1929:
2367:
1969:, the usual depiction of the sacred tree flanked by ibexes or birds is in one goblet replaced by a pubic triangle flanked by ibexes. The interchange between the tree and the pubic triangle prove, according to Hestrin, that the tree symbolizes the fertility goddess Asherah. Hestrin draws parallels between this and representations of Hathor as the sycamore tree goddess in Egypt, and suggests that during the period of Egyptian rule in Palestine the Hathor cult penetrated the region so extensively that Hathor became identified with Asherah. Other motifs in the ewer such as a lion, fallow deer and ibexes seem to have a close relationship with the iconography associated with her.
2378:
1815:
93:
3012:
2505:
2410:. In the latter, a jar shows bovid-anthropomorphic figures and several inscriptions that refer to "Yahweh of Samaria and his Asherah" and "Yahweh of Teman and his Asherah." However, a number of scholars hold that the "asherah" mentioned in the inscriptions refers to some kind of cultic object or symbol, rather than a goddess. For instance, some scholars have argued that since cognate forms of "asherah" are used with the meaning of "sanctuary" in
1779:, with -im "Asherim" making up the great majority. The significance is unclear, as the interaction of gender and number in Hebrew is not robustly understood. Not all scholars find HB references with final t plural. Archaic suffixes like –atu/a/i became Northwest Semitic -at or -ā latter written -ah in transcription. That is, merely terminally alternate spellings like Asherat and Asherah reflect contextual rather than existential variation.
2009:
3000:
2513:
2580:
instead of
Asherah's name. Non-scholarly English language readers of the Bible would not have read her name for more than 400 years afterward. The association of Asherah with trees in the Hebrew Bible is very strong. For example, she is found under trees (1 Kings 14:23; 2 Kings 17:10) and is made of
1951:
is rife with potent, striking sexual imagery, depicting
Asherah suckling two smaller figures and using both of her hands to fully expose her vagina. Many times, Asherah's pubis area was marked by a concentration of dots, indicating pubic hair, though this figure is sometimes polysemically understood
2239:
in which neither she nor Yam is otherwise implicated. Park suggested in 2010 that the name
Athirat might be derived from a passive participle form, referring to the "one followed by (the gods)", that is, "progenitress or originatress", which would correspond to Asherah's image as the "mother of the
2433:
In one potsherd there appear a large and small bovine. This "oral fixation" motif has diverse examples, see figs 413–419 in Winter. In fact, already
Flinders Petrie in the 1930s was referring to Davies on the memorable stereotype. It's such a common motif in Syrian and Phoenician ivories that the
3718:
4 See KAT 89.1, rbt hwt “It, *rabbat hawwat ’ilat, “The Lady Hawwah, Elat,’” who is likely
Asherah/Elat/Tannit. Elat is a well known epithet of Asherah both in the Bronze and Iron Ages. “The Lady” (rbt) is used frequently of Tannit in the Punic world. For another Punic attestation of hwt, see M.
1942:
Asherah's association with fertility was not limited to her association with trees; she was often depicted with pronounced sexual features. Idols of
Asherah, often called ’Astarte figurines’, are representative of Asherah as a tree in that they have bodies which resemble tree trunks, while also
2234:
the sea may mislead; Yam is the deified sea itself rather than a deity who holds dominion over it.) So some say
Athirat's title can be translated as "Lady ʾAṯirat of the Sea", alternatively, "she who walks on the sea", or even "the Great Lady-who-tramples-Yam." This invites relation to a
1988:" motif are "almost undoubtedly depictions of the goddess Asherah." The lioness made a ubiquitous symbol for goddesses of the ancient Middle East that was similar to the dove and the tree. Lionesses figure prominently in Asherah's iconography, including the tenth-century BC
2246:'s use of the Ugaritian word in an ordinary sense. Binger finds some of these risibly imaginative, and unhappily falls back on the still-problematic interpretation that Ym may also mean day, so "Lady Asherah of the day", or, more simply, "Lady Day". The common Semitic root
2061:
Though it is accepted that
Ashratum's name is cognate to that of Asherah, the two goddesses are not actually identified with one another, given that they occupied different positions within their pantheons, despite sharing their status as consort to the supreme deity.
2524:
throughout the Books of Kings: Solomon builds temples to many deities and Josiah is reported as cutting down the statues of
Asherah in the temple Solomon built for Yahweh (2 Kings 23:14). Josiah's grandfather Manasseh had erected one such statue (2 Kings 21:7).
2707:. René Dussard suggested a connection to Asherah in 1941. Subsequent studies tried to find further evidence for equivalence of Qetesh and Asherah, although Wiggins does not. His hesitance did not dissuade subsequent scholars from equating Asherah with Qetesh.
1999:
and the like, along with lunisolar, arboreal, florid, serpentine) that a listing would approach meaninglessness as it neared exhaustiveness. Frevel's 1000-page dissertation ends enigmatically with the pronouncement "There is no genuine
Asherah iconography".
2475:
blame the goddess religion for making Yahweh "jealous", and cite his jealousy as the reason Yahweh allowed the destruction of Jerusalem. Although their nature remains uncertain, sexual rites typically revolved around women of power and influence, such as
1928:
2581:
wood by human beings (1 Kings 14:15, 2 Kings 16:3–4). The farther from the time of Josiah's reforms, the broader the perception of an Asherah became. Trees described in later Jewish texts as being an asherah or part of an asherah include
1835:
Due to certain ambiguities in surviving attestations of Asherah, whether she is to be considered a deity or a symbol is not universally agreed upon. While some consider Asherah to be a defined deity, others call her a "mere
4753:
1917:". An especially common Asherah tree in visual art is the date palm, a reliable producer of nutrition through the year. Some expect living trees, but Olyan sees a stylized, non-living palm or pole. The remains of a
2462:
in the royal court and the worship (orthodox or not) of Asherah. The Hebrew Bible frequently and graphically associates goddess worship with prostitution ("whoredom") in material written after the reforms of
4593:
Archaeology and Fertility Cult in the Ancient Mediterranean: Papers Presented at the First International Conference on Archaeology of the Ancient Mediterranean, University of Malta, 2–5 September 1985
2240:
gods" in Ugaritic literature. This solution was a response to and variation of B. Margalit's of her following in Yahweh's literal footsteps, a less generous estimation nonetheless supported by D
496:
2634:, the famous archaeological site with cannabanoids and massebot. Dever notes: "The only goddess whose name is well attested in the Hebrew Bible (or in ancient Israel generally) is Asherah."
2366:
3938:
4754:
https://books.google.com/books/content?id=wkdFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA19&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&sig=ACfU3U11u8CT1WFcJ4vxFrwiXWvAs8n4_A&ci=101%2C1013%2C391%2C57&edge=0
2492:, meaning "holy". However, there is a shrinking scholarly consensus that sacred prostitution existed, and some argue that sex acts within the temple were limited to yearly sacred
1875:
in the first millennium BCE, though other scholars dispute a connection between Tanit and Asherah, and between Asherah and Eve. A Phoenician deity Ḥawwat is attested in the
3787:, p. 8: "Proverbs... includes references to a female divine being, and Asherah-like goddess personifying Wisdopm and present beside YHWH at the early time of creation"
1886:
as a feminine aspect of Yahweh may be a cultural memory or devolution of Asherah. Another such aspect is seen in the feminine (grammatically or otherwise) treatment of the
6132:
4968:
5614:
Locatell, Christian; McKinny, Chris; Shai, Itzhaq (30 September 2022). "Tree of Life Motif, Late Bronze Canaanite Cult, and a Recently Discovered Krater from Tel Burna".
3274:
3164:
2363:
has stirred a lot of debate. Many have written about it, and most scholars have argued that Yahweh and Asherah were indeed a consort pair among the ancient Israelites.
1558:
3316:
489:
2418:
inscriptions from the same period, this may also be the meaning of the term in the two Hebrew inscriptions. Others argue that the term "asherah" may refer to a
5228:"A text-book of north-Semitic inscriptions : Cooke, G. A. (George Albert), 1865-1939 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive"
1748:. But a homophone's meaning to an Ugaritian doesn't equate an etymon, especially if the name is older than the Ugaritic language. There is no hypothesis for
482:
5217:
J B Pritchard 1948 Palestinian figurines in relation to certain goddesses known through literature page 64. Further refers to Cooke in NSI pp 195 ff.
3189:
2399:
Possible evidence for her worship includes an iconography and inscriptions at two locations in use circa the 9th century. The first was in a cave at
1902:
A variety of symbols have been associated with Asherah. The most common by far is that of the tree, an equivalence seen as early as Neolithic times.
1843:
Beside the obvious connections between goddesses who sometimes cannot be distinguished, some scholars have found an early link between Asherah and
6125:
6052:
6632:
5728:
5709:
5578:
5404:
5319:
5065:
4908:
4868:
4548:
4379:
4138:
3742:
3691:
3666:
3617:
3460:
3354:
6597:
1551:
1913:, regularly invoked by the Hebrew Bible in the context of Asherah worship, are traditionally understood to refer to sacred trees called "
1992:, which also includes the tree motif. A Hebrew arrowhead from the eleventh century BC bears the inscription "Servant of the Lion Lady".
632:
4752:
1 NEWBERRY Beni Hasan i Pl xiii register 4 Cf PETRIE Deshasheh Pl v register 3 there is a very example in DAVIES Ptahhetep ii Pl xvii
3579:
3310:
3268:
2103:
Points of reference in Akkadian epigraphy are collocated and heterographic Amarna Letters 60 and 61's Asheratic personal name. Within
1534:
257:
6582:
6118:
5991:
5964:
5836:
5805:
5653:
5597:
5560:
5494:
5450:
5384:
5365:
5347:
5167:
5029:
4601:
4284:
3508:
6074:
6058:
2377:
6080:
4960:
6622:
6102:
1544:
3258:
3156:
2688:
Attempts to identify Asherah within the pantheon of ancient Egypt have been met with both limited acceptance and controversy.
3758:
Walker, M. Justin (2016). "The Wings of the Dove are Covered with Silver: The (Absent) Presence of the Goddess in Psalm 68".
946:
252:
178:
5196:
4998:
4607:
3300:
1814:
6617:
6382:
6146:
2456:, and orgiastic rites. It has been suggested by several scholars that there is a relationship between the position of the
242:
5461:"A Preliminary Typology for the Female Plaque Figurines and Their Value for the Religion of Ancient Palestine and Jordan"
2990:
6607:
6602:
6587:
2929:
2394:
2381:
1317:
6085:
5312:"See, I will bring a scroll recounting what befell me" (Ps 40:8): Epigraphy and Daily Life from the Bible to the Talmud
1840:". de Vaux says Asherah was "both," and Winter says the goddess and her symbol should not be distinguished altogether.
30:
5503:
Emerton, J. A. (1982). "New Light on Israelite Religion: The Implications of the Inscriptions from Kuntillet ʿAjrud".
3232:
2917:
2692:
2627:
1720:
2508:
Earlier obfuscations like this translation of her name as a "fetish of happiness" long made Asherah difficult to see.
6036:
2035:
is known to have been worshipped in Sumer. Her Amorite provenance is further supported by her status as the wife of
1937:
the word Elat positioned immediately over the tree, indicating the... tree as a representation of the goddess Elat."
92:
6627:
2704:
2528:
The name Asherah appears forty times in the Hebrew Bible, but it is much reduced in English translations. The word
689:
2373:'s hand is a symbol of Asherah as a protector, but there is no scholarly hypothesis on why it appears upside-down.
6637:
6612:
6592:
2800:) as the deities of Tema. It is unclear whether the name would be an Aramaic vocalisation of the Ugaritic
4844:
4840:
4836:
6142:
6086:
Jeffrey H. Tigay, "A Second Temple Parallel to the Blessings from Kuntillet Ajrud" (University of Pennsylvania)
5227:
2346:
1876:
1672:
1101:
522:
233:
2845:
Asherah survived late in remote South Arabia as seen in some common era Qatabanian and Maʕinian inscriptions.
1943:
further extenuating the goddess' connection to fertility in line with her status as a "mother goddess". The "
6642:
4260:
1985:
942:
4756:
4394:
4117:
II 2.107D, pg = II:257 (No author named; only ref: Sollberger and Kupper 1971: 219; Frayne 1990: 359-360).
3186:
2838:, indicating "to tread", used as a basis to explain Asherah's epithet "of the sea" as "she who treads the
2809:
2384:'s jar has this common motif in illustration. Another alluring symbol of the Goddess, the suckling bovine.
1989:
1610:
2317:; there is one reference to the 70 sons of Athirat, presumably the same as the 70 sons of ʾEl. Among the
5721:
The Triumph of the Symbol: Pictorial Representation of Deities in Mesopotamia and the Biblical Image Ban
2619:
2013:
168:
4398:
3503:. Cambridge Semitic Languages and Cultures Series (in French). Open Book Publishers. pp. 117–144.
2488:" or "shrine prostitutes", literally means "priestesses" or "consecrated women", from the Semitic root
1752:
without significant issues, and if Asherah were a word from Ugarit it would be pronounced differently.
5957:
A Reassessment of 'Asherah': A Study according to the Textual Sources of the First Two Millennia B.C.E
2946:
2623:
1944:
1823:
973:
5273:
4922:
many scholars doubt that cultic prostitution as it is usually understood existed in ancient Israel.
2952:
2720:
2548:; plural: ἄλση) in every instance apart from Isaiah 17:8; 27:9 and 2 Chronicles 15:16; 24:18, with
2485:
2447:
2411:
2266:), meaning "day", appears in several instances in the Masoretic Texts with the second-root letter (
2071:
1958:
symbol, as animals are often shown feeding directly (if a bit abstractly) from the pubic triangle.
1655:
1026:
55:
3011:
6162:
5944:
5784:
5663:
Margalit, Baruch (1989), "Some Observations On the Inscription and Drawing From Khirbet El-Qôm",
5520:
5114:
4797:
4670:
4554:
4509:
4501:
4233:
4186:
4047:
3907:
3848:
3417:
2737:
2350:
1981:
1097:
609:
247:
3157:"DASI: Digital Archive for the Study of pre-islamic arabian Inscriptions: Word list occurrences"
2601:. Eventually, monotheistic leaders would suppress the tree due to its association with Asherah.
4321:
4305:
5987:
5960:
5936:
5928:
5879:
5850:
5832:
5811:
5801:
5776:
5724:
5705:
5680:
5649:
5631:
5603:
5593:
5574:
5556:
5490:
5446:
5400:
5380:
5361:
5343:
5315:
5163:
5106:
5061:
5025:
4904:
4898:
4864:
4711:
4662:
4597:
4544:
4493:
4375:
4280:
4225:
4178:
4144:
4134:
4039:
3899:
3840:
3767:
3738:
3687:
3662:
3613:
3504:
3456:
3409:
3350:
3306:
3264:
3197:
2982:
2236:
2175:
1977:
1638:
1621:
513:
196:
188:
5333:, Horae Soederblominae 5, translated by Sharpe, Eric J., Lund, SE: C.W.K. Gleerup, p. 68
5307:
3730:
3595:
3342:
6577:
6554:
6282:
6110:
6021:
5920:
5824:
5768:
5672:
5623:
5512:
4789:
4701:
4654:
4536:
4485:
4217:
3891:
3832:
3401:
3004:
2977:
2773:
2012:
Earlier scholars were less reluctant to draw connections among the numerous similarly-named
1724:
1688:
1577:
1214:
983:
894:
794:
380:
6075:
Jacques Berlinerblau, "Official religion and popular religion in pre-Exilic ancient Israel"
5534:"Canaanites Reading Hieroglyphs. Horus is Hathor? - The Invention of the Alphabet in Sinai"
3455:. Orbis biblicus et orientalis. Vol. 263. Fribourg: Academic Press. pp. 125–139.
664:
6507:
5550:
5460:
3531:
3193:
2940:
2504:
2493:
2407:
2295:
2259:
2218:). However, Rahmouni's indexing of Ugaritic epithets states the phrase occurs in only the
2154:
Each is on line ii within the letter's opening or greeting sentiment. Some may transcribe
1948:
1891:
1848:
1601:
1438:
719:
684:
2210:
Gibson says sources from before 1200 BC almost always credit Athirat with her full title
6407:
5329:
Ahlström, Gösta W. (1963), Engnell, Ivan; Furumark, Arne; Nordström, Carl-Otto (eds.),
4833:
2875:
2549:
2545:
2533:
2400:
2370:
2171:
2104:
2080:
1740:
Some have sought a common-noun meaning of her name, especially in Ugaritic appellation
6207:
2896:
2880:
2703:) appears prominently. That dynasty follows expulsion of occupying foreigners from an
2422:
used for the worship of Yahweh as this is the meaning that the Hebrew term has in the
1144:
978:
824:
674:
305:
6571:
5948:
5825:
5788:
5524:
5269:
5022:
The Mishnah: Translated from the Hebrew With Introduction and Brief Explanatory Notes
4558:
4513:
4237:
3852:
3113:
2683:
2615:
brought hundreds of prophets for Baal and Asherah with her into the Israelite court.
2286:. Such occurrences, as well as the fact that the plural, "days", can be read as both
2251:
1349:
1081:
714:
579:
2572:, a grove or a wood. From the Vulgate, the King James translation of the Bible uses
1847:, based upon the coincidence of their common title as "the mother of all living" in
1071:
993:
819:
6462:
6402:
6337:
6212:
4856:
2967:
2753:
2740:
2611:
commanding the destruction of her shrines so as to maintain purity of his worship.
2452:
2423:
2269:
2112:
2036:
1962:
1934:
1914:
1837:
1776:
1329:
1269:
1179:
839:
829:
739:
729:
724:
539:
435:
315:
154:
5627:
5552:
The Cult of Asherah in Ancient Israel and Judah: The Evidence for a Hebrew Goddess
4934:
2008:
1051:
6029:
5555:, University of Cambridge Oriental publications, 57, Cambridge University Press,
5484:
4990:
4591:
3719:
Lidzbarski, Ephemeris fuer semitische Epigraphik (GieBen: Topelmann, 1915) 3:285.
2666:"for the shrine". This has been taken as evidence that Asherah was worshipped in
6517:
6452:
6422:
6322:
6237:
6227:
6222:
5184:
5056:
3016:
2586:
2435:
2419:
1887:
1856:
1488:
1463:
1354:
1344:
1249:
1169:
1159:
929:
869:
699:
604:
415:
340:
330:
325:
184:
5924:
4658:
2058:
to commemorate setting up a "protective genius" (font?) for her in her temple.
6447:
6257:
6242:
5340:
Yahweh and the gods of Canaan: a historical analysis of two contrasting faiths
3405:
2870:
2521:
2314:
2226:
means "lady" (literally "female great one"). She appears to champion her son,
2219:
2089:
2031:
1947:" universally depict Asherah with protruding breasts. Likewise, the so-called
1792:
1745:
1433:
1393:
1374:
1194:
1174:
1046:
874:
764:
749:
679:
669:
360:
345:
134:
5932:
5883:
5854:
5780:
5684:
5635:
5516:
5110:
4715:
4666:
4497:
4229:
4182:
4148:
4043:
3903:
3844:
3836:
3771:
3413:
1894:. Goddess "aspect creep" can even lap upon male figures like Jacob or Jesus.
968:
6522:
6367:
6307:
6202:
5940:
5815:
5676:
5607:
3799:"The Face of Jacob in the Moon: Mystical Transformations of an Aggadic Myth"
3389:
3228:
2957:
2935:
2769:
2667:
2642:
Various partial inscriptions found on destroyed seventh century BCE jars in
2330:
2275:
2227:
2043:
1973:
1883:
1518:
1493:
1483:
1468:
1339:
1294:
1234:
1139:
924:
914:
884:
834:
460:
400:
300:
192:
5959:, Alter Orient und Altes Testament, Bd. 235., Verlag Butzon & Bercker,
4780:
Ackerman, Susan (1993). "The Queen Mother and the Cult in Ancient Israel".
3138:
Day, John. "Asherah in the Hebrew Bible and Northwest Semitic Literature."
2906:
2078:; though her exact role in the pantheon is unclear; as a separate goddess,
1905:
Cultic objects dedicated to Asherah frequently depict trees, and the terms
1061:
1056:
958:
799:
4370:
Kogan, Leonid (2011). "Proto-Semitic Lexicon". In Weninger, Stefan (ed.).
3498:
6287:
5772:
4528:
4261:
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jorient/55/2/55_53/_article/-char/en
3895:
2962:
2901:
2631:
2604:
2468:
2446:
Early scholarship emphasized somewhat mutually-negating possibilities of
2318:
2108:
1676:
1498:
1473:
1398:
1264:
1209:
899:
769:
759:
744:
709:
574:
430:
375:
6044:
5911:
Taylor, Joan E. (1995), "The Asherah, the Menorah and the Sacred Tree",
5118:
4757:
https://books.google.com/books?id=wkdFAAAAYAAJ&q=licking+her+sucking
4706:
4689:
4540:
4190:
4166:
4051:
3911:
3879:
3421:
2808:
or similar form. In any event, Watkins says the root of both names is a
1954:
6432:
6347:
6327:
6292:
6247:
6197:
5094:
4801:
4674:
4642:
4505:
4477:
4027:
3347:
Image, Text, Exegesis: Iconographic Interpretation and the Hebrew Bible
2745:
2612:
2561:
2472:
2458:
2427:
2415:
2354:
2310:
2093:
2026:
1918:
1852:
1508:
1503:
1453:
1359:
1279:
1254:
1219:
1184:
1134:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1021:
1003:
998:
988:
919:
904:
889:
844:
809:
734:
694:
659:
649:
644:
445:
420:
385:
350:
295:
174:
158:
148:
6105:
Israelite Religion to Judaism: the Evolution of the Religion of Israel
5986:(in German). Freiburg, Schweiz Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
5977:, Gorgias Ugaritic Studies 2 (2nd ed.), New Jersey: Gorgias Press
5757:"The Cultic Identity of Asherah in Deuteronomistic Ideology of Israel"
3635:, See §1.3.2 "Die Goettin & ihr Kultobjekt sind nicht zu trennen".
2230:, god of the sea, in his struggle against Baʾal. (Yam's ascription as
6532:
6527:
6512:
6487:
6477:
6472:
6457:
6417:
6372:
6362:
6342:
6332:
6317:
6312:
6297:
6272:
6262:
6232:
6192:
6172:
5975:
A Reassessment of Asherah: With Further Considerations of the Goddess
5486:
Did God Have A Wife?: Archaeology And Folk Religion In Ancient Israel
5445:(1st ed.), Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, pp. 42–93,
5394:
4130:
A reassessment of Asherah: with further considerations of the goddess
3559:
3557:
3555:
3553:
2972:
2911:
2890:
2885:
2865:
2860:
2765:
2696:
2679:
2608:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2477:
2464:
2360:
2279:
2202:
2097:
2047:
1716:
1712:
1523:
1478:
1458:
1448:
1443:
1423:
1418:
1403:
1388:
1384:
1304:
1299:
1274:
1259:
1244:
1239:
1224:
1199:
1164:
1149:
1129:
1109:
1076:
1066:
1015:
953:
864:
654:
614:
594:
584:
549:
534:
470:
465:
440:
425:
410:
405:
390:
365:
335:
310:
275:
266:
144:
138:
5892:
5422:
4793:
4489:
4205:
4105:
Aschera & der Ausschliesslichkeitsanspruch YHWH's, Frevel, 1995.
5863:
5756:
5739:
5533:
5140:
4897:
Levenson, Jon D. (2014). Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi (eds.).
4221:
4128:
3798:
3448:
2512:
2274:) having been dropped, and in a select few cases, replaced with an
6502:
6492:
6482:
6467:
6442:
6357:
6352:
6302:
6277:
6267:
6252:
6182:
5800:, Jewish folklore and anthropology, Wayne State University Press,
2761:
2757:
2643:
2582:
2511:
2503:
2376:
2365:
2334:
2196:
2007:
1927:
1922:
1872:
1860:
1813:
1428:
1413:
1379:
1369:
1324:
1289:
1284:
1229:
1204:
1189:
1119:
1011:
1007:
909:
879:
814:
804:
774:
704:
639:
619:
569:
559:
455:
450:
395:
370:
355:
285:
5919:(66), University of Sheffield, Dept. of Biblical Studies: 29–54,
5342:, London: University of London, Athlone Press, pp. 105–106,
6497:
6437:
6397:
6392:
6217:
6177:
4478:"Asherah, Consort of Yahweh? New Evidence from Kuntillet ʿAjrûd"
2756:(CIS II 113) discovered by Charles Huber in 1883 in the ancient
1996:
1408:
1364:
1154:
1114:
963:
857:
787:
754:
589:
564:
544:
529:
320:
280:
6114:
6047:
An Altar of Earth: Reflections on Jews, Goddesses and the Zohar
5646:
In a Chariot Drawn by Lions: The Search for the Female in Deity
4535:, Amsterdam: B.R. Grüner Publishing Company, pp. 237–240,
3453:
Ishtar / Astarte / Aphrodite : Transformation of a Goddess
1965:, Hestrin noted that in a group of other pottery vessels found
6537:
6427:
6412:
2085:
1844:
1589:
1513:
1334:
554:
164:
5864:"On Epigraphic Hebrew ʾŠR and *ʾŠRH, and on Biblical Asherah"
2560:(trees) being used for the former, and, peculiarly, Ἀστάρτη (
2554:
2538:
4815:
Bowen, Nancy (2001). "The Quest for the Historical Gĕbîrâ".
3731:"The Serpent in the Garden of Eden: Its Background and Role"
3390:"L'inscription 3 de Khirbet el-Qôm revisitée et l' 'Ashérah"
4935:"Photograph taken by Gertrude Bell in Israel, January 1900"
4533:
Archaeology and Fertility Cult in the Ancient Mediterranean
4529:"The Israelite Religious Centre of Kuntillet 'Ajrud, Sinai"
1972:
Asherah may also have been associated with the ancient pan-
1592:
599:
5443:
Asherah: Goddesses in Ugarit, Israel and the Old Testament
3939:"7,500-year-old Burial in Eilat Contains Earliest Asherah"
3305:(Reprint ed.). Mercer University Press. p. 494.
1952:
as a grape cluster. The womb was also sometimes used as a
1586:
3823:
Rainbow, Jesse (2007). "Male μαστoι in Revelation 1.13".
3735:
From Creation to Abraham: Further Studies in Genesis 1-11
2438:
horde had at least four; they can be seen in the Louvre.
1995:
The symbols around Asherah are so many (8+ pointed star,
1583:
5874:. 3 vol. (Transeuphratène 44-46; Pendé: Gabalda, 2014).
5704:. Atlanta, Georgia: Atlanta, Ga. : Scholars Press.
3961:
3959:
3368:
3366:
3229:"BBC Two - Bible's Buried Secrets, Did God Have a Wife?"
2730:
2630:
name, and the cakes. Dever also points to the temple at
1665:
5377:
The Mother of the Lord Volume 1: The Lady in the Temple
4297:
4295:
3208:
3206:
2772:'s retirement there in 549 BC, bears an inscription in
2050:. In it, he complements her as "lord of the mountain" (
34:
5358:
The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions and Their Decipherment
4643:""Yahweh and His Asherah": The Goddess or Her Symbol?"
3096:
3094:
3092:
1980:" motif, which depicted a person or deity betwixt two
1649:
1632:
5292:, p. 33: lists dates from 5th C BCE to 6th C AD.
5093:
Gitin, Seymour; Dothan, Trude; Naveh, Joseph (1997).
5024:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 90, 176.
4482:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
3608:
Keel, Othmar; Uehlinger, Christoph (1 January 1998).
3146:, www.jstor.org/stable/3260509. Accessed 5 Aug. 2021.
2988:
2516:
1900, grove at brook Kidron, Jerusalem, Gertrude Bell
2313:". In those texts, Athirat is the consort of the god
2096:
is believed to be linked to the Mesopotamian goddess
2042:
A limestone slab inscribed with a dedication made by
1775:
The -ot ending "Asherot" is found three times in the
1699:
5141:"The Myth of Asherah: Lion Lady and Serpent Goddess"
4077:
4075:
4073:
1615:
6381:
6161:
6154:
5280:(Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1998), 79.
5145:
Ugarit-Forschungen: Internationales Jahrbuch für ..
4013:
4001:
3563:
2100:who is sometimes portrayed as the daughter of Anu.
1580:
206:
127:
119:
107:
99:
65:
6024:The Goddess in Judaism – An Historical Perspective
5761:Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft
5640:(Access only by subscription or article purchase.)
5505:Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft
3449:"Astarte in the Bible and her Relation to Asherah"
3345:. In Hulster, Izaak J. de; LeMon, Joel M. (eds.).
3343:"Finding Asherah: The Goddesses in Text and Image"
5423:"Eve's Ritual: the Judahite Sacred Marriage Rite"
3187:Asertu, tablet concordance KUB XXXVI 35 - CTH 342
2309:, which may be translated as "the creator of the
2302:), gives credence to this alternate translation.
1984:. According to Beaulieu, depictions of a divine "
1921:tree discovered in a 7,500 year old gravesite in
1822:presentation can lessen the visual effect of the
6005:(2nd ed.), London: Sheffield Academic Press
5831:, translated by Ford, J. N., Leiden, NE: Brill,
5827:Divine Epithets in the Ugaritic Alphabetic Texts
4861:Harlot or Holy Woman?: A Study of Hebrew Qedešah
4372:The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook
3442:
3440:
2724:
2564:) for the latter. The Vulgate in Latin provided
1659:
3500:Comparative Semitic And Hebrew Plural Morphemes
2834:, "trace") is similar in meaning to the Hebrew
1863:. Olyan notes that Eve's original Hebrew name,
6053:University of Birmingham: Deryn Guest: Asherah
5872:Bible et Proche-Orient. Mélanges André Lemaire
5314:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 29–38.
4270:
4268:
2764:, northwestern Arabia, and now located at the
1759:is "king, prince, ruler." The NW Semitic root
6126:
5897:Journal for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities
4435:
3196:', Hittite Collection, Hatice Gonnet-Bağana;
1925:has been considered an Asherah tree by some.
1552:
490:
8:
5308:"Notes on the Kuntillet 'Ajrud Inscriptions"
3536:Religion and Literature of Ancient Palestine
3383:
3381:
3263:. University Press of America. p. 193.
2359:The conception of Asherah as the partner of
2054:), and presages similar use with words like
5973:Wiggins, Steve A. (2007), Wyatt, N. (ed.),
5468:Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages 30/1
5331:Aspects of Syncretism in Israelite Religion
5095:"A Royal Dedicatory Inscription from Ekron"
3686:. Princeton University Press. p. 270.
3336:
3334:
2056:voluptuousness, joy, tender, patient, mercy
1719:and Asherah were a consort pair in ancient
18:
6158:
6133:
6119:
6111:
5913:Journal for the Study of the Old Testament
4596:. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 238.
4451:
3884:Ägypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant
3825:Journal for the Study of the New Testament
3684:Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times
1559:
1545:
508:
497:
483:
224:
91:
6031:Asherah, the Tree of Life and the Menorah
5740:"Short Notes on the Etymology of Asherah"
5310:. In Eshel, Esther; Levin, Yigal (eds.).
5105:(1/2). Israel Exploration Society: 1–16.
4705:
4093:
3349:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 71–90.
1851:3:20 through the identification with the
5702:Asherah and the Cult of Yahweh in Israel
5616:Journal of the American Oriental Society
5571:Goddesses and Trees, New Moon and Yahweh
5399:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
5396:Yahweh and the Origins of Ancient Israel
4317:
4301:
4275:Gibson, J. C. L.; Driver, G. R. (1978),
4259:the administrative text (KTU2 4.168: 4)
4064:
3937:Rich, Viktoria Greenboim (16 May 2022).
3784:
3661:(1st ed.). Routledge. p. 171.
3252:
3250:
2699:("holiness", sometimes reconstructed as
2117:
24:This is an accepted version of this page
5590:Reinstating the Divine Woman in Judaism
4903:. Oxford University Press. p. 72.
4463:
4374:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 179–258.
4160:
4158:
3965:
3299:Mills, Watson, ed. (31 December 1999).
3294:
3292:
3088:
3029:
2995:
2520:There are references to the worship of
2496:aimed at assuring an abundant harvest.
2337:") and mother of either 77 or 88 sons.
2305:Another primary epithet of Athirat was
511:
265:
232:
20:
5891:Stuckey, Johanna H. (1 January 2002).
5289:
4900:The Jewish Study Bible: Second Edition
4883:
4740:
4628:
4577:
4422:
4357:
4038:(4). Israel Exploration Society: 215.
3977:
3865:
3632:
3591:
3484:
3212:
3142:, vol. 105, no. 3, 1986, pp. 385–408.
3100:
2206:, "holiness". There is reference to a
1882:There is further speculation that the
62:
54:For the small research submarine, see
5421:Beaulieu, Stéphane (1 January 2007).
5278:Ancient Goddesses: Myths and Evidence
5080:
4767:
4728:
4439:
4333:
4081:
3989:
3924:
3737:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 56.
3706:
3223:
3221:
2039:, the supreme deity of the Amorites.
7:
5878:: 47–66 (with Pls. 4–5 on 189–190).
5849:, Texas Christian University Press,
5139:Wiggins, Steve A. (1 January 1991).
4690:"Judahite Hebrew Epigraphy and Cult"
4610:from the original on 18 January 2022
4345:
3644:
3612:. Edinburgh: Bloomsbury Publishing.
3372:
3319:from the original on 10 January 2022
3277:from the original on 10 January 2022
3235:from the original on 15 January 2012
3118:The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia
2725:
1660:
6063:"Room One, Major Canaanite Deities"
5893:"The Great Goddesses of the Levant"
5162:. Infobase Publishing. p. 37.
5001:from the original on 5 January 2006
4971:from the original on 27 August 2016
4438:, p. 40, fig. 31a, and lately
4028:"The Lachish Ewer and the 'Asherah"
3434:Pardee, COS I, p 277, DAWN AND DUSK
2819:and differs on the root's meaning.
2804:or a later borrowing of the Hebrew
2299:
2263:
1933:"The dedicatory inscription on the
1791:"Elat", the feminine equivalent of
1605:
5870:. J. Elayi – J.-M. Durand (eds.).
5691:Myer, Allen C. (2000), "Asherah",
5356:Albright, William Foxwell (1969).
3610:Gods, Goddesses, And Images of God
3532:"A New Analysis of YHWH's asherah"
3497:Pat-El, Na’ama (6 November 2018).
3167:from the original on 6 August 2021
2768:, believed to date to the time of
2190:, "goddess", the feminine form of
1535:Religions of the ancient Near East
49:
6077:(Commentary on Yahweh's Asherah.)
5185:"Athirat: As Found at Ras Shamra"
4133:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press.
4014:Locatell, McKinny & Shai 2022
4002:Locatell, McKinny & Shai 2022
3831:(2). SAGE Publications: 249–253.
3797:Wolfson, Elliot (18 April 2013).
3564:Locatell, McKinny & Shai 2022
3120:. Columbia University Press. 2022
2815:. Pritchard excerpts the mention
2282:, resulting in the word becoming
2222:. Apparently of Akkadian origin,
1755:The common NW Semitic meaning of
5847:The Asherah in the Old Testament
5693:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
5573:. Sheffield: Burns & Oates.
5199:from the original on 1 July 2019
5160:Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses
4694:Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology
3880:"Western Asiatic Tree-Goddesses"
3475:Judg. 3.7, 2 Chron. 19.3 and 3.3
3010:
2998:
1576:
216:77 or 88 sons (Hittite religion)
5845:Reed, William Laforest (1949),
5158:Jordan, Michael (14 May 2014).
4863:. Penn State Press. p. 6.
4210:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
4204:Patai, Raphael (January 1965).
3451:. In Sugimoto, David T. (ed.).
3060:Ugaritic 𐎗𐎁𐎚 𐎀𐎘𐎗𐎚 𐎊𐎎,
2743:as the consort of the moon-god
5489:, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing,
4782:Journal of Biblical Literature
4527:Meshel, Zev (1 January 1986),
3302:Mercer Dictionary of the Bible
3140:Journal of Biblical Literature
1826:'s directly protruding breasts
1:
6069:Kuntillet ʿAjrud inscriptions
5628:10.7817/jaos.142.3.2022.ar024
3447:Anthonioz, Stéphanie (2014).
2084:, was considered the wife of
6633:Queens of Heaven (antiquity)
5695:, Amsterdam University Press
5360:. Harvard University Press.
3341:Wyse-Rhodes, Jackie (2015).
2731:
2395:Kuntillet Ajrud inscriptions
2111:by the 14th-century name of
1700:
1666:
1650:
1633:
6598:Deities in the Hebrew Bible
6088:(This equates Asherah with
6081:ANE: Kuntillet bibliography
6061:Qadash Kinahnu Deity Temple
6003:Religious Texts from Ugarit
4817:Catholic Biblical Quarterly
4436:Keel & Uehlinger (1998)
4277:Canaanite Myths and Legends
3682:Redford, Donald B. (1992).
2918:Queen of Heaven (antiquity)
2693:Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
2174:, Asherah appears as ʾṯrt (
1795:. Her titles often include
1616:
213:70 sons (Ugaritic religion)
6659:
5955:Wiggins, Steve A. (1993),
5925:10.1177/030908929502006602
5644:Long, Asphodel P. (1993),
5549:Hadley, Judith M. (2000),
5483:Dever, William G. (2005),
5459:Cornelius, Sakkie (2004).
5099:Israel Exploration Journal
4961:"Genesis Chapter 1 (NKJV)"
4659:10.1163/156853399774228010
4476:Dever, William G. (1984).
4032:Israel Exploration Journal
3260:An Archaeology of Religion
3072:Ugaritic 𐎖𐎐𐎊𐎚 𐎛𐎍𐎎,
2695:, a Semitic goddess named
2677:
2555:
2539:
2532:is translated in Greek as
2484:, formerly translated as "
2392:
2344:
2046:to Ashratum is known from
1715:. Some scholars hold that
1692:
1642:
1625:
77:Lady Asherah (of the) Sea
53:
6550:
5532:Goldwasser, Orly (2006),
5393:Amzallag, Nissim (2023).
5375:Barker, Margaret (2012),
5253:
4590:Bonanno, Anthony (1986).
4165:Hess, Richard S. (1996).
3659:Women in the Hebrew Bible
3406:10.2143/RBI.122.1.3149557
3231:. BBC. 21 December 2011.
2827:
2797:
2789:
2781:
2553:
2537:
1877:Punica tabella defixionis
1871:, an attested epithet of
1811:, "creator of the gods."
1764:
1727:, while others disagree.
1673:ancient Semitic religions
90:
75:
68:
6583:Ancient Israel and Judah
5823:Rahmouni, Aicha (2008),
5592:, Universal Publishers,
5517:10.1515/zatw.1982.94.1.2
5338:Albright, W. F. (1968),
5183:Watkins, Justin (2007).
5054:Coogan, Michael (2010).
3837:10.1177/0142064x07084777
2347:Ancient Semitic religion
2321:this goddess appears as
2178:: 𐎀𐎘𐎗𐎚), anglicised
2115:, "servant of Asherah".
1767:) means "tread".
234:Ancient Semitic religion
31:latest accepted revision
5862:Sass, Benjamin (2014).
5796:Patai, Raphael (1990),
5755:Park, Sung Jin (2011).
5738:Park, Sung Jin (2010).
5700:Olyan, Saul M. (1988).
5677:10.1163/156853389X00534
5306:Ahituv, Shmuel (2014).
5020:Danby, Herbert (1933).
4688:Lemaire, André (2024).
4641:Emerton, J. A. (1999).
4127:Wiggins, Steve (2007).
3257:Wesler, Kit W. (2012).
2817:wšnglʔ wʔšyrʔ ʔlhy tymʔ
2624:female pillar figurines
2258:), from which derives (
2107:is found a king of the
51:Ancient Semitic goddess
6623:West Semitic goddesses
6243:Baalshamin/Baʿalshamem
5719:Ornan, Tallay (2005).
5441:Binger, Tilde (1997),
5060:. Twelve. p. 47.
4167:"Asherah or Asherata?"
4026:Hestrin, Ruth (1987).
2736:) she was attested in
2517:
2509:
2385:
2374:
2200:); she is also called
2017:
1939:
1827:
1787:Her name is sometimes
1675:. She also appears in
258:Near Eastern Religions
5569:Keel, Othmar (1998).
4995:www.asphodel-long.com
4939:Gertrude Bell Archive
4279:, T. & T. Clark,
4206:"The Goddess Asherah"
3878:Ziffer, Irit (2010).
3388:Puech, Émile (2015).
3192:5 August 2021 at the
2691:Beginning during the
2678:Further information:
2515:
2507:
2380:
2369:
2333:("El, the Creator of
2074:, Asherah appears as
2011:
1945:Judean pillar figures
1931:
1817:
6618:Phoenician mythology
6384:Mesopotamian deities
5982:Winter, Urs (1983).
5773:10.1515/zaw.2011.036
5588:Kien, Jenny (2000),
5538:Egypt and the Levant
5427:Concordia University
4115:Context of Scripture
3896:10.1553/AEundL20s411
3657:Bach, Alice (1998).
2947:Judean pillar figure
2943:- Bronze age figures
2420:sacred tree or grove
1824:Judean pillar figure
1744:, only found in the
974:Hutena and Hutellura
6608:Levantine mythology
6603:Fertility goddesses
6588:Book of Deuteronomy
6059:Lilinah biti-Anat,
6045:Rabbi Jill Hammer,
6038:Jewish Encyclopedia
5379:, T & T Clark,
5274:Christine E. Morris
5044:Deuteronomy 12: 3–4
4707:10.52486/01.00007.3
4580:, pp. 122–136.
4541:10.1075/zg.15.24mes
4454:, pp. 121–160.
4442:, pp. 160–163.
4348:, pp. 527–534.
2953:Semitic neopaganism
2705:intermediary period
2674:In Egyptian sources
2646:contain words like
2500:In the Hebrew Bible
2442:Sacred prostitution
2341:In Israel and Judah
2250:(for reconstructed
1990:Ta'anach cult stand
1671:) was a goddess in
1027:Ninatta and Kulitta
228:Part of a series on
179:Qatabanian religion
56:Asherah (submarine)
21:Page version status
6022:Asphodel P. Long,
6001:Wyatt, N. (2003),
5798:The Hebrew Goddess
5744:Ugarit Forschungen
5648:, Crossing Press,
3760:Ugarit-Forschungen
3729:Day, John (2021).
3538:. 13 December 2015
2949:- Iron age figures
2662:"to Asherah", and
2638:Philistine records
2518:
2510:
2486:temple prostitutes
2480:. The Hebrew term
2406:The second was at
2386:
2375:
2351:Canaanite pantheon
2018:
1982:confronted animals
1940:
1828:
1818:Flat lighting and
1006:dynastic deities (
253:pre-Islamic Arabia
149:Israelite religion
114:Formerly Jerusalem
27:
6628:Arabian goddesses
6565:
6564:
6546:
6545:
6164:Canaanite deities
6103:David Steinberg,
5730:978-3-525-53007-8
5711:978-1-55540-253-2
5665:Vetus Testamentum
5580:978-1-85075-915-7
5406:978-1-009-31476-3
5321:978-3-647-55062-6
5260:also means "sea")
5252:(the Arabic root
5067:978-0-446-54525-9
4965:Blue Letter Bible
4910:978-0-19-939387-9
4870:978-1-64602-020-1
4647:Vetus Testamentum
4550:978-90-6032-288-8
4381:978-3-11-025158-6
4360:, pp. 42–93.
4140:978-1-59333-717-9
3868:, pp. 29–54.
3744:978-0-567-70311-8
3693:978-0-691-03606-9
3668:978-0-415-91561-8
3619:978-0-567-08591-7
3462:978-3-525-54388-7
3375:, pp. 47–66.
3356:978-0-567-58828-9
3048:Ugaritic 𐎖𐎄𐎌,
3036:Ugaritic 𐎛𐎍𐎚,
2983:Ashteroth Karnaim
2448:holy prostitution
2329:, the consort of
2152:
2151:
1986:mistress of lions
1978:Master of animals
1961:Remarking on the
1750:rabat athirat yam
1742:rabat athirat yam
1698:
1648:
1631:
1614:
1569:
1568:
514:ancient Near East
507:
506:
223:
222:
189:Assyrian religion
169:Akkadian religion
139:Ugaritic religion
108:Major cult center
39:14 September 2024
6650:
6638:Ugaritic deities
6613:Mother goddesses
6593:Book of Jeremiah
6556:Mythology portal
6283:Kothar-wa-Khasis
6159:
6135:
6128:
6121:
6112:
6006:
5997:
5978:
5969:
5951:
5907:
5905:
5903:
5887:
5857:
5841:
5830:
5818:
5792:
5751:
5734:
5715:
5696:
5687:
5658:
5639:
5610:
5584:
5565:
5545:
5528:
5499:
5479:
5477:
5475:
5465:
5455:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5417:
5415:
5413:
5389:
5371:
5352:
5334:
5325:
5293:
5287:
5281:
5267:
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5255:
5250:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5239:
5232:Internet Archive
5224:
5218:
5215:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5204:
5180:
5174:
5173:
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4957:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4946:
4941:. 1 January 1900
4931:
4925:
4924:
4919:
4917:
4893:
4887:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4857:Bird, Phyllis A.
4853:
4847:
4831:
4825:
4824:
4812:
4806:
4805:
4777:
4771:
4765:
4759:
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4709:
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4679:
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4414:
4407:
4401:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4367:
4361:
4355:
4349:
4343:
4337:
4336:, p. 131ff.
4331:
4325:
4315:
4309:
4299:
4290:
4289:
4272:
4263:
4257:
4251:
4248:
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4201:
4195:
4194:
4162:
4153:
4152:
4124:
4118:
4112:
4106:
4103:
4097:
4096:, p. 28–29.
4091:
4085:
4079:
4068:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4023:
4017:
4011:
4005:
3999:
3993:
3987:
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3975:
3969:
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3928:
3922:
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3875:
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3820:
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3811:
3809:
3794:
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3782:
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3710:
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3698:
3697:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3654:
3648:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3605:
3599:
3589:
3583:
3573:
3567:
3561:
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3547:
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3543:
3528:
3522:
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3517:
3494:
3488:
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3467:
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3329:
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3287:
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3254:
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3183:
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3076:
3070:
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3058:
3052:
3046:
3040:
3034:
3015:
3014:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2994:
2978:Fig-cake (fruit)
2930:Kuntillet ʿAjrud
2829:
2822:The Arabic root
2799:
2791:
2783:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2618:William Dever's
2559:
2558:
2557:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2522:numerous deities
2301:
2265:
2245:
2244:
2186:. She is called
2118:
1867:, is cognate to
1766:
1706:
1697:romanized:
1696:
1694:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1653:
1647:romanized:
1646:
1644:
1636:
1630:romanized:
1629:
1627:
1619:
1609:
1607:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
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1561:
1554:
1547:
1215:Kothar-wa-Khasis
523:Ancient Egyptian
509:
499:
492:
485:
381:Kothar-wa-Khasis
225:
197:Hittite religion
159:Amorite religion
95:
70:
63:
6658:
6657:
6653:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6648:
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6568:
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5994:
5984:Frau und Göttin
5981:
5972:
5967:
5954:
5910:
5901:
5899:
5890:
5868:Transeuphratène
5861:
5844:
5839:
5822:
5808:
5795:
5754:
5737:
5731:
5718:
5712:
5699:
5690:
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5234:. 25 March 2023
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4779:
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4452:Goldwasser 2006
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3651:
3643:
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3607:
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3602:
3590:
3586:
3575:Locatell et al
3574:
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3256:
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3194:Wayback Machine
3184:
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3009:
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2997:
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2941:Revadim Asherah
2926:
2856:
2851:
2778:Ṣelem of Maḥram
2713:
2686:
2676:
2640:
2628:queen of heaven
2502:
2494:fertility rites
2444:
2408:Kuntillet Ajrud
2397:
2391:
2382:Kuntillet Ajrud
2357:
2345:Main articles:
2343:
2242:
2241:
2168:
2148:
2092:. In contrast,
2068:
2023:
2014:great goddesses
2006:
1949:Revadim Asherah
1900:
1833:
1785:
1773:
1738:
1733:
1704:
1579:
1575:
1565:
1529:
1528:
1320:
1310:
1309:
1105:
1095:
1087:
1086:
949:
935:
934:
860:
850:
849:
790:
780:
779:
635:
625:
624:
525:
512:Deities of the
503:
219:
202:
112:
86:
82:
67:
59:
52:
47:
46:
45:
44:
43:
42:
26:
12:
11:
5:
6656:
6654:
6646:
6645:
6643:Lion goddesses
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
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6405:
6400:
6395:
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6370:
6365:
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6355:
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6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
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6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
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6235:
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6210:
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6180:
6175:
6169:
6167:
6156:
6152:
6151:
6140:
6138:
6137:
6130:
6123:
6115:
6109:
6108:
6098:
6095:
6094:
6093:
6083:
6078:
6070:
6067:
6066:
6065:
6056:
6055:at Archive.org
6050:
6042:
6034:
6027:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6011:External links
6009:
6008:
6007:
5998:
5992:
5979:
5970:
5965:
5952:
5908:
5888:
5859:
5842:
5837:
5820:
5806:
5793:
5767:(4): 553–564.
5752:
5735:
5729:
5723:. Saint-Paul.
5716:
5710:
5697:
5688:
5671:(3): 371–378,
5660:
5654:
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5585:
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5326:
5320:
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5298:
5295:
5294:
5282:
5262:
5245:
5219:
5210:
5189:Studia Antiqua
5175:
5168:
5150:
5131:
5085:
5083:, p. 166.
5073:
5066:
5046:
5037:
5030:
5012:
4982:
4952:
4926:
4909:
4888:
4886:, p. 133.
4876:
4869:
4848:
4826:
4807:
4788:(3): 385–401.
4772:
4760:
4745:
4733:
4731:, p. 163.
4721:
4680:
4653:(3): 315–337.
4633:
4621:
4602:
4582:
4570:
4549:
4519:
4484:(255): 21–37.
4468:
4456:
4444:
4427:
4415:
4402:
4387:
4380:
4362:
4350:
4338:
4326:
4310:
4291:
4285:
4264:
4252:
4243:
4222:10.1086/371788
4216:(1/2): 37–52.
4196:
4177:(3): 209–219.
4154:
4139:
4119:
4107:
4098:
4094:Cornelius 2004
4086:
4069:
4067:, p. 303.
4057:
4018:
4016:, p. 584.
4006:
4004:, p. 585.
3994:
3992:, p. 188.
3982:
3970:
3955:
3929:
3917:
3870:
3858:
3815:
3789:
3777:
3750:
3743:
3721:
3711:
3699:
3692:
3674:
3667:
3649:
3647:, p. 165.
3637:
3625:
3618:
3600:
3584:
3582:1.3 I 23 "etc"
3568:
3566:, p. 580.
3549:
3523:
3509:
3489:
3487:, pp. 39.
3477:
3468:
3461:
3436:
3427:
3394:Revue Biblique
3377:
3362:
3355:
3330:
3312:978-0865543737
3311:
3288:
3270:978-0761858454
3269:
3246:
3217:
3215:, p. 108.
3202:
3198:Koç University
3178:
3148:
3131:
3105:
3087:
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2938:
2933:
2932:- inscriptions
2925:
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2921:
2920:
2915:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2876:Ashtar-Chemosh
2873:
2868:
2863:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2792:), and
2776:that mentions
2712:
2709:
2675:
2672:
2639:
2636:
2605:Deuteronomy 12
2501:
2498:
2443:
2440:
2401:Khirbet el-Qom
2390:
2387:
2371:Khirbet el-Qom
2342:
2339:
2172:Ugaritic texts
2167:
2164:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2122:
2072:Akkadian texts
2067:
2064:
2029:goddess named
2022:
2019:
2005:
2002:
1899:
1896:
1832:
1831:Interpretation
1829:
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131:
129:
125:
124:
121:
117:
116:
109:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
88:
87:
76:
73:
72:
50:
48:
28:
22:
19:
17:
16:
15:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6655:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6558:
6557:
6553:
6552:
6549:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6458:Inanna/Ishtar
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6390:
6388:
6386:
6385:
6380:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6213:Baʿalat Gebal
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6166:
6165:
6160:
6157:
6153:
6148:
6144:
6136:
6131:
6129:
6124:
6122:
6117:
6116:
6113:
6107:
6106:
6101:
6100:
6096:
6091:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6062:
6057:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6048:
6043:
6041:
6039:
6035:
6033:
6032:
6028:
6026:
6025:
6020:
6019:
6015:
6010:
6004:
5999:
5995:
5993:3-525-53673-9
5989:
5985:
5980:
5976:
5971:
5968:
5966:9783788714796
5962:
5958:
5953:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5909:
5898:
5894:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5843:
5840:
5838:9789004157699
5834:
5829:
5828:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5807:9780814322710
5803:
5799:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5736:
5732:
5726:
5722:
5717:
5713:
5707:
5703:
5698:
5694:
5689:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5661:
5657:
5655:9780895945754
5651:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5612:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5599:9781581127638
5595:
5591:
5586:
5582:
5576:
5572:
5567:
5564:
5562:9780521662352
5558:
5554:
5553:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5501:
5498:
5496:9780802828521
5492:
5488:
5487:
5481:
5469:
5462:
5457:
5454:
5452:9780567119766
5448:
5444:
5439:
5428:
5424:
5419:
5408:
5402:
5398:
5397:
5391:
5388:
5386:9780567528155
5382:
5378:
5373:
5369:
5367:0-608-18593-0
5363:
5359:
5354:
5351:
5349:9780931464010
5345:
5341:
5336:
5332:
5327:
5323:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5304:
5303:
5299:
5291:
5290:Ahituv (2014)
5286:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5270:Lucy Goodison
5266:
5263:
5259:
5249:
5246:
5233:
5229:
5223:
5220:
5214:
5211:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5179:
5176:
5171:
5169:9781438109855
5165:
5161:
5154:
5151:
5146:
5142:
5135:
5132:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5089:
5086:
5082:
5077:
5074:
5069:
5063:
5059:
5058:
5050:
5047:
5041:
5038:
5033:
5031:9780198154020
5027:
5023:
5016:
5013:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4986:
4983:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4956:
4953:
4940:
4936:
4930:
4927:
4923:
4912:
4906:
4902:
4901:
4892:
4889:
4885:
4880:
4877:
4872:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4852:
4849:
4846:
4845:2 Kings 10:13
4842:
4838:
4835:
4830:
4827:
4822:
4818:
4811:
4808:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4776:
4773:
4770:, p. 37.
4769:
4764:
4761:
4758:
4755:
4749:
4746:
4742:
4737:
4734:
4730:
4725:
4722:
4717:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4684:
4681:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4637:
4634:
4631:, p. 35.
4630:
4625:
4622:
4609:
4605:
4603:9789060322888
4599:
4595:
4594:
4586:
4583:
4579:
4574:
4571:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4523:
4520:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4472:
4469:
4465:
4460:
4457:
4453:
4448:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4431:
4428:
4424:
4419:
4416:
4412:
4406:
4403:
4400:
4396:
4391:
4388:
4383:
4377:
4373:
4366:
4363:
4359:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4342:
4339:
4335:
4330:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4318:Rahmouni 2008
4314:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4302:Rahmouni 2008
4298:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4286:9780567023513
4282:
4278:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4256:
4253:
4250:DULAT I p 128
4247:
4244:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4200:
4197:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4123:
4120:
4116:
4111:
4108:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4065:Beaulieu 2007
4061:
4058:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4022:
4019:
4015:
4010:
4007:
4003:
3998:
3995:
3991:
3986:
3983:
3980:, p. 30.
3979:
3974:
3971:
3968:, p. 56.
3967:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3944:
3940:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3921:
3918:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3862:
3859:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3819:
3816:
3804:
3800:
3793:
3790:
3786:
3785:Amzallag 2023
3781:
3778:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3754:
3751:
3746:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3725:
3722:
3715:
3712:
3709:, p. 71.
3708:
3703:
3700:
3695:
3689:
3685:
3678:
3675:
3670:
3664:
3660:
3653:
3650:
3646:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3629:
3626:
3621:
3615:
3611:
3604:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3572:
3569:
3565:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3537:
3533:
3527:
3524:
3512:
3510:9791036574214
3506:
3502:
3501:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3478:
3472:
3469:
3464:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3428:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3182:
3179:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3132:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3103:, p. 44.
3102:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3006:
2996:
2992:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2825:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2810:Proto-Semitic
2807:
2803:
2795:
2787:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2733:
2722:
2718:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2684:Bat (goddess)
2681:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2551:
2547:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2523:
2514:
2506:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2402:
2396:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2362:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2276:A-class vowel
2273:
2271:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2252:Proto-Semitic
2249:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2090:god of Heaven
2087:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2037:Mardu/Amurrum
2034:
2033:
2028:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1936:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1915:Asherah poles
1912:
1908:
1903:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1838:cultic object
1830:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1770:
1768:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1735:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1668:
1657:
1652:
1640:
1635:
1623:
1618:
1612:
1603:
1597:
1573:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1550:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1180:Baʿalat Gebal
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1090:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
951:
948:
944:
939:
938:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
862:
859:
854:
853:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
792:
789:
784:
783:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
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713:
711:
708:
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698:
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648:
646:
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641:
638:
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634:
629:
628:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
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603:
601:
598:
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591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
527:
524:
519:
518:
515:
510:
500:
495:
493:
488:
486:
481:
480:
478:
477:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
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422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
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402:
399:
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394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
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372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
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354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
316:Baʿalat Gebal
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
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110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
89:
85:
80:
74:
64:
61:
57:
40:
36:
32:
25:
6555:
6383:
6233:Baʿal Marqod
6228:Baʿal Ḥammon
6187:
6163:
6147:Mesopotamian
6104:
6089:
6060:
6046:
6037:
6030:
6023:
6002:
5983:
5974:
5956:
5916:
5912:
5900:. Retrieved
5896:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5846:
5826:
5797:
5764:
5760:
5747:
5743:
5720:
5701:
5692:
5668:
5664:
5645:
5619:
5615:
5589:
5570:
5551:
5541:
5537:
5508:
5504:
5485:
5472:. Retrieved
5467:
5442:
5430:. Retrieved
5426:
5410:. Retrieved
5395:
5376:
5357:
5339:
5330:
5311:
5300:Bibliography
5285:
5277:
5265:
5257:
5248:
5236:. Retrieved
5231:
5222:
5213:
5201:. Retrieved
5195:(1): 45–55.
5192:
5188:
5178:
5159:
5153:
5144:
5134:
5122:. Retrieved
5102:
5098:
5088:
5076:
5055:
5049:
5040:
5021:
5015:
5003:. Retrieved
4994:
4985:
4973:. Retrieved
4964:
4955:
4943:. Retrieved
4938:
4929:
4921:
4914:. Retrieved
4899:
4891:
4879:
4860:
4851:
4829:
4820:
4816:
4810:
4785:
4781:
4775:
4763:
4748:
4736:
4724:
4697:
4693:
4683:
4650:
4646:
4636:
4624:
4612:. Retrieved
4592:
4585:
4573:
4562:, retrieved
4532:
4522:
4481:
4471:
4464:Stuckey 2002
4459:
4447:
4440:Ornan (2005)
4430:
4418:
4410:
4405:
4390:
4371:
4365:
4353:
4341:
4329:
4313:
4276:
4255:
4246:
4213:
4209:
4199:
4174:
4170:
4129:
4122:
4114:
4110:
4101:
4089:
4060:
4035:
4031:
4021:
4009:
3997:
3985:
3973:
3966:Stuckey 2002
3946:. Retrieved
3942:
3932:
3920:
3887:
3883:
3873:
3861:
3828:
3824:
3818:
3806:. Retrieved
3803:Academia.edu
3802:
3792:
3780:
3763:
3759:
3753:
3734:
3724:
3714:
3702:
3683:
3677:
3658:
3652:
3640:
3628:
3609:
3603:
3587:
3576:
3571:
3540:. Retrieved
3535:
3526:
3514:. Retrieved
3499:
3492:
3480:
3471:
3452:
3430:
3397:
3393:
3346:
3321:. Retrieved
3301:
3279:. Retrieved
3259:
3237:. Retrieved
3181:
3169:. Retrieved
3160:
3151:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3122:. Retrieved
3117:
3108:
3073:
3068:
3061:
3056:
3049:
3044:
3037:
3032:
2968:Asherah pole
2844:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2823:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2805:
2801:
2793:
2785:
2777:
2751:
2744:
2741:south Arabia
2729:
2716:
2714:
2700:
2690:
2687:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2654:"fig cake",
2651:
2647:
2641:
2617:
2603:
2587:pomegranates
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2529:
2527:
2519:
2489:
2481:
2457:
2453:hieros gamos
2451:
2445:
2432:
2424:Hebrew Bible
2405:
2398:
2389:Inscriptions
2358:
2326:
2322:
2306:
2304:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2267:
2255:
2247:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2159:
2155:
2153:
2142:
2139:
2128:
2125:
2113:Abdi-Ashirta
2102:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2041:
2030:
2024:
1994:
1974:Near Eastern
1971:
1966:
1963:Lachish ewer
1960:
1953:
1941:
1935:Lachish ewer
1932:
1910:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1881:
1868:
1864:
1842:
1834:
1819:
1808:
1807:"lady", and
1804:
1800:
1796:
1788:
1786:
1774:
1760:
1756:
1754:
1749:
1741:
1739:
1708:
1684:
1680:
1679:writings as
1664:
1571:
1570:
1318:Mesopotamian
1165:Baʿal Marqod
1160:Baʿal Ḥammon
1124:
690:Dhul Khalasa
336:Baʿal Marqod
331:Baʿal Ḥammon
326:Baʿal Berith
290:
243:Mesopotamian
113:
84:Great Mother
83:
78:
60:
38:
29:This is the
23:
6538:Utu/Shamash
6518:Ningishzida
6453:Geshtinanna
6238:Baʿal Ṣapon
6223:Baʿal Berit
5902:11 December
5412:10 December
5238:20 February
5124:19 February
5057:God and Sex
5005:14 February
4884:Coogan 2010
4741:Winter 1983
4629:Ahituv 2014
4578:Hadley 2000
4564:23 December
4423:Binger 1997
4395:Numbers 6:5
4358:Binger 1997
3978:Taylor 1995
3948:29 November
3943:Haaretz.com
3890:: 411–430.
3866:Taylor 1995
3808:31 December
3633:Winter 1983
3592:Ahituv 2014
3542:24 December
3516:11 November
3485:Taylor 1995
3400:(1): 5–25.
3281:3 September
3213:Binger 1997
3161:dasi.cnr.it
3101:Binger 1997
3062:rbt ʾṯrt ym
2782:צלם זי מחרמ
2754:Tema stones
2752:One of the
2738:pre-Islamic
2436:Arslan Tash
2426:and in the
2212:rbt ʾṯrt ym
1898:Iconography
1888:Holy Spirit
1799:"holy" and
1514:Utu/Shamash
1464:Ningishzida
1355:Belet Nagar
1325:Adad/Ishkur
1175:Baʿalshamem
1170:Baʿal Ṣapon
870:Inshushinak
346:Baʿalshamem
341:Baʿal Ṣapon
111:Middle-East
100:Other names
6572:Categories
6448:Ereshkigal
5750:: 527–534.
5474:19 October
5432:9 December
5081:Dever 2005
4945:18 January
4823:: 597–618.
4768:Patai 1990
4729:Dever 2005
4334:Wyatt 2003
4320:, p.
4304:, p.
4171:Orientalia
4082:Dever 2005
3990:Dever 2005
3925:Olyan 1988
3707:Olyan 1988
3594:, p.
3323:5 November
3083:References
2784:),
2721:Qatabanian
2622:discusses
2583:grapevines
2412:Phoenician
2393:See also:
2237:Chaoskampf
2220:Baʿal Epic
2208:šr. ‘ṯtrt.
2143:a-ši-ir-te
2135:* EA 61 ii
2121:* EA 60 ii
1746:Baal Cycle
1707:), and as
1701:a-še-ir-tu
1656:Qatabanian
1375:Ereshkigal
875:Ishmekarab
750:Theandrios
680:Baalshamin
670:Atarsamain
267:The Levant
6523:Ninhursag
6508:Nanna/Sin
6393:Abzu/Apsu
6203:Atargatis
6097:Israelite
6092:asherah.)
6040:: Asherah
5949:170422840
5933:0309-0892
5884:0996-5904
5855:491761457
5789:170589596
5781:0044-2526
5685:0042-4935
5636:2169-2289
5544:: 121–160
5525:170614720
5111:0021-2059
4991:"Asherah"
4975:14 August
4716:2788-8819
4700:: 43–72.
4667:0042-4935
4559:211507289
4514:163984447
4498:0003-097X
4413:1.4 I 23.
4346:Park 2010
4238:162046752
4230:0022-2968
4183:0030-5367
4149:171049273
4044:0021-2059
3904:1015-5104
3853:171035381
3845:0142-064X
3772:0342-2356
3645:Kien 2000
3414:2466-8583
3373:Sass 2014
3124:7 October
3114:"Asherah"
3005:Mythology
2958:Shekhinah
2936:Nehushtan
2770:Nabonidus
2711:In Arabia
2668:Philistia
2331:Elkunirsa
2327:Ašertu(s)
2323:Ašerdu(s)
2307:qnyt ʾilm
2194:(compare
2129:aš-ra-tum
2052:bel shadī
2044:Hammurabi
2004:By region
1884:Shekhinah
1736:Etymology
1685:Ašertu(s)
1681:Ašerdu(s)
1611:romanized
1494:Papsukkal
1484:Ninshubur
1469:Ninhursag
1439:Nanna/Sin
1140:Atargatis
1098:Canaanite
1094:Levantine
925:Ruhurater
915:Napirisha
885:Kiririsha
835:Ninkarrak
301:Atargatis
248:Levantine
207:Offspring
193:Elkunirsa
6288:Kotharat
6149:religion
6141:Ancient
5941:88542166
5816:20692501
5608:45500083
5511:: 2–20.
5256:
5197:Archived
5119:27926455
4999:Archived
4969:Archived
4859:(2020).
4614:10 March
4608:Archived
4191:43078131
4052:27926074
3912:23789949
3422:44092312
3317:Archived
3275:Archived
3233:Archived
3190:Archived
3171:6 August
3165:Archived
3074:qnyt ʾlm
2963:Tel Arad
2914:(Qudshu)
2902:Ishtarat
2893:(Ishtar)
2849:See also
2842:(sea)."
2830:
2786:Šingalāʾ
2726:𐩱𐩻𐩧𐩩
2658:"holy,"
2632:Tel Arad
2482:qadishtu
2469:Jeremiah
2319:Hittites
2216:rbt ʾṯrt
2176:Ugaritic
2109:Amorites
2094:ʿAshtart
2032:Ashratum
1911:asheroth
1809:qnyt ỉlm
1763:(Arabic
1693:𒀀𒊺𒅕𒌈
1661:𐩱𐩻𐩧𐩩
1639:Akkadian
1634:ʾAṯiratu
1626:𐎀𐎘𐎗𐎚
1622:Ugaritic
1606:אֲשֵׁרָה
1499:Sarpanit
1489:Pabilsag
1474:Ninisina
1399:Manungal
1394:Ishtaran
1340:Asarluhi
1265:Shadrafa
1210:Kotharat
1102:Ugaritic
1037:Pirengir
900:Nahhunte
820:Ḫalabatu
770:Yarhibol
710:Malakbel
665:al-‘Uzzá
575:Nephthys
431:Shadrafa
376:Kotharat
69:אֲשֵׁרָה
35:reviewed
6578:Asherah
6438:Enki/Ea
6433:Dumuzid
6348:Shapshu
6328:Resheph
6293:Melqart
6248:Chemosh
6198:Astarte
6188:Asherah
6155:Deities
6143:Semitic
6016:Asherah
5470:: 21–39
5203:10 July
4916:29 July
4834:1 Kings
4802:3267740
4675:1585374
4506:1357073
4399:Job 7:6
3766:: 303.
2991:Portals
2871:Ašratum
2854:Deities
2826:(as in
2806:ʾĂšērāh
2802:ʾAṯirat
2794:ʾAšîrāʾ
2774:Aramaic
2717:ʾAṯirat
2650:"oil",
2613:Jezebel
2599:willows
2595:myrtles
2591:walnuts
2562:Astarte
2473:Ezekiel
2428:Mishnah
2416:Aramaic
2355:Yahwism
2311:deities
2278:of the
2184:Athirat
2180:ʾAṯirat
2156:Aširatu
2145:ÌR-[-ka
2076:Aširatu
2027:Amorite
1997:caprids
1967:in situ
1919:juniper
1907:asherim
1857:goddess
1855:mother
1853:Hurrian
1849:Genesis
1820:en face
1771:Grammar
1709:Athirat
1689:Hittite
1677:Hittite
1613::
1572:Asherah
1509:Tishpak
1504:Sebitti
1454:Ninegal
1434:Šumugan
1365:Enki/Ea
1280:Shapshu
1255:Resheph
1220:Melqart
1185:Chemosh
1135:Astarte
1125:Asherah
1072:Tašmišu
1047:Šarruma
1042:Shalash
1032:Nupatik
1022:Nabarbi
1004:Mitanni
999:Lelluri
989:Kumarbi
947:Hittite
943:Hurrian
920:Pinikir
905:Narundi
890:Lagamar
858:Elamite
845:Shalash
810:Hadabal
800:Aštabil
788:Eblaite
765:Yaghūth
735:Orotalt
695:Dushara
660:al-Qaum
645:Aglibol
633:Arabian
446:Shapshu
421:Resheph
386:Melqart
351:Chemosh
296:Astarte
291:Asherah
128:Consort
103:Athirat
71:
66:Asherah
6533:Tiamat
6528:Ninlil
6513:Nergal
6488:Marduk
6478:Lahamu
6473:Kishar
6418:Anshar
6403:Amurru
6373:Yarikh
6363:Yahweh
6343:Shalim
6338:Shahar
6333:Sakkun
6318:Qedesh
6313:Nikkal
6298:Milcom
6273:Eshmun
6263:Elohim
6208:ʿAṯtar
6193:Ashima
6173:Adonis
5990:
5963:
5947:
5939:
5931:
5882:
5853:
5835:
5814:
5804:
5787:
5779:
5727:
5708:
5683:
5652:
5634:
5606:
5596:
5577:
5559:
5523:
5493:
5449:
5403:
5383:
5364:
5346:
5318:
5166:
5117:
5109:
5064:
5028:
4907:
4867:
4800:
4714:
4673:
4665:
4600:
4557:
4547:
4512:
4504:
4496:
4378:
4283:
4236:
4228:
4189:
4181:
4147:
4137:
4050:
4042:
3910:
3902:
3851:
3843:
3770:
3741:
3690:
3665:
3616:
3507:
3459:
3420:
3412:
3353:
3309:
3267:
3239:4 July
2973:Xoanon
2912:Qetesh
2907:Išartu
2897:Ishara
2891:Inanna
2886:Hathor
2881:ʿAṯtar
2866:Ashima
2861:Al-Lat
2766:Louvre
2701:Qudshu
2697:Qetesh
2680:Hathor
2626:, the
2609:Yahweh
2597:, and
2578:groves
2556:δένδρα
2530:ʾăšērâ
2478:Maacah
2471:, and
2465:Josiah
2459:gəḇīrā
2361:Yahweh
2353:, and
2300:יָמִים
2296:Hebrew
2280:Niqqud
2260:Hebrew
2232:god of
2166:Ugarit
2160:Ašratu
2124:um-ma
2098:Ishtar
2088:, the
2048:Sippar
1955:nutrix
1892:Sophia
1869:ḥawwat
1801:baʽlat
1777:Tanakh
1721:Israel
1717:Yahweh
1713:Ugarit
1651:Aširat
1643:𒀀𒅆𒋥
1617:ʾĂšērā
1602:Hebrew
1524:Zababa
1479:Ninlil
1459:Ningal
1449:Ninazu
1444:Nergal
1424:Nisaba
1419:Nanaya
1404:Marduk
1389:Ishtar
1385:Inanna
1360:Dumuzi
1335:An/Anu
1330:Amurru
1305:Yarikh
1300:Yahweh
1275:Shalim
1270:Shahar
1260:Sakkun
1245:Qedesh
1240:Nikkal
1225:Milcom
1200:Eshmun
1150:Azizos
1145:ʿAṯtar
1130:Ashima
1110:Adonis
1077:Teshub
1067:Takitu
1062:Šuwala
1057:Šimige
1052:Šauška
1016:Varuna
984:Kubaba
979:Išḫara
959:Aštabi
954:Allani
945:&
895:Manzat
865:Humban
840:Saggar
825:Išḫara
795:Adamma
675:ʿAṯtar
655:al-Lat
615:Tefnut
595:Qetesh
585:Osiris
550:Buchis
535:Anubis
471:Yarikh
466:Yahweh
441:Shalim
436:Shahar
426:Sakkun
411:Qedesh
406:Nikkal
391:Milcom
366:Eshmun
311:Azizos
306:ʿAṯtar
276:Adonis
155:Amurru
145:Yahweh
120:Symbol
6503:Nammu
6493:Mummu
6483:Lahmu
6468:Kingu
6443:Enlil
6423:Ashur
6358:Tanit
6353:Sydyk
6303:Misor
6278:Haddu
6268:Elyon
6253:Dagan
6218:Baʿal
6183:Arsay
5945:S2CID
5785:S2CID
5669:XXXIX
5622:(3).
5521:S2CID
5464:(PDF)
5115:JSTOR
4841:18:19
4837:15:13
4798:JSTOR
4671:JSTOR
4555:S2CID
4510:S2CID
4502:JSTOR
4234:S2CID
4187:JSTOR
4048:JSTOR
3908:JSTOR
3849:S2CID
3418:JSTOR
3144:JSTOR
3024:Notes
2924:Other
2836:ʾāšar
2832:ʾaṯar
2813:*ʾṯrt
2798:אשירא
2790:שנגלא
2758:oasis
2660:l'šrt
2644:Ekron
2574:grove
2570:nemus
2566:lucus
2550:Greek
2546:grove
2540:ἄλσος
2534:Greek
2335:Earth
2292:yāmîm
2288:yōmîm
2284:y(a)m
2256:yawm-
2224:rabat
2203:Qodeš
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