17:
64:(swathed and dried) prior to harvest, but can easily be straight-cut and harvested. This saves the farmer time and money, which is important in northern regions where the growing season is short. In a non-food crop such as cotton, reliance on natural frost may be too late to be effective in some regions. Thus leaves that remain on the cotton plant will interfere with mechanical harvesters and stain the white cotton resulting in a lower quality grade; herbicides which cause both
221:
rapidly and dry down occurs within a few days. True desiccants do not often provide good weed control because killing only the top growth may allow plants to begin re-growing again. In contrast, systemic herbicides are absorbed by foliage or roots and translocated to other parts of the plant. They poison metabolism throughout the plant thus the process is slower, with die off and dry down taking up to a couple weeks.
1340:
75:
Desiccation can enhance the ripening of a crop. With sugarcane, for example, glyphosate application increases sucrose concentration before harvest. With grains, for example, as a consequence of crop plant uniformity as noted above, grain ripeness can be made more uniform through the same process.
351:
The timing of application is crucial as the moisture content of the grain must be below 30% for the yield of the crop to be unaffected and to minimize uptake of glyphosate by the grain. Yield may be affected and residues increased if applications are made to uneven fields in which some areas have a
407:
published a study about correlations between trace levels of glyphosate in human urine with consumption of various food types. They found no relationship between traces of glyphosate and the consumption of beer. Neither did they find an association with bread, honey, mushroom, and soy products but
397:
Evidence that traces of glyphosate used on crops could make its way into a final, processed food product was raised in 2016 by a German environmental group, Munich
Environmental Institute (note that this example does not distinguish between specific crop desiccation use and general use). The group
220:
In agricultural parlance, desiccation is divided into two distinct groups: "true desiccants" and pre-harvest systemic herbicides. True desiccants are not chemical desiccants, rather they are contact herbicides which kill only the parts of the plant they touch. They induce plant death/defoliation
402:
made an official comment that those levels did not pose a risk to consumer's health, emphasizing that “An adult would have to drink around 1,000 liters (264 U.S. gallons) of beer a day to ingest enough quantities to be harmful for health.” An industry group, Brauer-Bund Beer
Association, asserted
355:
The application of glyphosate differs between regions and countries significantly. In North
America, for example, its use on wheat crops is uncommon in the United States but more common in Canada which has a colder climate and shorter growing season. In the UK where summers are wet and crops may
71:
Desiccation can improve the uniformity of a crop. It may correct for uneven crop growth which is a problem in northern climates, during wet summers, or when weed control is poor. Plants that have naturally reached the end of their maturation may be mingled with plants in earlier stages of growth;
79:
Several additional advantages of desiccation have been cited: harvest can be conducted earlier; weed control is initiated for a future crop; earlier ripening allows for earlier replanting; desiccation reduces green material in the harvest putting less strain on harvesting machinery.
722:
398:
issued a report that stated glyphosate was detected in
Germany's 14 most popular beers, ranging from 0.46 to 29.74 micrograms per liter, noting that the German government limit for glyphosate in drinking water is 0.1 microgram per liter. However, the German government's
321:
Glyphosate (Roundup) is the principal pre-harvest systemic herbicide used for desiccation of a wide variety of crops. As a systemic herbicide it is not a true desiccant as it can take weeks rather than days for the crop to die back and dry out after application.
253:). These interact with the fatty acids of membranes, causing disruption of membrane integrity and leakage of cell contents. The plants soon begin to wilt and quickly dry out in the sun. Plants can burn within hours of exposure to these herbicides. In contrast,
337:. Without these, metabolism in the plant collapses. In addition, shikimate accumulates in plant tissues and diverts energy and resources away from other processes, eventually killing the plant over a period of days to weeks.
1266:
403:
that the results weren't credible because of insufficient sampling and that its own monitoring system for malt never detected glyphosate levels above maximum permitted levels. Separately, in 2020 scientists from the
352:
moisture content over 30%. Although used in weed-free and evenly maturing crops with the aim of reducing the grain moisture content more rapidly to hasten the harvest, there is little or no advantage in doing so.
575:
769:
700:
72:
controlled desiccation evens that out. This also increases uniformity of moisture content in grain, which has positive economic benefits in the storage of the grain and the price of the grain.
667:
1274:
747:
60:
Crop desiccation can improve the efficiency and economics of mechanical harvesting. In grain crops such as wheat, barley and oats, uniformly dried crops do not have to be
404:
1143:
611:
1018:
586:
1050:
1168:
777:
708:
428:
32:
to kill the leaves and/or plants so that the crop dries out from environmental conditions, or "dry-down", more quickly and evenly. In agriculture, the term
638:
729:
1290:"Glyphosate and AMPA levels in human urine samples and their correlation with food consumption: results of the cross-sectional KarMeN study in Germany"
344:
which was very effective and meant that sowing of the next crop could occur sooner. Use as a harvest aid in the UK increased after the introduction of
273:(•OH) are formed which interact with the fatty acids of membranes, causing disruption of membranes, leakage, plant wilting, and drying out in the sun.
504:
905:
877:
399:
394:
of 20 mg/kg. A survey of
British wheat in 2006-2008 found average levels of 0.05–0.22 mg/kg with maximum levels of 1.2 mg/kg.
675:
979:
SteinrĂĽcken HC, Amrhein N (1980). "The herbicide glyphosate is a potent inhibitor of 5-enolpyruvyl-shikimic acid-3-phosphate synthase".
965:
1288:
Soukup, Sebastian T; Merz, Benedikt; Bub, Achim; Hoffmann, Ingrid; Watzl, Bernhard; Steinberg, Pablo; Kulling, Sabine E (May 2020).
1221:
373:
934:
755:
791:
387:. In April 2015 an oat buyer in Western Canada announced that it was refusing oats in which pre-harvest glyphosate had been used.
245:. Normally Proto is present in very low amounts, but when there is too much Proto it interacts with light to form singlet oxygen
16:
1147:
619:
1029:
851:
390:
Glyphosate was found in 5–15% of cereal crop samples tested in the UK between 2000 and 2004, although never exceeding the
1251:
1025:
1061:
1344:
1175:
1113:
348:
fungicides which prolong the longevity of the leaves, and by 2002, 12% of UK wheat crops were treated in this way.
238:
817:
473:
1085:
649:
1198:
546:
384:
512:
265:
work by entering plant cells and immediately diverting electrons away from photosynthetic chain, poisoning
1244:
340:
In the UK, glyphosate began to be applied to wheat crops in the 1980s to control perennial weeds such as
1057:
391:
52:
of crops through the use of herbicides is practiced worldwide on a variety of food and non-food crops.
916:
888:
1364:
246:
448:
369:
285:
134:
941:. Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health at the University of Georgia. Archived from
329:
which is found in plants and microorganisms but not in animals. Specifically, it inhibits the
1319:
996:
326:
270:
242:
233:
disruptors that are either "PPO inhibitors" or "Photosystem I inhibitors." Plant cells have
1359:
1309:
1301:
988:
440:
368:
Herbicide residue in food has been raised as a concern. Residue quantities are regulated by
276:
Contact herbicides used for desiccation include: carfentrazone-ethyl, cyclanilide, diquat,
293:
165:
107:
300:, and tribufos. The most common and widely used contact desiccant is diquat (Reglone).
942:
1314:
1289:
795:
266:
1353:
992:
330:
304:
254:
230:
36:
is applied to an agent that promotes dry down, thus the agents used are not chemical
452:
1245:"Food safety review of UK cereal grain for use in malting, milling and animal feed"
855:
357:
341:
289:
234:
1267:"German beer purity in question after environment group finds weed-killer traces"
345:
334:
297:
281:
194:
49:
1305:
770:"Desiccants - a tool for improving harvesting efficiency in lodged rice crops"
316:
138:
41:
277:
209:
204:
190:
186:
142:
83:
Examples of crops that may be subjected to pre-harvest desiccation include:
65:
45:
37:
1323:
1339:
1000:
648:. United States Department of Agriculture. 6 November 2000. Archived from
1019:"Pre-harvest glyphosate for weed control and as a harvest aid in cereals"
582:
262:
182:
444:
1121:
825:
481:
380:
178:
170:
154:
146:
126:
87:
61:
29:
966:"Direct Harvest: Do you need a desiccant or a pre-harvest glyphosate?"
545:. University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.
854:. Government of Saskatchewan, Ministry of Agriculture. Archived from
258:
199:
174:
121:
95:
91:
728:. Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture. October 2010. Archived from
707:. Louisiana State University, College of Agriculture. Archived from
748:"Using Harvest Aids in Grain Sorghum Production [PSS-2183]"
427:
Miller, Donnie K.; Boudreaux, Joseph M.; Griffin, James L. (2010).
538:
241:
complex. PPO inhibitors poison that enzyme, causing a build up of
159:
130:
111:
15:
618:. University of Minnesota Extension. 18 July 2017. Archived from
307:
is sometimes used as a non-herbicide chemical desiccating agent.
150:
116:
103:
99:
1051:"FSA Pesticide Residue Minimisation Crop Action Plan - Cereals"
906:"Inhibition of Photosynthesis -- Inhibition at Photosystem I"
824:. University of Saskatchewan. 25 October 2016. Archived from
480:. University of Saskatchewan. 25 October 2016. Archived from
48:
used to artificially accelerate the drying of plant tissues.
28:
refers to the application of an agent to a crop just before
1243:
E. D. Baxter, N. Byrd and I. R. Slaiding (November 2009).
1169:"Preharvest use of glyphosate:Recent Austrian decision."
776:. AgriFutures Australia. 2 February 2018. Archived from
754:. Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service. Archived from
360:
is desiccated before harvest, but only 4% in
Germany.
383:
banned the use of pre-harvest glyphosate citing the
333:
enzyme which is required for plants to make certain
981:
668:"Harvesting, Grain Drying and Storage - Chapter 23"
913:LSU AgCenter Weed Science Research and Extension
885:LSU AgCenter Weed Science Research and Extension
723:"Herbicide Options to Enhance Harvesting - FAQs"
633:
631:
629:
576:"The agronomic benefits of glyphosate in Europe"
822:Sustainable Agricultural Innovations & Food
794:. Potato Council. 2 August 2011. Archived from
478:Sustainable Agricultural Innovations & Food
408:there was a correlation with pulses (legumes).
845:
843:
229:Most of these kinds of contact herbicides are
1017:J. H. Orson and D. H. K. Davies (June 2007).
539:"Defoliants and Desiccants [#PI-101]"
422:
420:
8:
915:. Louisiana State University. Archived from
887:. Louisiana State University. Archived from
674:. University of Saskatchewan. Archived from
505:"Desiccant vs. Glyphosate: know your goals"
1199:"Oat buyer says no glyphosate pre-harvest"
878:"Inhibition of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase"
694:
692:
1313:
1114:"Preharvest weed control and desiccation"
570:
568:
566:
564:
20:Desiccated potato plants prior to harvest
852:"Desiccation and pre-harvest glyphosate"
612:"Pre-harvest Management of Small Grains"
585:Europe SA. February 2010. Archived from
68:and desiccation reduce these problems.
1012:
1010:
741:
739:
416:
239:protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) enzyme
1144:"CODEX Alimentarius: Pesticide Detail"
1044:
1042:
537:Fishel, Frederick M. (February 2018).
532:
530:
1273:. Reuters News Agency. Archived from
1265:Copley, Caroline (25 February 2016).
400:Federal Institute for Risk Assessment
7:
1222:"Oats on forefront in industry news"
549:from the original on 6 December 2018
286:pelargonic acid / ammonium nonanoate
701:"Sugarcane Ripener Recommendations"
699:Gravois, Kenneth (14 August 2017).
646:USDA Agricultural Marketing Service
1120:. 21 November 2013. Archived from
1086:"RoundUp preharvest staging guide"
325:Glyphosate works by poisoning the
14:
1220:Daniels, Calvin (30 April 2015).
1197:Arnason, Robert (22 April 2015).
374:Food and Agriculture Organization
1338:
1174:. 8 January 2014. Archived from
311:Systemic desiccants (glyphosate)
933:Franc, Gary D. (8 April 2016).
746:Lofton, Josh (February 2019).
672:Winter Wheat Production Manual
1:
964:Brian Hall (12 August 2014).
511:. Golden West. Archived from
1252:Home-Grown Cereals Authority
1049:Pete Berry (November 2006).
1026:Home-Grown Cereals Authority
993:10.1016/0006-291X(80)90547-1
429:"Herbicides As Harvest Aids"
1383:
1306:10.1007/s00204-020-02704-7
314:
376:of the United Nations.
243:Protoporphyrin IX (Proto)
935:"Potato Vine Desiccants"
792:"Desiccation programmes"
385:precautionary principle
364:Questions over practice
1294:Archives of Toxicology
1201:. The Western Producer
356:ripen unevenly 78% of
21:
1347:at Wikimedia Commons
1058:Food Standards Agency
711:on 20 September 2018.
392:Maximum Residue Level
19:
288:, pyraflufen-ethyl,
237:, which contain the
922:on 14 January 2005.
894:on 14 January 2005.
616:Minnesota Crop News
503:MacLean, Amy-Jean.
445:10.1614/WS-09-108.1
405:Max Rubner-Institut
257:inhibitors such as
1224:. Carlyle Observer
968:. Field Crop News.
858:on 22 October 2016
850:Schemenauer, Ian.
818:"Crop Desiccation"
798:on 22 October 2014
732:on 2 October 2016.
678:on 9 December 2018
592:on 17 January 2012
474:"Crop Desiccation"
370:Codex Alimentarius
40:, rather they are
22:
1343:Media related to
1277:on 20 March 2022.
780:on 12 March 2019.
758:on 2 August 2019.
655:on 1 August 2019.
639:"Sodium Chlorate"
543:UF/IFAS Extension
509:PortageOnline.com
327:shikimate pathway
271:hydroxyl radicals
225:"True desiccants"
1372:
1345:Crop desiccation
1342:
1328:
1327:
1317:
1300:(5): 1575–1584.
1285:
1279:
1278:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1249:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1146:. Archived from
1140:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1090:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1066:
1060:. Archived from
1055:
1046:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1028:. Archived from
1023:
1014:
1005:
1004:
976:
970:
969:
961:
955:
954:
952:
950:
945:on 2 August 2019
930:
924:
923:
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896:
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865:
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743:
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719:
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494:
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470:
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459:
424:
108:sorghum (millet)
26:crop desiccation
1382:
1381:
1375:
1374:
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1371:
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1369:
1350:
1349:
1336:
1331:
1287:
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1264:
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1237:
1227:
1225:
1219:
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1214:
1204:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1153:
1151:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1127:
1125:
1124:on 17 June 2019
1112:
1111:
1107:
1097:
1095:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1040:
1032:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1008:
978:
977:
973:
963:
962:
958:
948:
946:
932:
931:
927:
919:
908:
904:
903:
899:
891:
880:
876:
875:
871:
861:
859:
849:
848:
841:
831:
829:
828:on 31 July 2019
816:
815:
811:
801:
799:
790:
789:
785:
768:
767:
763:
752:OSU Fact Sheets
745:
744:
737:
725:
721:
720:
716:
698:
697:
690:
681:
679:
665:
664:
660:
652:
641:
637:
636:
627:
622:on 27 May 2019.
610:
609:
605:
595:
593:
589:
578:
574:
573:
562:
552:
550:
536:
535:
528:
518:
516:
515:on 31 July 2019
502:
501:
497:
487:
485:
484:on 31 July 2019
472:
471:
467:
457:
455:
426:
425:
418:
414:
366:
319:
313:
294:sodium chlorate
269:. In addition,
252:
227:
218:
58:
12:
11:
5:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1352:
1351:
1335:
1334:External links
1332:
1330:
1329:
1280:
1257:
1235:
1212:
1189:
1178:on 26 May 2021
1160:
1135:
1105:
1077:
1038:
1035:on 2015-06-15.
1006:
987:(4): 1207–12.
971:
956:
925:
897:
869:
839:
809:
783:
774:Rice Extension
761:
735:
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495:
465:
439:(3): 355–358.
415:
413:
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365:
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315:Main article:
312:
309:
303:For potatoes,
267:photosynthesis
250:
226:
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1258:
1254:. p. 52.
1253:
1246:
1239:
1236:
1223:
1216:
1213:
1200:
1193:
1190:
1177:
1173:
1172:Glyphosate.eu
1170:
1164:
1161:
1150:on 2016-10-19
1149:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1123:
1119:
1118:Glyphosate.eu
1115:
1109:
1106:
1094:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1067:on 2016-03-04
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695:
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677:
673:
669:
666:Fowler, D.B.
662:
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621:
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388:
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379:In July 2013
377:
375:
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363:
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353:
349:
347:
343:
338:
336:
332:
331:EPSP synthase
328:
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305:sulfuric acid
301:
299:
295:
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287:
283:
279:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:Photosystem I
248:
244:
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236:
232:
231:cell membrane
224:
222:
216:Active agents
215:
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1297:
1293:
1283:
1275:the original
1270:
1260:
1238:
1226:. Retrieved
1215:
1203:. Retrieved
1192:
1180:. Retrieved
1176:the original
1171:
1163:
1152:. Retrieved
1148:the original
1138:
1126:. Retrieved
1122:the original
1117:
1108:
1096:. Retrieved
1092:
1080:
1069:. Retrieved
1062:the original
1030:the original
984:
980:
974:
959:
947:. Retrieved
943:the original
938:
928:
917:the original
912:
900:
889:the original
884:
872:
860:. Retrieved
856:the original
830:. Retrieved
826:the original
821:
812:
800:. Retrieved
796:the original
786:
778:the original
773:
764:
756:the original
751:
730:the original
717:
709:the original
705:LSU AgCenter
704:
680:. Retrieved
676:the original
671:
661:
650:the original
645:
620:the original
615:
606:
594:. Retrieved
587:the original
551:. Retrieved
542:
517:. Retrieved
513:the original
508:
498:
486:. Retrieved
482:the original
477:
468:
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346:strobilurin
335:amino acids
298:thidiazuron
282:glufosinate
66:defoliation
50:Desiccation
1365:Herbicides
1354:Categories
1154:2017-03-26
1128:15 January
1093:Roundup.ca
1071:2015-06-13
862:22 October
682:2017-05-03
412:References
317:Glyphosate
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1182:5 January
519:19 August
278:endothall
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205:Sugarcane
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187:safflower
145:, etc.),
143:garbanzos
62:windrowed
34:desiccant
1324:32232512
949:2 August
583:Monsanto
553:2 August
547:Archived
458:1 August
453:85128923
263:paraquat
247:radicals
183:rapeseed
173:such as
155:soybeans
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1360:Harvest
1315:7261737
1271:Reuters
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