674:, where the Baháʼí teachings on sexuality may appear to be unreasonable, dogmatic, and difficult to apply in Western society. Particularly in the United States, Baháʼís have attempted to reconcile the immutable conservative teachings on sexuality with the otherwise socially progressive teachings of the religion, but it continues to be a source of controversy. The Universal House of Justice stated in 1995, and has repeated since, that the teachings on sexuality are laid down in the faith's scripture and that, "the House of Justice has no authority to change this clear teaching on homosexual practice." Former Baháʼí William Garlington said the Baháʼí position in the United States "can at most be characterized as one of sympathetic disapproval" toward homosexuality.
501:
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manifestations from true ones or to discover if any of them really speak for the true and living God…. If, on the other hand, God's own nature is said to be contradictory, that is, that God is both one God and many gods, that God is both able and not able to have a son, personal and impersonal, etc., then the Bahaʼi concept of God is reduced to meaninglessness.
40:
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wrote that while he found them admirable, in his view they are inferior to the simplicity and beauty of the teachings of Christ. He further argued that in the case of "Baha'ism, with its rather vague doctrines as to the nature and destiny of the soul of man, it is a little difficult to see whence the
546:
The fact that the various alleged manifestations of God represented God in contradictory ways implies either that manifestations of God can contradict one another or that God's own nature is contradictory. If manifestations are allowed to contradict one another, then there is no way to separate false
469:
The criticisms the religion has faced vary considerably in different regions of the world. In the West, liberals have criticized the Baháʼí Faith for some of its conservative social practices, notably the prohibition on premarital or homosexual intimacy for Baháʼís. Western academics have criticized
637:
While Baháʼí teachings assert that men and women are spiritually equal, some areas of differentiation remain. Author Lil Abdo says that the Baháʼí understanding of sexual equality is different from that of secular feminists. Abdo presented the following list of criticisms of the Baháʼí Faith from a
763:
converted to the Baháʼí Faith in 1972, but later resigned in 1996 after conflicts with members of the administration who perceived him as extreme. Cole went on to criticize the Baháʼí Faith in three articles written from 1998 to 2002, describing a prominent Baháʼí as "inquisitor" and "bigot", and
591:
of the religion, were all upheld by Miller in an attempt to show its adherents as deceived, its teachings superficial or irrelevant, and its administration "a dictatorship". Douglas Martin wrote that Miller's writings were driven by animus against what he saw as a successful rival faith that was
642:
the ineligibility of women to serve on the
Universal House of Justice--this is of particular interest to supporters of women priests within the Christian tradition; the intestacy laws in the Kitab-i-Aqdas; the dowry laws with particular reference to the virginity refund clause; the exemption of
719:
that, "The condemnation of covenant-breakers is immediate, absolute, and—in a religion promoting love and acceptance—profoundly disconcerting." Excommunication among Baháʼís is rare and reserved for those actively promoting schism; on average worldwide, one person per year from 2000-2020 were
610:, the last prophet whom God has sent and Islam as the final religion for all mankind. Baháʼu'lláh's claim of divine revelation is in direct conflict with this common interpretation of Islam. Thus, authorities in the Muslim world have rejected the Baháʼí Faith and regard Baháʼís as
710:
The Baháʼí teachings emphasize the need for unity, and have an official line of succession of leadership to prevent schism. The religion has seen a few attempts at splintering, but they have remained extremely small and declined over time. The followers of such sects are labeled
768:
process, which requires Baháʼí authors to gain approval before publishing on the religion. Soon after his resignation, Cole created an email list and website called H-Bahai, which became a repository of both primary source material and critical analysis on the religion.
481:) have criticized its history and founders, institutions, teachings, and use of prophecy. In Iran and other parts of the Middle East, Baháʼís continue to be criticized for breaking with Islam and accused of conspiring with Western powers, resulting in intense
655:
said that it would become clear in the future why the restriction was in place. In all other levels of administration (other than the UHJ), however, women have always been eligible to serve, often contrary to prevailing cultural or societal norms.
551:
Baháʼí authors have written in response that the contradictory teachings are either social laws that change from age to age, as part of a progressive revelation, or human error introduced to the more ancient faiths over time.
1885:
2700:
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Baháʼu'lláh's teachings on the equality of men and women, and that slavery should be banned, were controversial ideas in the nineteenth century Middle East that contributed to attempts to destroy his movement.
779:
due to the dominance of practising Baháʼís in the field. He specifically criticized the work of individual Baháʼí scholars he saw as defending Baháʼí orthodoxy at the expense of historical rigour, including
643:
menstruating women from obligatory prayers and the implication of menstrual taboo; the use of androcentric language and male pronouns in texts; the emphasis on traditional morality and family values...
2168:
2625:
1705:(2002). "NADER SAIEDI, Logos and Civilization: Spirit, History, and Order in the Writings of Baha'u'llah (Bethesda: University Press of Maryland/CDL Press, 2000). Pp. 404. $ 45.50 cloth".
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has failed to attract more than a few hundred individuals and declined over time. The followers of such splinter groups are shunned and not considered Baháʼís by the majority.
764:
describing Baháʼí institutions as socially isolating, dictatorial, and controlling, with financial irregularities and sexual deviance. Central to Cole's complaints is the
651:, whose membership is male-only. The ineligibility of women has caused discontent among small but vocal groups of western Baháʼí intellectuals, and criticism from others.
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1996:
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The religion's rise in the Middle East and subsequent movement into the West has given rise to a body of anti-Baháʼí polemic. Christian and
Islamic authors (e.g.,
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92:
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747:—each claim being linked to each regime's relevant enemy and justifying anti-Baháʼí actions. The last claim is partially rooted in the presence of the
2823:
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expelled in such a way. People who leave the religion, transgress community standards, or attack it externally are not considered
Covenant-breakers.
632:
2188:
372:
2818:
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combination of faiths, while
Christian author John Ankerberg points to discrepancies between faiths to contradict the idea of unity of religion.
2143:
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1973:
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575:(1974), in which he attacked the religion by promoting the views of individuals opposing Baháʼí leadership. For example, the perspectives of
434:
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stated that the legitimization of the death penalty in cases of murder and arson is usually met with disapproval and suspicion in Europe.
470:
the requirement for Baháʼís to seek pre-publication review when publishing on the religion and the exclusion of women from serving on the
219:
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2163:
2113:
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The Baháʼí Faith has maintained its unity and avoided serious division, although several attempts have been made to create sects. Every
775:, a scholar who had previously been a Baháʼí, criticized what he saw as a threat to the impartiality of the academic field of Bábí and
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2004:
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23:
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Baháʼís have been accused, particularly by successive
Iranian governments, of being agents or spies of Russia, Britain,
748:
334:
2721:
2657:
2548:
2343:
2274:
1437:(2000). "Race, Immorality and Money in the American Baha'i Community: Impeaching the Los Angeles Spiritual Assembly".
474:. These issues may be only marginal to the numerically dominant Baháʼí community outside of Europe and North America.
397:
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82:
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From 1980 onward, several well-educated Baháʼís left the religion and subsequently criticized it. For example,
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1983:
1959:
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54:
39:
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143:
64:
31:
1763:(2013). "Making the invisible visible: introductory books on the Baha'i religion (the Baha'i Faith)".
2939:
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257:
201:
117:
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1594:
Baha'is in Exile: An
Account of followers of Baha'u'llah outside the mainstream Baha'i religion
2912:
2749:
2608:
2086:
2076:
2072:
Citizens of the world: a history and sociology of the Bahaʹis from a globalisation perspective
2046:
2036:
1969:
1945:
1905:
1867:
1746:
1681:(1990). "The crisis in Babi and Baha'i studies: part of a wider crisis in academic freedom?".
1640:
1597:
1578:
1549:
1384:
1365:
1359:
1341:
784:, Muhammad Afnan, Juan Cole (although Cole subsequently left the religion), Nader Saiedi, and
611:
509:
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2406:
2028:
1897:
1833:
1772:
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1516:
1482:
1446:
1414:
1355:
712:
705:
684:
670:
The exclusion of same-sex marriage among Baháʼís has garnered considerable criticism in the
588:
136:
1860:
Osborn, Lil (2021). "The Bahāʾī Faith". In Upal, Muhammad Afzal; Cusack, Carole M. (eds.).
2902:
2885:
2603:
2020:
1987:
1564:
505:
2538:
1861:
282:
2027:. Cambridge Elements; Religion and Violence. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
788:. By contrast, MacEoin generally praised the work in Baháʼí studies of Baháʼí historian
2491:
2066:
1938:
1333:
793:
478:
252:
1821:
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1702:
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1654:
1536:
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1308:
772:
671:
513:
1845:
1784:
2533:
2479:
2474:
2452:
1881:
1837:
1817:
785:
693:
692:
prescribed the death penalty both for intentional arson and murder. Baháʼí scholar
500:
349:
150:
2269:
1963:
1886:"An Introduction to Bahā'ī Law: Doctrinal Foundations, Principles and Structures"
1776:
571:(1892–1993) was a Presbyterian missionary in Iran who published a polemic titled
2875:
2848:
584:
576:
2853:
2050:
1718:
1694:
1520:
532:
528:
287:
2090:
1909:
1657:(1986). "Bahā'ī fundamentalism and the academic study of the Bābī movement".
2227:
1574:
1502:
1466:
1434:
1398:
1325:
760:
524:
1450:
272:
229:
2070:
2032:
1563:
Heller, Wendy M. (2022). "Ch. 34: The
Covenant and Covenant-Breaking". In
2907:
2870:
601:
2098:
638:
feminist perspective at an annual gathering for Baháʼí studies in 1995:
2858:
1917:
1528:
1494:
1470:
1426:
1402:
744:
2317:
1326:"Possible Criticisms of the Baha'i Faith from a Feminist Perspective"
715:, shunned, and viewed as enemies of the faith. Jason Boyett wrote in
317:
1901:
1486:
1418:
59:
2353:
1548:(Paperback ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.
499:
344:
950:
Christian
Research Journal, Winter/Spring, 1989, p. 2. Quoted in
2368:
1078:
1076:
2102:
1794:"Missionary as Historian: William Miller and the Bahá'í Faith"
898:
896:
894:
565:
driving force to enforce the ethical maxims can be derived."
1471:"Fundamentalism in the Contemporary U.S. Baha'i Community"
1613:"Bahá'í Youth and Sexuality A Personal/Professional View"
1051:
1049:
1009:
1007:
1129:
1127:
1340:. Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers. pp. 5–44.
1403:"The Baha'i Faith in America as Panopticon, 1963-1997"
1281:
1279:
1254:
1252:
1239:
1237:
1235:
854:
852:
827:
825:
994:
992:
1739:
The
Penguin Handbook of the World's Living Religions
1505:(2002b). "A Report on the H-Bahai Digital Library".
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
869:
867:
647:
The religion's governing institution is the elected
2893:
2842:
2690:
2557:
2377:
2326:
2283:
2136:
1024:
1022:
812:
810:
808:
560:Regarding the Baháʼí teachings of peace and unity,
1937:
1822:"Marginality and Apostasy in the Baha'i Community"
1812:. Pasadena, California, US: William Carey Library.
1800:(4). Ottawa: Association for Bahá'í Studies: 1–30.
2023:(July 2020). James R. Lewis; Margo Kitts (eds.).
1383:. Berkeley, CA: Zephyros Press. pp. 217–31.
1364:. London, UK: Cassell & Co. pp. 244–50.
902:
640:
544:
2626:Christian thought on persecution and tolerance
1067:
735:Political accusations against the Baha'i Faith
2114:
1737:(2010). "Baha'ism". In Hinnells, John (ed.).
435:
8:
2025:The Bahá'í Faith, Violence, and Non-Violence
1707:International Journal of Middle East Studies
1611:Kennedy, Sharon H.; Kennedy, Andrew (1988).
1407:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
614:if they had been Muslims before conversion.
1810:The Baha'i Faith: Its History and Teachings
2785:The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster
2121:
2107:
2099:
1988:"A Short Introduction to the Bahá'í Faith"
1940:A Concise Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith
1082:
843:
458:is a relatively new religion teaching the
442:
428:
18:
1968:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1683:British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies
1304:"The Economist explains: The Bahai faith"
1635:. Religions of the World. Philadelphia:
1118:
1106:
1013:
914:
831:
1863:Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements
1338:Encyclopedia of Cults and New Religions
1285:
1270:
1258:
1243:
1055:
983:
938:
926:
885:
804:
512:, Baháʼí nine-pointed star, and Jewish
30:
16:Notable criticism of religious teaching
1145:
1133:
998:
971:
873:
743:, the United States, and as agents of
1944:. Oxford, UK: Oneworld Publications.
1226:
1214:
1178:
1157:
1094:
959:
858:
816:
7:
2003:. Christianity Today. Archived from
1997:"Avoiding the Pitfall of Syncretism"
1202:
1190:
1040:
1028:
1965:An Introduction to the Baha'i Faith
666:Homosexuality and the Baháʼí Faith
14:
1792:Martin, Douglas (December 1978).
1596:. Pittsburgh, PA: RoseDog Books.
1336:; Weldon, John (1999). "Bahaʼi".
2189:Unification Church in Japan
633:Baháʼí Faith and gender equality
460:essential worth of all religions
410:
38:
542:wrote of the Baháʼí teachings:
2814:Books critical of Christianity
1838:10.1016/j.religion.2007.06.008
531:rejects the Baháʼí Faith as a
485:and the loss of civil rights.
1:
2834:Books critical of Scientology
1620:The Journal of Bahá'í Studies
1570:The World of the Bahá’í Faith
592:moving into Christian lands.
2743:Letter to a Christian Nation
2001:The Exchange with Ed Stetzer
1995:Stetzer, Ed (15 July 2014).
1777:10.1080/0048721X.2012.705975
1671:10.1016/0048-721X(86)90006-0
1544:Garlington, William (2008).
1475:Review of Religious Research
2829:Books critical of Mormonism
1890:Journal of Law and Religion
1546:The Baha'i Faith in America
903:Ankerberg & Weldon 1999
792:and non-Baháʼí sociologist
3001:
2736:God: The Failed Hypothesis
2722:God in the Age of Science?
1068:Kennedy & Kennedy 1988
732:
703:
663:
649:Universal House of Justice
630:
472:Universal House of Justice
197:Universal House of Justice
2824:Books critical of Judaism
2169:Latter Day Saint movement
1719:10.1017/S0020743802282124
1695:10.1080/13530199008705506
1521:10.1080/00210860208702016
600:Islamic theology regards
368:Socioeconomic development
2792:Why I Am Not a Christian
2379:Religious discrimination
1631:Matthews, Carol (2005).
1592:Johnson, Vernon (2020).
1381:12 Major World Religions
717:12 Major World Religions
527:author and missiologist
2930:Criticism of monotheism
2819:Books critical of Islam
2806:The Demon-Haunted World
2663:Anti-Christian violence
2194:Westboro Baptist Church
660:Stance on homosexuality
490:attempted Baháʼí schism
464:the unity of all people
182:Covenant of Baháʼu'lláh
158:Some Answered Questions
2250:New religious movement
1451:10.1006/reli.2000.0245
1379:Boyett, Jason (2016).
1302:A.V. (20 April 2017).
986:, pp. xxxv–xxxvi.
645:
627:Gender differentiation
569:William McElwee Miller
549:
516:
373:Progressive revelation
2980:Criticism of religion
2881:Nontheistic religions
2799:Why I Am Not a Muslim
2715:Christianity Unveiled
2179:Seventh-day Adventist
2130:Criticism of religion
2033:10.1017/9781108613446
846:, p. 158-9, 165.
733:Further information:
729:Political accusations
587:, the most prominent
503:
313:Shrine of Baháʼu'lláh
278:Letters of the Living
2925:Criticism of atheism
2757:The Blind Watchmaker
2339:Charles Taze Russell
2184:Unification movement
1577:. pp. 409–425.
751:in northern Israel.
538:Christian apologist
202:Spiritual Assemblies
187:Administrative Order
2306:Mormon sacred texts
2164:Jehovah's Witnesses
2021:Stockman, Robert H.
1866:. pp. 761–73.
1573:. Oxfordshire, UK:
1565:Stockman, Robert H.
1085:, pp. 169–171.
749:Baháʼí World Centre
581:Mírzá Muhammad ʻAlí
540:Francis J. Beckwith
2708:Breaking the Spell
2650:Sectarian violence
2559:Religious violence
2507:Oriental Orthodoxy
2364:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
2223:Twelver Shia Islam
1639:. pp. 46–49.
1324:Abdo, Lil (1995).
962:, p. 274-275.
782:William S. Hatcher
678:Capital punishment
607:Khatam an-Nabiyyin
517:
258:Hands of the Cause
118:Nineteen Day Feast
2967:
2966:
2750:The Age of Reason
2701:Atheist Manifesto
2502:Eastern Orthodoxy
2465:Jehovah's Witness
2424:post–Cold War era
2327:Religious figures
2206:Swaminarayan sect
2082:978-90-474-0746-1
2075:. Leiden: Brill.
1975:978-0-521-86251-6
1873:978-90-04-43554-4
1752:978-0-141-03546-8
1603:978-1-6453-0574-3
1584:978-1-138-36772-2
1555:978-0-7425-6234-9
1390:978-1-62315-692-3
1361:The New Believers
1121:, pp. 36–37.
713:Covenant-breakers
589:covenant-breakers
520:Unity of religion
510:star and crescent
452:
451:
325:Shrine of the Báb
98:Unity of religion
93:Unity of humanity
2992:
2778:The God Delusion
2771:The End of Faith
2764:The Caged Virgin
2729:God Is Not Great
2123:
2116:
2109:
2100:
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2016:
2014:
2012:
1991:
1979:
1955:
1943:
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1813:
1801:
1788:
1756:
1730:
1698:
1674:
1650:
1627:
1617:
1607:
1588:
1559:
1540:
1503:Cole, Juan R. I.
1498:
1467:Cole, Juan R. I.
1462:
1435:Cole, Juan R. I.
1430:
1399:Cole, Juan R. I.
1394:
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948:
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918:
917:, p. 46-47.
912:
906:
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889:
883:
877:
871:
862:
856:
847:
841:
835:
829:
820:
814:
706:Covenant-breaker
573:The Baha'i Faith
444:
437:
430:
414:
308:House of Worship
192:The Guardianship
151:The Hidden Words
42:
19:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2918:In Christianity
2889:
2886:Parody religion
2838:
2686:
2553:
2412:Catholic Church
2373:
2322:
2284:Religious texts
2279:
2132:
2127:
2097:
2083:
2067:Warburg, Margit
2065:
2043:
2019:
2010:
2008:
1994:
1982:
1976:
1958:
1952:
1932:
1902:10.2307/1602268
1880:
1874:
1859:
1850:
1848:
1816:
1806:Miller, William
1804:
1791:
1759:
1753:
1733:
1701:
1677:
1653:
1647:
1630:
1615:
1610:
1604:
1591:
1585:
1562:
1556:
1543:
1508:Iranian Studies
1501:
1487:10.2307/3512329
1481:(32): 195–217.
1465:
1433:
1419:10.2307/1387523
1397:
1391:
1378:
1372:
1354:
1348:
1334:Ankerberg, John
1332:
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1213:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1189:
1185:
1177:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1125:
1117:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1083:Garlington 2008
1081:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1047:
1039:
1035:
1027:
1020:
1012:
1005:
997:
990:
982:
978:
970:
966:
958:
954:
949:
945:
937:
933:
925:
921:
913:
909:
901:
892:
884:
880:
872:
865:
857:
850:
844:Garlington 2008
842:
838:
830:
823:
815:
806:
802:
757:
737:
731:
726:
724:Other criticism
708:
702:
700:Excommunication
680:
668:
662:
635:
629:
624:
598:
558:
522:
506:Christian cross
498:
448:
403:
402:
363:
355:
354:
303:
295:
294:
248:
240:
239:
215:
207:
206:
177:
169:
168:
131:
123:
122:
78:
70:
69:
50:
49:Central figures
17:
12:
11:
5:
2998:
2996:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2972:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:Related topics
2891:
2890:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2696:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2652:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2569:
2563:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2383:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2311:Book of Mormon
2303:
2298:
2293:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2275:Zoroastrianism
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2103:
2096:
2095:
2081:
2063:
2041:
2017:
1992:
1980:
1974:
1956:
1950:
1930:
1896:(2): 307–372.
1878:
1872:
1857:
1832:(3): 187–209.
1814:
1802:
1798:Bahá'í Studies
1789:
1771:(2): 160–177.
1761:MacEoin, Denis
1757:
1751:
1735:MacEoin, Denis
1731:
1713:(2): 387–389.
1703:MacEoin, Denis
1699:
1679:MacEoin, Denis
1675:
1655:MacEoin, Denis
1651:
1645:
1628:
1608:
1602:
1589:
1583:
1560:
1554:
1541:
1515:(1): 191–196.
1499:
1463:
1445:(2): 109–125.
1431:
1413:(2): 234–248.
1395:
1389:
1376:
1370:
1356:Barrett, David
1352:
1346:
1330:
1321:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1275:
1263:
1248:
1231:
1219:
1207:
1195:
1183:
1162:
1160:, p. 115.
1150:
1138:
1136:, p. 230.
1123:
1111:
1099:
1097:, p. 117.
1087:
1072:
1060:
1058:, p. 160.
1045:
1033:
1018:
1003:
988:
976:
974:, p. 163.
964:
952:
943:
931:
919:
907:
890:
888:, p. 624.
878:
863:
861:, p. 205.
848:
836:
821:
803:
801:
798:
794:Margit Warburg
777:Baháʼí studies
756:
755:Former Baháʼís
753:
730:
727:
725:
722:
704:Main article:
701:
698:
679:
676:
664:Main article:
661:
658:
628:
625:
623:
620:
597:
594:
557:
554:
521:
518:
497:
494:
479:John Ankerberg
450:
449:
447:
446:
439:
432:
424:
421:
420:
419:
418:
405:
404:
401:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
364:
361:
360:
357:
356:
353:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
321:
320:
310:
304:
301:
300:
297:
296:
293:
292:
291:
290:
285:
280:
270:
265:
260:
255:
253:Shoghi Effendi
249:
246:
245:
242:
241:
238:
237:
232:
227:
222:
220:Baháʼí history
216:
213:
212:
209:
208:
205:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
178:
175:
174:
171:
170:
167:
166:
161:
154:
147:
140:
132:
129:
128:
125:
124:
121:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
79:
76:
75:
72:
71:
68:
67:
62:
57:
51:
48:
47:
44:
43:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2997:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2945:Superstitions
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2519:Protestantism
2517:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2174:Protestantism
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2112:
2110:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2042:9781108613446
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2007:on 9 May 2021
2006:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1951:1-85168-184-1
1947:
1942:
1941:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1882:Schaefer, Udo
1879:
1875:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1858:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1818:Momen, Moojan
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1744:
1743:Penguin Books
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1638:
1637:Chelsea House
1634:
1633:New Religions
1629:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1371:0-304-35592-5
1367:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1347:0-7369-0074-8
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1311:
1310:
1309:The Economist
1305:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1287:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1119:Stockman 2020
1115:
1112:
1108:
1107:Schaefer 2003
1103:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1016:, p. 46.
1015:
1014:Matthews 2005
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
993:
989:
985:
980:
977:
973:
968:
965:
961:
956:
953:
947:
944:
940:
935:
932:
928:
923:
920:
916:
915:Matthews 2005
911:
908:
904:
899:
897:
895:
891:
887:
882:
879:
875:
870:
868:
864:
860:
855:
853:
849:
845:
840:
837:
833:
832:Matthews 2005
828:
826:
822:
818:
813:
811:
809:
805:
799:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
778:
774:
773:Denis MacEoin
770:
767:
766:Baháʼí review
762:
754:
752:
750:
746:
742:
736:
728:
723:
721:
718:
714:
707:
699:
697:
695:
691:
687:
686:
685:Kitáb-i-Aqdas
677:
675:
673:
672:Western world
667:
659:
657:
654:
650:
644:
639:
634:
626:
621:
619:
615:
613:
609:
608:
603:
595:
593:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
563:
555:
553:
548:
543:
541:
536:
534:
530:
526:
519:
515:
514:Star of David
511:
507:
502:
495:
493:
491:
486:
484:
480:
475:
473:
467:
465:
461:
457:
445:
440:
438:
433:
431:
426:
425:
423:
422:
417:
413:
409:
408:
407:
406:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
365:
359:
358:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
319:
316:
315:
314:
311:
309:
306:
305:
299:
298:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
275:
274:
271:
269:
268:Other Baháʼís
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
250:
244:
243:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
217:
211:
210:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
179:
173:
172:
165:
162:
160:
159:
155:
153:
152:
148:
146:
145:
141:
139:
138:
137:Kitáb-i-Aqdas
134:
133:
130:Key scripture
127:
126:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
80:
74:
73:
66:
63:
61:
58:
56:
53:
52:
46:
45:
41:
37:
36:
33:
29:
25:
21:
20:
2985:Bahá'í Faith
2804:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2572:Christianity
2549:Zorostianism
2480:Anti-Judaism
2475:Antisemitism
2419:Christianity
2397:Bahá'i Faith
2154:Christianity
2144:Baháˈí Faith
2071:
2024:
2009:. Retrieved
2005:the original
2000:
1984:Smith, Peter
1964:
1960:Smith, Peter
1939:
1934:Smith, Peter
1893:
1889:
1862:
1851:December 25,
1849:. Retrieved
1829:
1825:
1809:
1797:
1768:
1764:
1738:
1710:
1706:
1689:(1): 55–61.
1686:
1682:
1665:(1): 57–84.
1662:
1658:
1632:
1623:
1619:
1593:
1569:
1545:
1512:
1506:
1478:
1474:
1442:
1438:
1410:
1406:
1380:
1360:
1337:
1313:. Retrieved
1307:
1286:MacEoin 2013
1271:MacEoin 2002
1266:
1259:MacEoin 1990
1244:MacEoin 1986
1222:
1210:
1198:
1186:
1153:
1141:
1114:
1102:
1090:
1070:, p. 3.
1063:
1056:Johnson 2020
1036:
984:Johnson 2020
979:
967:
955:
946:
939:Stetzer 2014
934:
927:Barrett 2001
922:
910:
886:MacEoin 2010
881:
839:
786:Moojan Momen
771:
758:
738:
716:
709:
694:Udo Schaefer
683:
681:
669:
653:ʻAbdu'l-Bahá
646:
641:
636:
616:
605:
599:
572:
567:
559:
556:Christianity
550:
545:
537:
523:
487:
476:
468:
456:Baháʼí Faith
453:
362:Other topics
335:World Centre
283:Mullá Husayn
176:Institutions
156:
149:
144:Kitáb-i-Íqán
142:
135:
88:Unity of God
65:ʻAbdu'l-Bahá
32:Baháʼí Faith
2876:New Atheism
2849:Agnosticism
2654:By country
2621:Persecution
2534:Sunni Islam
2497:Neopaganism
2485:Persecution
2458:Persecution
2446:Persecution
2407:Catholicism
2344:Ellen White
2260:Scientology
2255:Neopaganism
2137:By religion
1146:Heller 2022
1134:Boyett 2016
999:Martin 1978
972:Miller 1974
874:Osborn 2021
790:Peter Smith
690:Baháʼu'lláh
585:Mason Remey
577:Subh-i-Azal
562:E.G. Browne
504:Clockwise:
483:persecution
398:Orthography
235:Persecution
164:Other Texts
55:Baháʼu'lláh
2974:Categories
2854:Antitheism
2643:In Judaism
2539:Shia Islam
2436:Falun Gong
2245:Monotheism
2051:1173507653
2011:10 October
1646:079108096X
1295:References
1227:Cole 2002b
1215:Cole 2002a
1179:Momen 2007
1158:Smith 2000
1095:Smith 2000
960:Smith 2000
859:Smith 2008
817:Smith 2013
631:See also:
529:Ed Stetzer
508:, Islamic
393:Statistics
388:Prophecies
340:Pilgrimage
330:Síyáh-Chál
2935:Sexuality
2864:Criticism
2843:Movements
2668:In Odisha
2599:Christian
2594:Terrorism
2577:Mormonism
2524:Rastafari
2492:Mormonism
2387:Ahmadiyya
2270:Yazdânism
2228:Wahhabism
2091:234309958
2059:225389995
1926:154511808
1910:0748-0814
1727:165778379
1575:Routledge
1537:161787329
1469:(2002a).
1459:143683132
1203:Cole 2000
1191:Cole 1998
1041:Abdo 1995
1029:A.V. 2017
800:Citations
761:Juan Cole
622:Practices
612:apostates
533:syncretic
525:Christian
496:Teachings
378:Cosmology
83:Teachings
2913:In Islam
2908:Apostasy
2680:Pakistan
2638:In Islam
2567:Buddhism
2441:Hinduism
2402:Buddhism
2359:Muhammad
2218:Islamism
2201:Hinduism
2159:Catholic
2149:Buddhism
2069:(2006).
1986:(2013).
1962:(2008).
1936:(2000).
1884:(2003).
1846:55630282
1826:Religion
1820:(2007).
1808:(1974).
1785:59451071
1765:Religion
1659:Religion
1439:Religion
1401:(1998).
1358:(2001).
1315:23 April
741:the Shah
602:Muhammad
416:Category
263:Apostles
225:Timeline
113:Calendar
24:a series
22:Part of
2940:Slavery
2871:Cārvāka
2859:Atheism
2675:Nigeria
2609:Islamic
2584:Judaism
2529:Sikhism
2470:Judaism
2392:Atheism
2265:Sikhism
2240:Judaism
2235:Jainism
1918:1602268
1567:(ed.).
1529:4311442
1495:3512329
1427:1387523
745:Zionism
682:In the
604:as the
383:Symbols
288:Táhirih
214:History
60:The Báb
2955:Jewish
2950:Muslim
2614:Jewish
2544:Sufism
2318:Talmud
2301:Hadith
2089:
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2057:
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2039:
1972:
1948:
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1552:
1535:
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1493:
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1368:
1344:
583:, and
318:Qiblih
302:Places
247:People
230:Bábism
108:Prayer
77:Basics
26:on the
2903:Abuse
2692:Books
2658:India
2604:Hindu
2589:Islam
2512:Copts
2453:Islam
2431:Druze
2354:Moses
2349:Jesus
2334:Aisha
2296:Quran
2291:Bible
2213:Islam
2055:S2CID
1922:S2CID
1914:JSTOR
1842:S2CID
1781:S2CID
1723:S2CID
1616:(PDF)
1533:S2CID
1525:JSTOR
1491:JSTOR
1455:S2CID
1423:JSTOR
596:Islam
345:Haifa
273:Bábis
2369:Saul
2087:OCLC
2077:ISBN
2047:OCLC
2037:ISBN
2013:2021
1970:ISBN
1946:ISBN
1906:ISSN
1868:ISBN
1853:2016
1747:ISBN
1641:ISBN
1626:(1).
1598:ISBN
1579:ISBN
1550:ISBN
1385:ISBN
1366:ISBN
1342:ISBN
1317:2017
462:and
454:The
350:Acre
103:Laws
2633:War
2029:doi
1898:doi
1834:doi
1773:doi
1715:doi
1691:doi
1667:doi
1517:doi
1483:doi
1447:doi
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