977:
with Rome." Upon Philip endeavoring to show that the
Rhodians had been the first to lay hands on him, Marcus interrupted him by saying: "But what about the Athenians? And what about the Cianians? And what about the Abydenians at this moment? Did any one of them also lay hands on you first?" The king, at a loss for a reply, said: "I pardon the offensive haughtiness of your manners for three reasons: first, because you are a young man and inexperienced in affairs; secondly, because you are the handsomest man of your time" (this was true); "and thirdly, because you are a Roman. But for my part, my first demand to the Romans is that they should not break their treaties or go to war with me; but if they do, I shall defend myself as courageously as I can, appealing to the gods to defend my cause.
672:, had joined the Rhodian alliance, Philip became enraged and invaded Pergamese territory. However, before having set out to campaign against Philip's navy in the Aegean Sea, Attalus had strengthened the city walls of his capital. By taking this and other precautions, he hoped to prevent Philip from a seizing a large amount of booty from his territory. Seeing that the city was undermanned, he sent his skirmishers against it, but they were easily repelled. Judging that the city walls were too strong, Philip retreated after destroying a few temples, including the temple of
38:
806:
managed to get out by trickery. He sent an
Egyptian deserter to Attalus and the Rhodians to say that he was preparing to attack the allies the next day. Upon hearing the news, Attalus and the Rhodians started preparing the fleet for the oncoming attack. While the allies were making their preparations, Philip slipped past them by night with his fleet, leaving numerous campfires burning to give the appearance that he remained in his camp.
642:
still seething about the fact that the
Aetolians had come to terms with Philip to end the First Macedonian War. The unsupportive attitude of Rome encouraged Philip to continue with his Aegean campaign. Philip considered control of the Aegean to be paramount in maintaining his regional dominance. By ruling the Aegean he would be able to isolate Pergamum as well as restrict Roman attempts to interfere in the Eastern Mediterranean.
396:. Abydos fell after a long siege and most of its inhabitants committed suicide. Philip rejected the Roman ultimatum to stop attacking Greek states and the Romans declared war on Macedon. This left the Cretan cities with no major allies, and the largest city of Crete, Knossos, joined the Rhodians. Faced with this combination, both Hierapytna and Olous surrendered and were forced to sign a treaty favourable to Rhodes and Knossos.
384:. While Philip was plundering Pergamese territory and attacking cities in Caria, Attalus I of Pergamum went to Athens to try to create a diversion. He succeeded in securing an alliance with the Athenians, who immediately declared war on the Macedonians. The King of Macedon could not remain inactive; he assailed Athens with his navy and with some infantry. The Romans warned him, however, to withdraw or face war with
1022:
878:
563:
749:
6,000 rowers and 3,000 marines killed and had 2,000 men captured. The casualties for the allies were significantly lower, with the
Pergamese losing 70 men the Rhodians 60 killed, the allies as a whole losing 600 captured. Peter Green describes this defeat as "crippling and costly", with Philip sustaining more casualties than he had previously suffered in any battle.
1064:, a barbarian tribe, swarmed across the northern border of Macedon, but Philip was able to repel this attack. In 197, however, Philip was defeated in the Battle of Cynoscephalae by the Romans and was forced to surrender. This defeat cost Philip most of his territory outside Macedon and he had to pay a war indemnity of 1,000 talents of silver to the Romans.
942:
under a truce and that all the citizens were permitted to leave the city with the clothes they were wearing and go wherever they pleased, in effect meaning an unconditional surrender. Philip replied that they should "surrender at discretion or fight like men." The ambassadors, powerless to do more, carried this response back to the city.'
782:. He invested Prinassus, which held out bravely at first, but when Philip set up his artillery, he sent an envoy into the city offering to let them leave the city unharmed or they would all be killed. The citizens decided to abandon the city. At this stage in the campaign, Philip's army was running out of food, so he seized the city of
651:
983:
commit suicide. The
Abydenians, who were bent on following the orders of the original decree, thought that this would amount to treason to the people who had already died, and refused to live under these terms. Apart from those in chains or similar restraints, each family individually hurried to their deaths.
805:
While Philip's fleet was wintering in
Bargylia, the combined Pergamese and Rhodian fleet blockaded the harbour. The situation in the Macedonian camp became so grave that the Macedonians were close to surrendering. The dire situation was alleviated somewhat by supplies sent by Zeuxis. Philip, however,
641:
In late 202 BC, the
Aetolians sent ambassadors to Rome in order to form an alliance against Philip. Macedonian aggression had convinced the Aetolian League that they needed additional protectors in order to maintain their current position. However, the Romans rebuffed the Aetolian envoys as they were
546:
who rebuilt and renamed the cities Prusa after himself and
Apameia after his wife, respectively. In return for these cities Prusias promised that he would continue on expanding his kingdom at the expense of Pergamum (his latest war with Pergamum had ended in 205 BC). The seizure of these cities also
1029:
Under the treaty signed at the conclusion of the war, Hierapytna agreed to break off all relations and alliances with foreign powers and to place all its harbors and bases at Rhodes' disposal. Olous, among the ruins of which the terms of the treaty have been found, had to accept
Rhodian domination.
950:. They also asked for everyone to bring forward their gold and silver and any clothes that were valuable so they could put them in the boats of the Rhodians and the Cyzicenes. Fifty elder and trusted men were elected to carry out these tasks. All the citizens then swore an oath. As Polybius writes:
941:
The situation was now grave for the defenders and they decided to send two of their most prominent citizens to Philip as negotiators. Appearing before Philip, these men offered to surrender the city to him on the conditions that the
Rhodian and the Pergamese garrisons were allowed to leave the city
744:
Following the flight of their monarch, the Pergamese fleet withdrew north. However, having been bested by the Rhodians on the allied right wing, the Macedonian left wing disengaged and retreated to join its victorious right flank. The withdrawal of the Macedonian left permitted the Rhodians to sail
731:
On the allied left flank, Attalus saw one of his ships being sunk by the enemy and the one next to it in danger. He decided to sail to the rescue with two quadriremes and his flagship. Philip, however, whose ship had not been involved in the fighting to this point, saw that Attalus had strayed some
594:
or contribute soldiers to the Macedonian army and that they continue to use their own laws. Metrodorus replied that the king accepted the terms, and the Thasians opened their gates to the Macedonians. Once within the walls, however, Philip ordered his soldiers to enslave all the citizens, who were
344:
who began raiding Rhodian ships. Philip also formed an alliance with several important Cretan cities, such as Hierapytna and Olous. With the Rhodian fleet and economy suffering from the depredations of the pirates, Philip believed his chance to crush Rhodes was at hand. To help achieve his goal, he
963:
When the interior wall fell, the men, true to their promise, sprang from the ruins and fought with great courage, forcing Philip to send his troops forward in relays to the front line. By nightfall the Macedonians retreated to camp. That night the Abydenians resolved to save the women and children
976:
The Senate had resolved to order him not to wage war with any Greek state; nor to interfere in the dominions of Ptolemy; and to submit the injuries inflicted on Attalus and the Rhodians to arbitration; and that if he did so he might have peace, but if he refused to obey he would promptly have war
833:
and attacked the Macedonians. The allies defeated the Macedonian fleet and recaptured the Athenian ships, which they returned to the Athenians. The Athenians were so pleased by the rescue that they replaced the recently abolished pro-Macedonian tribes, the Demetrias and Antigonis tribes, with the
748:
While the battle was not decisive, it was a significant setback for Philip, who lost 92 ships destroyed and 7 captured. On the allied side, the Pergamese had three ships destroyed and two captured, while the Rhodians lost three ships sunk and none captured. During the battle the Macedonians lost
865:
Meanwhile, Rhodian, Pergamese, Egyptian, anti-Macedonian Cretan and Athenian delegations travelled to Rome to appear before the Senate. When they were given audience they informed the Senate about the treaty between Philip and Antiochus and complained of Philip's attacks on their territories. In
982:
While Philip was walking through Abydos, he saw people killing themselves and their families by stabbing, burning, hanging, and jumping down wells and from rooftops. Philip was surprised to see this, and published a proclamation announcing that would give three days' grace to anybody wishing to
507:
By the end of 205 BC, Rhodes had been significantly weakened by these raids, and Philip saw his chance to go forward with the second part of his plan, direct military confrontation. He convinced the cities of Hierapytna and Olous and other cities in Eastern Crete to declare war against Rhodes.
728:
Theophiliscus, fighting on his flagship, received three fatal wounds but managed to rally his men and defeat the Macedonian boarders. The Rhodians were able to use their superior navigational skills to incapacitate large numbers of Macedonian ships, swinging the battle back into their favour.
727:
attacked the Macedonian's left wing. The allies gained the upper hand on their left flank and captured Philip's flagship; Philip's admiral, Democrates, was slain in the fighting. Meanwhile, on the allied right flank, the Macedonians were initially successful in pushing the Rhodians back.
595:
then sold away, and to loot the city. Philip's action during this campaign had a drastic impact on his reputation amongst the Greek states, where his actions were considered to be no better than the savage raids of the Aetolians and the Romans during the First Macedonian War.
1067:
The Rhodians regained control over the Cyclades and reconfirmed their naval supremacy over the Aegean. The Rhodians' possession of eastern Crete allowed them to largely stamp out piracy in that area, but pirate attacks on Rhodian shipping continued and eventually led to the
708:, Cyzicus and Byzantium approached from both the north and south. Philip, comprehending that the allies were attempting to seal his line of retreat, lifted the siege and began to sail for a friendly harbour. However, he was confronted by the allied fleet, precipitating the
945:
Informed of this response, the city's leaders called an assembly to determine their course of action. They decided to liberate all slaves to secure their loyalty, to place all the children and their nurses in the gymnasium and to put all the women in the temple of
933:, which was held by a combined Pergamese and Rhodian garrison. Philip started the siege by blockading the city by land and sea to stop attempts to reinforce or supply the city. The Abydenians, full of confidence, dislodged some of the siege engines with their own
971:. The youngest of the Roman ambassadors, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, had heard about the siege at Abydos while he was in Rhodes and he arrived at Abydos to find Philip. Meeting the king outside the city, Lepidus informed him of the Senate's wishes. Polybius writes:
618:, who was seeking to expand his empire at Egypt's expense. Philip, however, declined the proposal and in the winter of 203–202 BC, he formed an alliance with Antiochus and organised the partition of the Ptolemaic Empire. Philip agreed to help Antiochus to seize
500:
1076:, who continued his father's anti-Macedonian policy. The Pergamese, meanwhile, came out of the war having gained several Aegean islands which had been in Philip's possession and went on to become the supreme power in Asia Minor, rivaled only by Antiochus.
955:... whenever they saw the inner wall being captured by the enemy, they would kill the children and women, and would burn the above mentioned ships, and, in accordance with the curses that had been invoked, would throw the silver and gold into the sea.
704:. Philip was planning to use the northern Aegean islands as stepping-stones as he worked his way down to Rhodes. The siege was not going well for Philip and the situation worsened as the combined fleets of Pergamum, Rhodes and their new allies,
736:
and three hemioliae. Attalus, seeing Philip approaching, fled in terror and was forced to run his ships aground. Upon landing he spread coins, purple robes and other splendid articles on the deck of his ship and fled to the city of
467:
Philip saw two ways of shaking Rhodes' dominance of the sea: piracy and war. Deciding to use both methods, he encouraged his allies to begin pirate attacks against Rhodian ships. Having already a foothold in Crete since the
834:
Attalid tribe in honour of Attalus as well as destroying monuments that had previously been erected in honour of Macedonian Kings. Attalus and the Rhodians convinced the Athenian assembly to declare war on the Macedonians.
416:, and Philip hoped to take advantage of this to seize control of the Greek world. He knew that his ambitions would be aided by an alliance with Crete and began pressing the Cretans to attack Rhodian assets. Having crushed
752:
After this battle, the Rhodian admirals decided to leave Chios and sail back home. On the way back to Rhodes, the Rhodian admiral Theophiliscus died of the wounds he received at Chios, but before he died he appointed
937:
while some of Philip's other engines were burnt by the defenders. With their siege weaponry in tatters, the Macedonians started undermining the city's walls, eventually succeeding in collapsing the outer wall.
813:
became involved in a war against Athens after the Athenians murdered two Acarnanian athletes. The Acarnanians complained to Philip about this provocation, and he decided to send a force under the command of
680:
Nicephorus. After the Macedonians captured Thyatira, they advanced to plunder the plain of Thebe, but the booty proved less fruitful than anticipated. Once he arrived at Thebe, he demanded supplies from the
765:
and forced it to retreat back to Rhodes. The Milesians were impressed by the victory and sent Philip and Heracleides garlands of victory when they entered Milesian territory as did the city of Hiera Cone.
790:
in return for food supplies. Since the Magnesians had no grain, Philip settled for enough figs to feed his whole army. Subsequently, Philip turned north in order to seize and garrison the cities of
551:. The alliance between Aetolia and Macedon was held together only by the Aetolians' fear of Philip, and this incident worsened the already tenuous relationship. Philip next compelled the cities of
1030:
As a result, Rhodes was left with control of a significant part of eastern Crete after the war. The conclusion of the war left the Rhodians free to help their allies in the Second Macedonian War.
829:
and captured four Athenian ships. As the Macedonian squadron was retreating, the Rhodian and Pergamese fleet, which had followed Philip's ships across the Aegean, appeared from the allied base at
741:. When the Macedonians arrived at the shore, they stopped to collect the plunder. Philip, thinking that Attalus had perished in the chase, started towing away the Pergamese flagship.
586:, went to the island's eponymous capital to meet emissaries from the city. The envoys said they would surrender the city to the Macedonians on the conditions that they not receive a
837:
The Pergamese fleet sailed back to their base at Aegina and the Rhodians set out to conquer all the Macedonian islands from Aegina to Rhodes, successfully assaulting all except
1013:
over the island. Many other cities in central Crete subsequently joined Rhodes and Knossos against Hierapytna and Olous. Now under attack on two fronts, Hierapytna surrendered.
723:
began with Attalus, who was commanding the allied left wing, advancing against the Macedonian right wing, while the allied right flank under the command of the Rhodian admiral
511:
Rhodes' initial response to the declaration of war was diplomatic; they asked the Roman Republic for help against Philip. The Romans, however, were wary of another war, the
715:
The Macedonian fleet of around 200 ships, manned by 30,000 men, significantly outnumbered the coalition's fleet of sixty-five large warships, nine medium vessels and three
1052:
The war was costly for Philip and the Macedonians, losing them a fleet that had taken three years to build as well as triggering the defection of their Greek allies, the
990:, but subjected Attica to the worst ravaging the Atticans had seen since the Persian Wars. In response, the Romans declared war on Philip and invaded his territories in
242:
432:. Rhodes, an island state that dominated the south-eastern Mediterranean economically and militarily, was formally allied to Philip, but was also allied to his enemy
2507:
818:
to assist them in their attack on Attica. The Macedonians and their allies plundered and looted Attica before attacking Athens. The invaders made it as far as the
2127:
2517:
2502:
2497:
492:
and Rhodian territories. Additionally, Philip sought to weaken the Rhodians' naval capacity through subterfuge. He achieved this by sending his agent
857:, to assault Athens once again with 2,000 infantry and 200 cavalry. Philocles was unable to capture Athens, but ravaged the surrounding countryside.
480:
to take part in the piracy. The lure for these nations was the promise of vast loot from captured Rhodian vessels. He sent the Aetolian freebooter
2337:
2317:
825:
Philip's fleet had just escaped from the allied blockade and Philip ordered that a squadron head to Athens. The Macedonian squadron sailed into
2522:
2492:
2281:
994:. Philip was forced to abandon his Rhodian and Pergamese campaign in order to deal with the Romans and the situation in Greece. Thus began the
2073:
2012:
1970:
1944:
1918:
559:, which were also members of the Aetolian League, to break off their alliance with Aetolia probably through the threatened use of violence.
235:
692:
After withdrawing from Pergamese land, Philip with the Macedonian fleet headed south and after subduing the Cyclades, took the island of
1993:
2035:
388:. After suffering a defeat at the hands of the Rhodian and Pergamese fleets, Philip withdrew, but not before attacking the city of
1001:
After Philip's withdrawal from his campaign against Rhodes, the Rhodians were free to attack Olous and Hierapytna and their other
2120:
867:
964:
and at daybreak they sent some priests and priestess with a garland across to the Macedonians, surrendering the city to Philip.
534:. Despite attempts by Rhodes and other states to mediate a settlement, Philip captured and razed Cius as well as its neighbour
228:
960:
After reciting the oath, they brought forward the priests and everyone swore that they would defeat the enemy or die trying.'
2512:
2054:
664:
With the Seleucid treaty concluded, Philip's army attacked Ptolemy's territories in Thrace. Upon hearing that the King of
610:. The ministers sought to arrange a marriage between Ptolemy and Philip's daughter in order to form an alliance against
412:, under the terms of which the Macedonians were not allowed to expand westwards. Rome, meanwhile, was preoccupied with
2362:
2263:
444:, who lost 10,000 men in battle. With his northern frontier secured, Philip was able to turn his attention towards the
2286:
2113:
114:
20:
2347:
2487:
2482:
539:
376:
In 202 BC, Rhodes and her allies Pergamum, Cyzicus, and Byzantium combined their fleets and defeated Philip at the
2205:
2322:
720:
709:
377:
264:
2167:
515:
having just ended. The Roman Senate attempted to persuade the populace to enter the war, even after Pergamum,
885:
While this was happening, Philip attacked and occupied the cities in Thrace which still belonged to Ptolemy,
2215:
1038:
762:
611:
493:
381:
269:
2397:
2256:
2440:
2422:
583:
481:
464:, so the king turned his attentions eastwards to the Aegean Sea, where he started to build a large fleet.
186:
37:
2444:
2436:
2386:
2378:
2136:
1042:
995:
1069:
874:
and Publius Sempronius Tuditanus to Egypt with the orders to go to Rhodes after speaking with Ptolemy.
2382:
2374:
2309:
2162:
815:
405:
337:
191:
822:
when the Roman ambassadors in the city ordered the Macedonians to retreat or to face war with Rome.
2210:
2152:
906:
871:
761:
on the shore of Asia Minor, Philip's fleet attacked them. Philip defeated the Rhodian fleet in the
603:
552:
350:
286:
181:
2296:
2195:
930:
523:
had joined the war on the Rhodians side, but was unable to sway the city's war-weary population.
457:
409:
389:
2407:
2230:
2220:
2091:
2069:
2050:
2031:
2008:
1989:
1966:
1940:
1914:
1009:
saw that the war was going in Rhodes' favour and decided to join Rhodes in an attempt to gain
358:
340:
and Philip, seeing his chance to defeat Rhodes, formed an alliance with Aetolian and Spartan
2462:
2432:
2417:
2342:
2271:
2187:
2172:
890:
819:
686:
657:
512:
476:, who had been involved in piracy for a long time. He also persuaded the Aetolians, and the
440:. Marching his forces to Macedon's northern frontier, he inflicted a crushing defeat on the
413:
205:
902:
2370:
2251:
1057:
968:
615:
548:
485:
436:. Furthermore, Philip worked towards consolidating his position as the major power in the
346:
290:
129:
2352:
2240:
2235:
2144:
2024:
986:
Philip then ordered another attack on Athens; his army failed to take either Athens or
531:
433:
370:
2476:
2450:
2200:
2177:
2157:
2083:
1982:
1933:
1907:
1053:
922:
724:
697:
627:
201:
2412:
2402:
2245:
877:
733:
700:
fleet stationed there. The fleet then turned north and laid siege to the island of
693:
499:
461:
1021:
757:
as his successor. As the Rhodian fleet was sailing in the strait between Lade and
2427:
2357:
2332:
2327:
2276:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1214:
1212:
1010:
654:
469:
2304:
2225:
1073:
1033:
The war had no particular short-term effect on the rest of Crete. Pirates and
1005:
allies. Rhodes' search for allies in Crete bore fruit when the Cretan city of
445:
421:
393:
79:
75:
2095:
503:
Philip V of Macedon, "the darling of Greece", the main antagonist of the war.
1627:
1625:
1034:
926:
910:
810:
754:
673:
669:
607:
556:
543:
520:
441:
365:
states). Philip began attacking the lands of Ptolemy and Rhodes's allies in
354:
318:
310:
298:
213:
196:
154:
139:
119:
562:
650:
1928:
934:
898:
894:
886:
854:
795:
787:
738:
716:
682:
665:
631:
599:
587:
489:
417:
362:
314:
149:
1061:
1046:
1006:
991:
987:
947:
846:
826:
799:
758:
591:
535:
516:
473:
437:
425:
380:. Just a few months later, Philip's fleet defeated the Rhodians at the
330:
322:
169:
159:
689:. Zeuxis, however, never planned to give Philip substantial supplies.
2105:
1037:
there continued in their old occupations after the war's end. In the
1002:
918:
914:
850:
838:
830:
677:
623:
579:
575:
567:
477:
429:
366:
341:
326:
306:
302:
164:
144:
134:
71:
67:
2026:
Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age
1786:
1784:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1722:
1720:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1020:
876:
842:
791:
779:
775:
701:
649:
635:
619:
561:
538:. Philip then handed these cities over to his brother-in-law, the
498:
294:
124:
63:
1902:
866:
response to these complaints the Romans sent three ambassadors,
783:
527:
488:
through the Aegean, during the course of which he plundered the
385:
2109:
224:
1939:. Translated by Walbank, Frank W. New York: Penguin Classics.
705:
460:
prohibited Philip from expanding westward into Illyria or the
967:
Meanwhile, Attalus sailed across the Aegean to the island of
220:
598:
In 204 BC or the spring of 203 BC, Philip was approached by
428:, Philip was now opposed by no major Greek power other than
1913:. Translated by Bettison, Henry. London: Penguin Classics.
809:
While Philip was involved in this campaign, his allies the
732:
distance from his fleet and sailed to attack him with four
626:, while Antiochus promised to help Philip take control of
526:
At this point Philip further provoked Rhodes by attacking
574:
On the way home, Philip's fleet stopped at the island of
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
778:, proceeded south and plundered the towns and cities of
530:, which was an Aetolian-allied city on the coast of the
1817:
1815:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
496:
to Rhodes where he succeeded in burning 13 boat-sheds.
1113:
1111:
1109:
1060:, to the Romans. In the war's immediate aftermath the
660:
of Attalus I, King of Pergamum and nemesis of Philip V
1072:. Attalus died in 197 and was succeeded by his son,
2295:
2186:
2143:
547:enraged the Aetolians, as both were members of the
2023:
1981:
1932:
1906:
929:and Madytus. Philip then descended to the city of
361:(the Seleucid Empire and Egypt were the other two
1049:fought for both the Romans and the Macedonians.
1806:
1790:
1771:
1755:
1743:
1726:
1711:
1691:
1612:
1509:
1493:
1473:
1449:
1416:
1396:
1380:
1359:
1343:
1327:
1311:
1291:
1263:
1218:
1199:
1187:
973:
952:
30:
2121:
236:
8:
1877:
1861:
1845:
1675:
1659:
1631:
1580:
1545:
2066:The Enemies of Rome:From Hannibal to Attila
2128:
2114:
2106:
1025:A map of the Aegean shortly after the war.
243:
229:
221:
27:
1647:
1600:
1549:
1461:
1246:
1140:
1152:
345:formed an alliance with the King of the
2049:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
1849:
1833:
1802:
1775:
1759:
1707:
1695:
1679:
1663:
1533:
1521:
1505:
1489:
1477:
1412:
1400:
1384:
1363:
1347:
1331:
1315:
1299:
1295:
1279:
1234:
1222:
1203:
1175:
1100:
1084:
905:. The Macedonians then advanced on the
408:came to an end with the signing of the
336:The Macedonians had just concluded the
2508:Wars involving the Kingdom of Pergamon
774:Philip, disappointed by the spoils in
1881:
1821:
1635:
1616:
1596:
1584:
1568:
1437:
1275:
1117:
745:unmolested back into Chios' harbour.
606:, the ministers of the young pharaoh
7:
2338:Pyrrhus' invasion of the Peloponnese
1045:three years later, Cretan mercenary
1865:
2518:Wars involving the Aetolian League
2318:Antigonid–Nabataean confrontations
2047:A History of Macedonia: 336–167 BC
2030:. University of California Press.
1988:. University of California Press.
1980:Errington, Robert Malcolm (1990).
909:where they captured the cities of
14:
2503:Wars involving Hellenistic Athens
2498:Wars involving Antigonid Macedon
845:and Cythnos. Philip ordered his
802:and Pedasa in quick succession.
285:(205–200 BC) was fought by King
36:
2068:. New York: Thames and Hudson.
646:War against Pergamum and Rhodes
293:, many Cretan cities (of which
42:Greece and the Aegean c. 201 BC
16:Series of battles in the Aegean
1961:Detorakis, Theocharis (1994).
881:Map of the Thracian Chersonese
696:from Ptolemy V, capturing the
424:, and formed an alliance with
420:, the dominant Greek state in
305:pirates against the forces of
1:
2523:Wars involving ancient Rhodes
2493:Wars involving ancient Greece
566:Bust of Antiochus III in the
301:were the most important) and
1935:The Rise of the Roman Empire
590:, that they not have to pay
2287:Wars of Alexander the Great
1807:Polybius & Walbank 1979
1791:Polybius & Walbank 1979
1772:Polybius & Walbank 1979
1756:Polybius & Walbank 1979
1744:Polybius & Walbank 1979
1727:Polybius & Walbank 1979
1712:Polybius & Walbank 1979
1692:Polybius & Walbank 1979
1613:Polybius & Walbank 1979
1510:Polybius & Walbank 1979
1494:Polybius & Walbank 1979
1474:Polybius & Walbank 1979
1450:Polybius & Walbank 1979
1417:Polybius & Walbank 1979
1397:Polybius & Walbank 1979
1381:Polybius & Walbank 1979
1360:Polybius & Walbank 1979
1344:Polybius & Walbank 1979
1328:Polybius & Walbank 1979
1312:Polybius & Walbank 1979
1292:Polybius & Walbank 1979
1264:Polybius & Walbank 1979
1219:Polybius & Walbank 1979
1200:Polybius & Walbank 1979
1188:Polybius & Walbank 1979
21:Cretan War (disambiguation)
2539:
2045:Hammond, N. G. L. (1988).
1909:Rome and the Mediterranean
452:Piracy and early campaigns
18:
2459:
2206:Wars of the Delian League
2064:Matyszak, Philip (2004).
2003:Fox, Robert Lane (2006).
260:
175:
108:
46:
35:
2231:Second Peloponnesian War
1878:Livy & Bettison 1976
1862:Livy & Bettison 1976
1846:Livy & Bettison 1976
1676:Livy & Bettison 1976
1660:Livy & Bettison 1976
1632:Livy & Bettison 1976
1581:Livy & Bettison 1976
1546:Livy & Bettison 1976
685:governor of the region,
2216:First Peloponnesian War
1965:. Heraklion: Iraklion.
1039:Battle of Cynoscephalae
868:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
612:Antiochus III the Great
472:, Philip convinced the
100:Eastern Crete to Rhodes
2423:Seleucid Dynastic Wars
2348:Seleucid–Parthian Wars
2282:Expansion of Macedonia
1984:A History of Macedonia
1026:
980:
958:
882:
661:
571:
504:
176:Commanders and leaders
2513:Wars involving Sparta
2022:Green, Peter (1993).
2007:. UK: Penguin Books.
1043:Second Macedonian War
1024:
996:Second Macedonian War
880:
676:and the sanctuary of
653:
565:
502:
2323:Seleucid–Mauryan war
2163:Second Messenian War
2090:. UK: Archon Books.
816:Nicanor the Elephant
406:First Macedonian War
338:First Macedonian War
192:Nicanor the Elephant
19:For other uses, see
2211:Third Messenian War
2168:Lydian–Milesian War
2153:First Messenian War
2088:Philip V of Macedon
2005:The Classical World
1599:, pp. 306–07;
907:Thracian Chersonese
872:Gaius Claudius Nero
786:and gave it to the
770:Asia Minor campaign
604:Agathocles of Egypt
582:. Philip's general
351:Antiochus the Great
287:Philip V of Macedon
2398:Roman–Seleucid War
2257:Theban–Spartan War
2196:Greco-Persian Wars
2137:Ancient Greek wars
1963:A History of Crete
1852:, pp. 167–68.
1027:
883:
861:Roman intervention
662:
572:
505:
458:Treaty of Phoenice
410:Treaty of Phoenice
2488:Hellenistic Crete
2483:200s BC conflicts
2470:
2469:
2408:War against Nabis
2221:Second Sacred War
2075:978-0-500-25124-9
2014:978-0-14-103761-5
1972:978-960-220-712-3
1946:978-0-14-044318-9
1920:978-0-14-044362-2
1070:Second Cretan War
849:on the island of
820:Academy of Athens
614:, emperor of the
578:off the coast of
278:
277:
219:
218:
104:
103:
2530:
2463:Military history
2433:Mithridatic Wars
2418:Maccabean Revolt
2366:
2343:Chremonidean War
2272:Third Sacred War
2267:
2173:First Sacred War
2130:
2123:
2116:
2107:
2099:
2079:
2060:
2041:
2029:
2018:
1999:
1987:
1976:
1950:
1938:
1924:
1912:
1885:
1875:
1869:
1859:
1853:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1810:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1779:
1769:
1763:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1730:
1724:
1715:
1705:
1699:
1689:
1683:
1673:
1667:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1629:
1620:
1610:
1604:
1594:
1588:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1553:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1503:
1497:
1487:
1481:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1420:
1410:
1404:
1394:
1388:
1378:
1367:
1357:
1351:
1341:
1335:
1325:
1319:
1309:
1303:
1289:
1283:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1216:
1207:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1121:
1115:
1104:
1098:
540:King of Bithynia
513:Second Punic War
255:
245:
238:
231:
222:
210:
48:
47:
40:
28:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2455:
2371:Macedonian Wars
2364:
2291:
2265:
2252:Theban hegemony
2182:
2139:
2134:
2103:
2082:
2076:
2063:
2057:
2044:
2038:
2021:
2015:
2002:
1996:
1979:
1973:
1960:
1957:
1947:
1927:
1921:
1901:
1898:
1896:Ancient sources
1893:
1888:
1876:
1872:
1860:
1856:
1844:
1840:
1832:
1828:
1820:
1813:
1805:, p. 134;
1801:
1797:
1789:
1782:
1770:
1766:
1754:
1750:
1742:
1733:
1725:
1718:
1710:, p. 134;
1706:
1702:
1690:
1686:
1674:
1670:
1658:
1654:
1646:
1642:
1630:
1623:
1611:
1607:
1595:
1591:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1556:
1544:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1508:, p. 124;
1504:
1500:
1492:, p. 124;
1488:
1484:
1472:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1436:
1423:
1415:, p. 124;
1411:
1407:
1395:
1391:
1379:
1370:
1358:
1354:
1342:
1338:
1326:
1322:
1310:
1306:
1298:, p. 414;
1290:
1286:
1278:, p. 306;
1274:
1270:
1262:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1217:
1210:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1159:
1151:
1147:
1139:
1124:
1116:
1107:
1099:
1086:
1082:
1058:Aetolian League
1019:
863:
772:
710:Battle of Chios
648:
616:Seleucid Empire
549:Aetolian League
454:
404:In 205 BC, the
402:
378:Battle of Chios
369:and around the
347:Seleucid Empire
291:Aetolian League
279:
274:
256:
251:
249:
212:
206:
200:
190:
185:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
96:
90:Rhodian victory
82:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2536:
2534:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2475:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2368:
2360:
2355:
2353:Cleomenean War
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2248:
2243:
2241:Corinthian War
2238:
2236:Phyle Campaign
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2149:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2110:
2101:
2100:
2084:Walbank, F. W.
2080:
2074:
2061:
2055:
2042:
2036:
2019:
2013:
2000:
1995:978-0520063198
1994:
1977:
1971:
1956:
1955:Modern sources
1953:
1952:
1951:
1945:
1925:
1919:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1884:, p. 309.
1870:
1868:, p. 327.
1854:
1838:
1836:, p. 135.
1826:
1824:, p. 309.
1811:
1795:
1780:
1778:, p. 419.
1764:
1762:, p. 418.
1748:
1731:
1716:
1700:
1698:, p. 418.
1684:
1682:, p. 418.
1668:
1666:, p. 418.
1652:
1650:, p. 201.
1648:Errington 1990
1640:
1638:, p. 307.
1621:
1619:, p. 307.
1605:
1603:, p. 201.
1601:Errington 1990
1589:
1587:, p. 307.
1573:
1571:, p. 307.
1554:
1552:, p. 201.
1550:Errington 1990
1538:
1536:, p. 417.
1526:
1524:, p. 416.
1514:
1498:
1482:
1480:, p. 416.
1466:
1464:, p. 198.
1462:Errington 1990
1454:
1442:
1440:, p. 306.
1421:
1405:
1403:, p. 415.
1389:
1387:, p. 415.
1368:
1366:, p. 123.
1352:
1350:, p. 123.
1336:
1334:, p. 122.
1320:
1318:, p. 414.
1304:
1302:, p. 201.
1284:
1282:, p. 414.
1268:
1251:
1249:, p. 197.
1247:Errington 1990
1239:
1237:, p. 412.
1227:
1225:, p. 413.
1208:
1206:, p. 413.
1192:
1180:
1178:, p. 413.
1157:
1145:
1141:Detorakis 1994
1122:
1120:, p. 305.
1105:
1103:, p. 411.
1083:
1081:
1078:
1018:
1015:
862:
859:
771:
768:
763:Battle of Lade
647:
644:
532:Sea of Marmara
453:
450:
401:
398:
382:Battle of Lade
276:
275:
273:
272:
267:
261:
258:
257:
250:
248:
247:
240:
233:
225:
217:
216:
194:
178:
177:
173:
172:
142:
111:
110:
106:
105:
102:
101:
98:
92:
91:
88:
84:
83:
62:
60:
56:
55:
52:
44:
43:
33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2535:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2465:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2451:War of Actium
2449:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2201:Aeginetan War
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2178:Sicilian Wars
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2158:Lelantine War
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2037:0-500-01485-X
2033:
2028:
2027:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1153:Matyszak 2004
1149:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:Achean League
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1023:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
997:
993:
989:
984:
979:
978:
972:
970:
965:
961:
957:
956:
951:
949:
943:
939:
936:
932:
928:
924:
923:Alopeconnesus
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
879:
875:
873:
869:
860:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
835:
832:
828:
823:
821:
817:
812:
807:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
769:
767:
764:
760:
756:
750:
746:
742:
740:
735:
729:
726:
725:Theophiliscus
722:
718:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
690:
688:
684:
679:
675:
671:
667:
659:
656:
652:
645:
643:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
596:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
569:
564:
560:
558:
554:
550:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
524:
522:
518:
514:
509:
501:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
465:
463:
459:
451:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
399:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
271:
268:
266:
263:
262:
259:
254:
246:
241:
239:
234:
232:
227:
226:
223:
215:
211:
209:
203:
202:Theophiliscus
198:
195:
193:
188:
183:
180:
179:
174:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
143:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
113:
112:
107:
99:
94:
93:
89:
86:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
58:
57:
53:
50:
49:
45:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
2461:
2413:Galatian War
2403:Aetolian War
2392:
2365:(220–217 BC)
2311:
2310:Wars of the
2266:(357–355 BC)
2250:Wars of the
2246:Boeotian War
2102:
2087:
2065:
2046:
2025:
2004:
1983:
1962:
1934:
1908:
1873:
1857:
1850:Walbank 1967
1841:
1834:Walbank 1967
1829:
1803:Walbank 1967
1798:
1776:Hammond 1988
1767:
1760:Hammond 1988
1751:
1708:Walbank 1967
1703:
1696:Hammond 1988
1687:
1680:Hammond 1988
1671:
1664:Hammond 1988
1655:
1643:
1608:
1592:
1576:
1541:
1534:Hammond 1988
1529:
1522:Hammond 1988
1517:
1506:Walbank 1967
1501:
1490:Walbank 1967
1485:
1478:Hammond 1988
1469:
1457:
1445:
1413:Walbank 1967
1408:
1401:Hammond 1988
1392:
1385:Hammond 1988
1364:Walbank 1967
1355:
1348:Walbank 1967
1339:
1332:Walbank 1967
1323:
1316:Hammond 1988
1307:
1300:Walbank 1967
1296:Hammond 1988
1287:
1280:Hammond 1988
1271:
1242:
1235:Hammond 1988
1230:
1223:Hammond 1988
1204:Hammond 1988
1195:
1183:
1176:Hammond 1988
1148:
1101:Hammond 1988
1066:
1051:
1032:
1028:
1000:
985:
981:
975:
974:
966:
962:
959:
954:
953:
944:
940:
884:
864:
836:
824:
808:
804:
773:
751:
747:
743:
734:quinqueremes
730:
714:
691:
663:
640:
597:
573:
525:
510:
506:
466:
462:Adriatic Sea
455:
403:
375:
335:
282:
280:
252:
207:
109:Belligerents
25:
2428:Achaean War
2363:Social War
2358:Lyttian War
2333:Syrian Wars
2328:Pyrrhic War
2297:Hellenistic
2277:Foreign War
2264:Social War
1041:during the
1035:mercenaries
811:Acarnanians
655:Hellenistic
494:Heracleides
484:on a large
482:Dicaearchus
470:Lyttian War
187:Dicaearchus
95:Territorial
2477:Categories
2393:Cretan War
2305:Lamian War
2226:Samian War
2056:0198148151
1882:Green 1993
1848:, 33.4–5;
1822:Green 1993
1636:Green 1993
1617:Green 1993
1597:Green 1993
1585:Green 1993
1569:Green 1993
1438:Green 1993
1276:Green 1993
1118:Green 1993
1074:Eumenes II
927:Callipolis
788:Magnesians
584:Metrodorus
553:Lysimachia
446:Aegean Sea
422:Asia Minor
394:Hellespont
353:, against
309:and later
299:Hierapytna
283:Cretan War
253:Cretan War
120:Hierapytna
80:Aegean Sea
76:Asia Minor
54:205–200 BC
31:Cretan War
2188:Classical
2096:601891051
1880:, 33.30;
1864:, 33.11;
1774:, 16.34;
1758:, 16.33;
1694:, 16.30;
1678:, 31.16;
1662:, 31.15;
1634:, 31.15;
1615:, 16.26;
1583:, 31.14;
1548:, 31.14;
1221:, 15.24;
1202:, 15.23;
1017:Aftermath
1011:supremacy
935:catapults
911:Perinthus
755:Cleonaeus
674:Aphrodite
670:Attalus I
608:Ptolemy V
557:Chalcedon
544:Prusias I
521:Byzantium
442:Illyrians
371:Propontis
355:Ptolemy V
319:Byzantium
311:Attalus I
214:Cleonaeus
197:Attalus I
155:Byzantium
140:Acarnania
137:pirates,
115:Macedonia
2312:Diadochi
2086:(1967).
1931:(1979).
1929:Polybius
1905:(1976).
1866:Fox 2006
1809:, 16.34.
1793:, 16.34.
1746:, 16.31.
1729:, 16.30.
1714:, 16.30.
1512:, 16.24.
1496:, 16.27.
1476:, 16.2;
1399:, 16.7;
1383:, 16.6;
1362:, 16.6;
1346:, 16.2;
1330:, 16.2;
1314:, 16.2;
1294:, 16.2;
1190:, 15.23.
1056:and the
899:Serrheum
895:Doriscus
887:Maroneia
855:Philoces
796:Bargylia
739:Erythrae
717:triremes
698:Egyptian
683:Seleucid
666:Pergamum
632:Cyclades
600:Sosibius
588:garrison
490:Cyclades
478:Spartans
418:Pergamum
414:Carthage
363:Diadochi
315:Pergamum
182:Philip V
150:Pergamum
59:Location
2435: (
2373: (
2145:Archaic
1891:Sources
1452:, 16.9.
1419:, 16.7.
1266:, 16.1.
1062:Dardani
1047:archers
1007:Knossos
992:Illyria
988:Eleusis
969:Tenedos
948:Artemis
891:Cypsela
847:prefect
827:Piraeus
800:Euromus
759:Miletus
592:tribute
536:Myrleia
517:Cyzicus
474:Cretans
438:Balkans
426:Aetolia
400:Prelude
392:on the
342:pirates
331:Knossos
323:Cyzicus
303:Spartan
208:†
170:Knossos
160:Cyzicus
135:Spartan
130:Aetolia
97:changes
2441:Second
2387:Fourth
2379:Second
2094:
2072:
2053:
2034:
2011:
1992:
1969:
1943:
1917:
1003:Cretan
931:Abydos
919:Elaeus
915:Sestos
851:Euboea
839:Andros
831:Aegina
721:battle
719:. The
687:Zeuxis
678:Athena
630:, the
628:Cyrene
624:Cyprus
580:Thrace
576:Thasos
568:Louvre
486:razzia
430:Rhodes
390:Abydos
367:Thrace
329:, and
327:Athens
307:Rhodes
289:, the
204:
165:Athens
145:Rhodes
87:Result
78:, and
72:Greece
68:Rhodes
2445:Third
2437:First
2383:Third
2375:First
1080:Notes
903:Aemus
843:Paros
792:Iasos
780:Caria
776:Mysia
702:Chios
694:Samos
636:Ionia
620:Egypt
359:Egypt
295:Olous
265:Chios
125:Olous
64:Crete
2092:OCLC
2070:ISBN
2051:ISBN
2032:ISBN
2009:ISBN
1990:ISBN
1967:ISBN
1941:ISBN
1915:ISBN
1903:Livy
901:and
784:Myus
658:bust
634:and
622:and
602:and
555:and
528:Cius
519:and
456:The
434:Rome
386:Rome
297:and
281:The
270:Lade
51:Date
706:Kos
357:of
313:of
2479::
2443:,
2439:,
2385:,
2381:,
2377:,
1814:^
1783:^
1734:^
1719:^
1624:^
1557:^
1424:^
1371:^
1254:^
1211:^
1160:^
1125:^
1108:^
1087:^
998:.
925:,
921:,
917:,
913:,
897:,
893:,
889:,
870:,
853:,
841:,
798:,
794:,
712:.
668:,
638:.
542:,
448:.
373:.
349:,
333:.
325:,
321:,
317:,
189:,
74:,
70:,
66:,
2447:)
2389:)
2129:e
2122:t
2115:v
2098:.
2078:.
2059:.
2040:.
2017:.
1998:.
1975:.
1949:.
1923:.
1155:.
1143:.
570:.
244:e
237:t
230:v
199:,
184:,
167:,
162:,
157:,
152:,
147:,
132:,
127:,
122:,
117:,
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
