492:, commented, "Given the roughly 350 inherited disorders littering the dog genome, crossing two purebreds and expanding their gene pools can be 'a phenomenally good idea,' according to one canine geneticist—if it is done conscientiously." Crossbreeding has not been well studied in dogs, although it has been for livestock. The heritability of the desired trait being bred for (such as a hypoallergenic coat) needs to be known; "Heritability is the proportion of the measurable difference observed between animals for a given trait that is due to genetics (and can be passed to the next generation)." In addition, the goals of dog crossbreeding may be harder to define than the goals of livestock crossbreeding; good temperament may be harder to define and measure than high calf weight.
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528:, or crossbreed vigor. This advantage can be progressively diluted when two crossbreeds are bred in the attempt to create a breed, narrowing the gene pool. The best way to continue taking advantage of crossbreed vigor is from the breeding of dogs of purebred ancestry, as this vigor is typically seen only in the first generation cross of two purebred animals of separate breeds, thus taking advantage of
405:
372:
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262:
47:
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89:
648:). New breeds of dogs must have a breed club that will document the ancestry of any individual member of that breed from the original founding dogs of the breed; when the kennel club that the breed club wishes to join is satisfied that the dogs are pedigreed, they will accept and register the dogs of that breed. Each
544:
had a life expectancy greater than crossbreeds; however crossbreeds still had a higher life expectancy than the average pedigree dog in this study. A Swedish study reviewing over 200,000 dogs registered for a veterinary insurance company in 1995 and 1996 found morbidity to be higher in most pedigrees
508:
of designer dogs say that all modern dog breeds were created from earlier breeds and types of dogs through the same kind of selective breeding that is used to create designer dogs. Most of the modern breeds have ancestries that include various older dog types and breeds; see individual breed articles
535:
Health of crossbred dogs depends on their being descended from healthy parents. Breeders who select their breeding stock for cost-effectiveness and who skip health testing for the same reason will not produce puppies that are as reliably healthy as those bred by more conscientious breeders. However,
539:
Despite commonly believed to be substantially healthier than pedigree dogs data from clinical records of over 1,000 veterinary hospitals in the US shows the difference in life expectancy between mixed breed dogs and pedigree dogs to be minimal. A review of cemetery data in Japan found that the
536:
studies of longevity in dogs have found some advantage for crossbreeds compared to purebred dogs. In general it is believed that crossbred dogs "have a far lower chance of exhibiting the disorders that are common with the parental breeds. Their genetic health will be substantially higher."
652:
club has individual rules about how to document a new breed. Some minor registries and internet registry businesses will register dogs as any breed the owner chooses with minimal or no documentation; some even allow the breeder or owner to make up a designer "breed name" for their pet.
485:
Although designer dogs are often selected by owners for their novelty, reputable breeders sometimes use crossbreeding in an attempt to reduce the incidence of certain hereditary problems found in the purebred dogs, while retaining their more appealing traits. Jon
Mooallem, writing in
643:
If crossbred dogs are bred together for some period of time, and their breeding is well documented, they may eventually be considered a new breed of dog by major kennel clubs (an example of a recent crossbreed becoming a breed recognised by all major kennel clubs is the
501:, comments on the popularity of crosses after his introduction of the Labradoodle: "Were breeders bothering to check their sires and bitches for heredity faults, or were they simply caught up in delivering to hungry customers the next status symbol?"
297:
with
Alaskan huskies and greyhounds, respectively. While the Mackenzie River husky has been largely replaced by mechanized travel, Alaskan huskies continue to be the most commonly used type of dog for competitive sled dog racing today.
521:
of the offspring, is one strategy breeders can use to decrease the incidences of genetic defects. Knowing the disease incidence in the breed, and the genetic history of the individual, is important.
448:(Pug and Beagle cross). There are even complex crosses (with multiple breeds in recent ancestry) being labeled in this manner, such as the German Chusky (German Shepherd Dog, Siberian Husky and
192:
principles) did not yet exist. These types of crosses were performed to aggregate qualities of two different types in the same dog or to perfect an already fixed type of dog, always for
285:. In the 1980s, a rise in Nordic-style sled racing in Scandinavia, characterized by shorter distances than typically seen in North American sled racing, led to the development of the
478:(hunting dogs). These dogs could be considered only as crossbreeds, not as designer animals, since appearance is not the main reason for them to be bred. An exception to this is the
470:. Working and hunting dogs deliberately crossbred for a particular working purpose are not generally given portmanteau names; they are most often referred to by a type name, such as
455:
Like children in a family, a percentage of designer dogs with the same breed ancestry will look similar to each other, even though crossbreeding does not result in as uniform a
1828:
1392:
Egenvall, A.; Hedhammar, A.; Bonnett, B. N.; Olson, P. (2000). "Gender, age, breed and distribution of morbidity and mortality in insured dogs in Sweden during 1995 and 1996".
988:
208:, achieving the desired result after six generations. With the success of Lord Orford's dogs, the practice was adopted by other Greyhound breeders and became more common.
517:
Crossbreeding that takes advantage of the increased chance that a recessive detrimental allele will only be inherited from one parent and therefore not expressed in the
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Designer dog breeders are often criticized for being more interested in profitable puppy production than in dog health and welfare. Wally Conron, writing in
238:
214:
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68:
55:
2360:
1218:
Michell, A. R. (27 November 1999). "Longevity of
British breeds of dog and its relationships with-sex, size, cardiovascular variables and disease".
628:
Crossbreed dogs are not recognized by traditional breed registries, even if both parents are registered purebreds. Breed associations such as the
1546:
1088:
277:, in which European breeds were crossed with Native American dogs to produce a powerful and hardy freighting dog in the 19th century, and the
1202:
812:
1300:
Montoya, Mathiue; Morrison, Jo Ann; Arrignon, Florent; Spofford, Nate; Charles, Hélène; Hours, Marie-Anne; Biourge, Vincent (21 Feb 2023).
444:
cross). Other purebred breeds are being crossed to provide designer dogs described with an endless range of created labels, such as the
197:
1007:
906:
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719:
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984:
188:
Historically, crosses between dogs of different types were more well accepted at a time when modern purebred breeds (based on the
933:
1429:"Breed and conformational predispositions for prolapsed nictitating membrane gland (PNMG) in dogs in the UK: A VetCompass study"
30:
This article is about cross-breeding between two or more recognized dog breeds. For hybrids of dogs with other dog species, see
482:, which although having a portmanteau name, is often used as a Guide or Assistance dog as well as being a popular family dog.
1955:
2854:
1070:
588:
Some health issues not common in either parent breed may be more common in the crossbreed than both of the parent breeds.
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than mongrels; however several pedigree breeds had a lower morbidity these are in order of highest risk to lowest risk:
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the Beagle is one of the lowest priced purebred dogs, yet the Puggle often sells for much more than the purebred Pug.
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than both of the parent breeds, which shows the complexity of genetics and provides evidence against the theory of
389:
294:
2814:
60:
1262:
711:
A Matter of
Breeding: A Biting History of Pedigree Dogs and How the Quest for Status Has Harmed Man's Best Friend
273:
with various crossbreeds developing to meet the specific needs of the era and geographical region, including the
2017:
2877:
2268:
2147:
398:
2819:
585:. Notably all the breeds are native to the Scandinavian peninsula and are most commonly used as working dogs.
1097:
the stampede to acquire one (designer dog) has become so furious that puppies now sell for as much as ÂŁ2,000.
828:
2346:
2289:
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1876:
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1197:. Translated by Richard E. Quandt (First American ed.). New York: North Point Press. pp. 285–286.
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Some crossbred dogs, created by breeding two purebred dogs of different breeds, may have the advantage of
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traces what was the "designer dog" fad to the late 20th century when breeders began to cross purebred
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504:'Designer dog' puppies sometimes bring higher prices than the purebreds from which they are bred.
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as the breeding of purebreds. Often even pups in the same litter will look quite different.
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Several types of working dog crossbreeds date from the 14th century or earlier, such as the
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1972:
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130:, but are not otherwise recognised as breeds in their own right, and do not necessarily
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1844:
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O'Neill DG, Yin Y, Tetas Pont R, Brodbelt DC, Church DB, Pegram C; et al. (2022).
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often go for more money than purebreds, which can range from $ 200 to $ 2,000 per dog.
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131:
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34:. For unbred dogs, dogs of unknown origin, or unintentional mixed-breed origin, see
2839:
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2604:
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2413:
2245:
2185:
2087:
2065:
1995:
1982:
1925:
1905:
1785:
1744:
1647:
1593:
1349:"Estimating the life expectancy of companion dogs in Japan using pet cemetery data"
688:
505:
409:
142:
138:
31:
2448:
462:
Another defining characteristic of designer dogs is that they are usually bred as
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760:
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93:
1314:
1140:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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17:
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149:
species (wolves, coyotes, jackals, etc.). Notable canid hybrids include the
123:
1472:
1378:
1333:
1239:
1179:
762:
The
Greyhound: Its History, Points, Breeding, Rearing, Training and Running
261:
46:
1405:
1231:
1134:
Birchler, James A.; Yao, Hong; Chudalayandi, Sivanandan (29 August 2006).
1047:
to take advantage of the inflated prices people are paying for these dogs.
2746:
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2394:
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475:
310:
182:
178:
166:
154:
127:
35:
786:
Swan, Thom (2018-07-31). "Sled Dogs of the Early
Canadian Fur Trade".
428:(or sounds) from the breed names of the two purebred parents, such as
2805:
2709:
2516:
2501:
2443:
1778:
1684:
1657:
1603:
1302:"Life expectancy tables for dogs and cats derived from clinical data"
934:"What do you get when you breed Labradors with poodles? Labradoodles"
649:
621:
593:
546:
445:
394:
376:
364:
150:
101:
269:
Crossbreeding has played a key characteristic in the development of
2719:
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2609:
2584:
1766:
1756:
1751:
1674:
611:
403:
355:
354:
338:
260:
204:, which were improved by adding courage through the crossing with
87:
2338:
401:, along with various desirable characteristics from other breeds.
2624:
1347:
Inoue, Mai; C. L. Kwan, Nigel; Sugiura, Katsuaki (24 May 2018).
88:
2342:
1528:
804:
Dog
Sledding in Norway: Multidisciplinary Research Perspectives
2433:
1625:
1555:
1263:"Some Practical Solutions to Welfare Problems in Dog Breeding"
467:
40:
397:
with other purebred breeds to obtain a dog with the Poodle's
829:"Do many Siberian Huskies run the Iditarod? If not, why?"
991:
agricultural extension (cattle breeding). Archived from
1524:
604:. Overall designer dog breeds had lower rates of PNMG.
196:
purposes. An example to be cited is the famous case of
1061:"Not all cute and cuddly in land of 'designer dogs,'"
137:
Dog crossbreeds are combinations of lineages of the
2828:
2803:
2783:
2765:
2732:
2640:
2593:
2575:
2547:
2487:
2459:
2404:
2277:
2244:
2161:
2026:
1981:
1837:
1794:
1562:
1043:2008 will see the rapid growth of the puppy farm
640:do not recognize designer crosses as dog breeds.
1261:McGreevy, P D; Nicholas, F W (1 November 1999).
1089:"Hounded out: Fur and loathing in the dog world"
1136:"Unraveling the genetic basis of hybrid vigor"
2354:
1540:
745:The dog, in health and disease, by Stonehenge
8:
1485:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
876:
874:
2361:
2347:
2339:
1547:
1533:
1525:
256:Greyhound/Old English Bulldog fourth cross
232:Greyhound/Old English Bulldog second cross
145:, which are interspecific crosses between
1462:
1452:
1368:
1323:
1313:
1169:
1159:
509:for details of the origin of each breed.
244:Greyhound/Old English Bulldog third cross
220:Greyhound/Old English Bulldog first cross
370:
71:of all important aspects of the article.
700:
210:
1478:
807:. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 28–40.
420:The resulting puppies are called by a
67:Please consider expanding the lead to
7:
1059:Patterson, Melissa (July 23, 2008).
1029:Bennett, Laura (December 10, 2007).
737:
735:
733:
731:
590:Prolapsed nictitating membrane gland
1355:. 80(7), 2018 July (7): 1153–1158.
907:"Colchester: More than puppy love!"
855:"Mackenzie River Huskies - History"
592:is a condition more common in the
301:Other historical examples are the
25:
1504:Mooallem, Jon (4 February 2007).
965:Mooallem, Jon (4 February 2007).
2322:
2313:
2312:
1014:. pp. 28–30. Archived from
1006:Conron, Wally (August 9, 2010).
249:
237:
225:
213:
45:
1306:Frontiers in Veterinary Science
759:Dalziel, Hugh (1 August 2005).
436:and Poodle cross), or Shepsky (
128:dogs with no purebred ancestors
59:may be too short to adequately
1031:"Pet Industry Trends for 2008"
932:Altonn, Helen (28 June 2004).
383:crossbreed, known as a Poochon
141:; they are distinguished from
69:provide an accessible overview
1:
1506:"The Modern Kennel Conundrum"
967:"The Modern Kennel Conundrum"
954:– via starbulletin.com.
801:Waaler, Rune (January 2019).
367:crossbreed, known as a Chipoo
1454:10.1371/journal.pone.0260538
1110:"Designer Dogs are the Rage"
1008:"My Story: I Designed a Dog"
608:Registration and recognition
122:from two or more recognized
2175:List of longest-living dogs
1511:The New York Times Magazine
1087:Caesar, Ed (8 March 2007).
618:West Highland White Terrier
321:that later resulted in the
313:cross) and crosses between
118:, are dogs which have been
2899:
2148:Origin of the domestic dog
2046:Breed-specific legislation
1887:Psychiatric assistance dog
1315:10.3389/fvets.2023.1082102
742:Walsh, John Henry (1859).
513:Health and genetic defects
332:
29:
2855:Grizzly–polar bear hybrid
2850:Grizzly–black bear hybrid
2376:
2308:
1279:10.1017/S0962728600021965
708:Brandow, Michael (2015).
295:German shorthair pointers
1012:Reader's Digest Magazine
281:, bred specifically for
2290:List of individual dogs
2285:Domesticated silver fox
1877:Mobility assistance dog
1193:Csányi, Vilmos (2005).
1161:10.1073/pnas.0605627103
882:"Designer dog - mammal"
679:List of dog crossbreeds
390:Encyclopædia Britannica
335:List of dog crossbreeds
2715:Congolese spotted lion
2295:List of fictional dogs
1609:Livestock guardian dog
939:Honolulu Star-Bulletin
625:
474:(racing sled dogs) or
417:
384:
368:
352:
266:
105:
2815:Polecat–ferret hybrid
1963:Search and rescue dog
1406:10.1136/vr.146.18.519
1232:10.1136/vr.145.22.625
615:
407:
374:
358:
342:
275:Mackenzie River husky
264:
91:
2018:Dog–cat relationship
1865:Medical response dog
1361:10.1292/jvms.17-0384
1308:. eCollection 2023.
638:Canadian Kennel Club
630:American Kennel Club
319:Old Spanish Pointers
293:, crosses utilizing
206:Old English Bulldogs
2820:Polecat–mink hybrid
1809:List of crossbreeds
1572:African village dog
1445:2022PLoSO..1760538O
1152:2006PNAS..10312957B
1146:(35): 12957–12958.
1114:designerdoggies.com
1073:on 6 October 2008.
995:on 17 January 2009.
438:German Shepherd Dog
399:hypoallergenic coat
307:Old English Bulldog
173:Working crossbreeds
114:, sometimes called
2620:Lord Morton's mare
1519:Much Ado About Poo
1195:If Dogs Could Talk
1035:smallbiztrends.com
971:The New York Times
911:Gazette-news.co.uk
634:United Kennel Club
626:
489:The New York Times
418:
414:Labrador Retriever
385:
369:
353:
267:
120:intentionally bred
106:
98:Labrador Retriever
2865:
2864:
2527:Jackal–dog hybrid
2439:Sheep–goat hybrid
2336:
2335:
2216:Rabies in animals
2143:Human–canine bond
1721:Bull-type terrier
1521:at canismajor.com
1394:Veterinary Record
1220:Veterinary Record
1204:978-0-86547-686-8
985:"Why Crossbreed?"
946:on 8 January 2008
814:978-3-643-91097-4
571:Karelian Bear Dog
530:genetic diversity
163:jackal–dog hybrid
86:
85:
16:(Redirected from
2890:
2845:ABC Islands bear
2775:Macropod hybrids
2752:Hybrid orangutan
2512:Dingo–dog hybrid
2363:
2356:
2349:
2340:
2326:
2316:
2315:
2093:Dogs in religion
1956:usage by country
1577:Free-ranging dog
1549:
1542:
1535:
1526:
1515:
1491:
1490:
1484:
1476:
1466:
1456:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1372:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1327:
1317:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1173:
1163:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1120:on 4 July 2008.
1116:. Archived from
1106:
1100:
1099:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1069:. Archived from
1056:
1050:
1049:
1041:on 4 July 2008.
1037:. Archived from
1026:
1020:
1019:
1018:on 24 July 2014.
1003:
997:
996:
981:
975:
974:
962:
956:
955:
953:
951:
942:. Archived from
929:
923:
922:
920:
918:
903:
897:
896:
894:
892:
878:
869:
868:
866:
865:
859:Sled Dog Central
853:Dowling, Donna.
850:
844:
843:
841:
840:
825:
819:
818:
798:
792:
791:
788:Mushing Magazine
783:
777:
776:
756:
750:
749:
739:
726:
725:
714:. Beacon Press.
705:
665:, for any animal
551:Norwegian Buhund
422:portmanteau word
349:Alaskan Malamute
303:bull and terrier
253:
241:
229:
217:
159:dingo–dog hybrid
81:
78:
72:
49:
41:
21:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2878:Dog crossbreeds
2868:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2824:
2799:
2779:
2761:
2728:
2695:Panthera hybrid
2636:
2589:
2585:Elephant hybrid
2571:
2557:Clymene dolphin
2543:
2483:
2455:
2400:
2399:
2372:
2367:
2337:
2332:
2304:
2273:
2240:
2157:
2028:
2022:
1977:
1833:
1814:Mixed-breed dog
1790:
1558:
1553:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1477:
1439:(1): e0260538.
1426:
1425:
1421:
1400:(18): 519–525.
1391:
1390:
1386:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1226:(22): 625–629.
1217:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1093:The Independent
1086:
1085:
1081:
1066:Chicago Tribune
1058:
1057:
1053:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1005:
1004:
1000:
983:
982:
978:
964:
963:
959:
949:
947:
931:
930:
926:
916:
914:
905:
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888:
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879:
872:
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1273:(4): 329–341.
1267:Animal Welfare
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913:. 17 June 2008
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567:Siberian Husky
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464:companion dogs
442:Siberian Husky
345:Siberian Husky
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63:the key points
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18:Crossbreed dog
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646:Cesky Terrier
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616:A Westiepoo (
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602:hybrid vigour
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343:A Huskamute (
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329:Designer dogs
328:
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288:
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279:Alaskan husky
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265:Alaskan husky
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143:canid hybrids
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116:designer dogs
113:
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52:
48:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
2883:Dog breeding
2840:Ursid hybrid
2829:
2804:
2795:Iron Age pig
2784:
2767:Macropodinae
2685:Savannah cat
2650:Felid hybrid
2605:Equid hybrid
2594:
2577:Elephantidae
2497:Canid hybrid
2414:Bovid hybrid
2226:Reproduction
2196:Conformation
2138:Fear of dogs
2088:Dog grooming
2081:2007 recalls
2066:Dog fighting
2013:Intelligence
1926:Fighting dog
1906:Carriage dog
1829:Most popular
1818:
1786:Turnspit dog
1594:Hairless dog
1509:
1481:cite journal
1436:
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1194:
1188:
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1139:
1129:
1121:
1118:the original
1113:
1104:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1074:
1071:the original
1064:
1054:
1042:
1039:the original
1034:
1024:
1016:the original
1011:
1001:
993:the original
979:
970:
960:
948:. Retrieved
944:the original
937:
927:
915:. Retrieved
910:
901:
889:. Retrieved
885:
862:. Retrieved
858:
848:
837:. Retrieved
835:. 2020-10-12
832:
823:
803:
796:
787:
781:
761:
754:
744:
710:
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689:Purebred dog
642:
627:
624:cross) adult
587:
538:
534:
523:
516:
503:
496:
494:
487:
484:
461:
454:
419:
410:Basset Hound
408:A Bassador (
388:
386:
381:Bichon Frisé
351:cross) puppy
300:
268:
187:
176:
146:
139:domestic dog
136:
115:
108:
107:
74:
58:
56:lead section
32:Canid hybrid
2742:Denisova 11
2532:Sulimov dog
2236:Vaccination
2133:Dog walking
2103:Dog licence
2076:dog biscuit
2061:Dog daycare
2051:Cynanthropy
2029:interaction
1882:Therapy dog
1870:Seizure dog
1860:Hearing dog
1621:Hunting dog
1599:Herding dog
1045:crossbreeds
480:Labradoodle
424:made up of
198:Lord Orford
111:crossbreeds
94:Labradoodle
2872:Categories
2757:Koolakamba
2675:Kellas cat
2655:Bengal cat
2429:Dwarf Lulu
2128:Dog sports
1951:Police dog
1896:Attack dog
1850:Autism dog
1819:Crossbreed
1702:Sighthound
1680:Scenthound
1587:Street dog
891:23 January
864:2022-05-29
839:2023-12-12
695:References
684:Puppy mill
663:Crossbreed
472:eurohounds
333:See also:
202:Greyhounds
132:breed true
124:dog breeds
2734:Hominidae
2461:Camelidae
2123:Dog theft
2027:Human–dog
1946:Mercy dog
1931:Guard dog
1911:Catch dog
1855:Guide dog
1731:Schnauzer
1690:Coonhound
1668:Water dog
1653:Retriever
1614:Sheep dog
1414:0042-4900
1287:255889459
542:Shiba Inu
526:heterosis
519:phenotype
457:phenotype
450:Chow Chow
434:Schnauzer
430:Schnoodle
426:syllables
361:Chihuahua
315:foxhounds
287:eurohound
271:sled dogs
77:June 2021
61:summarize
2747:Humanzee
2680:Pumapard
2562:Wholphin
2395:Mammalia
2389:Chordata
2383:Animalia
2381:Kingdom
2318:Category
2246:Training
2206:Dog food
2201:Diseases
2186:Breeding
2118:Dog show
2113:Dog park
2108:Dog meat
2071:Dog food
2056:Dog bite
1983:Behavior
1968:Sled dog
1941:Meat dog
1726:Pinscher
1695:Foxhound
1473:35081121
1433:PLOS ONE
1379:29798968
1334:36896289
1248:34557345
1240:10619607
1180:16938847
833:Iditarod
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27:Dog type
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2642:Felidae
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650:kennel
632:, the
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547:Drever
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377:Poodle
375:A Toy
365:Poodle
165:, and
151:coydog
102:poodle
100:and a
2831:Ursus
2720:Tigon
2700:Liger
2660:Blynx
2615:Kunga
2610:Hinny
2596:Equus
2474:Bukht
2171:Aging
1838:Roles
1767:Tugou
1762:Laika
1757:Husky
1752:Spitz
1675:Hound
1631:Feist
1564:Types
1283:S2CID
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674:Feist
147:Canis
2625:Mule
2469:Cama
2211:Odor
2191:Coat
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