1406:
2422:
1560:, "El who creates the hosts", which Cross considered to be one of the cultic names of El. However, this phrase is nowhere attested either inside or outside the Bible, and the two gods are in any case quite dissimilar, with El being elderly and paternal and lacking Yahweh's association with the storm and battles. Even if the above issues are resolved, Yahweh is generally agreed to have a non-causative etymology because otherwise, YHWH would be translated as YHYH. It also raises the question of why the Israelites would want to shorten the epithet. One possible reason includes the co-existence of religious modernism and conservatism being the norm in all religions.
1880:
1670:, while the historical role of Moses is problematic. It follows that if the Kenite hypothesis is to be maintained, then it must be assumed that the Israelites encountered Yahweh (and the Midianites/Kenites) inside Israel and through their association with the earliest political leaders of Israel. Christian Frevel argues that inscriptions allegedly suggesting Yahweh's southern origins (e.g. "YHWH of Teman") may simply denote his presence there at later times, and that Teman can refer to any southern territory, including Judah.
1900:
2085:
56:
1702:
1858:
138:
2769:
2755:
1843:
refrains from explicitly naming the
Edomite Qōs. Some scholars have explained this notable omission by assuming that the level of similarity between Yahweh and Qōs would have made rejection of the latter difficult. Other scholars hold that Yahweh and Qōs were different deities from their origins, and
3855:
p.10: At 1 Kgs 1–8 there is exceptionally no mention of any
Edomite gods:'King Solomon loved many foreign women along with the daughter of the Pharaoh: Moabite, Ammonite, Edomite, Sidonian, and Hittite women. ... For Solomon followed Astarte the goddess of the Sidonians, and Milcom the aboimination
2234:(Zechariah writes of two messiahs, one royal and the other priestly). These early hopes were dashed (Zerubabbel disappeared from the historical record, although the High Priests continued to be descended from Joshua), and thereafter there are merely general references to a Messiah of
3856:
of the
Ammonites. ... Then Solomon built a high place for Chemosh the abomination of Moab, and for Molech the abomination of the Ammonites, on the mountain east of Jerusalem. He did the same for all his foreign wives, who offered incense and sacrificed to their gods.'
2647:. However, as coins minted with such iconography ordinarily depicted subjected persons, and not the gods of a subjected people, some have assumed the coin simply depicts the surrender of a Judean who was called "Bacchius", sometimes identified as the Hasmonean king
2440:
The Hebrew Bible gives the impression that the
Jerusalem temple was always meant to be the central or even sole temple of Yahweh, but this was not the case. The earliest known Israelite place of worship is a 12th-century BCE open-air altar in the hills of
3526:: "Unfortunately, albeit the interesting analogies, the learned discussions, and the broad perspective, the evidence is too scanty to allow any conclusions concerning the exact meaning of the term YHWA/YHA/YH as it appears in Ancient Egyptian records."
2293:, the followers of Yahweh went a step further and outright denied that the other deities aside from Yahweh even existed, thus marking the transition from monolatrism to true monotheism. The notion that Yahweh is to be worshipped as the
1524:
refers to a god creating and sustaining the life of a newborn child rather than the universe. This conception of God was more popular among ancient Near
Easterners but eventually, the Israelites removed the association of
2380:
of Israel and Israel's status as his holy people, although the earlier agricultural meaning was not entirely lost. His worship presumably involved sacrifice, but many scholars have concluded that the rituals detailed in
3256:, p. 779: "... the pronunciation of the Ineffable Name was one of the climaxes of the Sacred Service: it was entrusted exclusively to the High Priest once a year on the Day of Atonement in the Holy of Holies."
2623:
are also invoked frequently. The frequent occurrence of Yahweh's name was likely due to Greek and Roman folk magicians seeking to make their spells more powerful through the invocation of a prestigious foreign deity.
211:
came to be applied to Yahweh alone. Some scholars believe El and Yahweh were always conflated. Characteristics of other gods, such as
Asherah and Baal, were also selectively "absorbed" in conceptions of Yahweh.
1725:
between
Canaanites and Israelites. Scholars accordingly define Israelite culture as a subset of Canaanite culture. In this view, the Israelite religion consisted of Canaanite gods such as El, the ruler of the
6969:
2269:
It is unclear when the worship of Yahweh alone began. The earliest known portrayals of Yahweh as the principal deity to whom "one owed the powers of blessing the land" appear in the teachings of the prophet
3363:, p. 176: "There has been one key objection, by Michael Streck, who reevaluated Amorite personal names as a whole in 2000 and as part of this work published the separate conclusion (1999) that all the
2038:
In this atmosphere a struggle emerged between those who believed that Yahweh alone should be worshipped, and those who worshipped him within a larger group of gods; the Yahweh-alone party, the party of the
4520:
1812:
might have been one and the same as Yahweh, rather than a separate deity, with its name a title of the latter. Aside from their common territorial origins, various common characteristics between the
2019:. The Yahweh-religion thus began to separate itself from its Canaanite heritage; this process continued over the period from 800 to 500 BCE with legal and prophetic condemnations of the
6360:
3375:, "to live"....If Streck is correct that these are all forms of the verb "to live", then the Amorite personal names must be set aside as useful to any interpretation of the name ." But see
1634:. There is considerable although not universal support for this view, but it raises the question of how Yahweh made his way to the north. An answer many scholars consider plausible is the
1405:
2507:, meaning that the god was not depicted by a statue or other image. This is not to say that he was not represented in some symbolic form, and early Israelite worship probably focused on
1689:'s conquests in the Kingdom of Israel forced the two kingdoms to cooperate, which spread YHWH worship among Judean commoners. Previously, YHWH was viewed as the patron god of the Judean
6811:
1382:
1453:
in 957 BCE to its destruction in 586 BCE, exilic for the period of the Exile from 586–539 BCE (identical with Neo-Babylonian above), post-Exilic for later periods and
2305:
exilic work whose case for the theological doctrine rests on Yahweh's power over other gods, and his incomparability and singleness relative to the gods of the
Babylonian religion.
4927:
1981:
the god of the
Ammonites, Qōs the god of the Edomites, and Yahweh the god of the Israelites. In each kingdom the king was also the head of the national religion and thus the
5705:
6885:
7585:
2031:, along with practices pertaining to the dead and other aspects of the old religion. Features of Baal, El, and Asherah were absorbed into Yahweh, and epithets such as
1264:
8149:
7282:
3383:- remains impossible to prove with certainty, the parallels with contemporary Old Babylonian Ibašši-DN and the later second-millennium parallels from the verb
2047:, ultimately triumphed, and their victory lies behind the biblical narrative of an Israel vacillating between periods of "following other gods" and periods of
6006:
6383:
2140:, Yahweh was no longer seen as exclusive to Israel, but as extending his promise to all who would keep the sabbath and observe his covenant. In 539 BCE
1465:
There is almost no agreement on Yahweh's origins. His name is not attested other than among the
Israelites, and there is no consensus on its etymology, with
5617:
5757:
5562:
5454:
1516:
emphasized that the Amorite verbal form is of interest only in attempting to reconstruct the verbal root of the name "Yahweh", and that attempts to take
7278:
2286:; they did not believe Yahweh was the only god in existence, but instead believed that he was the only god which the people of Israel should worship.
6073:
2393:, and that in reality any head of a family was able to offer sacrifice as occasion demanded. A number of scholars have also drawn the conclusion that
4728:(Hierosolymam defendere temptavere Iudaei; verum haec quoque et intravit et vidit illud grande inpiae gentis arcanum patens, sub aurea vite Caelum).
1742:
argues that there is no evidence of any anthropomorphic figurines or cultic statues in Israel during this period, suggesting monotheistic practice.
5215:
5826:
7552:
7255:
7423:
7399:
7376:
7355:
7334:
7313:
7292:
7267:
7206:
7185:
7163:
7142:
7120:
7099:
7076:
7055:
7036:
7015:
6989:
6947:
6921:
6897:
6871:
6847:
6823:
6762:
6743:
6693:
6637:
6600:
6580:
6556:
6535:
6505:
6484:
6463:
6442:
6418:
6395:
6372:
6328:
6307:
6284:
6260:
6239:
6220:
6199:
6178:
6106:
6085:
6062:
6041:
6018:
5995:
5971:
5950:
5929:
5903:
5882:
5859:
5838:
5807:
5765:
5740:
5717:
5694:
5673:
5650:
5629:
5606:
5574:
5551:
5530:
5509:
5488:
5462:
5434:
5411:
5390:
5345:
5324:
5303:
5278:
5255:
5231:
5201:
5178:
5155:
5134:
5113:
5090:
5069:
5048:
5027:
5004:
4983:
4959:
4940:
4916:
4895:
4874:
4853:
4832:
4809:
4786:
4495:
3852:
3807:
2278:
in the 8th century BCE, in reference to disputes between Yahweh and Baal. The early supporters of this faction are widely regarded as being
8114:
2691:
1257:
2670:
similarly identify Yahweh with Bacchus–Dionysus. Jews themselves frequently used symbols that were also associated with Dionysus such as
6406:
2813:
1844:
suggest that the tensions between Judeans and Edomites during the Second Temple period may lie behind the omission of Qōs in the Bible.
1745:
In the earliest Biblical literature, Yahweh has characteristics of a storm god typical of ancient Near Eastern myths, marching out from
338:
2581:
1240:
1481:
invented at a time when the original meaning had been forgotten, although some scholars dispute this. Lewis connects the name to the
5369:
4770:
4585:
6614:
5444:
4628:
2066:
and dated around 700 BCE, Yahweh appears described as the lord of "the nations", while in other contemporary texts discovered in
8124:
8099:
1250:
652:
1879:
8001:
5101:
2421:
3232:: "The strong consensus of biblical scholarship is that the original pronunciation of the name YHWH ... was Yahweh."
1385: ", led to increasingly strict prohibitions on speaking or writing the term. Rabbinic sources suggest that, by the
8144:
7590:
3828:, pp. 674–677. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing: "This clan or family must have been of Edomite or Idumaean origin." (p. 677).
2643:" or "Bacchus the Judaean". The figure has been interpreted as depicting Yahweh as a local variety of Bacchus, that is,
2182:
1904:
1520:
as a divine epithet should be "vigorously" argued against. In addition, J. Philip Hyatt believes it is more likely that
1023:
60:
4887:
The Splintered Divine: A Study of Istar, Baal, and Yahweh Divine Names and Divine Multiplicity in the Ancient Near East
1820:, for example, is depicted as having no problem in worshiping Yahweh and is shown to be at home in Jewish sanctuaries.
106:. Though no consensus exists regarding the deity's origins, scholars generally contend that Yahweh is associated with
8104:
7849:
7514:
2109:
2089:
1986:
1753:
with the heavenly host of stars and planets that make up his army to do battle with the enemies of his people Israel:
1674:
91:
4774:
2230:
who seemed, briefly, to be about to re-establish the ancient royal line, or in Zerubbabel and the first High Priest,
6479:. Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments. Vol. 284. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
8164:
7545:
6349:(1990). "Aspects of Old Testament Thought". In Raymond E. Brown; Joseph A. Fitzmyer & Roland E. Murphy (eds.).
4726:
entered this city also and saw that grand Holy of Holies of an impious people exposed, Caelum under a golden vine"
2793:
2632:
2219:
1394:
1310:
395:
185:
39:
3908:
6323:. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2. Reihe. Vol. 107. Tübingen, Germany: Mohr Siebeck.
5015:
1571:
7173:
2808:
2783:
2585:
2333:
The centre of Yahweh's worship lay in three great annual festivals coinciding with major events in rural life:
2308:
Benjamin D. Sommer argues that the distinction between polytheism and monotheism has been greatly exaggerated.
807:
228:
2724:, or even possibly some variant of the name Yahweh itself, for more familiar terms associated with Dionysus.
2360:
harvest. These probably pre-dated the arrival of the Yahweh religion, but they became linked to events in the
2266:
is unknown, the transition was a gradual one and was not totally accomplished during the First Temple period.
2148:, the exiles were given permission to return (although only a minority did so), and by about 500 BCE the
6011:
Do Historical Matters Matter to Faith?: A Critical Appraisal of Modern and Postmodern Approaches to Scripture
8159:
7986:
7929:
7595:
5775:
Gnuse, Robert Karl (1999). "The Emergence of Monotheism in Ancient Israel: A Survey of Recent Scholarship".
4736:
3892:"Seals in Ancient Israel and the Near East: Their Manufacture, Use, and Apparent Paradox of Pagan Symbolism"
2829:
1942:
1422:
648:
47:
30:
This article is about the ancient Levantine deity. For the modern Judeo-Christian conception of Yahweh, see
8139:
2667:
2511:, but according to the Biblical texts the temple in Jerusalem featured Yahweh's throne in the form of two
2466:
2231:
1367:
5040:
Injustice Made Legal: Deuteronomic Law and the Plight of Widows, Strangers, and Orphans in Ancient Israel
8134:
8129:
8109:
7600:
7538:
7028:
Studies in the Cult of Yahweh: Volume One: Studies in Historical Method, Ancient Israel, Ancient Judaism
2926:
2541:
2239:
2170:
2079:
1386:
1333:
1650:. This ties together various points of data, such as the absence of Yahweh from Canaan, his links with
7305:
Family Religion in Babylonia, Ugarit and Israel: Continuity and Changes in the Forms of Religious Life
3379:, p. 425: "While the identifcation of the verbal root in the Amorite names with and without the -
2155:
Towards the end of the Second Temple period, speaking the name of Yahweh in public became regarded as
8154:
8022:
7907:
2834:
2561:
2498:
2386:
2290:
1639:
1610:
in northern Arabia. Although it is still uncertain whether a relationship exists between the toponym
1454:
1286:
679:
2635:
showed a kneeling, bearded figure grasping a branch (a common Roman symbol of submission) subtitled
2274:
in the 9th century BCE. This form of worship was likely well established by the time of the prophet
2202:
The period of Persian rule saw the development of expectation in a future human king who would rule
7251:
2798:
2600:
2592:
2526:, and a number of scholars have argued that Yahweh was in fact represented prior to the reforms of
2516:
2429:
2369:
2203:
2117:
2059:
1938:
1889:
1789:
1727:
1450:
732:
169:
103:
35:
5666:
From Mari to Jerusalem and Back: Assyriological and Biblical Studies in Honor of Jack Murad Sasson
1993:, which may have emerged a century later (no "God of Judah" is mentioned anywhere in the Bible).
1324:, and in Jewish or Jewish-influenced Greco-Egyptian magical texts from the 1st to 5th century CE.
8015:
7463:
7344:
Wanke, Gunther (1984). "Prophecy and Psalms in the Persian Period". In Finkelstein, Louis (ed.).
6720:
6649:"On Deserted Landscapes and Divine Iconography: Iconographic Perspectives on the Origins of YHWH"
6566:
6153:
6145:
5189:
4556:
4548:
4501:
3422:
2557:
2478:
2450:
2207:
2178:
1673:
Alternatively, some scholars argue that YHWH worship was rooted in the indigenous culture of the
1667:
1478:
1321:
803:
315:
17:
7443:
7218:"El extraño caso del dios Qos. ¿Por qué la deidad edomita/idumea no es mencionada en la Biblia?"
7133:(2001). "Forging an Identity: The Emergence of Ancient Israel". In Coogan, Michael David (ed.).
6096:
5166:
2462:
2449:(El in the form of a bull) and the archaeological remains of further temples have been found at
2405:
in the late 7th century BCE. Sacrifice was presumably complemented by the singing or recital of
1354:; modern scholarship has reached consensus to transcribe this as "Yahweh". The shortened forms
8119:
7419:
7395:
7372:
7351:
7330:
7309:
7303:
7288:
7263:
7239:
7202:
7195:
Stone, Robert E. II (2000). "I Am Who I Am". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.).
7181:
7159:
7138:
7116:
7110:
7095:
7087:
7072:
7066:
7051:
7032:
7011:
6985:
6943:
6935:
6917:
6911:
6893:
6867:
6843:
6819:
6795:
6758:
6739:
6689:
6670:
6633:
6625:
6596:
6576:
6552:
6546:
6531:
6501:
6495:
6480:
6459:
6453:
6438:
6428:
6414:
6391:
6368:
6334:
6324:
6303:
6295:
6280:
6256:
6235:
6216:
6210:
6195:
6174:
6137:
6102:
6081:
6058:
6052:
6037:
6029:
6014:
5991:
5985:
5967:
5961:
5946:
5925:
5917:
5899:
5878:
5870:
5855:
5834:
5813:
5803:
5761:
5751:
5736:
5713:
5690:
5669:
5646:
5625:
5602:
5594:
5570:
5547:
5541:
5526:
5505:
5484:
5476:
5458:
5430:
5422:
5407:
5401:
5386:
5365:
5355:
5341:
5320:
5299:
5274:
5251:
5245:
5227:
5219:
5211:
5197:
5174:
5151:
5145:
5130:
5109:
5086:
5065:
5044:
5023:
5000:
4979:
4955:
4936:
4912:
4906:
4891:
4870:
4849:
4828:
4820:
4805:
4797:
4782:
4581:
4540:
4491:
4203:
3848:
3823:
3803:
3797:
3679:
3637:
2709:
2482:
2097:
1805:
1635:
1584:
1564:
1513:
1506:
219:
64:
7366:
7324:
6961:
6757:. Novum Testamentum et Orbis Antiquus. Vol. 104. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
6733:
6590:
6570:
6523:
6432:
6274:
6189:
6149:
5940:
5563:"El the God of Israel-Israel the People of YHWH: On the Origins of Ancient Israelite Yahwism"
5448:
5038:
4843:
3838:
7577:
7519:
7488:
7455:
7387:
7229:
7196:
6977:
6861:
6785:
6712:
6660:
6346:
6129:
5849:
5784:
5472:
5314:
5266:
5124:
5080:
4532:
3844:
3671:
3627:
3617:
3606:"When and from Where did YHWH Emerge? Some Reflections on Early Yahwism in Israel and Judah"
3414:
2902:
2876:
2713:
2394:
2390:
2247:
2129:
2121:
2067:
1990:
1817:
1722:
1721:
In the Early Iron Age, the modern consensus is that there was no distinction in language or
1678:
1482:
1378:
920:
689:
600:
500:
95:
6839:
The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel's Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts
2159:. When reading from the scriptures, Jews began to substitute the divine name with the word
1457:
from the reconstruction of the Temple in 515 BCE until its destruction in 70 CE.
370:
8094:
7969:
7959:
7780:
7716:
7130:
4969:
3822:
E. A. Knauf. (1999). Qos Karel van der Toorn, Bob Becking, Pieter Willem van der Horst ,
2946:
2663:
2659:
2545:
2145:
2141:
2101:
2008:
1793:
1627:
1449:
Other academic terms often used include First Temple period, from the construction of the
1426:
1347:
1306:
1144:
425:
390:
146:
115:
5664:. In Azzoni, Annalisa; Kleinerman, Alexandra; Knight, Douglas A.; Owen, David I. (eds.).
4845:
A History of Israelite Religion, Volume I: From the Beginnings to the End of the Monarchy
2120:
was destroyed, and the leadership of the community were deported. The next 50 years, the
7509:
4952:
The Colossian Syncretism: The Interface Between Christianity and Folk Belief at Colossae
8054:
7919:
7865:
7839:
7770:
7476:
6270:
5913:
5871:"'Many nations will be joined to YHWH in that day': The question of YHWH outside Judah"
2930:
2849:
2839:
2803:
2774:
2648:
2565:
2406:
2302:
2298:
2186:
2128:
to Yahweh (see below) could not be performed outside Israel, other practices including
2113:
2055:
2004:, Baal may have briefly replaced Yahweh as the national god of Israel (but not Judah).
1782:
1474:
1470:
1410:
142:
137:
43:
31:
5543:
Edom, Israel's Brother and Antagonist: The Role of Edom in Biblical Prophecy and Story
5061:
Understanding YHWH: The Name of God in Biblical, Rabbinic, and Medieval Jewish Thought
3660:"God's Best 'Frenemy': A New Perspective on YHWH and Baal in Ancient Israel and Judah"
2124:, were of pivotal importance to the history of Israelite religion. As the traditional
850:
684:
530:
380:
8088:
7755:
7467:
6957:
6931:
6907:
6881:
6857:
6833:
6807:
6157:
5567:
Only One God?: Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah
5289:
5020:
Only One God?: Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah
4560:
2760:
2608:
2410:
2401:
or to Yahweh himself, was a part of Israelite/Judahite religion until the reforms of
2361:
2328:
2149:
2137:
2093:
2070:(near Lachish) he is mentioned as the ruler of Jerusalem and probably also of Judah.
2044:
1946:
1912:
1714:
1666:, but its major weaknesses are that the majority of Israelites were firmly rooted in
1643:
1595:
1278:
1055:
787:
420:
285:
173:
7787:
4798:"The Role of Archaeological and Literary Remains in Reconstructing Israel's History"
1911:
It has been argued that Yahweh was originally described as one of the sons of El in
777:
699:
525:
8032:
8010:
7856:
7561:
6999:
5981:
5686:
A Story of YHWH: Cultural Translation and Subversive Reception in Israelite History
5382:
Interpreting Judean Pillar Figurines: Gender and Empire in Judean Apotropaic Ritual
5167:"A Land Divided: Judah and Israel from the Death of Solomon to the Fall of Samaria"
2433:
2243:
2227:
1970:
1966:
1857:
1750:
1739:
1701:
1631:
1035:
975:
885:
545:
535:
445:
435:
430:
245:
181:
153:
119:
83:
68:
6133:
2011:, there are indications of rejection of Baal worship associated with the prophets
1907:, under the inscription "Yahweh of Samaria and his Asherah" (c. 800 BCE)
757:
7413:
7345:
7153:
7048:
Studies in the Cult of Yahweh: Volume Two: New Testament, Christianity, and Magic
7026:
7003:
6837:
6683:
6619:. Translated by Creech, Thomas. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. (published 1874).
6474:
6318:
6250:
5893:
5797:
5728:
5684:
5640:
5520:
5499:
5380:
5359:
5335:
5293:
5059:
4994:
4973:
4885:
4864:
4732:
The Great Mosque of Damascus: Studies on the Makings of an Umayyad Visual Culture
4575:
2560:
texts dating from the 2nd century BCE to the 5th century CE, most notably in the
8037:
7887:
7882:
7870:
7844:
7635:
7625:
7605:
7572:
7409:
7234:
7217:
6361:"A Conversation with My Critics: Cultic Image or Aniconism in the First Temple?"
5241:
2402:
2294:
2283:
2279:
2024:
1954:
Nonetheless, some scholars argue that El Elyon ("the Most High") and Yahweh are
1885:
1868:
1768: even Sinai at the presence of Yahweh, the God of Israel.
1618:, the dominant view is that Yahweh was from the southern region associated with
1494:
1277:
Over time the existence of other gods was denied, and Yahweh was proclaimed the
1194:
1169:
1060:
1050:
955:
875:
865:
635:
575:
405:
310:
165:
149:
6497:
Biblical History and Israel's Past: The Changing Study of the Bible and History
5565:. In Becking, Bob; Dijkstra, Meindert; Korpel, Marjo C.A.; et al. (eds.).
5361:
Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic: Essays in the History of the Religion of Israel
7827:
7812:
7281:. In Van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; Van der Horst, Pieter Willem (eds.).
6973:
6212:
Re-Reading the Scriptures: Essays on the Literary History of the Old Testament
3277:
2788:
2750:
2589:
2446:
2373:
2365:
2263:
2223:
2174:
2133:
2032:
2028:
1619:
1533:). Hillel Ben-Sasson states there is insufficient evidence for Amorites using
1390:
1389:, the name of God was pronounced only once a year, by the high priest, on the
1371:
1282:
1139:
1099:
1080:
900:
880:
752:
580:
470:
455:
385:
375:
208:
204:
189:
177:
131:
107:
87:
7459:
7243:
6913:
God in Translation: Deities in Cross-Cultural Discourse in the Biblical World
6799:
6790:
6773:
6674:
6665:
6648:
6338:
6230:
Levenson, Jon D. (2014). "Genesis". In Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc (eds.).
6141:
5817:
4869:
Studies in Biblical Literature. Vol. 3. Society of Biblical Literature.
4544:
3683:
3641:
3622:
3605:
674:
7964:
7914:
7687:
7347:
The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 1, Introduction, The Persian Period
7008:
The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 1, Introduction: The Persian Period
5247:
Cosmos, Chaos, and the World to Come: The Ancient Roots of Apocalyptic Faith
4720:
4696:
3675:
2844:
2732:
2544:
imagination". Other scholars argue that there is no certain evidence of any
2523:
2382:
2377:
2125:
1985:
on Earth of the national god. Yahweh filled the role of national god in the
1710:
1706:
1224:
1199:
1189:
1174:
1045:
1000:
940:
845:
630:
620:
590:
540:
7523:
5788:
4505:
767:
762:
664:
505:
7492:
6981:
5269:. In Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann (eds.).
5147:
Exploring the Religion of Ancient Israel: Prophet, Priest, Sage and People
3840:
Identity in Conflict: The Struggle between Esau and Jacob, Edom and Israel
8047:
8042:
8027:
7981:
7924:
7877:
7721:
7677:
7672:
6610:
5271:
The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books
5190:"Into Exile: From the Assyrian Conquest of Israel to the Fall of Babylon"
3391:, "to be, be evident", for at least some portion of these Amorite names."
2721:
2705:
2687:
2644:
2536:
2527:
2508:
2504:
2454:
2334:
2063:
2048:
1962:
1955:
1864:
1832:
1204:
1179:
1104:
970:
915:
605:
475:
465:
450:
415:
280:
161:
127:
6863:
The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel
3799:
La fraternité de Jacob et d'Esaü (Gn 25–36): quel frère aîné pour Jacob?
1556:
One scholarly theory is that "Yahweh" originated in a shortened form of
1537:
for gods, but he argues that it mirrors other theophoric names and that
145:(YHWH), the main Hebrew name of God (Yahweh) inscribed on the page of a
55:
8059:
7991:
7944:
7902:
7861:
7807:
7775:
7760:
7741:
7697:
7692:
7682:
7667:
7662:
6724:
4866:
Israel in Exile: The History and Literature of the Sixth Century B.C.E.
4753:
4676:
3426:
3402:
2824:
2728:
2717:
2696:
2675:
2655:
2640:
2612:
2596:
2573:
2485:
and Dan were also major sites for festivals, sacrifices, the making of
2442:
2425:
2349:
2342:
2317:
2211:
2040:
2020:
2001:
1982:
1974:
1836:
1813:
1731:
1682:
1567:
1317:, the original pronunciation of the god's name was forgotten entirely.
1214:
1209:
1159:
1065:
985:
960:
925:
890:
840:
830:
747:
742:
737:
727:
709:
704:
694:
625:
610:
595:
550:
515:
440:
400:
365:
355:
350:
193:
99:
7415:
The Religions of Ancient Israel: A Synthesis of Parallactic Approaches
6755:
Bacchius Iudaeus: A Denarius Commemorating Pompey's Victory over Judea
5963:
Among the Host of Heaven: The Syro-Palestinian Pantheon as Bureaucracy
4552:
3632:
2534:
late in the monarchic period: to quote one study, "n early aniconism,
2084:
1801:
Alternatively, parts of the storm god imagery could derive from Baal.
1505:
causes to exist"), commonly denoted as the semantic equivalent of the
7817:
7792:
7731:
7726:
5661:
5522:
Did God Have A Wife?: Archaeology And Folk Religion in Ancient Israel
4712:
2740:
2736:
2700:, Plutarch further notes that the Jews hail their god with cries of "
2683:
2628:
2577:
2569:
2531:
2512:
2474:
2470:
2398:
2353:
2346:
2271:
2222:, both prophets of the early Persian period. They saw the messiah in
2215:
2195:
2161:
2016:
2012:
1978:
1840:
1828:
1775:
1686:
1659:
1655:
1647:
1603:
1229:
1184:
1164:
1154:
1149:
1129:
1124:
1109:
1094:
1090:
1010:
980:
965:
950:
945:
930:
905:
870:
855:
835:
815:
782:
772:
721:
659:
570:
360:
320:
300:
290:
255:
240:
123:
79:
7487:. Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Historia del Antiguo Oriente.
6716:
6320:
YHWH at Patmos: Rev. 1:4 in Its Hellenistic and Early Jewish Setting
6171:
Yehezkel Kaufmann and the Reinvention of Jewish Biblical Scholarship
6166:
6117:
5126:
The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation Including the Demonic Spells
5082:
Approaching Yehud: New Approaches to the Study of the Persian Period
3891:
3659:
3418:
3371:
elements in these names must be understood to reflect the same root
2701:
1809:
6735:
A Social History of Hebrew: Its Origins Through the Rabbinic Period
6592:
The Royal God: Enthronement Festivals in Ancient Israel and Ugarit?
6296:"Yahweh's Asherah, Inclusive Monotheism and the Question of Dating"
4740:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982, 1985 reprinting), p. 252, entry on
4536:
4216:
Taliaferro, Charles; Harrison, Victoria S.; Goetz, Stewart (2012).
7974:
7954:
7897:
7822:
7802:
7748:
7707:
7642:
7630:
6890:
Prayer, Magic, and the Stars in the Ancient and Late Antique World
5265:
Coogan, Michael D.; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann (2007).
5224:
The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 3, The Early Roman Period
2671:
2620:
2616:
2604:
2458:
2420:
2357:
2338:
2275:
2251:
2235:
2156:
2083:
1931:
1898:
1824:
1760: when you marched out of the field of Edom,
1700:
1663:
1599:
1580:
1502:
1404:
1290:
1134:
1119:
1085:
1075:
1030:
995:
990:
935:
910:
895:
825:
717:
713:
615:
585:
520:
510:
480:
410:
345:
325:
275:
265:
136:
54:
6169:. In Jindo, Job Y.; Sommer, Benjamin D.; Staubli, Thomas (eds.).
4999:. The Mother of the Lord. Vol. 1. Bloomsbury T&T Clark.
3213:
3211:
3209:
3207:
2708:", phrases associated with the worship of Dionysus. According to
1397:, the original pronunciation of the name was forgotten entirely.
7996:
7949:
7939:
7934:
7892:
7797:
7736:
7702:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7620:
5622:
The Cambridge History of Judaism: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period
2166:
1997:
1899:
1774: From their courses, they fought against
1746:
1735:
1651:
1623:
1607:
1529:
to any human ancestor and combined it with other elements (e.g.
1351:
1294:
1114:
1070:
860:
820:
669:
563:
493:
460:
295:
270:
250:
235:
197:
111:
7534:
7530:
7031:. Leiden, The Netherlands, New York, and Cologne: E. J. Brill.
6970:
Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft
6936:"Monotheism and the Redefinition of Divinity in Ancient Israel"
6034:
The Oxford Handbook of the Historical Books of the Hebrew Bible
5662:"The Name YhwꜢ as a People: Reconsidering the Amorite Evidence"
3546:
3544:
2181:, the scriptures were translated into Greek by the Jews of the
1915:, and that this was removed by a later emendation to the text:
8064:
7834:
2818:
2679:
2580:. In these texts, he is often mentioned alongside traditional
2486:
2262:
Although the specific process by which the Israelites adopted
2185:. Greek translations of the Hebrew scriptures render both the
2173:
was permitted to speak the name once in the Temple during the
1958:
for the same deity in the text, based on contextual analysis.
1638:, which holds that traders brought Yahweh to Israel along the
1219:
1040:
260:
5877:. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 175–87.
5758:
Journal for the Study of the Old Testament: Supplement Series
5455:
Journal for the Study of the Old Testament: Supplement Series
4521:"Sabazius and the Jews in Valerius Maximus: a Re-examination"
2911:
2885:
2054:
Some scholars date the start of widespread monotheism to the
6007:"Yahweh's "Wife" and Belief in One God in the Old Testament"
184:
practices as their worship apparently included a variety of
7765:
6030:"Yahwistic Religion in the Assyrian and Babylonian Periods"
4685:
Judeophobia: Attitudes toward the Jews in the Ancient World
4488:
Judaism and Hellenism in Antiquity: Conflict or Confluence?
2917:
2891:
2888:
2489:, private rituals, and the adjudication of legal disputes.
1563:
The oldest plausible occurrence of Yahweh's name is in the
1289:, speaking the name of Yahweh in public became regarded as
305:
207:
and Yahweh became conflated and El-linked epithets such as
6774:"Signs of YHWH, God of the Hebrews, in New Kingdom Egypt?"
5987:
Israelite Religions: An Archaeological and Biblical Survey
5642:
Yahweh before Israel: Glimpses of History in a Divine Name
5501:
Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From
4908:
The Hebrew Bible: A Translation with Commentary (Volume 3)
4577:
Roman Republican Moneyers and Their Coins, 63 B.C.–49 B.C.
4072:
4070:
164:
literature, he possesses attributes typically ascribed to
7050:. Leiden, The Netherlands, New York, and Cologne: Brill.
3966:
3964:
3173:
3171:
2908:
2882:
2177:, but at no other time and in no other place. During the
1816:
and the Edomite cult of Qōs hint at a shared connection.
126:. The origins of his worship reach at least to the early
7158:. Vetus Testamentum, Supplements. Vol. 187. BRILL.
6054:
In the Beginning: A Short History of the Hebrew Language
4301:
4299:
4099:
4097:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3979:
1429:
place the history of Yahweh into the following periods:
7477:"Toward a new synthesis of the god of Edom and Yaheweh"
4802:
The Fabric of History: Text, Artifact and Israel's Past
3095:
3093:
3091:
2548:
representation of Yahweh during the pre-exilic period.
1926: according to the number of the heavenly assembly.
5942:
From Gods to God: The Dynamics of Iron Age Cosmologies
5918:"'There Was No King in Israel': The Era of the Judges"
5895:
Ancient Israel: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It?
4744:, cites Juvenal, Petronius, and Florus as examples of
3194:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3146:
3144:
3015:
3013:
2522:
There is no universally accepted explanation for such
2519:) as a footstool, while the throne itself was empty.
1920:
When the Most High gave the nations their inheritance,
1764: Yes, the clouds dropped water.
1497:
texts, meaning "brings to life/causes to exist" (e.g.
7390:. In Stavrakopoulou, Francesca; Barton, John (eds.).
7258:. In Platvoet, Jan. G.; Van der Toorn, Karel (eds.).
6524:"The Rise of YHWH in Judahite and Israelite Religion"
6076:. In Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger Aubrey (eds.).
5873:. In Stavrakopoulou, Francesca; Barton, John (eds.).
5704:
Freedman, D.N.; O'Connor, M.P.; Ringgren, H. (1986).
5425:. In Stavrakopoulou, Francesca; Barton, John (eds.).
3030:
3028:
2914:
2074:
Neo-Babylonian and Persian Periods (586–332 BCE)
1989:, which emerged in the 10th century BCE; and also in
6365:
Essays on Ancient Israel in Its Near Eastern Context
6167:"The Rise, Decline and Renewal of Biblical Religion"
6009:. In Hoffmeier, James K.; Magary, Dennis R. (eds.).
4175:
2515:, their inner wings forming the seat and a box (the
1808:, it has also been suggested that the Edomite deity
67:
period, possibly representing Yahweh enthroned on a
7260:
Pluralism and Identity: Studies in Ritual Behaviour
5829:. In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.).
2905:
2879:
2376:wanderings. The festivals thus celebrated Yahweh's
1297:instead began to substitute other words, primarily
7323:Vriezen, T. C.; van der Woude, Simon Adam (2005).
6814:. In Freedman, David Noel; Myer, Allen C. (eds.).
6711:(3). The Society of Biblical Literature: 297–307.
5104:. In Freedman, David Noel; Myer, Allen C. (eds.).
4490:. University of Washington Press. pp. 38–60.
7068:The Bodies of God and the World of Ancient Israel
6964:. In Van Oorschot, Jürgen; Witte, Markus (eds.).
6703:Rosenberg, Roy A. (1966). "Yahweh Becomes King".
2445:featuring a bronze bull reminiscent of Canaanite
2104:c. 20–10 BCE (modern model, 1:50 scale)
7090:. In Berlin, Adele; Grossman, Maxine L. (eds.).
6528:The Triumph of Elohim: From Yahwisms to Judaisms
5599:The Triumph of Elohim: From Yahwisms to Judaisms
5337:Divine Doppelgängers: YHWH's Ancient Look-Alikes
4687:(Harvard University Press, 1997), pp. 41, 79–80.
2639:, which may be translated as either "The Jewish
42:. For the name "YHWH" and its vocalization, see
7392:Religious Diversity in Ancient Israel and Judah
6940:The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Ancient Israel
6548:Canaan and Israel in Antiquity: An Introduction
5875:Religious diversity in Ancient Israel and Judah
5733:The Wiley-Blackwell History of Jews and Judaism
5595:"Tracking Observance of the Aniconic Tradition"
5588:. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. pp. 70 and 263.
5427:Religious Diversity in Ancient Israel and Judah
4975:The Great Angel: A Study of Israel's Second God
1917:
1755:
1413:, 8th c. BCE, "Blessed is/be Uriyahu by Yahweh"
6518:Continuum International Publishing Group, 2010
6032:. In Kelle, Brad E.; Strawn, Brent A. (eds.).
5298:(2nd ed.). Presbyterian Publishing Corp.
4353:
4329:
3708:
2980:
7546:
7326:Ancient Israelite And Early Jewish Literature
7284:Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible
7004:"Jewish Religious Life in the Persian Period"
6516:Cognitive Perspectives on Israelite Identity,
6095:King, Philip J.; Stager, Lawrence E. (2001).
6036:. Oxford University Press. pp. 241–253.
5129:(2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press.
4929:Monotheism and Yahweh's Appropriation of Baal
4827:. Oxford University Press. pp. 219–248.
4734:(Brill, 2001), pp. 81 and 83 (note 118). The
3825:Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible
3586:
3574:
3562:
3550:
2000:, and particularly following his marriage to
1377:!" The sacrality of the name, as well as the
1258:
8:
7394:. Continuum International Publishing Group.
7155:The "God of Israel" in History and Tradition
7092:The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion
6962:"Proposals for the Original Profile of YHWH"
6494:Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E. (2011).
6234:(Second ed.). Oxford University Press.
5753:No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel
5708:. In Botterweck, G.J.; Ringgren, H. (eds.).
5429:. Continuum International Publishing Group.
3955:
3288:
2651:, who was overthrown by Pompey's campaign.
2540:or otherwise, is purely a projection of the
2297:of all the earth is first elaborated by the
2062:aggression. In an inscription discovered in
1461:Late Bronze Age origins (1550–1200 BCE)
1337:
7046:Smith, Morton; Cohen, Shaye J. D. (1996b).
7025:Smith, Morton; Cohen, Shaye J. D. (1996a).
5939:Halpern, Baruch; Adams, Matthew J. (2009).
5760:. Vol. 241. Sheffield Academic Press.
5710:Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament
5457:. Vol. 265. Sheffield Academic Press.
5450:Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan
4652:
4612:
3791:
3789:
3523:
3487:
3217:
3004:
2368:from Egypt, Shavuot with the law-giving at
2136:gained new significance. In the writing of
71:. This identification is disputed, however.
7553:
7539:
7531:
7448:Journal for the Study of the Old Testament
7444:"Yahweh, the Canaanite God of Metallurgy?"
6384:"Kinship and Kingship: The early Monarchy"
6276:Israel's History and the History of Israel
6191:Experiencing God: Theology as Spirituality
6013:. Wheaton, IL: Crossway. pp. 459–76.
5799:Ancient Canaan and Israel: An Introduction
5400:Davies, Philip R.; Rogerson, John (2005).
5222:; Davies, W. D.; Horbury, William (eds.).
4756:; also, to some symbolization of Jehovah."
3890:Seevers, Boyd V; Korhonen, Rachel (2016).
3802:(in French). Labor et Fides. p. 257.
3439:
3387:show the viability of a West Semitic root
3265:
1766:The mountains quaked at Yahweh's presence,
1313:and destruction of its Temple, in 70
1265:
1251:
214:
7233:
6888:. In Noegel, Scott; Walker, Joel (eds.).
6789:
6664:
6452:Miller, James M.; Hayes, John H. (1986).
6363:. In Amit, Yaira; Naʼaman, Nadav (eds.).
6194:. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers.
5729:"Priests and Levites in the Hebrew Bible"
4719:1.40 (3.5.30): "The Jews tried to defend
4664:
4640:
4600:
4413:
4401:
4266:
3896:Near East Archaeological Society Bulletin
3631:
3621:
3312:
2206:Israel as Yahweh's representative at the
1762:the earth trembled, the sky also dropped.
1477:3:14, appearing to be a late theological
63:, a 4th-century BCE silver coin from the
7135:The Oxford History of the Biblical World
6388:The Oxford History of the Biblical World
5922:The Oxford History of the Biblical World
5851:An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism
5194:The Oxford History of the Biblical World
5171:The Oxford History of the Biblical World
4624:
4242:
4076:
4037:
3919:
3780:
3499:
3403:"Was Yahweh Originally a Creator Deity?"
3376:
2413:played little role in official worship.
1338:
6628:. In Bromiley, Geoffrey William (ed.).
6613:(n.d.). Goodwin, William Watson (ed.).
4389:
4305:
4199:
4103:
3970:
3768:
3360:
3162:
3123:
3058:
3019:
2992:
2968:
2961:
2867:
2289:Finally, in the national crisis of the
2238:(i.e. a descendant). From these ideas,
1928:For the Lord's allotment is his people,
217:
172:, fructifying the land and leading the
7256:"Ritual Resistance and Self-Assertion"
4449:
4377:
4317:
4290:
4278:
4163:
4127:
4013:
4001:
3989:
3732:
3535:
3511:
3451:
3241:
3046:
2385:1–16, with their stress on purity and
6455:A History of Ancient Israel and Judah
4473:
4461:
4425:
4365:
4341:
4230:
4187:
4151:
4139:
4088:
4061:
4049:
4025:
3943:
3877:
3865:
3756:
3744:
3720:
3696:
3653:
3651:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3463:
3348:
3336:
3300:
3253:
3229:
3198:
3177:
3150:
3135:
3111:
3099:
3082:
3070:
3034:
2945:
2690:used to argue that Jews worshipped a
1924:he set the boundaries of the peoples,
1594:) in an inscription from the time of
7:
8150:Religion in ancient Israel and Judah
6575:, Wilfrid Laurier University Press,
6572:Yahweh: The Divine Name in the Bible
6526:. In Edelman, Diana Vikander (ed.).
5597:. In Edelman, Diana Vikander (ed.).
5316:The Social Roots of Biblical Yahwism
4800:. In Edelman, Diana Vikander (ed.).
4437:
4254:
4115:
3931:
3324:
2035:came to be applied to Yahweh alone.
176:against Israel's enemies. The early
5423:"Urban Religion and Rural Religion"
3475:
2934:
2814:History of ancient Israel and Judah
2712:, Greek speakers may have confused
2409:, but again the details are scant.
1922: when he divided up humankind,
1697:Early Iron Age (1200–1000 BCE)
6886:"Astral Religion and the Divinity"
6589:Petersen, Allan Rosengren (1998).
6386:. In Coogan, Michael David (ed.).
6351:The New Jerome Biblical Commentary
5920:. In Coogan, Michael David (ed.).
5586:The Religion and Culture of Israel
5481:Near Eastern Archaeology: A Reader
5319:. Society of Biblical Literature.
5192:. In Coogan, Michael David (ed.).
5169:. In Coogan, Michael David (ed.).
4779:Near Eastern Archaeology: A Reader
4176:Coogan, Brettler & Newsom 2007
2465:, both in the territory of Judah.
2397:, whether to the underworld deity
1758:Yahweh, when you went out of Seir,
1717:), representing El, Baal or Yahweh
1705:Early Iron Age bull figurine from
1314:
1309:"). In Roman times, following the
1241:Religions of the ancient Near East
25:
7388:"Royal Religion in Ancient Judah"
6732:Schniedewind, William M. (2013).
5796:Golden, Jonathan Michael (2009).
5618:"Early Forms of Jewish Mysticism"
5477:"Religion and Cult in the Levant"
4823:. In Tiemeyer, Lena-Sofia (ed.).
4519:Lane, Eugene N. (November 1979).
4218:The Routledge Companion to Theism
2739:, identified Yahweh with the god
2694:form of Bacchus–Dionysus. In his
2503:Yahweh-worship was thought to be
2389:, were introduced only after the
2258:Yahweh and the rise of monotheism
2214:. The first to mention this were
1848:Late Iron Age (1000–586 BCE)
1658:in the biblical stories, and the
1473:"), the explanation presented in
1395:destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE
18:Criticisms and theories on Yahweh
7198:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
6816:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
6630:The Encyclodedia of Christianity
6407:"Aniconism in the Old Testament"
6359:Mettinger, Tryggve N.D. (2006).
5831:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
5106:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
3796:Manyanya, Lévi Ngangura (2009).
2901:
2875:
2767:
2753:
2556:Yahweh is frequently invoked in
2453:on Israel's northern border, at
1878:
1856:
1442:Neo-Babylonian: 586–539 BCE
7006:. In Finkelstein, Louis (ed.).
6458:. Westminster John Knox Press.
6437:. Westminster John Knox Press.
6252:The Origin and Character of God
6101:. Westminster John Knox Press.
5100:Betz, Arnold Gottfried (2000).
5016:"The Gods in Whom They Trusted"
4978:. Westminster John Knox Press.
4796:Ahlström, Gösta Werner (1991).
2058:, and view it as a response to
1871:is thought to represent Yahweh.
1433:Late Bronze: 1550–1200 BCE
7442:Amzallag, Nissim (June 2009).
7350:. Cambridge University Press.
7071:. Cambridge University Press.
7010:. Cambridge University Press.
6705:Journal of Biblical Literature
6476:Yahweh: Origin of a Desert God
6434:The Religion of Ancient Israel
6413:. Cambridge University Press.
6300:In Search of Pre-Exilic Israel
6122:Journal of Biblical Literature
6078:Mercer Dictionary of the Bible
5833:. Amsterdam University Press.
5731:. In Alan T., Levenson (ed.).
5645:. Cambridge University Press.
5624:. Cambridge University Press.
5226:. Cambridge University Press.
5216:"The Temple and the Synagogue"
3407:Journal of Biblical Literature
1772:From the sky the stars fought.
1709:at Dhahrat et-Tawileh (modern
1493:), found in personal names in
1439:Iron Age II: 1000–586 BCE
1436:Iron Age I: 1200–1000 BCE
1332:The god's name was written in
1:
7302:Van der Toorn, Karel (1996).
7277:Van der Toorn, Karel (1999).
6772:Shalomi Hen, Racheli (2021).
6473:Miller II, Robert D. (2021).
6150:10.15699/jbl.1381.2019.508716
6134:10.15699/jbl.1381.2019.508716
5825:Gorman, Frank H. Jr. (2000).
5479:. In Richard, Suzanne (ed.).
5334:Cornell, Collin, ed. (2021).
4825:The Oxford Handbook of Isaiah
4777:. In Richard, Suzanne (ed.).
2727:Other Roman writers, such as
1977:was the god of the Moabites,
1285:to be worshipped. During the
7086:Sommer, Benjamin D. (2011).
7065:Sommer, Benjamin D. (2009).
6688:. Harvard University Press.
6353:. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
5660:Fleming, Daniel E. (2020b).
5620:. In Katz, Steven T. (ed.).
5584:Eakin, Frank E. Jr. (1971).
5364:. Harvard University Press.
5165:Campbell, Edward F. (2001).
4525:The Journal of Roman Studies
2631:to celebrate his successful
1905:jar found at Kuntillet Ajrud
1823:Unlike the chief god of the
1804:From the perspective of the
186:Canaanite gods and goddesses
61:God on the Winged Wheel coin
8115:Deities in the Hebrew Bible
7515:Biblical Archaeology Review
7371:. Oxford University Press.
7368:The Early History of Heaven
7235:10.47182/rb.85.n1-2-2023349
7216:Tebes, Juan Manuel (2023).
7137:. Oxford University Press.
7109:Sperling, S. David (2017).
7094:. Oxford University Press.
6938:. In Niditch, Susan (ed.).
6842:. Oxford University Press.
6647:Pyschny, Katharina (2021).
6390:. Oxford University Press.
6317:McDonough, Sean M. (1999).
6255:. Oxford University Press.
6249:Lewis, Theodore J. (2020).
6080:. Mercer University Press.
5924:. Oxford University Press.
5869:Grabbe, Lester L. (2010b).
5802:. Oxford University Press.
5750:Gnuse, Robert Karl (1997).
5727:Geller, Stephen A. (2012).
5639:Fleming, Daniel E. (2020).
5561:Dijkstra, Meindert (2001).
5498:Dever, William G. (2003b).
5295:Stories from Ancient Canaan
5273:. Oxford University Press.
5196:. Oxford University Press.
5173:. Oxford University Press.
5064:. Palgrave Macmillan Cham.
5058:Ben-Sasson, Hillel (2019).
5037:Bennett, Harold V. (2002).
4950:Arnold, Clinton E. (1996).
4926:Anderson, James S. (2015).
4476:, pp. 11, 16, 80, 126.
2436:or follower, c. 1896–1902).
2242:would later emerge, whence
2090:Holyland Model of Jerusalem
1987:kingdom of Israel (Samaria)
134:, if not somewhat earlier.
8181:
7365:Wright, J. Edward (2002).
7152:Stahl, Michael J. (2021).
6866:(2nd ed.). Eerdmans.
6405:MacDonald, Nathan (2007).
6072:Humphries, W. Lee (1990).
5848:Grabbe, Lester L. (2010).
5593:Edelman, Diana V. (1995).
5519:Dever, William G. (2005).
5421:Davies, Philip R. (2010).
5123:Betz, Hans Dieter (1996).
4884:Allen, Spencer L. (2015).
4354:Davies & Rogerson 2005
4330:Davies & Rogerson 2005
3658:Stahl, Michael J. (2021).
3604:Frevel, Christian (2021).
2925:in English; 𐤉𐤄𐤅𐤄 in
2821:, a short form of the name
2794:God in Abrahamic religions
2496:
2326:
2315:
2199:(κύριος), meaning "Lord".
2077:
1934:is his special possession.
1553:which means "he will be".
1320:Yahweh is also invoked in
40:God in Abrahamic religions
29:
7616:
7568:
7510:"Yahweh's Desert Origins"
7174:Stavrakopoulou, Francesca
6942:. John Wiley & Sons.
6738:. Yale University Press.
6632:. Vol. 5. Eerdmans.
6409:. In Gordon, R.P. (ed.).
6209:Levin, Christoph (2013).
6116:Kitz, Anne Marie (2019).
6028:Hess, Richard S. (2020).
6005:Hess, Richard S. (2012).
5960:Handy, Lowell K. (1994).
5712:. Vol. 5. Eerdmans.
5406:. Westminster John Knox.
5313:Cook, Stephen L. (2004).
5250:. Yale University Press.
5188:Cogan, Mordechai (2001).
5079:Berquist, Jon L. (2007).
5018:. In Becking, Bob (ed.).
4993:Barker, Margaret (2012).
4848:. Westminster John Knox.
4819:Albani, Matthias (2020).
4580:Seaby. pp. 115–118.
4064:, pp. 8, 33–34, 135.
3401:Hyatt, J. Philip (1967).
2935:
2364:of Israel: Passover with
2144:to the Persian conqueror
2092:'s representation of the
1969:associated with specific
1445:Persian: 539–332 BCE
1383:taking the name 'in vain'
1343:
1302:
130:, and likely to the Late
102:and its other descendant
7460:10.1177/0309089209105686
6791:10.46586/er.12.2021.9463
6753:Scott, James M. (2015).
6666:10.46586/er.12.2021.9263
6514:Nestor, Dermot Anthony,
6188:Leech, Kenneth (2002) .
5683:Flynn, Shawn W. (2019).
5144:Chalmers, Aaron (2012).
4863:Albertz, Rainer (2003).
4842:Albertz, Rainer (1994).
4574:Harlan, Michael (1995).
3623:10.46586/er.12.2021.8776
2983:, pp. 411–412, 742.
2809:Historicity of the Bible
2784:Ancient Semitic religion
1677:and was promoted in the
1545:, derives from the root
1370:and in phrases such as "
180:may have leaned towards
7386:Wyatt, Nicolas (2010).
6522:Niehr, Herbert (1995).
6098:Life in Biblical Israel
5892:Grabbe, Lester (2007).
5403:The Old Testament World
5267:"Editors' Introduction"
4737:Oxford Latin Dictionary
4653:Smith & Cohen 1996a
4613:Smith & Cohen 1996a
4486:Levine, Lee I. (1998).
3676:10.2143/SE.63.0.3289896
3218:Smith & Cohen 1996b
3005:Miller & Hayes 1986
2830:Names of God in Judaism
2552:Graeco-Roman syncretism
2323:Festivals and sacrifice
1943:New English Translation
1888:seal reproduced in the
1685:. Frevel suggests that
98:, and later the god of
48:Yahweh (disambiguation)
27:Ancient Levantine deity
8125:Judeo-Christian topics
8100:Children of El (deity)
6966:The Origins of Yahwism
6682:Römer, Thomas (2015).
6624:Preuss, Horst (2008).
6616:Quaestiones Convivales
6530:. Peeters Publishers.
6382:Meyers, Carol (2001).
6298:. In Day, John (ed.).
6232:The Jewish Study Bible
6165:Knohl, Israel (2017).
6051:Hoffman, Joel (2004).
5789:10.1006/reli.1999.0198
5616:Elior, Rachel (2006).
5601:. Peeters Publishers.
4996:The Lady in the Temple
4905:Alter, Robert (2018).
4821:"Monotheism in Isaiah"
4699:, frg. 37.2; Schäfer,
4683:14.97; Peter Schäfer,
4016:, p. unpaginated.
3266:King & Stager 2001
2697:Quaestiones Convivales
2668:Marcus Terentius Varro
2437:
2372:, and Sukkot with the
2226:, a descendant of the
2105:
1952:
1908:
1799:
1718:
1414:
157:
72:
46:. For other uses, see
7508:Tebes, J. M. (2022).
7112:Ve-Eileh Divrei David
6982:10.1515/9783110448221
6294:Mastin, B.A. (2005).
5014:Becking, Bob (2001).
4890:. Walter de Gruyter.
4730:Finbarr Barry Flood,
4416:, pp. 21, 26–27.
2424:
2337:with the birthing of
2240:Second Temple Judaism
2171:High Priest of Israel
2165:(אֲדֹנָי), meaning "
2087:
2080:Second Temple Judaism
1965:saw the emergence of
1902:
1704:
1662:or Midianite ties of
1598:(1390–1352 BCE), the
1579:(in) the Land of the
1541:, or more accurately
1409:Uriyahu inscription,
1408:
1350:), transliterated as
140:
58:
7908:Sanghyang Adi Buddha
7252:Van der Toorn, Karel
6892:. Penn State Press.
6685:The Invention of God
6545:Noll, K. L. (2001).
5540:Dicou, Bert (1994).
5379:Darby, Erin (2014).
5340:. Penn State Press.
5288:Coogan, Michael D.;
3723:, pp. 7, 19–31.
3339:, pp. 211, 215.
3085:, pp. 8, 33–34.
2835:Sacred Name Movement
2582:Graeco-Roman deities
2562:Greek Magical Papyri
2558:Graeco-Roman magical
2499:Aniconism in Judaism
2142:Babylon in turn fell
1996:During the reign of
1558:ˀel ḏū yahwī ṣabaˀôt
1455:Second Temple period
1387:Second Temple period
1287:Second Temple period
680:Hutena and Hutellura
203:In later centuries,
8145:Reconstructed words
7850:God the Holy Spirit
7475:Kelley, J. (2009).
6778:Entangled Religions
6653:Entangled Religions
6567:Parke-Taylor, G. H.
5827:"Feasts, Festivals"
5735:. Wiley-Blackwell.
4752:"with reference to
4655:, pp. 232–233.
4464:, pp. 169–172.
4428:, pp. 293–297.
4404:, pp. 288–290.
4356:, pp. 158–165.
4332:, pp. 151–152.
4233:, pp. 70, 263.
4190:, pp. 182–183.
4040:, pp. 221–222.
3934:, pp. 103–104.
3771:, pp. 158–160.
3759:, pp. 171–172.
3709:Stavrakopoulou 2021
3610:Entangled Religions
3577:, pp. 247–248.
3220:, pp. 242–256.
2981:Stavrakopoulou 2021
2799:God in Christianity
2517:Ark of the Covenant
2430:Temple at Jerusalem
2027:and worship on the
1939:Book of Deuteronomy
1890:Jewish Encyclopedia
1790:World English Bible
1734:, his consort, and
733:Ninatta and Kulitta
104:Abrahamic religions
36:God in Christianity
8105:Conceptions of God
6429:Miller, Patrick D.
6173:. Academic Press.
6118:"The Verb *yahway"
5990:. Baker Academic.
5356:Cross, Frank Moore
5220:Finkelstein, Louis
5212:Cohen, Shaye J. D.
4118:, p. 247–248.
3909:Deuteronomy 32:8–9
3587:Van der Toorn 1995
3575:Van der Toorn 1995
3565:, pp. 912–13.
3563:Van der Toorn 1999
3551:Van der Toorn 1999
3429:– via JSTOR.
3327:, pp. 42, 57.
3138:, pp. 8, 135.
3061:, pp. 158–59.
2682:, and clusters of
2633:conquest of Judaea
2564:, under the names
2438:
2179:Hellenistic period
2108:In 587/6 BCE
2106:
1913:Deuteronomy 32:8–9
1909:
1867:, 727 to 698. The
1719:
1602:being nomads from
1415:
1322:Papyrus Amherst 63
1311:Siege of Jerusalem
712:dynastic deities (
158:
73:
8165:West Semitic gods
8082:
8081:
8023:Tenri-Ō-no-Mikoto
7578:In Zoroastrianism
7425:978-0-8264-6339-5
7401:978-0-567-03216-4
7378:978-0-19-534849-1
7357:978-0-521-21880-1
7336:978-90-04-12427-1
7315:978-90-04-10410-5
7294:978-0-8028-2491-2
7269:978-90-04-10373-3
7208:978-90-5356-503-2
7187:978-1-5098-6734-9
7165:978-90-04-44772-1
7144:978-0-19-513937-2
7122:978-90-04-34087-9
7101:978-0-19-973004-9
7078:978-0-521-51872-7
7057:978-90-04-10479-2
7038:978-90-04-10477-8
7017:978-0-521-21880-1
6991:978-3-11-044711-8
6949:978-0-470-65677-8
6923:978-3-16-149543-4
6899:978-0-271-04600-6
6873:978-0-8028-3972-5
6849:978-0-19-516768-9
6825:978-90-5356-503-2
6764:978-3-525-54045-9
6745:978-0-300-17668-1
6695:978-0-674-50497-4
6639:978-0-8028-2417-2
6602:978-1-85075-864-8
6595:. A&C Black.
6582:978-0-88920-013-5
6558:978-1-84127-258-0
6551:. A&C Black.
6537:978-90-5356-503-2
6507:978-0-8028-6260-0
6486:978-3-647-54086-3
6465:978-0-664-21262-9
6444:978-0-664-22145-4
6420:978-0-521-87365-9
6411:The God of Israel
6397:978-0-19-513937-2
6374:978-1-57506-128-3
6347:McKenzie, John L.
6330:978-3-16-147055-4
6309:978-0-567-24554-0
6286:978-1-317-48893-4
6262:978-0-19-007254-4
6241:978-0-19-997846-5
6222:978-3-16-152207-9
6201:978-1-57910-613-3
6180:978-3-525-54414-3
6108:978-0-664-22148-5
6087:978-0-86554-373-7
6064:978-0-8147-3706-4
6043:978-0-19-026116-0
6020:978-1-4335-2574-2
5997:978-0-8010-2717-8
5973:978-0-931464-84-3
5952:978-3-16-149902-9
5931:978-0-19-513937-2
5905:978-0-567-03254-6
5898:. A&C Black.
5884:978-0-567-03216-4
5861:978-0-567-55248-8
5854:. A&C Black.
5840:978-1-57506-083-5
5809:978-0-19-537985-3
5767:978-0-567-37415-8
5742:978-1-118-23293-4
5719:978-0-8028-2329-8
5696:978-1-317-24713-5
5675:978-1-57506-741-4
5652:978-1-108-83507-7
5631:978-0-521-77248-8
5608:978-90-5356-503-2
5576:978-1-84127-199-6
5569:. A&C Black.
5553:978-1-85075-458-9
5546:. A&C Black.
5532:978-0-8028-2852-1
5511:978-0-8028-4416-3
5490:978-1-57506-083-5
5473:Dever, William G.
5464:978-0-567-53783-6
5436:978-0-567-03216-4
5413:978-0-567-08488-0
5392:978-3-16-152492-9
5347:978-1-64602-093-5
5326:978-1-58983-098-1
5305:978-90-5356-503-2
5280:978-0-19-528880-3
5257:978-0-300-09088-8
5233:978-0-521-24377-3
5203:978-0-19-513937-2
5180:978-0-19-513937-2
5157:978-0-281-06900-2
5136:978-0-226-04447-7
5115:978-90-5356-503-2
5092:978-1-58983-145-2
5071:978-3-030-32312-7
5050:978-0-8028-3909-1
5029:978-0-567-23212-0
5022:. A&C Black.
5006:978-0-567-36246-9
4985:978-0-664-25395-0
4961:978-1-4982-1757-6
4942:978-0-567-66396-2
4918:978-0-393-29250-3
4897:978-1-5015-0022-0
4876:978-1-58983-055-4
4855:978-0-664-22719-7
4834:978-0-19-066924-9
4811:978-0-567-49110-7
4804:. A&C Black.
4788:978-1-57506-083-5
4667:, pp. 89–90.
4497:978-0-295-97682-2
4028:, pp. 71–72.
3956:Schniedewind 2013
3853:978-1-575-06418-5
3809:978-2-8309-1253-1
3747:, pp. 19–31.
3478:, pp. 13–14.
3442:, pp. 55–56.
3351:, pp. 61–63.
3289:Parke-Taylor 1975
3180:, pp. 59–60.
3114:, pp. 96–97.
2995:, pp. 26–27.
2933:in block script:
2710:Sean M. McDonough
2627:A coin issued by
2282:rather than true
2183:Egyptian diaspora
1806:Kenite hypothesis
1675:Kingdom of Israel
1636:Kenite hypothesis
1514:Frank Moore Cross
1275:
1274:
220:ancient Near East
122:, and later with
16:(Redirected from
8172:
7555:
7548:
7541:
7532:
7527:
7496:
7471:
7429:
7405:
7382:
7361:
7340:
7319:
7298:
7273:
7247:
7237:
7212:
7191:
7169:
7148:
7131:Stager, Lawrence
7126:
7105:
7082:
7061:
7042:
7021:
6995:
6953:
6927:
6916:. Mohr Siebeck.
6903:
6877:
6853:
6829:
6803:
6793:
6768:
6749:
6728:
6699:
6678:
6668:
6643:
6620:
6606:
6585:
6562:
6541:
6511:
6490:
6469:
6448:
6424:
6401:
6378:
6354:
6342:
6313:
6290:
6266:
6245:
6226:
6215:. Mohr Siebeck.
6205:
6184:
6161:
6112:
6091:
6068:
6047:
6024:
6001:
5982:Hess, Richard S.
5977:
5956:
5945:. Mohr Siebeck.
5935:
5909:
5888:
5865:
5844:
5821:
5792:
5771:
5746:
5723:
5700:
5679:
5656:
5635:
5612:
5589:
5580:
5557:
5536:
5515:
5494:
5468:
5440:
5417:
5396:
5385:. Mohr Siebeck.
5375:
5351:
5330:
5309:
5284:
5261:
5237:
5207:
5184:
5161:
5140:
5119:
5096:
5075:
5054:
5033:
5010:
4989:
4970:Barker, Margaret
4965:
4954:. Mohr Siebeck.
4946:
4934:
4922:
4911:. W. W. Norton.
4901:
4880:
4859:
4838:
4815:
4792:
4757:
4710:
4704:
4694:
4688:
4674:
4668:
4662:
4656:
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4644:
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4616:
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4598:
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4516:
4510:
4509:
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4471:
4465:
4459:
4453:
4447:
4441:
4435:
4429:
4423:
4417:
4411:
4405:
4399:
4393:
4387:
4381:
4375:
4369:
4363:
4357:
4351:
4345:
4339:
4333:
4327:
4321:
4315:
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4303:
4294:
4288:
4282:
4276:
4270:
4264:
4258:
4252:
4246:
4240:
4234:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4213:
4207:
4197:
4191:
4185:
4179:
4173:
4167:
4161:
4155:
4149:
4143:
4137:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4113:
4107:
4101:
4092:
4086:
4080:
4074:
4065:
4059:
4053:
4047:
4041:
4035:
4029:
4023:
4017:
4011:
4005:
3999:
3993:
3987:
3974:
3968:
3959:
3953:
3947:
3941:
3935:
3929:
3923:
3917:
3911:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3887:
3881:
3875:
3869:
3863:
3857:
3845:Penn State Press
3835:
3829:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3793:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3766:
3760:
3754:
3748:
3742:
3736:
3730:
3724:
3718:
3712:
3706:
3700:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3655:
3646:
3645:
3635:
3625:
3601:
3590:
3584:
3578:
3572:
3566:
3560:
3554:
3548:
3539:
3533:
3527:
3524:Shalomi Hen 2021
3521:
3515:
3509:
3503:
3497:
3491:
3488:Shalomi Hen 2021
3485:
3479:
3473:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3449:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3398:
3392:
3358:
3352:
3346:
3340:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3275:
3269:
3268:, p. xxiii.
3263:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3202:
3196:
3181:
3175:
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3148:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3023:
3017:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2950:
2949:
2947:[jahˈwe]
2939:
2937:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2890:
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2884:
2881:
2872:
2777:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2637:BACCHIVS IVDAEVS
2586:Egyptian deities
2395:infant sacrifice
2391:Babylonian exile
2291:Babylonian exile
2248:Rabbinic Judaism
2175:Day of Atonement
2122:Babylonian exile
2118:Solomon's Temple
2068:Khirbet Beit Lei
1882:
1860:
1818:Doeg the Edomite
1723:material culture
1679:Kingdom of Judah
1590:
1467:ehyeh ašer ehyeh
1391:Day of Atonement
1345:
1341:
1340:
1316:
1304:
1267:
1260:
1253:
921:Kothar-wa-Khasis
229:Ancient Egyptian
215:
21:
8180:
8179:
8175:
8174:
8173:
8171:
8170:
8169:
8085:
8084:
8083:
8078:
7960:Nzambi a Mpungu
7781:Svayam Bhagavan
7612:
7591:In Christianity
7564:
7559:
7524:123456789/15051
7507:
7504:
7499:
7481:Antiguo Oriente
7474:
7441:
7437:
7435:Further reading
7432:
7426:
7408:
7402:
7385:
7379:
7364:
7358:
7343:
7337:
7322:
7316:
7301:
7295:
7276:
7270:
7250:
7222:Revista Bíblica
7215:
7209:
7194:
7188:
7178:God: An Anatomy
7172:
7166:
7151:
7145:
7129:
7123:
7108:
7102:
7088:"God, Names of"
7085:
7079:
7064:
7058:
7045:
7039:
7024:
7018:
6998:
6992:
6956:
6950:
6930:
6924:
6906:
6900:
6880:
6874:
6856:
6850:
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6826:
6806:
6771:
6765:
6752:
6746:
6731:
6717:10.2307/3264243
6702:
6696:
6681:
6646:
6640:
6623:
6609:
6603:
6588:
6583:
6565:
6559:
6544:
6538:
6521:
6508:
6493:
6487:
6472:
6466:
6451:
6445:
6427:
6421:
6404:
6398:
6381:
6375:
6367:. Eisenbrauns.
6358:
6345:
6331:
6316:
6310:
6293:
6287:
6271:Liverani, Mario
6269:
6263:
6248:
6242:
6229:
6223:
6208:
6202:
6187:
6181:
6164:
6115:
6109:
6094:
6088:
6074:"God, Names of"
6071:
6065:
6050:
6044:
6027:
6021:
6004:
5998:
5980:
5974:
5966:. Eisenbrauns.
5959:
5953:
5938:
5932:
5914:Hackett, Jo Ann
5912:
5906:
5891:
5885:
5868:
5862:
5847:
5841:
5824:
5810:
5795:
5774:
5768:
5749:
5743:
5726:
5720:
5703:
5697:
5682:
5676:
5668:. Eisenbrauns.
5659:
5653:
5638:
5632:
5615:
5609:
5592:
5583:
5577:
5560:
5554:
5539:
5533:
5518:
5512:
5497:
5491:
5483:. Eisenbrauns.
5471:
5465:
5443:
5437:
5420:
5414:
5399:
5393:
5378:
5372:
5354:
5348:
5333:
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5306:
5287:
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5258:
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5234:
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5099:
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5013:
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4992:
4986:
4968:
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4919:
4904:
4898:
4883:
4877:
4862:
4856:
4841:
4835:
4818:
4812:
4795:
4789:
4781:. Eisenbrauns.
4771:Ackerman, Susan
4769:
4765:
4760:
4711:
4707:
4695:
4691:
4675:
4671:
4663:
4659:
4651:
4647:
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4607:
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4340:
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4328:
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4316:
4312:
4304:
4297:
4289:
4285:
4277:
4273:
4265:
4261:
4253:
4249:
4245:, p. 1287.
4241:
4237:
4229:
4225:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4198:
4194:
4186:
4182:
4178:, p. xxvi.
4174:
4170:
4166:, pp. 2–3.
4162:
4158:
4150:
4146:
4138:
4134:
4126:
4122:
4114:
4110:
4102:
4095:
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3719:
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3707:
3703:
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3691:
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3656:
3649:
3603:
3602:
3593:
3585:
3581:
3573:
3569:
3561:
3557:
3549:
3542:
3534:
3530:
3522:
3518:
3510:
3506:
3498:
3494:
3486:
3482:
3474:
3470:
3462:
3458:
3450:
3446:
3440:Ben-Sasson 2019
3438:
3434:
3419:10.2307/3262791
3400:
3399:
3395:
3359:
3355:
3347:
3343:
3335:
3331:
3323:
3319:
3311:
3307:
3299:
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3287:
3283:
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3252:
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3240:
3236:
3228:
3224:
3216:
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3169:
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3018:
3011:
3003:
2999:
2991:
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2979:
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2959:
2954:
2953:
2904:
2900:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2773:
2768:
2766:
2759:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2686:, a similarity
2664:Cornelius Labeo
2660:John the Lydian
2609:cultural heroes
2554:
2546:anthropomorphic
2509:standing stones
2501:
2495:
2419:
2362:national mythos
2331:
2325:
2320:
2314:
2303:6th-century BCE
2260:
2146:Cyrus the Great
2132:observance and
2114:Neo-Babylonians
2082:
2076:
2056:8th century BCE
2009:9th century BCE
1951:
1936:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1883:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1861:
1850:
1798:
1794:Song of Deborah
1780:
1779:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1699:
1642:routes between
1588:
1463:
1427:Lawrence Stager
1420:
1403:
1330:
1271:
1235:
1234:
1026:
1016:
1015:
811:
801:
793:
792:
655:
641:
640:
566:
556:
555:
496:
486:
485:
341:
331:
330:
231:
218:Deities of the
78:was an ancient
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8178:
8176:
8168:
8167:
8162:
8160:Tetragrammaton
8157:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8097:
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8076:
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8074:
8069:
8068:
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8035:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8019:
8018:
8008:
8007:
8006:
8005:
8004:
7994:
7984:
7979:
7978:
7977:
7972:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7920:I Am that I Am
7917:
7912:
7911:
7910:
7905:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7874:
7873:
7868:
7866:Gitche Manitou
7854:
7853:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7840:God the Father
7832:
7831:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7784:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7752:
7751:
7746:
7745:
7744:
7739:
7729:
7719:
7714:
7713:
7712:
7711:
7710:
7705:
7695:
7690:
7680:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7639:
7638:
7633:
7623:
7617:
7614:
7613:
7611:
7610:
7609:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7580:
7575:
7569:
7566:
7565:
7560:
7558:
7557:
7550:
7543:
7535:
7529:
7528:
7503:
7502:External links
7500:
7498:
7497:
7493:123456789/7231
7472:
7454:(4): 387–404.
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7430:
7424:
7406:
7400:
7383:
7377:
7362:
7356:
7341:
7335:
7320:
7314:
7299:
7293:
7274:
7268:
7248:
7228:(1–2): 55–70.
7224:(in Spanish).
7213:
7207:
7192:
7186:
7170:
7164:
7149:
7143:
7127:
7121:
7106:
7100:
7083:
7077:
7062:
7056:
7043:
7037:
7022:
7016:
6996:
6990:
6958:Smith, Mark S.
6954:
6948:
6932:Smith, Mark S.
6928:
6922:
6908:Smith, Mark S.
6904:
6898:
6882:Smith, Mark S.
6878:
6872:
6858:Smith, Mark S.
6854:
6848:
6834:Smith, Mark S.
6830:
6824:
6808:Smith, Mark S.
6804:
6769:
6763:
6750:
6744:
6729:
6700:
6694:
6679:
6644:
6638:
6621:
6607:
6601:
6586:
6581:
6563:
6557:
6542:
6536:
6519:
6512:
6506:
6491:
6485:
6470:
6464:
6449:
6443:
6425:
6419:
6402:
6396:
6379:
6373:
6356:
6343:
6329:
6314:
6308:
6302:. Bloomsbury.
6291:
6285:
6267:
6261:
6246:
6240:
6227:
6221:
6206:
6200:
6185:
6179:
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6002:
5996:
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5930:
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5904:
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5883:
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5822:
5808:
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5651:
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5607:
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5531:
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5510:
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5489:
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5435:
5418:
5412:
5397:
5391:
5376:
5370:
5352:
5346:
5331:
5325:
5310:
5304:
5290:Smith, Mark S.
5285:
5279:
5262:
5256:
5238:
5232:
5208:
5202:
5185:
5179:
5162:
5156:
5141:
5135:
5120:
5114:
5097:
5091:
5076:
5070:
5055:
5049:
5034:
5028:
5011:
5005:
4990:
4984:
4966:
4960:
4947:
4941:
4935:. Bloomsbury.
4923:
4917:
4902:
4896:
4881:
4875:
4860:
4854:
4839:
4833:
4816:
4810:
4793:
4787:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4705:
4689:
4669:
4665:McDonough 1999
4657:
4645:
4641:McDonough 1999
4633:
4617:
4615:, p. 233.
4605:
4601:McDonough 1999
4593:
4586:
4566:
4537:10.2307/299057
4511:
4496:
4478:
4466:
4454:
4442:
4430:
4418:
4414:MacDonald 2007
4406:
4402:Mettinger 2006
4394:
4382:
4380:, p. 388.
4370:
4368:, p. 302.
4358:
4346:
4344:, p. 118.
4334:
4322:
4320:, p. 458.
4310:
4295:
4293:, p. 145.
4283:
4281:, p. 226.
4271:
4269:, p. 297.
4267:Rosenberg 1966
4259:
4257:, p. 917.
4247:
4235:
4223:
4208:
4192:
4180:
4168:
4156:
4154:, p. 274.
4144:
4142:, p. 271.
4132:
4120:
4108:
4093:
4091:, p. 287.
4081:
4079:, p. 254.
4066:
4054:
4042:
4030:
4018:
4006:
3994:
3992:, p. 112.
3975:
3973:, p. 156.
3960:
3948:
3946:, p. 203.
3936:
3924:
3912:
3901:
3882:
3870:
3868:, p. 177.
3858:
3830:
3815:
3808:
3785:
3783:, p. 101.
3773:
3761:
3749:
3737:
3735:, p. 182.
3725:
3713:
3711:, p. 395.
3701:
3689:
3647:
3591:
3589:, p. 248.
3579:
3567:
3555:
3553:, p. 912.
3540:
3538:, p. 153.
3528:
3516:
3514:, p. 151.
3504:
3502:, p. 100.
3492:
3480:
3468:
3456:
3444:
3432:
3413:(4): 369–377.
3393:
3353:
3341:
3329:
3317:
3313:Miller II 2021
3305:
3303:, p. 214.
3293:
3281:
3270:
3258:
3246:
3244:, p. 823.
3234:
3222:
3203:
3182:
3167:
3155:
3140:
3128:
3116:
3104:
3102:, p. 222.
3087:
3075:
3063:
3051:
3039:
3024:
3009:
3007:, p. 110.
2997:
2985:
2973:
2971:, p. 190.
2960:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2850:Tutelary deity
2847:
2842:
2840:Tetragrammaton
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2804:God in Judaism
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2775:Judaism portal
2764:
2748:
2745:
2716:words such as
2654:In any event,
2649:Aristobulus II
2553:
2550:
2494:
2491:
2428:dedicates the
2418:
2415:
2324:
2321:
2316:Main article:
2313:
2310:
2259:
2256:
2228:House of David
2187:tetragrammaton
2110:Jerusalem fell
2078:Main article:
2075:
2072:
2045:Deuteronomists
1918:
1903:Painting on a
1884:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1862:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1783:Book of Judges
1756:
1698:
1695:
1531:Yahweh ṣəḇāʾōṯ
1471:I Am that I Am
1462:
1459:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1419:
1416:
1411:Khirbet el-Qom
1402:
1399:
1368:personal names
1329:
1326:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1237:
1236:
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1097:
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1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1027:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
812:
799:
798:
795:
794:
791:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
656:
647:
646:
643:
642:
639:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
567:
562:
561:
558:
557:
554:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
497:
492:
491:
488:
487:
484:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
342:
337:
336:
333:
332:
329:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
232:
227:
226:
223:
222:
160:In the oldest
143:Tetragrammaton
44:Tetragrammaton
32:God in Judaism
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8177:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8140:National gods
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8092:
8090:
8073:
8070:
8066:
8063:
8062:
8061:
8058:
8057:
8056:
8053:
8049:
8046:
8045:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8017:
8014:
8013:
8012:
8009:
8003:
8000:
7999:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7989:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7967:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7900:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7863:
7860:
7859:
7858:
7855:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7837:
7836:
7833:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7815:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7756:Hiranyagarbha
7754:
7750:
7747:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7734:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7724:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7700:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7685:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7675:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7628:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7618:
7615:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7583:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7571:
7570:
7567:
7563:
7556:
7551:
7549:
7544:
7542:
7537:
7536:
7533:
7525:
7521:
7517:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7505:
7501:
7494:
7490:
7486:
7482:
7478:
7473:
7469:
7465:
7461:
7457:
7453:
7449:
7445:
7440:
7439:
7434:
7427:
7421:
7418:. Continuum.
7417:
7416:
7411:
7407:
7403:
7397:
7393:
7389:
7384:
7380:
7374:
7370:
7369:
7363:
7359:
7353:
7349:
7348:
7342:
7338:
7332:
7328:
7327:
7321:
7317:
7311:
7307:
7306:
7300:
7296:
7290:
7286:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7271:
7265:
7261:
7257:
7253:
7249:
7245:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7227:
7223:
7219:
7214:
7210:
7204:
7200:
7199:
7193:
7189:
7183:
7179:
7175:
7171:
7167:
7161:
7157:
7156:
7150:
7146:
7140:
7136:
7132:
7128:
7124:
7118:
7114:
7113:
7107:
7103:
7097:
7093:
7089:
7084:
7080:
7074:
7070:
7069:
7063:
7059:
7053:
7049:
7044:
7040:
7034:
7030:
7029:
7023:
7019:
7013:
7009:
7005:
7001:
7000:Smith, Morton
6997:
6993:
6987:
6983:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6967:
6963:
6959:
6955:
6951:
6945:
6941:
6937:
6933:
6929:
6925:
6919:
6915:
6914:
6909:
6905:
6901:
6895:
6891:
6887:
6883:
6879:
6875:
6869:
6865:
6864:
6859:
6855:
6851:
6845:
6841:
6840:
6835:
6831:
6827:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6809:
6805:
6801:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6783:
6779:
6775:
6770:
6766:
6760:
6756:
6751:
6747:
6741:
6737:
6736:
6730:
6726:
6722:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6701:
6697:
6691:
6687:
6686:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6645:
6641:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6622:
6618:
6617:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6598:
6594:
6593:
6587:
6584:
6578:
6574:
6573:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6554:
6550:
6549:
6543:
6539:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6520:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6503:
6499:
6498:
6492:
6488:
6482:
6478:
6477:
6471:
6467:
6461:
6457:
6456:
6450:
6446:
6440:
6436:
6435:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6403:
6399:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6380:
6376:
6370:
6366:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6348:
6344:
6340:
6336:
6332:
6326:
6322:
6321:
6315:
6311:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6292:
6288:
6282:
6279:. Routledge.
6278:
6277:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6258:
6254:
6253:
6247:
6243:
6237:
6233:
6228:
6224:
6218:
6214:
6213:
6207:
6203:
6197:
6193:
6192:
6186:
6182:
6176:
6172:
6168:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6114:
6110:
6104:
6100:
6099:
6093:
6089:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6070:
6066:
6060:
6057:. NYU Press.
6056:
6055:
6049:
6045:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6026:
6022:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6003:
5999:
5993:
5989:
5988:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5969:
5965:
5964:
5958:
5954:
5948:
5944:
5943:
5937:
5933:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5901:
5897:
5896:
5890:
5886:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5867:
5863:
5857:
5853:
5852:
5846:
5842:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5805:
5801:
5800:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5783:(4): 315–36.
5782:
5778:
5773:
5769:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5754:
5748:
5744:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5725:
5721:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5702:
5698:
5692:
5689:. Routledge.
5688:
5687:
5681:
5677:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5658:
5654:
5648:
5644:
5643:
5637:
5633:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5614:
5610:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5591:
5587:
5582:
5578:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5559:
5555:
5549:
5545:
5544:
5538:
5534:
5528:
5524:
5523:
5517:
5513:
5507:
5503:
5502:
5496:
5492:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5451:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5419:
5415:
5409:
5405:
5404:
5398:
5394:
5388:
5384:
5383:
5377:
5373:
5371:0-674-09176-0
5367:
5363:
5362:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5343:
5339:
5338:
5332:
5328:
5322:
5318:
5317:
5311:
5307:
5301:
5297:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5282:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5263:
5259:
5253:
5249:
5248:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5186:
5182:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5163:
5159:
5153:
5149:
5148:
5142:
5138:
5132:
5128:
5127:
5121:
5117:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5098:
5094:
5088:
5085:. SBL Press.
5084:
5083:
5077:
5073:
5067:
5063:
5062:
5056:
5052:
5046:
5042:
5041:
5035:
5031:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5012:
5008:
5002:
4998:
4997:
4991:
4987:
4981:
4977:
4976:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4957:
4953:
4948:
4944:
4938:
4931:
4930:
4924:
4920:
4914:
4910:
4909:
4903:
4899:
4893:
4889:
4888:
4882:
4878:
4872:
4868:
4867:
4861:
4857:
4851:
4847:
4846:
4840:
4836:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4817:
4813:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4794:
4790:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4767:
4762:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4709:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4693:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4673:
4670:
4666:
4661:
4658:
4654:
4649:
4646:
4643:, p. 89.
4642:
4637:
4634:
4630:
4629:"Question VI"
4626:
4625:Plutarch n.d.
4621:
4618:
4614:
4609:
4606:
4603:, p. 88.
4602:
4597:
4594:
4589:
4587:0-7134-7672-9
4583:
4579:
4578:
4570:
4567:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4515:
4512:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4493:
4489:
4482:
4479:
4475:
4470:
4467:
4463:
4458:
4455:
4451:
4446:
4443:
4439:
4434:
4431:
4427:
4422:
4419:
4415:
4410:
4407:
4403:
4398:
4395:
4392:, p. 83.
4391:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4374:
4371:
4367:
4362:
4359:
4355:
4350:
4347:
4343:
4338:
4335:
4331:
4326:
4323:
4319:
4314:
4311:
4308:, p. 89.
4307:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4287:
4284:
4280:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4263:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4248:
4244:
4243:McKenzie 1990
4239:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4224:
4219:
4212:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4184:
4181:
4177:
4172:
4169:
4165:
4160:
4157:
4153:
4148:
4145:
4141:
4136:
4133:
4129:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4112:
4109:
4106:, p. 61.
4105:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4085:
4082:
4078:
4077:Sperling 2017
4073:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4058:
4055:
4051:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4038:Campbell 2001
4034:
4031:
4027:
4022:
4019:
4015:
4010:
4007:
4004:, p. 90.
4003:
3998:
3995:
3991:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3958:, p. 93.
3957:
3952:
3949:
3945:
3940:
3937:
3933:
3928:
3925:
3922:, p. 77.
3921:
3920:Anderson 2015
3916:
3913:
3910:
3905:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3862:
3859:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3841:
3834:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3819:
3816:
3811:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3781:Anderson 2015
3777:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3741:
3738:
3734:
3729:
3726:
3722:
3717:
3714:
3710:
3705:
3702:
3699:, p. 83.
3698:
3693:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3583:
3580:
3576:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3500:Anderson 2015
3496:
3493:
3489:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3469:
3466:, p. 71.
3465:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3436:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3377:Fleming 2020b
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3318:
3315:, p. 18.
3314:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3294:
3291:, p. 51.
3290:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3201:, p. 60.
3200:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3165:, p. 20.
3164:
3159:
3156:
3153:, p. 38.
3152:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3129:
3126:, p. 18.
3125:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3040:
3037:, p. 42.
3036:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2962:
2956:
2948:
2943:
2932:
2931:reconstructed
2928:
2922:
2896:
2871:
2868:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2765:
2762:
2761:Jewish portal
2751:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2551:
2549:
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2543:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2435:
2432:(painting by
2431:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2329:Feast of Wine
2322:
2319:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2299:Second Isaiah
2296:
2292:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2151:
2150:Second Temple
2147:
2143:
2139:
2138:second Isaiah
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2094:Second Temple
2091:
2086:
2081:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1971:national gods
1968:
1967:nation states
1964:
1959:
1957:
1950:
1948:
1947:Song of Moses
1944:
1940:
1933:
1916:
1914:
1906:
1901:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1797:
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1788:
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1777:
1754:
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1748:
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1696:
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1657:
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1649:
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1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1596:Amenhotep III
1593:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1548:
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1496:
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1424:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1335:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1318:
1312:
1308:
1305:, "my
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1283:sole divinity
1280:
1279:creator deity
1268:
1263:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
886:Baʿalat Gebal
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
813:
809:
805:
797:
796:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
723:
719:
715:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
654:
650:
645:
644:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
568:
565:
560:
559:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
498:
495:
490:
489:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
343:
340:
335:
334:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
233:
230:
225:
224:
221:
216:
213:
210:
206:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
174:heavenly army
171:
167:
163:
155:
151:
148:
144:
139:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
70:
66:
62:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
8135:Names of God
8130:Justice gods
8110:Creator gods
8071:
8033:Umvelinqangi
8011:Sol Invictus
7857:Great Spirit
7606:In Mandaeism
7562:Names of God
7513:
7484:
7480:
7451:
7447:
7414:
7410:Zevit, Ziony
7391:
7367:
7346:
7325:
7304:
7287:. Eerdmans.
7283:
7259:
7225:
7221:
7201:. Eerdmans.
7197:
7177:
7154:
7134:
7111:
7091:
7067:
7047:
7027:
7007:
6965:
6939:
6912:
6889:
6862:
6838:
6818:. Eerdmans.
6815:
6781:
6777:
6754:
6734:
6708:
6704:
6684:
6656:
6652:
6629:
6615:
6591:
6571:
6547:
6527:
6515:
6500:. Eerdmans.
6496:
6475:
6454:
6433:
6410:
6387:
6364:
6350:
6319:
6299:
6275:
6251:
6231:
6211:
6190:
6170:
6128:(1): 39–62.
6125:
6121:
6097:
6077:
6053:
6033:
6010:
5986:
5962:
5941:
5921:
5894:
5874:
5850:
5830:
5798:
5780:
5776:
5752:
5732:
5709:
5685:
5665:
5641:
5621:
5598:
5585:
5566:
5542:
5525:. Eerdmans.
5521:
5504:. Eerdmans.
5500:
5480:
5449:
5426:
5402:
5381:
5360:
5336:
5315:
5294:
5270:
5246:
5242:Cohn, Norman
5223:
5193:
5170:
5146:
5125:
5108:. Eerdmans.
5105:
5102:"Monotheism"
5081:
5060:
5043:. Eerdmans.
5039:
5019:
4995:
4974:
4951:
4928:
4907:
4886:
4865:
4844:
4824:
4801:
4778:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4724:
4716:
4708:
4703:, pp. 77–78.
4700:
4692:
4684:
4680:
4672:
4660:
4648:
4636:
4620:
4608:
4596:
4576:
4569:
4528:
4524:
4514:
4487:
4481:
4469:
4457:
4445:
4433:
4421:
4409:
4397:
4390:Bennett 2002
4385:
4373:
4361:
4349:
4337:
4325:
4313:
4306:Albertz 1994
4286:
4274:
4262:
4250:
4238:
4226:
4220:. Routledge.
4217:
4211:
4200:Albertz 2003
4195:
4183:
4171:
4159:
4147:
4135:
4130:, p. 2.
4123:
4111:
4104:Albertz 1994
4084:
4057:
4052:, p. 9.
4045:
4033:
4021:
4009:
3997:
3971:Hackett 2001
3951:
3939:
3927:
3915:
3904:
3895:
3885:
3873:
3861:
3839:
3837:Elie Assis,
3833:
3824:
3818:
3798:
3776:
3769:Hackett 2001
3764:
3752:
3740:
3728:
3716:
3704:
3692:
3667:
3663:
3613:
3609:
3582:
3570:
3558:
3531:
3519:
3507:
3495:
3483:
3471:
3459:
3454:, p. 2.
3447:
3435:
3410:
3406:
3396:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3361:Fleming 2020
3356:
3344:
3332:
3320:
3308:
3296:
3284:
3273:
3261:
3249:
3237:
3225:
3163:Cornell 2021
3158:
3131:
3124:Cornell 2021
3119:
3107:
3078:
3073:, p. 7.
3066:
3059:Hackett 2001
3054:
3049:, p. 1.
3042:
3022:, p. 3.
3020:Fleming 2020
3000:
2993:Pyschny 2021
2988:
2976:
2969:Edelman 1995
2964:
2941:
2927:Paleo-Hebrew
2870:
2726:
2695:
2692:hypostasized
2678:, leaves of
2653:
2636:
2626:
2555:
2535:
2521:
2502:
2439:
2434:James Tissot
2332:
2307:
2288:
2280:monolatrists
2268:
2261:
2244:Christianity
2201:
2194:
2190:
2160:
2154:
2134:circumcision
2107:
2060:Neo-Assyrian
2053:
2051:to Yahweh.
2037:
2006:
1995:
1960:
1953:
1919:
1910:
1822:
1814:Yahwist cult
1803:
1800:
1786:
1757:
1751:Sinai desert
1744:
1740:Israel Knohl
1720:
1690:
1672:
1615:
1614:and theonym
1611:
1591:
1576:
1572:tꜣ šꜣsw Yhwꜣ
1570:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1466:
1464:
1448:
1421:
1393:. After the
1373:
1366:- appear in
1363:
1359:
1355:
1348:block script
1334:paleo-Hebrew
1331:
1319:
1298:
1276:
1024:Mesopotamian
1005:
871:Baʿal Marqod
866:Baʿal Ḥammon
396:Dhul Khalasa
202:
188:, including
182:polytheistic
159:
154:Hebrew Bible
90:kingdoms of
84:national god
75:
74:
69:winged wheel
52:
8155:Savior gods
8038:Unkulunkulu
7888:Holy Spirit
7883:Hayyi Rabbi
7871:Wakan Tanka
7845:God the Son
7636:Parvardigar
7626:Ahura Mazda
7573:In Hinduism
7180:. Picador.
6355:S.v. 77:17.
4775:"Goddesses"
4701:Judeophobia
4506:j.ctvcwnpvs
4452:, p. .
4450:Arnold 1996
4440:, p. .
4378:Dever 2003a
4318:Gorman 2000
4291:Sommer 2009
4279:Albani 2020
4164:Grabbe 2010
4128:Grabbe 2010
4014:Geller 2012
4002:Miller 2000
3990:Davies 2010
3898:(61): 1–17.
3733:Golden 2009
3536:Grabbe 2007
3512:Grabbe 2007
3452:Miller 2000
3278:Exodus 3:14
3242:Preuss 2008
3047:Miller 2000
2899:, or often
2607:and Jewish
2542:post-exilic
2403:King Josiah
2370:Mount Sinai
2295:creator-god
2284:monotheists
2208:end of time
2152:was built.
2029:high places
2025:sun worship
1886:Winged disk
1869:winged disk
1785:5:4–5, 20,
1738:. However,
1512:DN; though
1499:yahwi-dagan
1423:Philip King
1379:Commandment
1346: in
1220:Utu/Shamash
1170:Ningishzida
1061:Belet Nagar
1031:Adad/Ishkur
881:Baʿalshamem
876:Baʿal Ṣapon
576:Inshushinak
170:war deities
82:deity, the
8089:Categories
8016:Elagabalus
7828:El Shaddai
7596:In Judaism
7586:In Chinese
7582:Abrahamic
6974:De Gruyter
4474:Scott 2015
4462:Scott 2015
4426:Lewis 2020
4366:Cohen 1999
4342:Gnuse 1997
4231:Eakin 1971
4202:, p.
4188:Wanke 1984
4152:Cogan 2001
4140:Cogan 2001
4089:Smith 2016
4062:Smith 2002
4050:Smith 2002
4026:Smith 2002
3944:Smith 2008
3878:Tebes 2023
3866:Dicou 1994
3757:Knohl 2017
3745:Smith 2002
3721:Smith 2002
3697:Smith 2002
3633:2263/84039
3464:Cross 1973
3349:Cross 1973
3337:Lewis 2020
3301:Lewis 2020
3254:Elior 2006
3230:Alter 2018
3199:Leech 2002
3178:Leech 2002
3151:Smith 2017
3136:Smith 2002
3112:Cross 1973
3100:Lewis 2020
3083:Smith 2002
3071:Smith 2002
3035:Smith 2017
2857:References
2590:archangels
2497:See also:
2374:wilderness
2366:the exodus
2327:See also:
2264:monotheism
2224:Zerubbabel
2126:sacrifices
2033:El Shaddai
1831:) and the
1713:, ancient
1081:Ereshkigal
581:Ishmekarab
456:Theandrios
386:Baalshamin
376:Atarsamain
209:El Shaddai
178:Israelites
150:manuscript
132:Bronze Age
7965:Olodumare
7930:Jehovah 1
7915:Hypsistos
7688:Saraswati
7468:171053999
7329:. Brill.
7308:. Brill.
7262:. Brill.
7244:2683-7153
7115:. Brill.
6800:2363-6696
6675:2363-6696
6339:0340-9570
6158:167075689
6142:0021-9231
5818:261177290
5475:(2003a).
5445:Day, John
4723:; but he
4721:Jerusalem
4697:Petronius
4561:163401482
4545:1753-528X
4531:: 35–38.
4438:Betz 1996
4255:Betz 2000
4116:Hess 2020
3932:Hess 2007
3684:2466-6815
3670:: 45–94.
3642:2363-6696
3369:Ya-aḫ-wi-
3325:Kitz 2019
2957:Citations
2845:Theophany
2733:Petronius
2524:aniconism
2493:Portrayal
2463:Beersheba
2387:atonement
2383:Leviticus
2378:salvation
2356:with the
2345:with the
2220:Zechariah
1961:The late
1825:Ammonites
1711:West Bank
1707:Bull Site
1668:Palestine
1381:against "
1200:Papsukkal
1190:Ninshubur
1175:Ninhursag
1145:Nanna/Sin
846:Atargatis
804:Canaanite
800:Levantine
631:Ruhurater
621:Napirisha
591:Kiririsha
541:Ninkarrak
147:Sephardic
88:Israelite
80:Levantine
8120:Dionysus
8048:Ik Onkar
8043:Waheguru
7982:Osanobua
7925:Jahbulon
7878:Haneunim
7823:El Elyon
7771:Tad Ekam
7722:Trimurti
7678:Mahadevi
7673:Bhagavan
7601:In Islam
7412:(2001).
7279:"Yahweh"
7254:(1995).
7176:(2021).
7002:(1984).
6960:(2017).
6934:(2016).
6910:(2008).
6884:(2003).
6860:(2002).
6836:(2001).
6810:(2000).
6626:"Yahweh"
6611:Plutarch
6569:(1975),
6431:(2000).
6273:(2014).
5984:(2007).
5916:(2001).
5777:Religion
5447:(2002).
5358:(1973).
5292:(2012).
5244:(2001).
5214:(1999).
5150:. SPCK.
4972:(1992).
4773:(2003).
3664:Semitica
3476:Day 2002
2936:*יַהְוֶה
2747:See also
2722:Alleluia
2688:Plutarch
2676:amphorae
2645:Dionysus
2611:such as
2537:de facto
2528:Hezekiah
2513:cherubim
2505:aniconic
2335:Passover
2204:purified
2064:Ein Gedi
2049:fidelity
2041:prophets
1963:Iron Age
1956:theonyms
1941:32:8-9,
1865:Hezekiah
1863:Seal of
1833:Moabites
1728:pantheon
1589:𓇌𓉔𓍯𓄿
1585:Egyptian
1565:Egyptian
1507:Akkadian
1485:element
1339:𐤉𐤄𐤅𐤄
1303:אֲדֹנָי
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1195:Pabilsag
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