Spanish ships in the
1807:
1268:
1000:
883:
879:
484:
5746:
3003:
5576:
Of One Mind and of One Government: The Rise and Fall of the Creek Nation in the Early Republic.
4504:
4434:
4245:
Saunt, Claudio (1999). "'Martial virtue, and not riches': The Creek relationship to property".
3751:
Muscogee people from the 20th and 21st centuries will be listed under their respective tribes.
6707:
6631:
6616:
6601:
6581:
6576:
6215:
6158:
6092:
5994:
5984:
5768:
5683:
5586:
5475:
5357:
5347:
4929:
4906:
4881:
4841:
4835:
4782:
4738:
4711:
4622:
4556:
4484:
4445:
4413:
4328:
4305:
4280:
4277:
A New Order of Things. Property, Power, and the Transformation of the Creek Indians, 1733–1816
4250:
4247:
A New Order of Things. Property, Power, and the Transformation of the Creek Indians, 1733–1816
4161:
4108:
4102:
4083:
Walter, Williams (1979). "Southeastern Indians before Removal, Prehistory, Contact, Decline".
3830:–1765) served as a cultural liaison between colonial Georgia and the Muscogee Creek community.
3739:
on July 9, 2020. The Court recognized a large part of eastern Oklahoma as part of the state's
3632:
3610:
3545:
3541:
3533:
3345:
2956:
2828:
2820:
2812:
2640:
2628:
2624:
2569:
2463:
2341:
2146:
2092:
The New Madrid earthquake was interpreted by the Muscogee to support the Shawnee's resistance.
1950:
1905:
1866:
1838:
1775:
1727:
1683:
1651:
1529:
1418:
1398:
1225:
1099:
907:
741:
542:
530:
464:
460:
334:
226:
222:
5610:
Walker, Willard B. (2004). "Creek Confederacy Before Removal", in Raymond D. Fogelson (ed.),
4970:
4550:
3849:(1644–1741), Creek chief who mediated with the British who established colonial Georgia, and
2694:, unlike many other tribes, including many of the Lower Creeks. Runaway slaves, free blacks,
6681:
6676:
6671:
6611:
6596:
6591:
6561:
6556:
6536:
6381:
6087:
5989:
5974:
5931:
5469:
5333:"Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs", Office of Indian Affairs, November 25, 1841"
5144:
4478:
3878:
3790:
3626:
3549:
2970:
2797:
2752:
2699:
2632:
2558:
led about 200 Law Menders to execute McIntosh according to their law. They burned his upper
2476:
2467:
2321:
2293:
2200:
2192:
2185:
1965:
1958:
1912:
1746:
and several hundred followers defied the Treaty of New York and established the short-lived
1687:
1667:
1519:
1504:
1410:
1371:
1342:
1334:
1055:
1038:
923:
857:
828:
736:, Georgia, and Alabama. They may have been related to the Tama of central Georgia. Muscogee
592:
413:
340:
5158:
3578:
652:
6666:
6646:
6571:
6456:
6401:
6371:
6228:
6066:
6010:
5879:
5722:
5702:
5690:
5677:
5498:
5491:
5450:
4992:
4686:
4629:
4590:
4511:
4392:
4202:
4183:
4027:
3909:
2966:
2777:
2773:
2728:
2715:
2408:
2222:
1919:, and, in 1800, declared war on Spain, briefly capturing the presidio and trading post of
1854:
1703:
1570:
1476:
1433:
1429:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1290:
1264:
1197:
927:
729:
694:
682:
5305:. Publications of the Polish Sociological Institute. London: Macmillan. pp. 526–528.
1658:
control over the Georgia and Carolina interior and instigated Cherokee raids against the
5660:
5118:
2332:
697:, from 1000 BC to 1000 AD, locals developed pottery and small-scale horticulture of the
580:
with the aid of the Southern Muscogee Creek, the Muscogee nation was forced to sign the
6686:
6641:
6636:
6566:
6531:
6153:
5853:
5838:
5544:
5406:
3537:
3513:
2636:
2545:
2537:
2448:
2435:
2424:
2301:
2134:
1989:
1916:
1731:
1659:
1623:
1589:
1545:
1441:
1425:
1386:
1375:
1257:
1249:
1241:
1229:
1075:
1071:
1020:
1012:
992:
947:
943:
792:
772:
764:
760:
753:
745:
681:
lived in what is today the Southern United States. Paleo-Indians in the Southeast were
588:
577:
499:
480:
421:
409:
264:
2451:. Instead, the Seminoles agreed to move onto a reservation in inland central Florida.
2157:, began as a civil war within the Muscogee Nation, only to become enmeshed within the
1616:
fur-trader and planter, whose properties were confiscated by Georgia. His ex-partner,
102:
6701:
6511:
6481:
6476:
6361:
6143:
6107:
5936:
3833:
3820:
2686:
2564:
2174:
1894:
1806:
by age 15. Cashiered for dereliction of duty after returning too late to his ship at
1763:
1743:
1691:
1679:
1533:
1508:
1414:
1406:
1367:
1330:
1205:
1087:
1079:
1059:
915:
569:
386:
239:
157:
4985:
4766:
The King's Ranger: Thomas Brown and the American Revolution on the Southern Frontier
529:
officially considered by the early United States government to be "civilized" under
6626:
6461:
6451:
6051:
5443:
4348:
4098:
3774:
3126:
2789:
2568:, traveled to Washington D.C. to protest the 1825 treaty. They convinced President
2533:
2484:
2388:
2372:
2226:
2182:
2088:
2071:
2067:
1925:
1909:
1890:
1723:
1719:
1541:
1516:
1350:
1284:
1182:
1134:
1063:
1016:
971:
853:
832:
749:
737:
678:
472:
437:
2672:
2592:, the Muscogee were confined to a small strip of land in present-day east central
1784:
William Augustus Bowles (1763–1805) was also known as Estajoca, his Muscogee name.
1023:
rivers (between 1690 and 1715), were Coweta, Cusseta (Kasihta), Koloni, Tuskegee,
890:
The Muscogee lived in autonomous villages in river valleys throughout present-day
5471:
Visions for the Future: A Celebration of Young Native American Artists, Volume 1.
1968:
as General Superintendent of Indian Affairs dealing with all tribes south of the
17:
6025:
5909:
5904:
5820:
5729:
5719:
Remonstrance of the Creek Indians against being removed from their own Territory
5656:
Creek (Muskogee) by Kenneth W. McIntosh – Encyclopedia of North American Indians
5195:
4948:
4352:
3964:
3654:
2853:
2836:
2757:
2497:
2400:
2297:
2158:
2020:
2001:
1524:
1471:, which originally referred to a domestic animal that had reverted to the wild.
1464:
1449:
1338:
1172:
1153:
1138:
1121:
or lesser chiefs, and various advisers, including a second-in-charge called the
1051:
996:
983:
845:
776:
709:
690:
573:
549:
193:
44:
2831:
and African-Americans into their society. Muscogee people continue to preserve
151:
6426:
6102:
5869:
5714:
5562:
Deerskins & Duffels: The Creek Indian Trade with Anglo-America, 1685–1815.
5018:
3934:
3890:
3846:
3517:
2736:
2416:
2125:
1969:
1954:
1831:
1803:
1739:
1298:
1193:
1152:
was complemented by the clan mothers, mostly women elders. The Muscogee had a
717:
453:
449:
272:
5760:
4860:
4300:
Gentleman of Elva (1557). "Chapter II, How Cabeza de Vaca arrived at court".
4058:
5946:
5848:
5221:
3521:
2962:
2695:
2552:
2480:
2439:
2384:
2281:
2263:
A Short History of the Ft. Mims Massacre of 1813 during the Creek Indian War
2245:
2230:
2218:
2211:
2121:
2016:
1878:
1846:
1780:
1634:, and most of the Lower Creeks nominally allied with Britain after the 1779
1601:
1597:
1456:
1346:
1280:
1095:
891:
733:
713:
686:
390:
288:
280:
201:
4396:
Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture.
2562:
plantation. A delegation of the Creek National Council, led by the speaker
2391:
and began arming the Seminoles. The British had built a strong fort on the
2047:
1810:, Bowles escaped north and found refuge among the Lower Creek towns of the
1424:
In 1736, Spanish and British officials established a neutral zone from the
5626:
Indians of the Greater Southeast: Historical Archaeology and Ethnohistory.
4444:(Bonnie G. ed.). University of Florida Press. pp. 271, 279–282.
2819:
Muscogee culture has greatly evolved over the centuries, combining mostly
1177:
6396:
6331:
6322:
5899:
5889:
5874:
5864:
5858:
5650:
5519:"U.S. Supreme Court deems half of Oklahoma a Native American reservation"
4442:
Indians of the Greater Southeast: Historical Archaeology and Ethnohistory
4223:
2720:
2600:
move all Indian tribes living east of the Mississippi River to Oklahoma.
2513:
2492:
2368:
2313:
2309:
2196:
2166:
2063:
2024:
2012:, to protect expanding settlements and serve as a reminder of U.S. rule.
1874:
1815:
1792:
1702:
led pan-Indian resistance to white encroachment, receiving arms from the
1631:
1480:
1460:
1437:
1402:
1306:
1294:
1252:), and broadly applies to all of the Muscogee Confederacy, including the
1245:
1209:
1032:
1028:
975:
967:
951:
931:
812:
768:
565:
433:
417:
329:
296:
292:
205:
4371:
1181:
A raiding party against Spanish missions in Florida passes the Ocmulgee
506:
The Muscogee Creek are associated with multi-mound centers, such as the
6521:
5951:
5745:
4549:
Rowland, Lawrence Sanders; Moore, Alexander; Rogers, George C. (1996).
4309:
3850:
3568:
2593:
2305:
2162:
2059:
1882:
1827:
1759:
1495:
Many Muscogee Creek leaders, due to intermarriage, have British names:
1221:
1156:
1091:
939:
919:
899:
841:
561:
402:
394:
284:
276:
268:
209:
197:
185:
5349:
Indian Removal: The Emigration of the Five Civilized Tribes of Indians
4634:
4594:
4516:
4480:
Creek Indian Medicine Ways: The Enduring Power of the Mvskoke Religion
1279:. These raids captured thousands of Spanish-allied Indians, primarily
6661:
6491:
6077:
5941:
5884:
5805:
5644:
5638:
4323:
Ethridge, Robbie (2003). "Chapter 5: 'The People of Creek Country'".
3803:
2824:
2785:
2740:
2555:
2404:
2249:
2178:
2138:
1981:
1865:
Kanache, his father-in-law and strongest ally. Bowles envisioned the
1082:
during the Spanish explorations), Itawa (original inhabitants of the
1067:
1024:
988:
963:
5569:
Rivers of History-Life on the Coosa, Tallapoosa, Cahaba and Alabama.
3945:
List of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition
1475:
was used by the Spanish and Portuguese to refer to fugitive slaves—"
1267:
led the Carolina militia and Ochese Creek and Yamasee warriors on a
926:
were spoken in the upper Alabama River basin and along parts of the
498:. Between 800 and 1600 CE, they built complex cities with earthwork
4611:. Montgomery, Alabama: Auburn University at Montgomery. p. 41.
2975:
2808:
2407:, cannons, powder, shot, cannonballs) to the locals: Seminoles and
6441:
6366:
3637:
3631:
3598:
is a federally recognized Indian Nation. Their headquarters is in
3577:
3010:
3002:
2807:
2671:
2479:
led the Lower Creek warriors who fought alongside the U.S. in the
2458:
2420:
2331:
2268:
The Fort Mims Massacre was followed two days later by the smaller
2133:
2087:
2046:
1992:
to Georgia, with the exception of the sacred burial mounds of the
1941:
1779:
1380:
1289:
1253:
1176:
1037:
935:
806:
651:
256:
4304:. Kallman Publishing Co. (1968), Translated by Buckingham Smith.
3817:) was a principal leader of the Red Sticks during the Creek Wars.
2548:. It provided for an equally large payment directly to McIntosh.
2348:). On August 9, 1814, the Muscogee nation was forced to sign the
1220:. Traders from Carolina went to Muscogee settlements to exchange
4107:. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 233–235.
2411:(escaped slaves). A few hundred maroons constituted a uniformed
1240:
in 1685. In 1690, English colonists built a trading post on the
1145:
389:. Their historical homelands are in what now comprises southern
6293:
5764:
5607:
Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. pp. 23–472.
5077:"The Deadliest Cannon Shot in American History (July 27, 1816)"
4030:
Sequoyah Research Center and the American Native Press Archives
3768:(1833–1911), represented the Creek and Seminole nations in the
3147:
Boundaries defined, Civilization of Creek, Animosities to cease
2572:
that the treaty was invalid, and negotiated the more favorable
2229:, where they had bought munitions from the Spanish governor at
522:
encountered ancestors of the Muscogee in the mid-16th century.
4087:. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. pp. 7–10.
3648:
3617:
is headquartered in Wetumka, and Jeremiah Hoia is the current
1626:, initially persuaded the Lower Creeks to remain neutral, but
1224:, gunpowder, axes, glass beads, cloth and West Indian rum for
591:, most of the Muscogee Confederacy were forcibly relocated to
537:. In the 19th century, the Muscogee were known as one of the "
364:
38:
5541:"'Reservation Dogs' Is a Near-Perfect Study of Dispossession"
1401:, was founded the following year, on a river bluff where the
467:, all of which belong to the Eastern Muskogean branch of the
5583:
Mixed Blood Indians: Racial Construction in the Early South,
5321:. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1886. p. 861.
2969:, of the early 19th century. The language is related to the
2768:
Some Muscogee in Alabama live near the federally recognized
2635:. Most Muscogee were removed to Indian Territory during the
2199:
rallied his followers and joined with a British invasion to
2015:
Hawkins was disheartened and shocked by the outbreak of the
1818:
and the other a daughter of the Hitchiti Muscogee chieftain
6758:
Tribal Confederacies of indigenous peoples of North America
5628:
Gainesville: University Press of Florida. pp. 265–298.
5019:"Ft. Mims Massacre Baldwin County, Alabama August 30, 1813"
4878:
Mixed Blood Indians: Racial Construction in the Early South
2800:, which follows the lives of four Creek teens in Oklahoma.
1459:), they became the center of a new tribal confederacy, the
744:, in which they eventually settled on the east bank of the
358:
346:
4708:
Old Hickory's War. Andrew Jackson and the Quest for Empire
3015:
Ceded area as deemed by the Treaty of Fort Jackson in 1814
2965:
family and was well known among the frontiersmen, such as
5605:
Second Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology.
4552:
The History of Beaufort County, South Carolina: 1514–1861
2340:
In August 1814, the Red Sticks surrendered to Jackson at
1011:(before 1690 and after 1715), and farther east along the
361:
4924:
Remini, Robert. "Brothers, Listen ... You Must Submit".
4876:
Perdue, Theda (2003). "Chapter 2 'Both White and Red'".
2383:
The Red Stick refugees who arrived in Florida after the
2316:
and Lower Creek warriors, crushed the Red Sticks at the
2225:) stopped a party of Red Sticks who were returning from
1129:
or ranking warrior, the principal military adviser. The
663:
site, occupied by ancestors of the Muscogee people from
471:. These languages are mostly mutually intelligible. The
5612:
Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 14: Southeast.
5598:
Early History of the Creek Indians and their Neighbors.
4016:
4014:
3882:
is filmed entirely in Muscogee Nation land in Oklahoma.
3866:– 1824), leader of the Red Sticks during the Creek Wars
3026:
3024:, indirectly affected the Muscogee. The treaties were:
1436:
from further British encroachment. Ca. 1750 a group of
1102:), and Tuskegee ("Napochi" in the de Luna chronicles).
4412:. University Press of Florida. pp. 6, 87, 88–91.
4327:. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 93.
1105:
The most important leader in Muscogee society was the
763:
made their first forays inland from the shores of the
490:
The ancestors of the Muscogee people were part of the
2710:. On August 15, 1861, Opothleyahola and tribal chief
2491:
officer of the same name who had recruited a band of
1098:(Koasati; they had absorbed the Kaski/Casqui and the
373:
355:
349:
174:
2010: self-identified 88,332 alone and in combination
5474:
Boulder, CO: Native American Rights Fund, 2007: 82.
4737:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 4.
3602:
and their current Principal Chief is David W. Hill.
2784:
and 16-story hotel. The Creek tribe holds an annual
2610:
President Andrew Jackson addressing the Creeks, 1829
2371:. Muscogee were later involved on both sides of the
1640:
during the Mobile and Pensacola campaigns of 1780–81
848:
area. The areas were inhabited by historic Muscogee
827:, returned to Spain in 1537, he told the Court that
724:
The early historic Muscogee were descendants of the
560:, the Upper Towns of the Muscogee, supported by the
420:) by the federal government in the 1830s during the
6545:
6338:
6238:
6177:
6039:
6003:
5965:
5918:
5829:
5798:
5581:Perdue, Theda. Chapter 2: "Both White and Red", in
3567:are a tribe of Muscogee people, descended from the
1440:moved to the neutral zone, after clashing with the
1137:officiated at various rituals, including providing
352:
343:
250:
233:
216:
178:
168:
69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4224:"Moundbuilders, North Georgia's early inhabitants"
1830:, he travelled to London. He was received by King
1630:Capt. William McIntosh led a group of pro-British
1463:, which grew to include earlier refugees from the
5671:Southeastern Native American Documents, 1763–1842
5215:
5213:
4779:"Alexander McGillivray – Encyclopedia of Alabama"
759:In the mid-16th century, when explorers from the
5186:
5184:
5112:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5104:
5102:
4555:. Univ of South Carolina Press. pp. 88–89.
4325:Creek Country: The Creek Indians and their World
4157:Tennessee Frontiers: Three Regions in Transition
2875:Beaver Clan (Itamalgi, Isfanalgi, Itchhasuaigi),
2639:in 1834, with additional removals following the
2623:, in 1832 the Creek National Council signed the
2240:On August 30, 1813, Red Sticks led by Red Eagle
2066:, whose name meant "shooting star", traveled to
1638:. Muscogee warriors fought on behalf of Britain
1329:in 1702, and took advantage of the war to build
1216:(modern-day Charleston), the capital of the new
1125:, respected village elders, medicine men, and a
689:, which became extinct following the end of the
383:Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands
4880:. The University of Georgia Press. p. 51.
3494:
2645:
2602:
2354:
2255:
2095:
1889:, which drew the boundary between the U.S. and
1538:
1483:language, which lacked an 'r' sound, it became
685:who pursued a wide range of animals, including
677:At least 12,000 years ago, Native Americans or
6728:Native American tribes in Georgia (U.S. state)
5710:, Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
5600:Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
5504:November 8, 2007 (retrieved February 25, 2010)
5194:. AAANativeArts.com. 1999–2005. Archived from
4706:Heidler, David S.; Heidler, Jeanne T. (2003).
4249:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–63.
4179:
4177:
4126:
4124:
2153:The Creek War of 1813–1814, also known as the
1248:name for the body of water known today as the
740:describes a migration from places west of the
6305:
5776:
5666:Comprehensive Creek Language materials online
5585:The University of Georgia Press. p. 51.
5492:"Native American Week Planned at UNM-Gallup."
2631:to the U.S., and accepting relocation to the
2442:. Jackson's victory forced Spain to sign the
795:also recorded encounters with these peoples.
27:Indigenous people from Southeastern Woodlands
8:
2923:Turtle Clan (Locvlke) – related to Wind Clan
2516:, signed away Lower Creek lands east of the
1932:Pre-removal (late 18th–early 19th centuries)
492:Mississippian Ideological Interaction Sphere
144:
6748:Native Americans in the American Revolution
5512:
5510:
4353:"The Indigenous Languages of the Southeast"
4085:Southeastern Indians: Since the Removal Era
3683:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2932:Wolf Clan (Yahalgi) – related to Bear Clan.
2747:The Loyalists among the Creek tended to be
2627:, ceding their remaining lands east of the
1885:. Bowles' first act was declaring the 1796
1397:was created in 1732; its first settlement,
6312:
6298:
6290:
5783:
5769:
5761:
5302:Primitive society and its vital statistics
4837:Atlantic Creoles in the Age of Revolutions
4701:
4699:
4410:The Native American World Beyond Apalachee
2668:Indian Territory in the American Civil War
1897:, because the Indians were not consulted.
408:Most of the Muscogee people were forcibly
143:
4871:
4869:
4840:. Harvard University Press. p. 113.
3901:Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal
3703:Learn how and when to remove this message
2961:The Muscogee language is a member of the
2031:A comet, earthquakes, and Tecumseh (1811)
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
6222:Oklahoma Tax Commission v. United States
5614:Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.
5571:Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
5403:"Executive Branch – the Muscogee Nation"
5119:"Fort Benning – The Land and the People"
4477:Lewis, David Jr; Jordan, Ann T. (2008).
4270:
4268:
4266:
4160:. Indiana University Press. p. 19.
3960:Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park
1802:at age 14 and becoming an ensign in the
1754:Muscogee and Choctaw land dispute (1790)
1600:. This alliance was orchestrated by the
1596:, against white settlers in present-day
1421:exported up to 50,000 deerskins a year.
1273:Spanish missions in the Florida interior
823:, a castaway who survived the ill-fated
6713:South Appalachian Mississippian culture
5661:History of the Creek Indians in Georgia
5539:St. Felix, Doreen (September 20, 2021)
5087:from the original on September 14, 2017
3982:
3590:Federally recognized tribes in Oklahoma
3236:23 million acres (93,000 km)
1144:The most important social unit was the
882:. These losses were exacerbated by the
716:. Stratified societies developed, with
708:arose as the cultivation of maize from
5578:Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
5564:Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
5256:GeorgiaInfo: an Online Georgia Almanac
5075:Administrative staff (July 27, 2016).
4435:"The Lower Creeks: Origin and History"
3645:Federally recognized tribes in Alabama
3007:Muscogee Creek land cessions 1733–1832
2655:Indians of the Southeast: Then and Now
1528:they usually spoke English as well as
1263:In 1704, Irish colonial administrator
1167:British, French, and Spanish expansion
1031:, Oconee, Ocmulgee, Apalachicola, and
637:Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida
328:
5651:Creek Nation Indian Territory Project
5439:
5437:
4901:Remini, Robert. "The Reform Begins".
4710:(revised ed.). Stackpole Books.
2899:Maize Clan (Aktayatsalgi, Atchialgi),
2690:refused to form an alliance with the
2648:colors were black, red, and white ...
2403:, offered it, with all its ordnance (
2051:The Great Comet of 1811, as drawn by
1313:, the Ochese Creeks fled west to the
7:
5560:Braund, Kathryn E. Holland (1993).
3681:adding citations to reliable sources
3169:Boundary lines, Animosities to cease
2911:Raccoon Clan (Wahlakalgi, Wotkalgi),
2843:are revered gatherings and rituals.
2399:, and in 1815, after the end of the
2058:A comet appeared in March 1811. The
2008:was built on a hill overlooking the
1770:State of Muskogee and William Bowles
1762:were in conflict over land near the
1086:), Hothliwahi (Ullibahali), Hilibi,
981:The basic social unit was the town (
179:Regions with significant populations
67:adding citations to reliable sources
6743:Native American tribes in Tennessee
6733:Native American tribes in Louisiana
5639:Muscogee (Creek) Nation of Oklahoma
5621:Macon, GA: Mercer University Press.
5231:from the original on August 3, 2010
5224:. The College of William and Mary.
3406:Treaty with the Creeks And Seminole
3230:Fort Jackson near Wetumpka, Alabama
2908:Panther Clan (Chukotalgi, Katsalg),
2815:(or Shelocta) was a Muscogee chief.
1309:allies. The Yamasee took refuge in
1141:, used in purification ceremonies.
783:, beginning on April 2, 1513, with
487:, unrelated to any other language.
6738:Native American tribes in Oklahoma
6627:Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo)
5454:Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission
5169:from the original on July 30, 2024
5117:Sharyn Kane & Richard Keeton.
4928:. History Book Club. p. 258.
4905:. History Book Club. p. 201.
4680:The Origin of the Seminole Indians
4133:"Pushmataha, Choctaw Indian Chief"
4104:Andrew Jackson: His Life and Times
3747:Notable historical Muscogee people
2920:Toad Clan (Pahosalgi, Sopaktalgi),
2914:Salt Clan (Okilisa, Oktchunualgi),
2872:Bear Clan (Muklasalgi, Nokosalgi),
1580:, the Upper Creeks sided with the
1208:. In 1670, English colonists from
693:age. During the time known as the
25:
6723:Native American tribes in Florida
6718:Native American tribes in Alabama
5731:"Creek or Muskogee Indians"
5517:Hurley, Lawrence (July 9, 2020).
5456:. 2010 (retrieved April 10, 2010)
4976:1997 (retrieved December 5, 2009)
4222:About North Georgia (1994–2006).
3573:Alabama-Coushatta Tribes of Texas
3502:Indian Appropriations Act of 1871
3488:Indian Appropriations Act of 1871
3325:Treaty of the Creek Indian Agency
3166:Colerain (Camden County, Georgia)
2643:, although some remained behind.
2081:shook the Muscogee lands and the
1814:basin. He married two wives, one
6321:
6249:Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas
5713:
4805:"Relationship With Other Tribes"
4384:Isham, Theodore and Blue Clark.
3893:
3653:
3613:and its chief is Tarpie Yargee.
1953:, the first U.S. president, and
1849:. He established his capital at
1448:, where they had fled after the
1050:The Upper Towns, located on the
864:Rise of the Muscogee Confederacy
787:'s landing in Florida. The 1526
625:Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas
339:
150:
43:
6129:Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)
5696:Encyclopedia of Alabama article
5502:University of New Mexico Today.
4996:War of 1812 People and Stories.
4949:"George Washington And Indians"
3733:The United States Supreme Court
2867:Muscogee clans are as follows:
2827:farming methods, and accepting
2542:second Treaty of Indian Springs
1046:, occupied during the mid-1500s
54:needs additional citations for
6031:College of the Muscogee Nation
5684:New Georgia Encyclopedia entry
5567:Jackson,Harvey H. III (1995).
4279:. Cambridge University Press.
3920:College of the Muscogee Nation
2896:Hickory-Nut Clan (Odshisalgi),
2522:first Treaty of Indian Springs
1964:In 1796, Washington appointed
1887:Second Treaty of San Ildefonso
1826:. After seeking refuge in the
1730:sent a special emissary, Col.
1074:(Kusa; the dominant people of
803:Spanish expedition (1540–1543)
1:
6254:Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town
6190:Treaty of Fort Jackson (1814)
6134:Prospect Bluff Historic Sites
5895:Prospect Bluff Historic Sites
4693:, Vol. 15, No. 1, March 1937.
3860:
3837:
3824:
3807:
3794:
3636:Micah Wesley, Muscogee Creek-
3629:. George Scott is the mekko.
3607:Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town
3446:Treaty with the Creeks, Etc.,
3110:Treaty of Shoulder-bone Creek
2881:Bog Potato Clan (Ahalakalgi),
1853:, a village on the shores of
1588:(Lower Cherokee) warriors of
1370:. In 1721, the British built
1117:ruled with the assistance of
840:, and then westward into the
664:
611:, all based in Oklahoma, are
601:Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town
6274:Poarch Band of Creek Indians
6259:Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana
6074:(predecessor to Lower Towns)
5645:Poarch Band of Creek Indians
5444:"Oklahoma's Tribal Nations."
5354:University of Oklahoma Press
5258:. Digital Library of Georgia
5252:"Shoulder-bone Creek Treaty"
5159:"Home - The Muscogee Nation"
4998:(retrieved December 5, 2009)
4861:Chris Kimball, "W.A. Bowles"
4654:Georgia Historical Quarterly
4190:(2nd ed.), London 1794, pp.
3717:Poarch Band of Creek Indians
3565:Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana
2926:Wild-Cat Clan (Koakotsalgi),
2362:Treaty of Fort Jackson, 1814
1800:Maryland Loyalists Battalion
1163:have belonged to this clan.
699:Eastern Agricultural Complex
621:Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana
617:Poarch Band of Creek Indians
525:The Muscogee were the first
426:Poarch Band of Creek Indians
184:United States (historically
6240:Federally recognized tribes
6206:Treaty of Washington (1826)
5466:Native American Rights Fund
5277:Onecle (November 8, 2005).
4595:Georgia Encyclopedia Online
4510:September 25, 2012, at the
4360:Anthropological Linguistics
4209:(2nd ed.), London 1794, p.
3859:, also known as Red Eagle (
3853:, his wife and partial heir
3770:Second Confederate Congress
3758:(1763–1805), also known as
3582:Muscogee Creek-Navajo from
3530:Treaty of Washington (1826)
3261:Treaty of the Indian Spring
2727:, where they would receive
2590:Treaty of Washington (1826)
2574:Treaty of Washington (1826)
1837:In 1799, Bowles formed the
1798:family, enlisting with the
1710:In 1784, he negotiated the
1642:, where Spain re-conquered
1487:, and eventually Seminole.
902:, speaking several related
659:, was part of a precontact
629:Seminole Nation of Oklahoma
442:federally recognized tribes
6774:
6195:Treaty of Nicolls' Outpost
5792:Muscogee Creek Confederacy
5701:November 11, 2014, at the
5299:Krzywicki, Ludwik (1934).
4991:November 18, 2005, at the
4398:Retrieved August 20, 2012.
4026:February 13, 2012, at the
3241:Treaty of the Creek Agency
2954:
2665:
2455:Treaties of Indian Springs
2344:(near the present city of
2308:, aided by the 39th U. S.
2119:
2077:On December 16, 1811, the
2043:1812 New Madrid earthquake
2040:
2034:
1935:
1900:He denounced the treaties
1877:, Upper and Lower Creeks,
1841:, with the support of the
1773:
1758:In 1790, the Muscogee and
1557:American Revolutionary War
1341:in 1717, trading with the
1170:
870:Mississippian shatter zone
867:
552:'s interpretations of the
381:), are a group of related
322:Muscogee Creek Confederacy
29:
6185:Treaty of New York (1790)
5617:Winn, William W. (2015).
5596:Swanton, John R. (1922).
5427:Oklahoma Indian Affairs.
4731:Frank, Andrew K. (2005).
2662:American Civil War (1861)
2508:, both mixed-race Creek.
2413:Corps of Colonial Marines
1664:Battle of King's Mountain
1584:, fighting alongside the
1333:at the confluence of the
633:Seminole Tribe of Florida
615:tribes. In addition, the
469:Muscogean language family
255:
238:
221:
183:
173:
149:
32:Muskogee (disambiguation)
6279:Thlopthlocco Tribal Town
6201:Treaty of Moultrie Creek
5747:"Muskhogean Stock"
5574:Kokomoor, Kevin (2019).
5141:"Woodson County history"
5081:Explore Southern History
5041:"Treaty with The Creeks"
4834:Jane G. Landers (2010).
4809:South East Indian Tribes
4648:Kokomoor, Kevin (2014).
4638:(accessed May 12, 2010).
4635:New Georgia Encyclopedia
4597:(accessed May 12, 2010).
4517:New Georgia Encyclopedia
4467:(accessed May 12, 2010).
4154:Finger, John R. (2001).
3735:issued their ruling for
3728:Expansion of reservation
3715:Eddie L. Tullis led the
3623:Thlopthlocco Tribal Town
3282:Treaty of Indian Springs
3177:Treaty of Fort Wilkinson
2770:Poarch Creek Reservation
2584:In the aftermath of the
2536:, a leading advocate of
2328:Muscogee diaspora (1814)
2318:Battle of Horseshoe Bend
2143:treaty of Indian Springs
1791:was born into a wealthy
1716:Panton, Leslie & Co.
1325:as the first capital of
609:Thlopthlocco Tribal Town
162:Birmingham Museum of Art
6592:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)
6269:Muscogee (Creek) Nation
5753:Encyclopædia Britannica
5737:Encyclopædia Britannica
5449:March 28, 2010, at the
5346:Foreman, Grant (1972).
4433:Worth, John E. (2000).
4275:Saunt, Claudio (1999).
3756:William Augustus Bowles
3741:Muscogee (Creek) Nation
3596:Muscogee (Creek) Nation
2929:Wind Clan (Hutalgalgi),
2917:Skunk Clan (Kunipalgi),
2890:Fish Clan (Hlahloalgi),
2680:At the outbreak of the
2296:and the Cherokee under
1789:William Augustus Bowles
1662:back-country after the
1455:Led by Chief Secoffee (
1444:-speaking towns of the
789:Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón
597:Muscogee (Creek) Nation
477:Muscogee (Creek) Nation
6328:Native American tribes
6164:Creek National Capitol
6124:Kimbell-James Massacre
6083:Leon-Jefferson culture
5756:(11th ed.). 1911.
5740:(11th ed.). 1911.
5689:July 23, 2013, at the
5676:April 7, 2020, at the
5220:Earnest Gouge (2010).
5163:www.muscogeenation.com
4974:New York Times: Books.
4734:Creeks and Southerners
4691:Chronicles of Oklahoma
4628:July 23, 2013, at the
4589:June 14, 2013, at the
4521:Accessed May 12, 2010.
4408:Hann, John H. (2006).
4391:July 20, 2010, at the
4135:. Southeast Chronicles
4131:Prentice, Guy (2003).
3766:Samuel Benton Callahan
3641:
3586:
3526:Treaty of Fort Jackson
3505:
3466:Treaty with the Creeks
3426:Treaty with the Creeks
3386:Treaty with the Creeks
3366:Treaty with the Creeks
3220:Treaty of Fort Jackson
3125:All lands east of the
3016:
3008:
2905:Otter Clan (Osanalgi),
2902:Mole Clan (Takusalgi),
2887:Deer Clan (Itchualgi),
2884:Cane Clan (Kohasalki),
2816:
2677:
2659:
2613:
2586:Treaty of Fort Jackson
2529:Creek National Council
2470:
2365:
2350:Treaty of Fort Jackson
2337:
2270:Kimbell-James Massacre
2266:
2150:
2109:
2093:
2055:
1947:
1921:San Marcos de Apalache
1869:, with its capital at
1785:
1594:Cherokee–American wars
1550:
1390:
1364:San Marcos de Apalache
1302:
1228:pelts (as part of the
1185:
1047:
816:
674:
582:Treaty of Fort Jackson
558:New Madrid earthquakes
496:Mississippian cultures
475:today are part of the
401:and parts of northern
6169:Crazy Snake Rebellion
6072:Apalachicola Province
6047:Mississippian culture
5928:(Francis the Prophet)
5497:July 3, 2012, at the
5429:2008 Pocket Pictorial
5083:. Old Kitchen Media.
4947:Miller, Eric (1994).
4609:Fort Toulouse Studies
4021:Transcribed documents
3955:Nuyaka (Creek Nation)
3925:Crazy Snake Rebellion
3785:Alexander McGillivray
3779:Five Civilized Tribes
3635:
3581:
3559:Muscogee tribes today
3070:Treaty of Coweta Town
3022:Treaty of San Lorenzo
3014:
3006:
2878:Bird Clan (Fusualgi),
2811:
2725:Wilson County, Kansas
2675:
2653:Burt & Ferguson-
2502:Alexander McGillivray
2462:
2335:
2290:Mississippi Territory
2137:
2120:Further information:
2091:
2079:New Madrid earthquake
2050:
2041:Further information:
2035:Further information:
2006:Fort Benjamin Hawkins
1945:
1938:Five Civilized Tribes
1936:Further information:
1902:Alexander McGillivray
1783:
1774:Further information:
1748:Trans-Oconee Republic
1700:Alexander McGillivray
1650:raised a division of
1612:, a wealthy Scottish
1606:Alexander McGillivray
1563:French and Indian War
1497:Alexander McGillivray
1384:
1293:
1180:
1171:Further information:
1041:
810:
781:Mississippian culture
726:Mississippian culture
706:Mississippian culture
672:Cartersville, Georgia
661:Mississippian culture
655:
539:Five Civilized Tribes
452:moved south into the
251:Related ethnic groups
6622:Mescalero-Chiricahua
6377:Cheyenne and Arapaho
6264:Kialegee Tribal Town
6114:Battle of Burnt Corn
6016:Four Mothers Society
4971:"The Shooting Star.'
4685:May 9, 2008, at the
4505:Creek Indian Leaders
3930:Etowah Indian Mounds
3915:Battle of Burnt Corn
3677:improve this section
3625:is headquartered in
3615:Kialegee Tribal Town
3609:is headquartered in
3304:Treaty of Washington
3198:Treaty of Washington
2893:Fox Clan (Tsulalgi),
2714:contacted President
2429:Battle of Negro Fort
2235:Battle of Burnt Corn
2201:capture Fort Detroit
1707:sixty black slaves.
1644:British West Florida
1561:With the end of the
1374:at the mouth of the
1084:Etowah Indian Mounds
910:was spoken from the
613:federally recognized
605:Kialegee Tribal Town
512:Etowah Indian Mounds
330:[məskóɡəlɡi]
308:, also known as the
244:Four Mothers Society
63:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
6021:Green Corn Ceremony
5957:William Weatherford
5382:www.statimetric.com
5198:on February 1, 2010
5192:"Creek Confederacy"
4785:on October 15, 2013
4440:. In McEwan (ed.).
4048:Mahon, pp. 187–189.
3940:Green corn ceremony
3857:William Weatherford
2841:Green Corn Ceremony
2506:William Weatherford
2346:Montgomery, Alabama
2242:William Weatherford
2171:William Weatherford
2116:Red Stick rebellion
2105:The American Indian
2053:William Henry Smyth
2037:Great Comet of 1811
2010:Ocmulgee Old Fields
1994:Ocmulgee Old Fields
1824:Battle of Pensacola
1712:Treaty of Pensacola
1692:'Mad' Anthony Wayne
1636:Capture of Savannah
1610:Lachlan McGillivray
1578:American Revolution
1565:(also known as the
1513:William Weatherford
1009:Chattahoochee River
978:, and many others.
904:Muskogean languages
876:infectious diseases
874:Because of endemic
146:
6392:Citizen Potawatomi
6211:Indian Removal Act
6149:Indian Removal Act
6139:Battle of Ocheesee
6119:Fort Mims Massacre
5725:published in 1827.
5061:Merwyn Garbarino,
4863:, Southern History
4386:"Creek (Mvskoke)."
3950:Muskogee, Oklahoma
3871:In popular culture
3737:McGirt v. Oklahoma
3642:
3600:Okmulgee, Oklahoma
3587:
3584:Okmulgee, Oklahoma
3508:Population history
3156:Treaty of Colerain
3134:Treaty of New York
3090:Treaty of Savannah
3050:Treaty of Savannah
3017:
3009:
2829:European-Americans
2817:
2682:American Civil War
2678:
2621:Indian Removal Act
2551:In April, the old
2485:First Seminole War
2471:
2393:Apalachicola River
2338:
2161:. Inspired by the
2151:
2130:Fort Mims massacre
2103:Roger L. Nichols,
2094:
2056:
1948:
1861:. It was ruled by
1786:
1736:Treaty of New York
1704:Spanish in Florida
1690:troops under Gen.
1646:. Loyalist leader
1391:
1321:explorers founded
1303:
1301:and nephew in 1733
1218:colony of Carolina
1186:
1109:or village chief.
1090:, Wakokai, Atasi,
1048:
1042:The protohistoric
884:Indian slave trade
880:indigenous peoples
825:Narváez expedition
817:
785:Juan Ponce de León
675:
485:linguistic isolate
6695:
6694:
6617:Hitchiti-Mikasuki
6357:Alabama-Quassarte
6287:
6286:
6216:Treaty of Cusseta
6159:Creek War of 1836
6110:(Creek civil war)
6093:State of Muskogee
5995:Mikasuki-Hitchiti
5799:Four mother towns
5480:978-1-55591-655-8
5409:on April 21, 2021
5363:978-0-8061-1172-8
5279:"Indian Treaties"
5165:. July 30, 2024.
5147:on June 28, 2011.
5017:Steve Canerossi.
4847:978-0-674-05416-5
4815:on March 19, 2022
4562:978-1-57003-090-1
4539:Incomplete source
4490:978-0-8263-2368-2
4451:9-780-8130-2086-0
4419:978-0-8130-2982-5
4114:978-1-4000-3072-9
3713:
3712:
3705:
3611:Wetumka, Oklahoma
3546:Henry Schoolcraft
3485:
3484:
3359:create allotments
3346:Treaty of Cusseta
3096:Colony of Georgia
3076:Colony of Georgia
3056:Colony of Georgia
2996:
2995:
2957:Muscogee language
2821:European-American
2813:Selocta Chinnabby
2641:Creek War of 1836
2625:Treaty of Cusseta
2570:John Quincy Adams
2487:. The son of the
2464:Charles Bird King
2444:Adams–Onís Treaty
2147:Charles Bird King
1996:. They allowed a
1951:George Washington
1928:two years later.
1906:George Washington
1867:State of Muskogee
1857:near present-day
1839:State of Muskogee
1776:State of Muskogee
1728:George Washington
1226:white-tailed deer
742:Mississippi River
587:During the 1830s
543:European American
535:civilization plan
531:George Washington
520:Spanish explorers
465:Hitchiti-Mikasuki
461:Muscogee, Mvskoke
335:Muscogee language
302:
301:
227:Hitchiti-Mikasuki
139:
138:
131:
113:
18:Creek Confederacy
16:(Redirected from
6765:
6547:Tribal languages
6527:United Keetoowah
6457:Muscogee (Creek)
6417:Fort Sill Apache
6352:Absentee Shawnee
6326:
6325:
6314:
6307:
6300:
6291:
6178:Politics and law
6088:Battle of Taliwa
5932:William McIntosh
5861:(four locations)
5831:Groups and towns
5785:
5778:
5771:
5762:
5757:
5749:
5741:
5733:
5717:
5548:
5537:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5526:
5514:
5505:
5489:
5483:
5463:
5457:
5441:
5432:
5425:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5414:
5405:. Archived from
5399:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5388:
5374:
5368:
5367:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5329:
5323:
5322:
5313:
5307:
5306:
5296:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5285:
5274:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5263:
5250:Seibert, David.
5247:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5236:
5230:
5217:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5188:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5174:
5155:
5149:
5148:
5143:. Archived from
5137:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5126:
5114:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5072:
5066:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5048:
5036:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5025:
5014:
5008:
5005:
4999:
4983:
4977:
4967:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4944:
4938:
4937:
4921:
4915:
4914:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4873:
4864:
4858:
4852:
4851:
4831:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4811:. Archived from
4801:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4781:. Archived from
4775:
4769:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4728:
4722:
4721:
4703:
4694:
4678:Forbs, Gerald, "
4676:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4645:
4639:
4619:
4613:
4612:
4604:
4598:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4546:
4540:
4537:
4531:
4528:
4522:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4474:
4468:
4462:
4456:
4455:
4439:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4405:
4399:
4382:
4376:
4375:
4357:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4272:
4261:
4260:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4219:
4213:
4200:
4194:
4181:
4172:
4171:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4128:
4119:
4118:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4055:
4049:
4046:
4040:
4037:
4031:
4018:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4004:
3995:
3987:
3903:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3879:Reservation Dogs
3865:
3862:
3842:
3839:
3829:
3826:
3816:
3812:
3809:
3799:
3796:
3791:William McIntosh
3708:
3701:
3697:
3694:
3688:
3657:
3649:
3627:Okemah, Oklahoma
3550:Indian Territory
3534:Second Creek War
3503:
3116:State of Georgia
3027:
2976:
2971:Choctaw language
2798:Reservation Dogs
2753:Dawes Commission
2700:Seminole Indians
2657:
2633:Indian Territory
2611:
2477:William McIntosh
2468:William McIntosh
2363:
2322:Tallapoosa River
2294:William McIntosh
2264:
2203:in August 1812.
2193:William McIntosh
2186:Benjamin Hawkins
2107:
1966:Benjamin Hawkins
1959:Thomas Jefferson
1913:Benjamin Hawkins
1820:William Perryman
1688:Continental Army
1674:never came, and
1567:Seven Years' War
1520:Benjamin Hawkins
1505:William McIntosh
1411:James Oglethorpe
1372:Fort King George
1357:of the powerful
1277:Queen Anne's War
922:(Coushatta) and
858:Battle of Mabila
850:Native Americans
829:Hernando de Soto
683:hunter-gatherers
669:
666:
619:of Alabama, the
593:Indian Territory
527:Native Americans
494:, also known as
414:Indian Territory
377:
371:
370:
367:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
332:
327:
204:; now primarily
169:Total population
154:
147:
134:
127:
123:
120:
114:
112:
71:
47:
39:
21:
6773:
6772:
6768:
6767:
6766:
6764:
6763:
6762:
6698:
6697:
6696:
6691:
6549:
6541:
6412:Eastern Shawnee
6402:Delaware Nation
6343:
6341:
6334:
6320:
6318:
6288:
6283:
6234:
6229:Sharp v. Murphy
6173:
6098:Forbes purchase
6067:Long Swamp Site
6035:
5999:
5961:
5914:
5825:
5794:
5789:
5744:
5728:
5723:Lydia Sigourney
5708:Creek (Mvskoke)
5703:Wayback Machine
5691:Wayback Machine
5678:Wayback Machine
5647:, official site
5641:, official site
5635:
5555:Further reading
5552:
5551:
5538:
5534:
5524:
5522:
5516:
5515:
5508:
5499:Wayback Machine
5490:
5486:
5464:
5460:
5451:Wayback Machine
5442:
5435:
5426:
5422:
5412:
5410:
5401:
5400:
5396:
5386:
5384:
5376:
5375:
5371:
5364:
5356:. p. 111.
5345:
5344:
5340:
5331:
5330:
5326:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5298:
5297:
5293:
5283:
5281:
5276:
5275:
5271:
5261:
5259:
5249:
5248:
5244:
5234:
5232:
5228:
5219:
5218:
5211:
5201:
5199:
5190:
5189:
5182:
5172:
5170:
5157:
5156:
5152:
5139:
5138:
5134:
5124:
5122:
5116:
5115:
5100:
5090:
5088:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5060:
5056:
5046:
5044:
5038:
5037:
5033:
5023:
5021:
5016:
5015:
5011:
5006:
5002:
4993:Wayback Machine
4984:
4980:
4968:
4964:
4954:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4941:
4923:
4922:
4918:
4900:
4899:
4895:
4888:
4875:
4874:
4867:
4859:
4855:
4848:
4833:
4832:
4828:
4818:
4816:
4803:
4802:
4798:
4788:
4786:
4777:
4776:
4772:
4763:
4759:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4730:
4729:
4725:
4718:
4705:
4704:
4697:
4687:Wayback Machine
4677:
4673:
4663:
4661:
4647:
4646:
4642:
4630:Wayback Machine
4620:
4616:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4591:Wayback Machine
4581:
4577:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4548:
4547:
4543:
4538:
4534:
4529:
4525:
4512:Wayback Machine
4502:
4498:
4491:
4476:
4475:
4471:
4463:
4459:
4452:
4437:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4420:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4393:Wayback Machine
4383:
4379:
4355:
4351:(Spring 2005).
4347:
4346:
4342:
4335:
4322:
4321:
4317:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4287:
4274:
4273:
4264:
4257:
4244:
4243:
4239:
4229:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4203:William Bartram
4201:
4197:
4184:William Bartram
4182:
4175:
4168:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4138:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4067:
4065:
4057:
4056:
4052:
4047:
4043:
4038:
4034:
4028:Wayback Machine
4019:
4012:
4002:
4000:
3993:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3974:
3969:
3910:Black Seminoles
3899:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3873:
3863:
3840:
3827:
3814:
3810:
3797:
3749:
3730:
3709:
3698:
3692:
3689:
3674:
3658:
3647:
3592:
3561:
3510:
3504:
3501:
3490:
3356:Washington City
3119:Sparta, Georgia
3001:
2967:Gideon Lincecum
2959:
2953:
2940:
2935:
2849:
2806:
2778:Mobile, Alabama
2766:
2749:traditionalists
2716:Abraham Lincoln
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2612:
2609:
2582:
2466:'s portrait of
2457:
2449:Black Seminoles
2381:
2364:
2361:
2330:
2265:
2262:
2223:Mobile, Alabama
2132:
2118:
2108:
2102:
2045:
2039:
2033:
1974:Crawford County
1940:
1934:
1855:Lake Miccosukee
1845:Creeks and the
1778:
1772:
1756:
1678:militia led by
1571:Sons of Liberty
1559:
1493:
1434:Spanish Florida
1430:St. Johns River
1319:French Canadian
1311:Spanish Florida
1269:series of raids
1198:Spanish Florida
1190:Jesuit missions
1175:
1169:
928:Tennessee River
872:
866:
805:
730:Tennessee River
695:Woodland period
667:
650:
645:
375:
342:
338:
325:
164:
156:Muscogee Creek
142:
135:
124:
118:
115:
72:
70:
60:
48:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6771:
6769:
6761:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6700:
6699:
6693:
6692:
6690:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6553:
6551:
6550:(still spoken)
6543:
6542:
6540:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6467:Otoe-Missouria
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6407:Delaware Tribe
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6348:
6346:
6336:
6335:
6319:
6317:
6316:
6309:
6302:
6294:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6245:
6243:
6242:(20th century)
6236:
6235:
6233:
6232:
6225:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6192:
6187:
6181:
6179:
6175:
6174:
6172:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6154:Trail of Tears
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6043:
6041:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6007:
6005:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5985:Creek-Seminole
5982:
5977:
5971:
5969:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5926:Josiah Francis
5922:
5920:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5835:
5833:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5802:
5800:
5796:
5795:
5790:
5788:
5787:
5780:
5773:
5765:
5759:
5758:
5742:
5726:
5711:
5705:
5693:
5681:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5642:
5634:
5633:External links
5631:
5630:
5629:
5622:
5615:
5608:
5601:
5594:
5579:
5572:
5565:
5550:
5549:
5545:The New Yorker
5532:
5506:
5484:
5458:
5433:
5420:
5394:
5369:
5362:
5338:
5324:
5308:
5291:
5269:
5242:
5209:
5180:
5150:
5132:
5098:
5067:
5054:
5043:. First People
5031:
5009:
5007:Adams, 777–778
5000:
4978:
4969:Sugden, John.
4962:
4939:
4926:Andrew Jackson
4916:
4903:Andrew Jackson
4893:
4886:
4865:
4853:
4846:
4826:
4796:
4770:
4764:Edward Cashin
4757:
4743:
4723:
4716:
4695:
4671:
4640:
4614:
4599:
4575:
4561:
4541:
4532:
4523:
4496:
4489:
4469:
4457:
4450:
4425:
4418:
4400:
4377:
4340:
4333:
4315:
4292:
4285:
4262:
4255:
4237:
4214:
4195:
4173:
4166:
4146:
4120:
4113:
4090:
4075:
4059:"Yuchi/Euchee"
4050:
4041:
4032:
4010:
3981:
3980:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3876:The TV series
3872:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3854:
3844:
3831:
3818:
3801:
3788:
3782:
3772:
3763:
3748:
3745:
3729:
3726:
3711:
3710:
3661:
3659:
3652:
3646:
3643:
3621:or chief. The
3591:
3588:
3560:
3557:
3514:James Seagrove
3509:
3506:
3499:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3479:
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3321:
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3312:
3309:
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3300:
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3290:
3287:
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3222:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3186:Fort Wilkinson
3184:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3148:
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3129:
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3100:
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3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2984:
2983:
2955:Main article:
2952:
2949:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:
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2879:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2848:
2845:
2805:
2802:
2765:
2762:
2663:
2660:
2650:
2637:Trail of Tears
2619:Following the
2607:
2581:
2580:Removal (1834)
2578:
2546:Arkansas River
2538:Indian removal
2456:
2453:
2436:Andrew Jackson
2425:Andrew Jackson
2397:Prospect Bluff
2380:
2377:
2359:
2329:
2326:
2302:Andrew Jackson
2260:
2117:
2114:
2100:
2032:
2029:
1933:
1930:
1917:Gulf of Mexico
1771:
1768:
1755:
1752:
1732:Marinus Willet
1686:was routed by
1660:North Carolina
1652:King's Rangers
1624:George Galphin
1590:Dragging Canoe
1558:
1555:
1501:Josiah Francis
1492:
1489:
1393:The colony of
1376:Altamaha River
1250:Ocmulgee River
1242:Ocmulgee River
1238:Henry Woodward
1230:deerskin trade
1168:
1165:
1135:medicine maker
1076:East Tennessee
1021:Savannah River
865:
862:
821:Cabeza de Vaca
804:
801:
793:South Carolina
791:expedition in
773:Coosa chiefdom
765:Gulf of Mexico
746:Ocmulgee River
657:Etowah Mound C
649:
646:
644:
641:
589:Indian Removal
578:Andrew Jackson
548:Influenced by
481:Yuchi language
444:. Some of the
422:Trail of Tears
314:Muscogee Creek
300:
299:
253:
252:
248:
247:
236:
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26:
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10:
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2:
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6508:
6507:Seneca-Cayuga
6505:
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6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6144:Seminole Wars
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6109:
6108:Red Stick War
6106:
6104:
6101:
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6094:
6091:
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5968:
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5958:
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5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5937:Peter McQueen
5935:
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5627:
5623:
5620:
5616:
5613:
5609:
5606:
5602:
5599:
5595:
5592:
5591:0-8203-2731-X
5588:
5584:
5580:
5577:
5573:
5570:
5566:
5563:
5559:
5558:
5557:
5556:
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5280:
5273:
5270:
5257:
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5243:
5227:
5223:
5216:
5214:
5210:
5197:
5193:
5187:
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5168:
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5160:
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5133:
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5078:
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5068:
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5042:
5035:
5032:
5020:
5013:
5010:
5004:
5001:
4997:
4994:
4990:
4987:
4986:"The Creeks."
4982:
4979:
4975:
4972:
4966:
4963:
4950:
4943:
4940:
4935:
4934:0-9650631-0-7
4931:
4927:
4920:
4917:
4912:
4911:0-9650631-0-7
4908:
4904:
4897:
4894:
4889:
4887:0-8203-2731-X
4883:
4879:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4857:
4854:
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4713:
4709:
4702:
4700:
4696:
4692:
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4684:
4681:
4675:
4672:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4644:
4641:
4637:
4636:
4631:
4627:
4624:
4623:Creek Indians
4618:
4615:
4610:
4603:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4585:
4584:Mary Musgrove
4579:
4576:
4564:
4558:
4554:
4553:
4545:
4542:
4536:
4533:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4518:
4513:
4509:
4506:
4500:
4497:
4492:
4486:
4483:. UNM Press.
4482:
4481:
4473:
4470:
4466:
4461:
4458:
4453:
4447:
4443:
4436:
4429:
4426:
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4415:
4411:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4390:
4387:
4381:
4378:
4373:
4369:
4366:(1): 11, 34.
4365:
4361:
4354:
4350:
4349:Goddard, Ives
4344:
4341:
4336:
4334:0-8078-5495-6
4330:
4326:
4319:
4316:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4296:
4293:
4288:
4282:
4278:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4258:
4252:
4248:
4241:
4238:
4225:
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4215:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4199:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4169:
4167:0-253-33985-5
4163:
4159:
4158:
4150:
4147:
4134:
4127:
4125:
4121:
4116:
4110:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4099:Brands, H. W.
4094:
4091:
4086:
4079:
4076:
4064:
4060:
4054:
4051:
4045:
4042:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4017:
4015:
4011:
3999:
3992:
3986:
3983:
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3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3835:
3834:Opothleyahola
3832:
3822:
3821:Mary Musgrove
3819:
3805:
3802:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3718:
3707:
3704:
3696:
3693:February 2023
3686:
3682:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3662:This section
3660:
3656:
3651:
3650:
3644:
3640:artist and DJ
3639:
3634:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3574:
3571:, as are the
3570:
3566:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3507:
3498:
3493:
3487:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3428:
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3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3353:United States
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3227:United States
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3183:United States
3182:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3163:United States
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3144:New York City
3143:
3141:United States
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3013:
3005:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2855:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2776:northeast of
2775:
2771:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2687:Opothleyahola
2683:
2674:
2669:
2661:
2656:
2649:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2565:Opothleyahola
2561:
2560:Chattahoochee
2557:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2540:, signed the
2539:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
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2475:
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2465:
2461:
2454:
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2450:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2373:Seminole Wars
2370:
2358:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2334:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2312:Regiment and
2311:
2307:
2304:'s Tennessee
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2273:
2271:
2259:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2175:Peter McQueen
2173:(Red Eagle),
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2155:Red Stick War
2148:
2145:. Painted by
2144:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2115:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2090:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2038:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1944:
1939:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1895:null and void
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1843:Chattahoochee
1840:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1812:Chattahoochee
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1777:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1764:Noxubee River
1761:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1744:Elijah Clarke
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1680:Elijah Clarke
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1622:
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1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1535:
1534:Claudio Saunt
1531:
1526:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1509:Peter McQueen
1506:
1502:
1498:
1491:Intermarriage
1490:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1446:Chattahoochee
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1415:Fort Okfuskee
1412:
1408:
1407:Mary Musgrove
1404:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1368:Apalachee Bay
1365:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1331:Fort Toulouse
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1315:Chattahoochee
1312:
1308:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1234:Indian slaves
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1206:Apalachee Bay
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1080:North Georgia
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1062:rivers, were
1061:
1057:
1053:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
985:
979:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
916:Alabama River
913:
912:Chattahoochee
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
888:
885:
881:
877:
871:
863:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
834:
830:
826:
822:
814:
809:
802:
800:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
771:(such as the
770:
766:
762:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
722:
719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
679:Paleo-Indians
673:
670:–1550 CE, in
662:
658:
654:
647:
642:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
570:Red Stick War
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
504:
501:
497:
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488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
387:United States
384:
380:
379:
369:
336:
331:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
249:
245:
241:
240:Protestantism
237:
232:
229:, and English
228:
224:
220:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
163:
159:
158:bandolier bag
153:
148:
133:
130:
122:
111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80: –
79:
75:
74:Find sources:
68:
64:
58:
57:
52:This article
50:
46:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
6517:Thlopthlocco
6227:
6220:
6197:(unratified)
6052:Pisgah phase
5844:Apalachicola
5791:
5751:
5735:
5721:. A poem by
5625:
5618:
5611:
5604:
5597:
5582:
5575:
5568:
5561:
5554:
5553:
5543:
5535:
5523:. Retrieved
5501:
5487:
5470:
5461:
5453:
5423:
5411:. Retrieved
5407:the original
5397:
5385:. Retrieved
5381:
5372:
5348:
5341:
5327:
5317:
5311:
5301:
5294:
5282:. Retrieved
5272:
5262:November 30,
5260:. Retrieved
5255:
5245:
5233:. Retrieved
5200:. Retrieved
5196:the original
5171:. Retrieved
5162:
5153:
5145:the original
5135:
5123:. Retrieved
5089:. Retrieved
5080:
5070:
5063:The Seminole
5062:
5057:
5045:. Retrieved
5039:Paul Burke.
5034:
5022:. Retrieved
5012:
5003:
4995:
4981:
4973:
4965:
4953:. Retrieved
4951:. Eric Mille
4942:
4925:
4919:
4902:
4896:
4877:
4856:
4836:
4829:
4819:February 24,
4817:. Retrieved
4813:the original
4808:
4799:
4789:December 22,
4787:. Retrieved
4783:the original
4773:
4765:
4760:
4748:. Retrieved
4733:
4726:
4707:
4690:
4674:
4664:February 14,
4662:. Retrieved
4657:
4653:
4643:
4633:
4617:
4608:
4602:
4578:
4566:. Retrieved
4551:
4544:
4535:
4526:
4515:
4499:
4479:
4472:
4460:
4441:
4428:
4409:
4403:
4395:
4380:
4363:
4359:
4343:
4324:
4318:
4301:
4295:
4276:
4246:
4240:
4228:. Retrieved
4226:. Golden Ink
4217:
4206:
4198:
4187:
4156:
4149:
4139:February 11,
4137:. Retrieved
4103:
4093:
4084:
4078:
4066:. Retrieved
4062:
4053:
4044:
4035:
4001:. Retrieved
3997:
3985:
3976:
3975:
3877:
3775:Stella Mason
3759:
3750:
3731:
3714:
3699:
3690:
3675:Please help
3663:
3618:
3604:
3593:
3562:
3554:
3511:
3495:
3491:
3233:Land cession
3189:Land cession
3127:Oconee River
3122:Land cession
3018:
2988:
2987:
2979:
2960:
2945:
2941:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2850:
2832:
2818:
2790:Thanksgiving
2767:
2746:
2733:
2711:
2685:
2679:
2654:
2646:
2618:
2614:
2603:
2598:
2583:
2563:
2550:
2534:George Troup
2526:
2510:
2473:
2472:
2433:
2389:West Florida
2382:
2379:Seminole War
2375:in Florida.
2366:
2355:
2339:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2256:
2239:
2227:West Florida
2216:
2205:
2189:
2183:Indian agent
2154:
2152:
2110:
2104:
2096:
2076:
2072:Great Spirit
2068:Tuckabatchee
2057:
2014:
1998:Federal Road
1986:
1963:
1949:
1926:Havana, Cuba
1910:Indian agent
1899:
1891:West Florida
1862:
1836:
1787:
1757:
1724:Oconee River
1720:Tuckabatchee
1709:
1696:
1666:. He seized
1648:Thomas Brown
1575:
1560:
1551:
1539:
1517:Indian agent
1494:
1484:
1472:
1468:
1454:
1423:
1392:
1354:
1351:Emperor Brim
1304:
1287:of 1715–17.
1285:Yamassee War
1262:
1214:Charles Town
1187:
1183:trading post
1160:
1149:
1143:
1130:
1127:tustunnuggee
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1064:Tuckabatchee
1049:
1007:, along the
982:
980:
972:Tuckabatchee
889:
873:
854:the Americas
833:conquistador
818:
797:
758:
738:oral history
723:
703:
676:
586:
547:
524:
505:
489:
479:, but their
473:Yuchi people
458:
438:ethnogenesis
432:to form the
430:local tribes
407:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
303:
246:, and others
141:Ethnic group
125:
116:
106:
99:
92:
85:
73:
61:Please help
56:verification
53:
36:
6497:Sac and Fox
6026:Stomp dance
5910:Tribal town
5821:Tukabatchee
4689:", p. 108,
4465:Creek Towns
4039:Fogelson ix
4003:February 7,
3965:Stomp dance
3864: 1781
3841: 1798
3828: 1700
3815: 1836
3811: 1765
3798: 1775
3722:reservation
3542:Mississippi
3045:Ceded Land
3036:Signed with
2854:matrilineal
2837:Stomp Dance
2758:Dawes Rolls
2712:Micco Hutko
2692:Confederacy
2629:Mississippi
2518:Flint River
2498:matrilineal
2401:War of 1812
2298:Major Ridge
2258:blockhouse.
2159:War of 1812
2021:Tenskwatawa
2002:New Orleans
1859:Tallahassee
1654:to contest
1618:Scots-Irish
1586:Chickamauga
1576:During the
1525:matrilineal
1465:Yamasee War
1450:Yamasee War
1265:James Moore
1173:Yamasee War
1154:matrilineal
1139:black drink
1005:Lower Towns
997:Tuckabutche
846:Mississippi
777:Coosa River
752:, Yamasee,
710:Mesoamerica
691:Pleistocene
668: 1000
574:War of 1812
550:Tenskwatawa
545:neighbors.
448:, with the
337:; English:
194:Mississippi
160:, c. 1820,
6753:Negro Fort
6702:Categories
6657:Potawatomi
6342:recognized
6103:Red Sticks
6062:Moundville
5905:Tallapoosa
5870:Miccosukee
5413:January 5,
5235:January 5,
5202:August 11,
5047:October 4,
5024:October 4,
4744:0803220162
4717:0807128678
4568:October 8,
4530:Walker 390
4310:B000J4W27Q
4286:0521660432
4256:0521660432
3998:census.gov
3972:References
3935:Fushatchee
3847:Tomochichi
3813: – c.
3518:Henry Knox
2737:emancipate
2666:See also:
2417:Negro Fort
2288:, and the
2221:(north of
2208:Duck River
2126:Red Sticks
1970:Ohio River
1955:Henry Knox
1832:George III
1804:Royal Navy
1740:cotton gin
1473:Cimarrones
1469:cimarrones
1335:Tallapoosa
1299:Tomochichi
1196:friars in
1194:Franciscan
1131:heles hayv
1056:Tallapoosa
966:(Chiaha),
868:See also:
732:in modern
728:along the
718:hereditary
648:Precontact
623:, and the
554:1811 comet
516:Moundville
454:Everglades
450:Miccosukee
436:. Through
397:, western
393:, much of
326:pronounced
320:, and the
273:Miccosukee
89:newspapers
78:"Muscogee"
6587:Chickasaw
6537:Wyandotte
6382:Chickasaw
6340:Federally
5980:Apalachee
5967:Languages
5947:Neamathla
5849:Coushatta
5521:. Reuters
5284:March 31,
5125:August 7,
3664:does not
3522:Creek War
2963:Muskogean
2696:Chickasaw
2553:Red Stick
2481:Creek War
2440:Pensacola
2385:Creek War
2282:Tennessee
2246:Fort Mims
2244:attacked
2231:Pensacola
2219:Fort Mims
2212:Nashville
2122:Creek War
2017:Creek War
1879:Chickasaw
1871:Miccosuki
1851:Miccosuki
1847:Seminoles
1808:Pensacola
1672:Loyalists
1608:, son of
1602:Coushatta
1598:Tennessee
1592:, in the
1457:Cowkeeper
1385:Yamacraw
1347:Coushatta
1327:Louisiana
1281:Apalachee
1096:Coushatta
1044:King site
976:Oakfuskee
892:Tennessee
769:chiefdoms
734:Tennessee
714:chiefdoms
687:megafauna
391:Tennessee
297:Seminoles
289:Coushatta
281:Chickasaw
263:peoples:
261:Muskogean
217:Languages
202:Tennessee
119:July 2024
6708:Muscogee
6632:Muscogee
6607:Delaware
6602:Comanche
6582:Cheyenne
6577:Cherokee
6502:Seminole
6437:Kickapoo
6432:Kialegee
6397:Comanche
6372:Cherokee
6332:Oklahoma
6011:Religion
5900:Sabacola
5890:Okfuskee
5880:Muscogee
5875:Muklassa
5865:Hitchiti
5859:Fowltown
5699:Archived
5687:Archived
5674:Archived
5525:July 11,
5495:Archived
5447:Archived
5226:Archived
5173:July 30,
5167:Archived
5085:Archived
4989:Archived
4683:Archived
4660:(4): 300
4626:Archived
4587:Archived
4508:Archived
4389:Archived
4372:25132315
4101:(2005).
4063:Omniglot
4024:Archived
3887:See also
3760:Estajoca
3536:and the
3500:—
2999:Treaties
2951:Language
2938:Clothing
2794:Okmulgee
2721:Fort Row
2651:—
2608:—
2588:and the
2514:Shelocta
2493:Hitchiti
2489:Loyalist
2483:and the
2369:Seminole
2360:—
2342:Wetumpka
2314:Cherokee
2310:Infantry
2261:—
2197:Tecumseh
2167:Tecumseh
2101:—
2064:Tecumseh
2025:Tecumseh
2000:linking
1990:Ocmulgee
1875:Cherokee
1816:Cherokee
1793:Maryland
1684:Savannah
1632:Hitchiti
1628:Loyalist
1614:Loyalist
1485:simanoli
1481:Hitchiti
1461:Seminole
1442:Muskogee
1426:Altamaha
1419:Savannah
1403:Yamacraw
1399:Savannah
1307:Cherokee
1295:Yamacraw
1271:against
1246:Hitchiti
1222:firearms
1212:founded
1210:Barbados
1202:missions
1029:Hitchiti
1013:Ocmulgee
968:Hitchiti
952:Tuskegee
932:Hitchiti
908:Muskogee
813:Herb Roe
566:Tecumseh
556:and the
508:Ocmulgee
446:Seminole
434:Seminole
418:Oklahoma
316:or just
306:Muscogee
293:Mascogos
234:Religion
223:Muscogee
206:Oklahoma
145:Muscogee
6682:Wyandot
6677:Wichita
6672:Shawnee
6612:Koasati
6597:Choctaw
6562:Arapaho
6557:Alabama
6532:Wichita
6522:Tonkawa
6512:Shawnee
6387:Choctaw
6040:History
6004:Culture
5990:Koasati
5975:Alabama
5952:Osceola
5919:Leaders
5854:Eufaula
5839:Alabama
5816:Kasihta
5387:May 11,
5091:May 15,
4750:May 26,
4068:May 30,
3851:Senauki
3685:removed
3670:sources
3569:Koasati
3538:removal
3042:Purpose
2989:English
2980:Mvskoke
2804:Culture
2594:Alabama
2520:at the
2409:maroons
2405:muskets
2320:on the
2306:militia
2286:Georgia
2210:, near
2165:leader
2163:Shawnee
2149:, 1837.
2083:Midwest
2062:leader
2060:Shawnee
1978:Georgia
1883:Choctaw
1828:Bahamas
1760:Choctaw
1676:Georgia
1668:Augusta
1656:Patriot
1621:Patriot
1582:British
1546:factors
1542:traders
1530:Mvskoke
1428:to the
1395:Georgia
1343:Alabama
1297:leader
1275:during
1258:Natchez
1157:kinship
1119:micalgi
1092:Alibamu
1088:Eufaula
1060:Alabama
1033:Sawokli
960:Cusseta
944:Alabama
940:Koasati
924:Alibamu
920:Koasati
914:to the
900:Alabama
896:Georgia
842:Alabama
838:Georgia
775:on the
761:Spanish
643:History
564:leader
562:Shawnee
410:removed
403:Florida
399:Georgia
395:Alabama
385:in the
333:in the
310:Mvskoke
285:Choctaw
277:Yamasee
269:Koasati
265:Alabama
210:Alabama
198:Florida
190:Georgia
186:Alabama
103:scholar
6667:Seneca
6662:Quapaw
6647:Pawnee
6642:Ottawa
6572:Cayuga
6492:Quapaw
6482:Peoria
6477:Pawnee
6472:Ottawa
6362:Apache
6344:tribes
6078:Chiaha
6057:Etowah
5942:Menawa
5885:Okchai
5811:Coweta
5806:Abihka
5589:
5478:
5360:
5121:. SEAC
4955:May 2,
4932:
4909:
4884:
4844:
4768:p. 130
4741:
4714:
4559:
4487:
4448:
4416:
4370:
4331:
4308:
4283:
4253:
4230:May 2,
4164:
4111:
3804:Menawa
3532:, the
3528:, the
3524:, the
3030:Treaty
2825:yeoman
2786:powwow
2782:casino
2774:Atmore
2741:slaves
2739:their
2729:asylum
2556:Menawa
2250:slaves
2179:Menawa
2177:, and
2139:Menawa
2128:, and
2098:world.
1982:slaves
1604:chief
1477:maroon
1438:Ochese
1359:Coweta
1323:Mobile
1232:) and
1204:along
1200:built
1123:heniha
1068:Abhika
1025:Chiaha
1019:, and
1017:Oconee
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4957:2008
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