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possible that some of its inhabitants served with the Roman army, which often recruited mounted auxiliaries from among native peoples. The helmet may well already have been a valuable antique at the time of its burial; if the coins found nearby reflect when it was buried, it could have been over a century old by the time it was deposited. It was deliberately broken before being buried in what may have been intended as a ritual sacrifice. The identity of its owner will never be known, but it could have been that a local inhabitant who had formerly served with the Roman cavalry was responsible for the helmet's deposition.
400:. He eventually identified it as Roman by consulting auction catalogues, searching the Internet and getting advice from dealers. Find Liaison Officers from the Portable Antiquities Scheme were notified of the discovery and visited the findspot along with the finder. Christie's commissioned Darren Bradbury, an independent conservator and restorer, to restore the helmet and visor for sale. Although Christie's was asked to delay the restoration so that a full scientific examination could be carried out, this request was not granted and information about the helmet's burial may have been lost as a result. However, the
260:. The visor was originally attached to the headpiece by means of a hinge; the iron hinge pin has not survived, but its existence has been inferred from the presence of powdery deposits of iron oxide residue. The helmet would have been held in place using a leather strap attached from the wearer's neck to a decorated rivet on either side of the helmet, below the ear. Wear marks caused by opening and closing the visor are still visible, and at some point the helmet was repaired using a bronze sheet which was riveted across two splits. Only two other Roman helmets complete with visors have been found in Britain: the
393:
on top. The helmet was found in 33 large fragments and 34 small fragments and had apparently been folded before burial. The visor was mostly intact and had been placed face down. The griffin had become detached and was found with the helmet. No other artefacts were found at the time, but the subsequent Tullie House/PAS excavations at the findspot discovered a number of copper and iron objects, a bead and two Roman coins dating to 330–337. The coins were found within the artificial stone feature in which the helmet had been deposited and may have been buried at the same time.
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featuring on the cover and six more pages. Its value was put at £200,000 – £300,000. The Tullie House Museum and Art
Gallery launched an appeal with the aim of purchasing the helmet and making it the focus of a new Roman frontier gallery due to open in 2011. The campaign immediately attracted numerous donations, including £50,000 from an anonymous overseas benefactor who offered the sum if a matching sum could be raised by the public (it was); a £1 million offer from the
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236:
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375:. The earthworks noted earlier were found to be part of a substantial enclosure surrounded by ditches, within which buildings had once stood. The enclosure, which measures as much as 500 metres (1,600 ft) long on its southern side, combines both native British and Roman methods of fortification. A sunken area within the enclosure may possibly have served as a
208:, has described the helmet as "... an immensely interesting and outstandingly important find ... Its face mask is both extremely finely wrought and chillingly striking, but it is as an ensemble that the helmet is so exceptional and, in its specifics, unparalleled. It is a find of the greatest national (and, indeed, international) significance."
514:, cavalry tournaments that were performed in front of emperors and senior commanders. Horses and riders wore lavishly decorated clothes, armour and plumes while performing feats of horsemanship and re-enacting historical and legendary battles, such as the wars of the Greeks and Trojans. According to the Roman writer
628:, and a printed guide was produced for the occasion. It was subsequently displayed at the British Museum from 28 January to 27 April 2014. The helmet returned to Tullie House to be part of their exhibition for Hadrian's Cavalry, an exhibition spanning ten sites along Hadrian's Wall from April to September 2017.
589:. By the time of the auction three and a half weeks after the campaign had been launched, the museum had raised enough money to support a bid of up to £1.7 million. Behind the scenes, efforts were made to persuade the finder and landowner to agree a private sale with the museum, but these approaches failed.
592:
The initial estimate was passed within seconds of the auction opening. Six bidders pushed the price towards a million pounds and Tullie House was forced to drop out at £1.7 million. Two remaining bidders took the bid past £2 million; the winning bidder, an anonymous UK resident and fine art collector
542:
Combat gear was issued by and belonged to the Roman army, and had to be returned at the end of a wearer's service. Cavalry sports equipment appears to have been treated differently, as soldiers apparently privately commissioned and purchased it for their own use. They evidently retained it after they
379:
for horses, while the evidence for the buildings is concentrated in the enclosure's northern portion. The remnants of Romano-British field systems in the surrounding area show that the area was under cultivation and animal remains found on the site indicate that the inhabitants also raised livestock,
296:. The visor would originally have been a silver hue and the helmet would have had a coppery yellow appearance. The helmet's creation can be dated to the late 2nd or early 3rd century from the use of a particular type of decorated rivet as well as some of its design features, such as its pierced eyes.
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suggests that the feature may have been intended as a memorial of some sort. It was not buried in an isolated spot but within a long-occupied Romano-British farming settlement that had clearly adopted aspects of Roman culture. Given the settlement's proximity to Roman military locations, it is very
392:
The finder discovered the helmet and visor buried together some 25 cm (10 in) below the surface, at a site located on a ledge at the lower end of the settlement. It had been placed onto two stone slabs at the bottom of a hole which had been back-filled with soil. A stone cap had been laid
550:
The circumstances in which the Crosby Garret helmet was buried are still unclear, but the discoveries made by the post-discovery Tullie House/PAS excavations have provided much more detail about its context. It was clearly deposited within an artificial feature that had been specially constructed;
607:
noted that the circumstances of the helmet's discovery may have resulted in it being outside the scope of even a revised act. It is still possible that the helmet could come into public ownership; if the winning bidder wishes to export it, an export licence would have to be applied for and if a
576:
because single items of non-precious metal are not covered by the act. The finder and landowner were thus free to dispose of the helmet as they saw fit. The discovery was publicly announced by
Christie's in mid-September 2010; the helmet was the centrepiece of its 7 October auction catalogue,
351:
and other small artefacts. The findspot is situated not far from a Roman road. A number of earthworks are located nearby, indicating the presence of a previously unrecorded ancient settlement. The area was strategically placed on the route to the northern frontier of Roman
Britain within the
522:
hose of high rank or superior in horsemanship wear gilded helmets of iron or bronze to draw the attention of the spectators. Unlike the helmets made for active service, these do not cover the head and cheeks only but are made to fit all round the faces of the riders with apertures for the
184:
The helmet appears to have been deliberately folded up and deposited in an artificial stone structure. It is thought to have been used for ceremonial occasions rather than for combat, and may already have been an antique by the time it was buried. It is of the same type as the
547:. The Dutch historian Johan Nicolay has identified a "lifecycle" for Roman military equipment in which ex-soldiers took certain items home with them as a reminder of their service and occasionally disposed of them away from garrison sites as grave goods or votive offerings.
384:
suggests that the inhabitants had adopted some elements of the Roman lifestyle, but their community may well have been there long before the Romans arrived. Archaeological evidence from the enclosure indicates that the site may have been first settled as far back as the
543:
completed their service. Both helmets and visors have been found in graves and other contexts away from obvious military sites, as well as being deposited in forts and their vicinity. In some cases they were carefully folded up and buried, as in the case of the
448:
The helmet and visor have marked similarities to a number of other Roman cavalry helmets. The visor is a cavalry sports type C (H. Russell
Robinson classification) or type V (Maria Kohlert classification). Similar examples have been found across the
303:, the goddess of vengeance and fate. They were both seen as agents of death and were often linked with gladiatorial combat. The meaning of the face and headpiece are less clearly identifiable. Suggestions have ranged from the Greek god
287:
with a low zinc content, with which some tin had been added to improve the quality of the casting. Some of the fragments show traces of a white metal coating, indicating that the visor would originally have been
247:
The Crosby
Garrett helmet is an almost complete example of a two-piece Roman cavalry helmet. The visor portrays the face of a youthful, clean-shaven male with curly hair. The headpiece is in the shape of a
323:
identity. The
Phrygian cap was often used by the Romans as a visual motif representing the Trojans. Another interpretation believes that it could be an Amazon due to the Phrygian hat and the tap.
408:
spectrometry was carried out to determine the composition of the headpiece, visor and griffin. Bradbury's restoration work took some 240 hours and involved the repair of cracks and holes using
227:, at Tullie House in 2013–14, followed by display at the British Museum in 2014. The helmet returned to Tullie House to be displayed in the Hadrian's Cavalry exhibition in the summer of 2017.
169:, England, in May 2010. Later investigations found that a Romano-British farming settlement had occupied the site where the helmet was discovered, which was located a few miles away from a
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in London, and was put on display from 15 September to 9 December 2012 as part of an exhibition of bronzes. From 1 November 2013 until 26 January 2014 the helmet was on display at the
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eyes ... From the helmets hang yellow plumes, a matter of décor as much as utility. As the horses move forward, the slightest breeze adds to the beauty of these plumes.— Arrian,
339:
The helmet and visor were found in May 2010 in pastureland on a farm owned by Eric
Robinson at Crosby Garrett in Cumbria. The finder, an unnamed metal detectorist in his 20s from
223:
sought to purchase the helmet with the support of the
British Museum, but was outbid. The helmet has so far been publicly displayed four times, once in a 2012 exhibition at the
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and dated to the 2nd century AD. The griffin ornament is unique, though it may parallel a lost "sphinx of bronze" that may originally have been attached to the crest of the
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360:
would have been present in the area and would certainly have used the nearby road. A Roman auxiliary fort stood only 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) to the north-east at
436:
505:, dated to the second half of the 2nd century AD. Rings on the back of the helmet and on the griffin may have been used to attach colourful streamers or ribbons.
32:
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Following the helmet's discovery, the area around the findspot was investigated in a project sponsored by the Tullie House Museum and Art
Gallery and the
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to give the appearance of silver. The griffin was cast separately from a different alloy consisting of 68% copper, 4% zinc, 18% tin and 10%
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in 1796. The headpiece is nearly unique; only one other example in the form of a
Phrygian cap has been found, in a fragmentary state, at
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temporary export bar was placed on it an opportunity could arise for funds to be raised by a public institution to purchase the helmet.
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197:(found in 2000), though its facial features are more akin to those of helmets found in southern Europe. Its design may allude to the
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Armed Batavians: Use and Significance of Weaponry and Horse Gear from Non-military Contexts in the Rhine Delta, 50 BC to AD 450
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347:, had been detecting with his father in two adjacent fields for some years but had previously only discovered some
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There has been much debate about the symbolic meaning of the helmet's design. The griffin was the companion of
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Although the find was reported under the Portable Antiquities Scheme, it was not declared treasure under the
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The finder did not initially realise that he had found a Roman artefact and thought at first that it was a
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Since its sale in 2010, the helmet has been on public display four times. It was lent by its owner to the
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fort. It is possible that the owner of the helmet was a local inhabitant who had served with the
601:. The outcome aroused controversy and prompted calls for the Treasure Act to be revised, though
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Symonds, Matthew (February 2014). "Crosby Garrett – Exploring the helmet's burial place".
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707:; Jackson, Ralph; Mackay, Andrew; Bland, Roger; Pitts, Mike (January–February 2011).
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581:; a £300,000 pledge from the Headley Trust and the Monument Trust; £200,000 from the
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902:"Bronze parade mask: a woman's face, perhaps worn by soldiers representing Amazons"
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in 1905, and its facial features most closely parallel a helmet that was found at
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416:("Super Glue"), retouched to match the appearance of the surrounding material.
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The Amazons : lives and legends of warrior women across the ancient world
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for £2.3 million (US$ 3.6 million) to an undisclosed private buyer.
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The helmet on auction at Christie's auction house in London on 7 October 2010
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The helmet and visor were cast from an alloy consisting of an average of 82%
47:
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481:. The rendering of the hair is similar to that of a type C helmet found at
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1056:. Pewsey: The Armatura Press, for Tullie House Museum & Art Gallery.
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871:"Roman cavalry helmet found with metal detector may go abroad at auction"
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Ralph Jackson, Senior Curator of Romano-British Collections at the
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201:, whose exploits the Romans re-enacted in cavalry tournaments.
1122:". Daniel Pett, Portable Antiquities Scheme, 13 September 2010
1001:"Crosby Garrett Helmet to be part of Royal Academy exhibition"
598:
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bidding by phone, paid a total of £2,330,468.75 including the
280:
189:(found in 1905) and its design also has similarities with the
1078:"Roman war games: helmets from Crosby Garrett and Ribchester"
923:
The Roman Imperial Army of the First and Second Centuries A.D
153:
cavalry helmet dating from the late 2nd or early 3rd century
104:
1125:
650:"Roman Cavalry Sports helmet from Crosby Garrett, Cumbria"
283:. This alloy was probably derived from melted-down scrap
1103:
Roman Cavalry Sports helmet from Crosby Garrett, Cumbria
389:, at least 1,000 years before the helmet was deposited.
1120:
Exceptional Roman cavalry helmet discovered in Cumbria
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was able to inspect the find during restoration and
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380:including sheep, goats and pigs. The presence of
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256:that stands with one raised foot resting on an
1141:
973:"Roman helmet found in field sells for £2.3m"
925:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 156.
8:
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432:, which has a similar "Phrygian cap" design
1369:
1148:
1134:
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444:from a Roman tomb at Nola (British Museum)
211:On 7 October 2010, the helmet was sold at
61:
1052:Breeze, D.J.; Bishop, M.C., eds. (2013).
643:
641:
1027:"Crosby Garrett Roman Helmet exhibition"
637:
746:"A Roman Bronze Cavalry Parade Helmet"
773:
771:
769:
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7:
896:
894:
252:, on the crest of which is a winged
869:Kennedy, Maev (13 September 2010).
840:. Princeton. pp. 67, n.p. 33.
648:Jackson, Ralph (9 September 2010).
622:Tullie House Museum and Art Gallery
217:Tullie House Museum and Art Gallery
92:407 millimetres (16.0 in) high
971:Barnes, Anthony (7 October 2010).
114:By a metal detectorist in May 2010
25:
709:"The Crosby Garrett Roman Helmet"
27:Copper alloy Roman cavalry helmet
2361:Metal detecting finds in England
587:J Paul Getty Jr Charitable Trust
461:. It is of the same type as the
70:
2351:2010 archaeological discoveries
579:National Heritage Memorial Fund
950:. Amsterdam University Press.
1:
157:. It was found by an unnamed
1715:Helmet Steel Airborne Troop
785:Portable Antiquities Scheme
658:Portable Antiquities Scheme
508:Such helmets were used for
373:Portable Antiquities Scheme
2387:
1851:Czechoslovak Vz. 53 Helmet
2371:Roman armour from Britain
1114:Christie's sale catalogue
1054:The Crosby Garrett Helmet
327:Discovery and restoration
239:The helmet on display at
69:
921:Webster, Graham (1998).
193:(found in 1796) and the
946:Nicolay, Johan (2007).
585:; and £75,000 from the
560:Auction and controversy
428:The Ostrov Helmet from
335:Side view of the helmet
2053:Advanced Combat Helmet
780:"LANCUM-E48D73 HELMET"
569:
539:
529:
445:
433:
420:Similarities and usage
336:
244:
2356:Ancient Roman helmets
2346:3rd-century artifacts
2341:2nd-century artifacts
2145:Boxing / Martial Arts
717:(116). Archived from
618:Royal Academy of Arts
567:
534:
440:A 2nd-century bronze
439:
427:
334:
238:
225:Royal Academy of Arts
144:Crosby Garrett Helmet
65:Crosby Garrett Helmet
18:Crosby Garrett helmet
1695:M32 (Czechoslovakia)
553:Museum of Lancashire
311:, to the Roman gods
1866:Romanian M73 helmet
1820:M1918 (Switzerland)
1740:Mk II talker helmet
1705:Stahlhelm (Germany)
1260:Henry VIII's Horned
1109:Roman Helmet Appeal
1105:by Dr Ralph Jackson
1033:on 13 November 2013
821:Current Archaeology
714:British Archaeology
604:British Archaeology
551:Stuart Noon of the
44: /
2366:Individual helmets
2103:Lightweight Helmet
1578:Lobster-tailed pot
1007:. 9 September 2012
721:on 1 February 2014
570:
545:Guisborough Helmet
540:
537:Guisborough Helmet
477:and is now in the
446:
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406:X-ray fluorescence
398:Victorian ornament
337:
317:Jupiter Dolichenus
245:
136:Private possession
103:, 2nd–3rd century
2326:
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2165:Gridiron football
2121:
2120:
1775:SSh-39 and SSh-40
1710:M1934/39 (Greece)
1063:978-0-9570261-7-9
957:978-90-5356-253-6
932:978-0-8061-3000-2
847:978-1-4008-6513-0
834:Mayor, Adrienne.
574:1996 Treasure Act
491:Ribchester Helmet
352:territory of the
266:Ribchester Helmet
191:Ribchester Helmet
159:metal detectorist
140:
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16:(Redirected from
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1435:Late Roman ridge
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1080:. British Museum
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752:. September 2010
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493:, discovered in
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48:54.479°N 2.420°W
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1700:M1923 (Denmark)
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187:Newstead Helmet
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2015:
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414:cyanoacrylate
411:
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382:Roman pottery
378:
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366:Brough Castle
363:
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307:and the hero
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19:
2328:
2281:Heraldic use
2269:Helmet cover
2041:2001–present
1871:Mº 44 E.T.A.
1725:M42 Duperite
1623:Takula tofao
1573:Lamellenhelm
1471:Early Modern
1469:Medieval and
1440:Montefortino
1219:
1185:Benty Grange
1082:. Retrieved
1072:
1053:
1047:
1035:. Retrieved
1031:the original
1021:
1009:. Retrieved
995:
983:. Retrieved
976:
966:
947:
941:
922:
916:
905:
883:13 September
881:. Retrieved
876:The Guardian
874:
864:
836:
829:
820:
791:13 September
789:. Retrieved
783:
754:. Retrieved
749:
723:. Retrieved
719:the original
712:
664:14 September
662:. Retrieved
656:
615:
602:
591:
571:
549:
541:
524:
521:
509:
507:
451:Roman Empire
447:
395:
391:
370:
338:
298:
270:
250:Phrygian cap
246:
210:
203:
183:
148:copper alloy
143:
141:
83:Copper alloy
29:
2058:BK-3 helmet
2012:Hełm wz. 93
1936:Paratrooper
1921:Modèle 1978
1916:Modèle 1951
1891:Hełm wz. 67
1886:Hełm wz. 63
1881:Hełm wz. 50
1755:Hełm wz. 31
1720:M33 (Italy)
1659:Pith helmet
1654:Pickelhaube
1642:Late Modern
1618:Spangenhelm
1603:Pickelhaube
1503:Cervelliere
1385:Boar's tusk
1245:Guisborough
1210:Coțofenești
1037:13 November
1011:9 September
525:Ars Tactica
465:, found in
442:parade mask
356:tribe. The
349:Roman coins
231:Description
51: /
2335:Categories
2192:Motorcycle
2175:Revolution
2160:Equestrian
1987:M90 (Iraq)
1568:Kulah khud
1528:Frog-mouth
1405:Corinthian
1395:Chalcidian
1325:Sutton Hoo
1310:Ribchester
1270:Iron Gates
1265:Horncastle
1235:Gjermundbu
1205:Coppergate
1195:Canterbury
1166:historical
1164:Individual
750:Christie's
632:References
495:Lancashire
387:Bronze Age
358:Roman army
241:Christie's
213:Christie's
175:Roman army
171:Roman road
111:Discovered
36:54°28′44″N
2318:Zuckerman
2274:Mitznefet
2223:Custodian
2202:Scrum cap
2170:Eyeshield
2048:A2 Helmet
1965:1980–2000
1951:Swiss M71
1834:1945–1980
1673:1914–1945
1543:Hounskull
1425:Kegelhelm
985:7 October
856:887802877
39:2°25′12″W
2296:Tarnhelm
2238:Hard hat
2187:Lacrosse
2126:Athletic
2098:KH-B2000
2073:ECH (US)
1901:M76 Para
1846:CABAL II
1518:Enclosed
1498:Burgonet
1493:Bascinet
1483:Aventail
1460:Shmarjet
1450:Phrygian
1420:Imperial
1415:Illyrian
1390:Boeotian
1345:Waterloo
1340:Venetian
1315:Shorwell
1295:Nijmegen
1290:Newstead
1250:Hallaton
1230:Gevninge
1200:Ciumeşti
1175:Agighiol
1084:28 March
1005:BBC News
981:. London
879:. London
823:: 12–17.
626:Carlisle
583:Art Fund
483:Belgrade
467:Scotland
362:Verterae
354:Carvetii
341:Peterlee
221:Carlisle
79:Material
2291:Mahiole
2248:Welding
2155:Cricket
2150:Bicycle
2138:Coolflo
2133:Batting
2027:SPECTRA
1956:Type 66
1649:Dragoon
1613:Secrete
1548:Jingasa
1513:Dragoon
1488:Barbute
1373:Ancient
1305:Pioneer
1280:Meyrick
1275:Lokrume
1168:helmets
1157:Helmets
756:3 March
725:3 March
612:Display
503:Romania
455:Britain
430:Romania
377:paddock
313:Mithras
309:Perseus
301:Nemesis
279:and 8%
258:amphora
254:griffin
243:in 2010
199:Trojans
167:Cumbria
127:Cumbria
97:Created
2313:Winged
2286:Horned
2264:Flight
2228:Diving
2197:Racing
2182:Hockey
2063:QGF-03
1997:M59/85
1946:SSh-68
1941:SSh-60
1931:OR-201
1876:M59/85
1800:SSK 90
1770:SSh-36
1745:Mk III
1685:Brodie
1680:Adrian
1633:Viking
1628:Turban
1608:Sallet
1598:Paseki
1588:Morion
1563:Kettle
1558:Katapu
1553:Kabuto
1400:Coolus
1365:Combat
1300:Peretu
1285:Nemiya
1255:Hellvi
1060:
954:
929:
854:
844:
516:Arrian
499:Ostrov
487:Serbia
321:Trojan
290:tinned
275:, 10%
273:copper
173:and a
2257:Other
2022:Sfera
2007:PASGT
1992:JK 96
1982:GOLFO
1972:CG634
1926:MPC-1
1906:Mk IV
1593:Nasal
1583:Mempo
1538:Great
1508:Close
1478:Armet
1455:Pilos
1445:Negau
1430:Konos
1410:Galea
1380:Attic
1335:Veksø
1330:Tjele
1225:Emesa
1180:Agris
653:(PDF)
475:Italy
459:Syria
453:from
410:resin
305:Attis
285:brass
161:near
151:Roman
146:is a
119:Place
101:Roman
2301:Pith
2216:Work
2113:Mk 7
2108:MICH
2093:IHPS
2083:6B47
2078:FAST
1911:Mk 6
1856:GK80
1355:Yarm
1190:Broe
1086:2015
1058:ISBN
1039:2013
1013:2012
987:2010
952:ISBN
927:ISBN
885:2010
852:OCLC
842:ISBN
793:2010
758:2010
727:2011
666:2010
597:and
535:The
471:Nola
412:and
315:and
294:lead
277:zinc
264:and
142:The
89:Size
2207:Ski
2032:6B7
2002:M87
1977:M92
1896:M63
1765:RAC
1735:M1C
624:in
599:VAT
501:in
485:in
473:in
457:to
368:).
281:tin
219:in
165:in
2337::
1730:M1
1003:.
975:.
904:.
893:^
873:.
850:.
801:^
782:.
766:^
748:.
735:^
711:.
674:^
655:.
640:^
527:34
518::
343:,
268:.
181:.
155:AD
125:,
105:AD
1149:e
1142:t
1135:v
1118:"
1088:.
1066:.
1041:.
1015:.
989:.
960:.
935:.
910:.
887:.
858:.
795:.
760:.
729:.
668:.
364:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
