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trigger reactions of disgust from onlookers. This leads the general public to keep their physical distance from homeless people, and promotes exclusionary policies. As an example, these authors state that while the majority of the general public support subsidized housing for homeless individuals, they do not want that housing in their own neighborhood.
176:: A change created by the amendments of 1992 was the creation of the Access to Community Care and Effective Services and Support program (or ACCESS); this program was created in order to assist the homeless people who had both serious mental illness issues, as well as substance abuse problems and lasted a total of 5 years.
366:
The Oregon
Department of Transportation placed large boulders in several locations to discourage illegal camping near freeways. Anti-homeless spikes were installed in London, England, and New York City in order to make homeless activity more difficult. Anti-homeless architecture is a common tactic in
101:
required parish unions to supply houses for workers but these unions purposely made these work houses unattractive in order to discourage workers from applying for housing. This Act also made casual wards known as "spikes" available for those who needed temporary housing in return for their labor. It
264:
Homeless people find it harder to secure employment, housing, or federal benefits with a criminal record, and therefore penalizing the act of being homeless makes exiting such a situation much more difficult. They may face potential legal repercussions such as fines and jail time for seeking shelter
151:
was passed in 2004. This order made it so that, unless exceptional circumstances were present, any familial unit including children or an expectant mother was not placed in "unsuitable temporary housing". Scotland's most recent anti-homelessness legislation is entitled The
Housing Support Services
182:
passed in 1968 was designed to protect those who were traditionally discriminated against by housing agencies because of their race, gender, religion, familial status, and disability. Some states and cities also gave homeless people equal access to housing accommodations regardless of their income.
235:
greatly restricted requirements for housing homeless people so that only individuals who were affected by natural disasters could receive housing accommodations from the local authorities. This led to the rejection of the majority of homeless applications received by the local government. This Act
387:
But the public also maintains concern for homeless people, supporting increases in federal spending on homelessness programs. In fact, when surveyed, the public supports spending on homelessness over other social problems by consistently putting homeless people in the top third of their spending
383:
The authors of a 2017 study on homelessness stated that homeless people have a higher incidence of sickness, with their most common health problem being skin problems. Homeless people also have a lack of access to sanitation, leading to poor hygiene. These characteristics are noticeable and may
77:
declares that members of the global community have individual and collective duties and responsibilities to take appropriate action to prevent the commission of gross or systematic human rights abuses. The modern study of homeless phenomena is most frequently seen in this historical context.
327:
Anti-homeless architecture is an urban design strategy that is intended to discourage loitering, camping, and sleeping in public. While this policy does not explicitly target homeless people, it restricts the ways in which people can use public spaces, which affects the homeless population.
276:
One study in
Colorado examined a common justification for anti-homelessness laws – that a "tough love" approach ultimately increased the death and suicide rate of the homeless population – and found that the homeless reported worse quality of life due to the laws. Another study in
391:
Respondents to surveys also feel that 55% of homeless people are addicted to drugs or alcohol, and that 45% of homeless people have been to jail before. The majority of U.S. residents surveyed also think that homeless people make neighborhood worse, and that their presence brings down the
363:. They can make life for the homeless more difficult as they modify public spaces that would otherwise be accessible. Arguments are put forward that the resources spent on the upkeep and design of hostile architecture should instead spent on addressing the root causes of homelessness.
152:(Homelessness)(Scotland) Regulations 2012, and it came into full effect on June 1, 2013. These regulations require local authorities to assist homeless people in a variety of ways, including help in adjusting to a new living situation, debt counseling and managing a personal budget.
716:
Steadman, Henry J.; Cocozza, Joseph J.; Dennis, Deborah L.; Lassiter, Margaret G.; Randolph, Frances L.; Goldman, Howard; Blasinsky, Margaret (2002). "Successful program maintenance when federal demonstration dollars stop: the ACCESS program for homeless mentally ill persons".
121:
In 2014, a law was implicated which means that the councils must attempt to stop people becoming homeless in the first place. Prior to this law, councils only had to assist unhoused persons labelled under 'priority', which included mostly families with young children.
189:, also known as the ADA states that people with disabilities must be given appropriate housing accommodations that meet their special needs. Additionally, people with disabilities should be given the chance to interact with people who do not have disability.
73:, upholds the rights of one nation to intervene in the affairs of another if said nation is abusing its citizens, and rose out of a 1939–1945 World War II Atlantic environment of extreme split between "haves" and "have nots." Article 6 of the 1998
105:
Under the
Homeless Reduction Act 2017 unhoused persons should be able to access assistance from their council. Councils also must work to prevent people from becoming unhoused, and families with children will still be housed by councils.
318:
governance in the country. Sleeping in a public space is illegal and violators can be fined or jailed. One study found that the criminalization of homelessness increased tolerance for extralegal violence against homeless individuals.
277:
California found that people experiencing extreme poverty face apathy, disrespect, and discrimination from police enforcing anti-homelessness laws, resulting in a reluctance to seek services and to engage with outreach when offered.
159:
have gained some of the strongest homelessness rights in the world. This is as a result of the insertion of having no distinction between the idea of 'priority' and 'non-priority' homeless, this creates an opportunity for anyone
367:
major cities. Local governments often employ anti-homeless architecture practices following complaints from local business owners as the presence of homeless individuals lowers property prices and discourages business traffic.
1514:
Link, Bruce G.; Schwartz, Sharon; Moore, Robert; Phelan, Jo; Struening, Elmer; Stueve, Ann; Colten, Mary Ellen (August 1995). "Public knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about homeless people: Evidence for compassion fatigue?".
280:
Many municipalities in the US make it a crime to provide food or shelter to homeless people, with many more making it illegal for homeless people themselves to use blankets or soap.
370:
Critics of anti-homeless architecture claim that it targets an already vulnerable population, and that it hides the effects of homelessness, rather than meaningfully addressing it.
1152:
Udvarhelyi, Éva Tessza (2014). "'If we don't push homeless people out, we will end up being pushed out by them': The
Criminalization of Homelessness as State Strategy in Hungary".
2363:
2054:
2022:
1202:
Faragó, Laura; Ferenczy-Nyúl, Dávid; Kende, Anna; Krekó, Péter; Gurály, Zoltán (2021). "Criminalization as a justification for violence against the homeless in
Hungary".
1372:
74:
1072:
1023:"Black Lives Experiencing Homelessness Matter: A Critical Conceptual Framework for Understanding How Policing Drives System Avoidance among Vulnerable Populations"
1930:
1090:
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was legislation passed by the
Scottish Parliament that set the goal of providing permanent residence to those deemed unintentionally homeless. Following, the
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576:
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noted this phenomenon as long ago as 1894, observing that "the law in its majestic equality forbids the rich as well as the poor to sleep under bridges".)
173:
2084:
2042:
1442:
978:
Robinson, Tony (January 2019). "No Right to Rest: Police
Enforcement Patterns and Quality of Life Consequences of the Criminalization of Homelessness".
129:, this law has increased council efficiency via more proficient services, including fewer families being placed into expensive emergency accommodation.
148:
1954:
269:(see above) was vacated, the result suggests that criminalizing homelessness may be unconstitutional. Similarly, in response to growing reports of
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58:
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Clifford, Scott; Piston, Spencer (June 2017). "Explaining Public
Support for Counterproductive Homelessness Policy: The Role of Disgust".
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Although this Act did not specifically refer to the homeless population, the main beneficiaries of this law were homeless individuals.
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61:(Charter of the United Nations – UN) in 1948, the public perception has been increasingly changing to a focus on the human
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Ils y doivent travailler devant la majestueuse égalité des lois, qui interdit au riche comme au pauvre de coucher sous les ponts
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also made it difficult for homeless individuals without children to receive accommodations provided by local authorities.
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273:, some state governments have proposed the addition of "people experiencing homelessness" to their hate-crimes statutes.
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provides action to prevent homelessness and also to provide assistance to those who are threatened with homelessness.
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1281:"The London Spikes Controversy: Homelessness, Urban Securitisation and the Question of 'Hostile Architecture'"
521:. Exploring new perspectives in Britain and Japan (1st ed.). Bristol University Press. pp. 173–190.
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was estimated that approximately 30,000 to 80,000 people used the spikes in the early 1900s in Great
Britain.
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Hungary criminalizes homelessness and is addressed in its constitution, which is seen as part of a broader
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1073:""Criminalizing the Samaritan": Why cities across the US are making it illegal to feed the homeless"
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250:. Nowadays, this law is primarily used to move individuals without formal caution or arrest.
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1373:"Oregon Officials Deter Portland Homeless Campers With a Million Dollars' Worth of Boulders"
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1247:"Defending Suburbia: Exploring the Use of Defensive Urban Design Outside of the City Centre"
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Installing bolts and spikes in flat surfaces in order to make sleeping on them uncomfortable
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477:. Power, planning and protest (1st ed.). Bristol University Press. pp. 207–232.
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1091:"The Supreme Court will decide whether local anti-homeless laws are 'cruel and unusual'"
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1127:"ECtHR: penalising begging in blanket manner breaches human dignity and privacy rights"
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Kennett, Patricia; Becker, Saul (2003). "The production of homelessness in Britain".
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1544:
1055:"Pastor Facing Criminal Charges After Giving Homeless People Shelter In Ohio Church"
808:
Lost in Space: The Criminalization, Globalization, and Urban Ecology of Homelessness
331:
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Welsh Carroll, Megan; Flanigan Carroll, Shawn; Gutierrez III, Nicolas (June 2022).
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65:, travel and migration as a part of individual self-determination rather than the
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1418:"No Place Left to Go: Business Districts Keep Homeless Populations on the Move"
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657:"Housing Support Duty to Homeless Households – Guidance for Local Authorities"
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1109:"Surfside's attempt to criminalize soap is latest attack on homeless people"
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Laws that criminalize homeless people generally take on one of five forms:
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to be entitled to at least temporary, and usually permanent accommodation.
1536:
1443:"Defensive architecture: keeping poverty unseen and deflecting our guilt"
265:
in vehicles (Tennessee) and "loitering". Although the court's opinion in
156:
1181:"Housing over Handcuffs: The Criminalization of Homelessness in Hungary"
260:
Homelessness in the United States § Criminalization of homelessness
2144:
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Restricting the public areas in which sitting or sleeping are allowed
473:
Lund, Brian (2016). "Homelessness politics". In Lund, Brian (ed.).
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330:
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896:(3rd rev. ed.). Bristol University Press. pp. 155–178.
149:
Homeless Persons (Unsuitable Accommodation) (Scotland) Order 2004
1661:
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1565:
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1322:"'Hostile Architecture': How Public Spaces Keep the Public Out"
41:
can take two forms: legislation that aims to help and re-house
645:
The Scottish Government Publications, accessed March 30th 2008
69:. The Declaration, an international law reinforcement of the
45:; and legislation that is intended to send homeless people to
1285:
International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy
938:
Sturge, Georgina; Cromarty, Hannah; Ryan, Joe (8 June 2021).
923:
Sturge, Georgina; Cromarty, Hannah; Ryan, Joe (8 June 2021).
892:
Becker, Saul (2017). "Homelessness". In Lund, Brian (ed.).
193:
Laws criminalizing behaviors engaged in by homeless people
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compulsorily, or to criminalize homelessness and begging.
355:
Boulders placed in parks to prevent homeless encampments
349:
Installing dividers on metal benches to prevent sleeping
643:
Homelessness statistics in Scotland:2006-07 > Part 1
2364:
Constitutional Problems with Criminalization Measures
1354:"Rough sleeping: Call to ban 'anti-homeless' benches"
577:"Homelessness code of guidance for local authorities"
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Reducing the number of sitting areas in public spaces
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These forms of architecture are also referred to as
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and had been fined more than 400 euros for begging.
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955:"Attacks on Homeless Bring Push on Hate Crime Laws"
456:"Declaration of Responsibilities and Human Duties"
374:Perception of homelessness and policy implications
771:(1 ed.). Berkshire. 2007. pp. 291–338.
352:Metal teeth and bars on ledges to prevent sitting
2366:National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty.
219:Selective creation of laws (The French novelist
75:Declaration of Human Duties and Responsibilities
417:Food Not Bombs § 2011 Florida feeding bans
1931:International Year of Shelter for the Homeless
940:"Rough Sleepers: Enforcement Powers (England)"
925:"Rough Sleepers: Enforcement Powers (England)"
339:This strategy can take many forms, including:
204:Removing homeless people from particular areas
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767:"Preventing and Alleviating Homelessness".
187:The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
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719:Administration and Policy in Mental Health
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462:. Vol. 2, no. 2. November 2002.
90:should support or house homeless people.
1517:American Journal of Community Psychology
1399:"The City That Will Never Let You Sleep"
292:ruled that an anti-begging ordinance in
447:
233:The 1977 Housing (Homeless Persons) Act
798:
796:
699:"Homelessness legislation | Crisis UK"
681:"Homelessness legislation | Crisis UK"
623:"Homelessness legislation | Crisis UK"
591:"Homelessness legislation | Crisis UK"
559:"Homelessness legislation | Crisis UK"
475:Housing politics in the United Kingdom
412:Discrimination against homeless people
174:McKinney–Vento Homeless Assistance Act
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609:"Homelessness legislation: Crisis UK"
335:Anti-homeless spikes on a shop ledge.
145:Homelessness etc. (Scotland) Act 2003
86:Some laws about homeless people say
59:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
7:
1397:Legro, Michelle (November 1, 2018).
638:
636:
512:
510:
2385:Discrimination against the homeless
392:profitability of local businesses.
1251:Canadian Journal of Urban Research
655:Scottish Government (2013-06-03).
296:violated human rights in the 2021
25:
1416:Waters, Rob (February 18, 2019).
1371:Monahan, Rachel (June 19, 2019).
953:Lichtblau, Eric (8 August 2009).
402:Begging § Legal restrictions
302:case. The plaintiff was from the
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1204:The Journal of Social Psychology
1185:Suffolk Transnational Law Review
843:. Diane Publishing. p. 90.
99:The 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act
18:Criminalization of homelessness
1941:Youth Homelessness Matters Day
290:European Court of Human Rights
82:Laws regarding homeless people
1:
1685:Anti-homelessness legislation
1216:10.1080/00224545.2021.1874257
1040:10.1080/10999922.2022.2090779
57:Since the publication of the
39:Anti-homelessness legislation
1441:Andreou, Alex (2015-02-18).
1245:Chellew, Cara (2019-06-13).
894:Understanding housing policy
267:Jones v. City of Los Angeles
1848:Homeless Friendly Precincts
841:Out of Sight – Out of Mind?
810:. New York: LFB Scholarly.
27:Laws regarding homelessness
2426:
839:Cunningham, Kelly (1999).
323:Anti-homeless architecture
257:
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71:Nuremberg Trial Judgements
2340:
2178:Eastern European children
1480:10.1007/s11109-016-9366-4
1320:Hu, Winnie (2019-11-08).
519:Comparing social policies
125:According to the charity
34:Man sleeps on the street.
1916:Homelessness Action Week
1179:Zakim, Deena A. (2014).
992:10.1177/1078087417690833
304:Romani people in Romania
2013:Latin American children
1298:10.5204/ijcjsd.v5i1.286
902:10.2307/j.ctt1t89dc6.14
731:10.1023/a:1020776310331
527:10.2307/j.ctt1t89g4j.16
483:10.2307/j.ctt1t89499.12
2395:Homelessness solutions
1936:Street Child World Cup
1921:Homeless Persons' Week
336:
299:Lăcătuș v. Switzerland
35:
2400:Human rights by issue
1884:Single-room occupancy
1776:Homelessness services
1279:Petty, James (2016).
769:Homelessness Handbook
334:
258:Further information:
214:Selective enforcement
139:Scottish homelessness
33:
2390:Homelessness and law
2380:Class discrimination
2103:Bangladeshi children
1900:Transitional housing
980:Urban Affairs Review
361:hostile architecture
180:The Fair Housing Act
2410:Housing legislation
1725:Vulnerability Index
1926:Homeless World Cup
1529:10.1007/BF02506967
1468:Political Behavior
1326:The New York Times
1166:10.1111/anti.12068
959:The New York Times
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2150:Filipino children
1980:Ghanaian children
1949:
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1826:Four penny coffin
1771:Homeless ministry
1133:. 19 January 2021
817:978-1-59332-297-7
536:978-1-84742-565-2
492:978-1-4473-2710-3
432:Sit-lie ordinance
248:Vagrancy Act 1824
228:England and Wales
53:International law
47:homeless shelters
16:(Redirected from
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2323:Papua New Guinea
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1960:
1879:Right to housing
1874:Rapid Re-Housing
1811:Homeless shelter
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1740:Social cleansing
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2254:
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2239:
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2231:
2224:United Kingdom
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2216:
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2206:
2200:
2198:
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2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
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2045:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2008:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
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1860:
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1854:
1853:
1851:
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1845:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1836:Warming center
1833:
1828:
1823:
1821:Drop-in center
1818:
1816:Cooling center
1807:
1805:
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1768:
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1745:Slum clearance
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1700:Discrimination
1697:
1692:
1690:Bill of Rights
1687:
1681:
1679:
1675:
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1666:
1665:
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1654:
1644:
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1612:Cyber-homeless
1609:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1581:
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1566:
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1558:
1523:(4): 533–555.
1503:
1474:(2): 503–525.
1458:
1433:
1408:
1389:
1363:
1345:
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1268:
1237:
1210:(2): 216–230.
1194:
1171:
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1144:
1118:
1100:
1082:
1064:
1046:
1033:(3): 285–300.
1013:
970:
945:
930:
915:
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856:
850:978-0788182761
849:
831:
816:
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787:j.ctt1jd952s.9
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725:(6): 481–493.
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632:
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568:
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240:Rough sleeping
229:
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221:Anatole France
217:
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194:
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169:
166:
134:
131:
118:
115:
109:Part 7 of the
95:
94:United Kingdom
92:
83:
80:
54:
51:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2422:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2405:Statutory law
2403:
2401:
2398:
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2176:
2175:
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2169:
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2162:
2156:
2155:Thai children
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
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2119:
2116:
2115:
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2101:
2100:
2098:
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2068:
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2048:
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2043:San Francisco
2041:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2018:United States
2016:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1869:Housing First
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1842:
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1837:
1834:
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1706:
1705:Mental health
1703:
1701:
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1667:
1663:
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1643:
1642:Social orphan
1640:
1638:
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1633:
1632:Street people
1630:
1628:
1625:
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911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
888:
886:
882:
878:
875:(in French).
874:
870:
866:
860:
857:
852:
846:
842:
835:
832:
827:
823:
819:
813:
809:
805:
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797:
793:
788:
784:
780:
778:9781933782034
774:
770:
763:
761:
759:
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736:
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728:
724:
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469:
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461:
460:Globalization
457:
451:
448:
442:
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435:
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430:
428:
427:Housing First
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
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405:
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400:
399:
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389:
385:
379:United States
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329:
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254:United States
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177:
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168:United States
167:
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114:
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107:
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100:
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79:
76:
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64:
60:
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50:
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44:
40:
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19:
2267:Vatican City
1985:South Africa
1831:Penny sit-up
1761:Soup kitchen
1735:Survival sex
1720:Spirituality
1695:Bumvertising
1684:
1593:Homelessness
1520:
1516:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1450:. Retrieved
1447:the Guardian
1446:
1436:
1425:. Retrieved
1422:nextcity.org
1421:
1411:
1402:
1392:
1380:. Retrieved
1376:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1337:. Retrieved
1325:
1315:
1288:
1284:
1257:(1): 19–33.
1254:
1250:
1240:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1188:
1184:
1174:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1135:. Retrieved
1130:
1121:
1113:Miami Herald
1112:
1103:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1067:
1058:
1049:
1030:
1026:
1016:
986:(1): 41–73.
983:
979:
973:
962:. Retrieved
958:
948:
933:
918:
893:
876:
873:Le lys rouge
872:
859:
840:
834:
807:
768:
722:
718:
711:
702:
693:
684:
675:
664:. Retrieved
661:www.gov.scot
660:
650:
626:
617:
603:
594:
585:
571:
562:
553:
518:
474:
468:
459:
450:
437:Vagrancy law
422:Homelessness
390:
388:priorities.
386:
382:
369:
365:
358:
338:
326:
313:
297:
287:
279:
275:
266:
263:
238:
232:
231:
207:Prohibiting
196:
186:
185:
179:
178:
171:
155:Since 2012,
154:
142:
124:
120:
108:
104:
98:
97:
85:
56:
38:
37:
2328:New Zealand
2298:Switzerland
2293:Netherlands
2145:North Korea
2065:Minneapolis
1627:Mole people
1607:Aged people
1382:December 6,
1131:EU Law Live
271:hate crimes
2374:Categories
2070:New Mexico
2038:California
2023:LGBT youth
1955:By country
1553:1295917392
1489:2144/31477
1452:2020-12-06
1427:2020-12-06
1339:2020-12-06
1307:2269385649
1137:27 October
964:2018-06-15
666:2017-11-26
443:References
137:See also:
2318:Australia
2125:Indonesia
2085:Elsewhere
2006:Vancouver
1909:Awareness
1895:Tent city
1890:Squatting
1754:Responses
1622:McRefugee
1498:151539353
1334:0362-4331
1291:: 67–81.
1263:2371-0292
1232:231653347
1008:157576791
1000:1078-0874
826:221150739
316:illiberal
172:The 1987
162:houseless
88:the state
2348:Category
2257:Portugal
2234:Scotland
2118:children
2055:Columbus
2050:Colorado
2028:Veterans
1994:Americas
1804:Shelters
1647:Vagrants
1617:Families
1549:ProQuest
1545:26492219
1358:BBC News
1303:ProQuest
1224:33470185
1154:Antipode
867:(1894).
806:(2008).
739:12469702
396:See also
157:Scotland
133:Scotland
2311:Oceania
2288:Germany
2229:England
2214:Ireland
2209:Finland
2204:Denmark
2183:Hungary
2080:Seattle
2060:Florida
1970:Algeria
1857:Housing
1537:8546109
747:6409067
310:Hungary
216:of laws
209:begging
2283:France
2252:Greece
2219:Sweden
2188:Russia
2164:Europe
2135:Israel
2075:Oregon
2001:Canada
1963:Africa
1864:Foyers
1678:Issues
1657:Tramps
1652:Bergie
1600:People
1551:
1543:
1535:
1496:
1332:
1305:
1261:
1230:
1222:
1191:: 135.
1059:HuffPo
1006:
998:
908:
847:
824:
814:
785:
775:
745:
737:
703:Crisis
685:Crisis
627:Crisis
595:Crisis
563:Crisis
543:
533:
499:
489:
294:Geneva
284:Europe
246:under
127:Crisis
2262:Spain
2245:South
2197:North
2140:Japan
2113:India
2108:China
2033:Women
1975:Egypt
1886:(SRO)
1669:Youth
1662:Hobos
1541:S2CID
1494:S2CID
1403:Topic
1228:S2CID
1077:Salon
1004:S2CID
906:JSTOR
869:"VII"
783:JSTOR
743:S2CID
541:JSTOR
497:JSTOR
117:Wales
2276:West
2171:East
2130:Iraq
2096:Asia
1793:List
1781:List
1730:Pets
1533:PMID
1384:2020
1330:ISSN
1259:ISSN
1220:PMID
1139:2021
996:ISSN
845:ISBN
822:OCLC
812:ISBN
773:ISBN
735:PMID
531:ISBN
487:ISBN
288:The
143:The
1525:doi
1484:hdl
1476:doi
1293:doi
1212:doi
1208:162
1162:doi
1095:PBS
1035:doi
988:doi
898:doi
727:doi
523:doi
479:doi
2376::
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1539:.
1531:.
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1002:.
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1037::
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990::
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900::
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565:.
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525::
503:.
481::
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
