76:) containing a xylose and a core-linked α1,3-linked fucose residue. These structural features are not present in humans and animals. Core α1,3-fucose was then found to be relevant for the binding of patients´ IgE to honeybee venom allergens, which contain N-glycans with structural similarities to plant N-glycans. Ever since then, core α1,3-fucose emerged as the structural element most relevant as a CCD in plants and insect allergens. Much later, both xylose and core α1,3-fucose were revealed as heart pieces of two independent glycan epitopes for rabbit IgG. The occurrence of human anti-xylose IgE, however, has not been verified so far. Still, because of the two possible epitopes and the different carrier structures, the plural CCDs is in frequent use even though core α1,3-fucose appears to be the single culprit.
80:
119:
endemic in this area. However, IgE antibodies against the α-Gal epitope should be taken into account in the diagnosis of milk and meat allergy. It is currently largely unexplored whether this type of CCD is generally also clinically irrelevant such as the plant/insect CCDs. The very localized case of
110:
While α-galactose as a part of glycoprotein glycans from vertebrates other than higher apes was known for a long time as being a prominent xeno-antigen, its implication in allergy only began to materialize when complications during treatment with a recombinant monoclonal antibody
115:) were attributed to IgE directed against α-Gal containing N-glycans on this antibody. The incidencies of anaphylaxis due to Erbitux were confined to a certain area in the eastern United States, which raised speculations about the involvement of a particular type of
56:
of some patients´ sera against virtually any plant and even insects, notably, insect venoms, it took ten years to arrive at a possible structural explanation of this phenomenon. 1991, Japanese researchers determined the structure of the
101:
with patients as well as empirical evidence however, indicate that CCDs never cause any ponderable allergic symptoms. It is assumed that the frequent contact with CCD containing foods induces tolerance akin a specific immune therapy.
43:
class directed against CCDs therefore give the impression of polysensitization. Anti-CCD IgE, however, does not seem to elicit clinical symptoms. Diagnostic results caused by CCDs are therefore regarded as false positives.
92:
IgE antibodies against plant/insect CCD determinants were shown to have both strict specificity and high affinity, so in principle they might be expected to lead to clinical symptoms just as habitual for anti-peptide IgE.
232:
Tretter, V.; Altmann, F.; Kubelka, V.; et al. (1993). "Fucose alpha 1,3-linked to the core region of glycoprotein N-glycans creates an important epitope for IgE from honeybee venom allergic individuals".
120:
Erbitux complications points at a possible if rare clinical significance of α-Gal. Yet other potentially immunogenic carbohydrates with widespread occurrence such as
268:
Mari, A. (2002). "IgE to cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants: analysis of the distribution and appraisal of the in vivo and in vitro reactivity".
193:"The structure of a neural specific carbohydrate epitope of horseradish peroxidase recognized by antihorseradish peroxidase antiserum"
371:
83:
Examples of cross-reactive plant and insect N-glycans. Their common relevant feature is the core alfa1,3-linked fucose.
121:
128:
and arabinans) may be mentioned but have so far not qualified as either IgE or as cross-reactive determinants.
376:
27:. The terms CCD or CCDs describe protein-linked carbohydrate structures responsible for the phenomenon of
366:
293:
173:
342:
285:
250:
214:
165:
97:
experiments (histamine-release tests) with polyvalent glyco-allergens corroborated this view.
36:
24:
332:
324:
277:
242:
204:
157:
98:
53:
28:
125:
337:
312:
161:
209:
192:
360:
177:
297:
79:
62:
52:
When in 1981 Rob
Aalberse from the University of Amsterdam noticed the enormous
328:
66:
148:
Aalberse, RC (1998). "Clinical relevance of carbohydrate allergen epitopes".
313:"Drug allergens and food--the cetuximab and galactose-α-1,3-galactose story"
32:
346:
289:
254:
218:
169:
112:
69:
58:
281:
246:
73:
116:
40:
31:
of sera from allergic patients towards a wide range of
311:
Berg, E.A.; Platts-Mills, T.A.; Commins, S.P. (2014).
191:
Kurosaka, A.; Yano, A.; Itoh, N.; et al. (1991).
124:, which does not occur in humans, or plant O-glycans (
72:as being an asparagine-linked oligosaccharide (N-
8:
336:
208:
78:
35:from plants and insects. In serum-based
17:Cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants
140:
7:
162:10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb04940.x
14:
88:Clinical and diagnostic relevance
23:) play a role in the context of
1:
210:10.1016/S0021-9258(20)64302-2
317:Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol
393:
329:10.1016/j.anai.2013.11.014
270:Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol
122:N-Glycolylneuraminic acid
235:Int Arch Allergy Immunol
372:Carbohydrate chemistry
84:
82:
39:, antibodies of the
156:(45 Suppl): 54–57.
85:
282:10.1159/000067591
247:10.1159/000236534
99:Provocation tests
37:allergy diagnosis
25:allergy diagnosis
384:
351:
350:
340:
308:
302:
301:
265:
259:
258:
229:
223:
222:
212:
203:(7): 4168–4172.
188:
182:
181:
145:
126:arabinogalactans
54:cross-reactivity
48:Structural basis
29:cross-reactivity
392:
391:
387:
386:
385:
383:
382:
381:
357:
356:
355:
354:
310:
309:
305:
267:
266:
262:
231:
230:
226:
190:
189:
185:
147:
146:
142:
137:
108:
90:
65:peroxidase and
50:
12:
11:
5:
390:
388:
380:
379:
374:
369:
359:
358:
353:
352:
303:
276:(4): 286–295.
260:
241:(3): 259–266.
224:
183:
139:
138:
136:
133:
107:
104:
89:
86:
49:
46:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
389:
378:
377:Immune system
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
364:
362:
348:
344:
339:
334:
330:
326:
323:(2): 97–101.
322:
318:
314:
307:
304:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
264:
261:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
228:
225:
220:
216:
211:
206:
202:
198:
197:J. Biol. Chem
194:
187:
184:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
144:
141:
134:
132:
129:
127:
123:
118:
114:
105:
103:
100:
96:
87:
81:
77:
75:
71:
68:
64:
60:
55:
47:
45:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
18:
320:
316:
306:
273:
269:
263:
238:
234:
227:
200:
196:
186:
153:
149:
143:
131:Literature:
130:
109:
94:
91:
51:
20:
16:
15:
367:Allergology
63:horseradish
361:Categories
135:References
106:Other CCDs
67:Drosophila
61:common to
33:allergens
347:24468247
290:12483033
178:35696720
95:In vitro
338:3964477
298:6915543
255:7693094
219:1705547
170:9788708
150:Allergy
113:Erbitux
70:neurons
59:epitope
345:
335:
296:
288:
253:
217:
176:
168:
74:glycan
294:S2CID
174:S2CID
343:PMID
286:PMID
251:PMID
215:PMID
166:PMID
117:tick
21:CCDs
333:PMC
325:doi
321:112
278:doi
274:129
243:doi
239:102
205:doi
201:266
158:doi
41:IgE
363::
341:.
331:.
319:.
315:.
292:.
284:.
272:.
249:.
237:.
213:.
199:.
195:.
172:.
164:.
154:53
152:.
349:.
327::
300:.
280::
257:.
245::
221:.
207::
180:.
160::
111:(
19:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
