Sovereign immunity - Knowledge (XXG)

1528:

Commonwealth and its agencies claimed an unfettered immunity from state legislation and had used s. 109 to justify this position, specifically that the NSW Act was in conflict with the Act which created the DHA and s. 109 of the constitution applied. Mr. Henderson took the case to the High Court and a panel of seven justices to arbitrate the matter. By a majority decision of six to one the court ruled that the DHA was bound by the NSW Act on the basis that the NSW Act did not limit, deny or restrict the activities of the DHA but sought to regulate them, an important distinction which was further explained in the rulings of several of the justices. It was ruled that the NSW Act was one of general application and therefore the Crown (in respect of the Commonwealth) could not be immune from it, citing other cases in which the same ruling had been made and that it was contrary to the rule of law. As a result of this case, the Commonwealth cannot claim a broad constitutional immunity from state legislation.

1763:

Kong should be absolute, and may be invoked when jurisdiction is sought in the foreign court in relation to an application to enforce a foreign judgment or arbitral award, or when execution is sought against assets in the foreign state. This means that sovereign states are absolutely immune to the jurisdiction of Hong Kong courts, including in commercial claims, unless the state waives its immunity. In order to waive immunity, there must be express, unequivocal submission to the jurisdiction of the Hong Kong courts "in the face of the court". Claimants should establish that the state party has waived their entitlement to immunity at the relevant stage, before proceedings can occur in court.

59: 2585:. Singapore's State Immunity Act has phrases identical to that of Section 9 of United Kingdom's State Immunity Act, and does not allow a foreign state, which has agreed to submit a dispute to arbitration, to claim jurisdictional immunity in judicial proceedings relating to the agreed arbitration, i.e. "where a State has agreed in writing to submit a dispute which has arisen, or may arise, to arbitration, the state is not immune as respects proceedings in the courts in Singapore which relate to the arbitration". 2715:. The monarchy is exempt from numerous other workers' rights, health and safety, or pensions laws. Government employees such as environmental inspectors are banned from entering the monarch's property without their permission. The monarch is also exempt from numerous taxes, although Queen Elizabeth II did pay some taxes voluntarily. Some of the odder exceptions for the monarch are included in laws against private persons setting off nuclear explosions, or regulating the sale of alcohol after midnight. 1696:

intervene in a suit (e.g. to make protests), it should not be viewed as waiver of immunity. Chinese state-owned companies considered instrumental to the state have claimed sovereign immunity in lawsuits brought against them in foreign courts before. China's view is that sovereign immunity is a lawful right and interest that their enterprises are entitled to protect. Some examples of Chinese state-owned companies that have claimed sovereign immunity in foreign lawsuits are the

2837:

structure, its history, and the authoritative interpretations by this Court make clear, the States' immunity from suit is a fundamental aspect of the sovereignty which the States enjoyed before the ratification of the Constitution, and which they retain today (either literally or by virtue of their admission into the Union upon an equal footing with the other States) except as altered by the plan of the Convention or certain constitutional Amendments.

4225:, describing Stephens as "a throwback to the postwar liberal Republican appointees", questioned the validity of "the doctrine of sovereign immunity, which holds that you cannot sue any state or federal government agency, or any of its officers or employees, for any wrong they may have committed against you, unless the state or federal government consents to being sued" (p. 20); the propriety of "the increasing resistance of the 1293: 1662: 1485:, declare that, "When a law of a State is inconsistent with a law of the Commonwealth, the latter shall prevail, and the former shall, to the extent of the inconsistency, be invalid." Based on this, depending on the context of application and whether a particular statute infringes on the executive powers of the state or the Commonwealth the Crown may or may not be immune from any particular statute. 2508: 2358: 2419:

done in their official capacities so that they are not responsible for acts done on behalf of the state. However, this immunity does not extend to acts done in abuse of the powers of their office of which they are liable upon the expiration of their tenure. It is important to note that the judiciary has absolute immunity for actions decisions taken in their official capacity.

1788:

of the executive's authority; though any person wishing to question such authority shall not, by taking the case to the courts of justice, avoid temporary compliance with orders given by the executive authority." Furthermore, no other member of the royal family can be prosecuted for any crime under Article 25 of the old absolutist constitution

2569:

concern other members of the Royal Family, except in such cases as they are exercising the office of Regent when the King is unable to serve. It is a disputed matter among Swedish constitutional lawyers whether the article also implies that the King is immune against lawsuits in civil cases, which do not involve prosecution.

2849:

argued that in view of this, and given the limited nature of congressional power delegated by the original unamended Constitution, the court could not "conclude that the specific Article I powers delegated to Congress necessarily include, by virtue of the Necessary and Proper Clause or otherwise, the

1480:

establishes matters on which the states and the Commonwealth legislate independently of each other; in practice this means the states legislate on some things and the Commonwealth legislates on others. In some circumstances, this can create ambiguity as to the applicability of legislation where there

2477:

the Spanish constitution did not state whether an abdicated monarch retains his legal immunity, but the government was planning to make changes to allow this. Legislation has been passed, although unlike his previous immunity, the new legislation does not completely shield the former sovereign. Juan

2123:

The president of the Republic of Finland has immunity from prosecution according to Article 113 of the Constitution, which applies to his official activities. If he is suspect of treason, treason or a crime against humanity in the course of his official duties, the parliament can, with a ¾ majority,

1787:

cannot be sued in his or her personal capacity. On the other hand, this immunity from lawsuits does not extend to the state as such and article 63 explicitly authorises the courts to judge the executive authority: "The courts of justice shall be empowered to decide any question relating to the scope

1504:

on specific matters of conflict between the application of states laws on Commonwealth agencies have provided the interpretation that the Crown in all of its other capacities includes the Commonwealth, therefore if a state Act contains this text then the Act may bind the Commonwealth, subject to the

2687:

are immune from arrest in civil proceedings. No arrest can be made "in the monarch's presence", or within the "verges" of a royal palace. When a royal palace is used as a residence (regardless of whether the monarch is actually living there at the time), judicial processes cannot be executed within

1746:

FG Hemisphere subsequently learned that the Congolese government entered into a separate joint venture with Chinese companies later, in which the Congolese government would be paid US$ 221 million in mining entry fees. As a result, FG Hemisphere applied to collect these fees in order to enforce the

1527:

to enter the premises for the purposes of conducting inspections. In response, DHA claimed that as a Commonwealth agency the legislation of NSW did not apply to it and further sought writs of prohibition attempting to restrain Mr. Henderson from pursuing the matter further. Up until this point the

2674:

As the Crown Proceedings Act only affected the law in respect of acts carried on by or on behalf of the British government, the monarch remains personally immune from criminal and civil actions. However, civil proceedings can, in theory, still be brought using the two original mechanisms outlined

2418:

Section 308 of the Nigerian constitution of 1999 provides immunity from court proceedings, i.e., proceedings that will compel their attendance in favour of elected executive officers, namely the President and his vice and the governors of the states and the deputies. This immunity extends to acts

1762:

ruled 3:2 that the Congolese government had not waived its immunity in the Hong Kong courts, and that as a Special Administrative Region of China, Hong Kong could not have policies on state immunity that were inconsistent with China's. Therefore, the doctrine of sovereign immunity applied in Hong

2568:

or Queen who is Head of State cannot be prosecuted for his or her actions. Nor can a Regent be prosecuted for his or her actions as Head of State." This only concerns the King as a private person, since he does not appoint the government, nor do any public officials act in his name. It does not

1695:

China has consistently claimed that a basic principle of international law is for states and their property to have absolute sovereign immunity. China objects to restrictive sovereign immunity. It is held that a state can waive its immunity by voluntarily stating so, but that should a government

2821:

we have understood the Eleventh Amendment to stand not so much for what it says, but for the presupposition of our constitutional structure which it confirms: that the States entered the federal system with their sovereignty intact; that the judicial authority in Article III is limited by this

2239:

The President of the Republic is not responsible for the actions performed in the exercise of presidential duties, except in the case of high treason or violation of the Constitution. In such cases, the President may be impeached by Parliament in joint session, with an absolute majority of its

2836:

sometimes referred to the States' immunity from suit as "Eleventh Amendment immunity" phrase is convenient shorthand but something of a misnomer, the sovereign immunity of the States neither derives from, nor is limited by, the terms of the Eleventh Amendment. Rather, as the Constitution's

2478:

Carlos must answer to the supreme court, in a similar type of protection afforded to many high-ranking civil servants and politicians in Spain. The legislation stipulates that all outstanding legal matters relating to the former king be suspended and passed "immediately" to the supreme court.

1647:

for the same motives. Judge St-Cyr again rejected her demand, noting that constitutional law does not grant a lieutenant governor the same benefits as the monarch and that, in her case, royal immunity would only apply to actions involving official state functions, not personal ones. She was

2435:

cannot be prosecuted or sued in his or her personal capacity, but this immunity does not extend to the state as such. Neither does immunity extend to the monarch in his capacity as an owner or stakeholder in real property, or as an employer, provided that the suit does not allege personal

1595:

states, "no enactment is binding on His Majesty or affects His Majesty or His Majesty's rights or prerogatives in any manner, unless the enactment expressly states that it binds His Majesty." However, in more recent times "all Canadian provinces ... and the federal government (the

1381:, the sovereign is the historical origin of the authority which creates the courts. Thus the courts had no power to compel the sovereign to be bound by them as they were created by the sovereign for the protection of his or her subjects. This rule was commonly expressed by the popular 1747:

earlier arbitral award. The Congolese government asserted sovereign immunity in the legal proceedings. This was eventually brought to the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal, when the Congolese government fought to overturn an earlier Court of Appeal decision which had ruled that:

1499:

While there is no ambiguity about the first aspect of this declaration about binding the Crown with respect to the state in question, there have been several cases about the interpretation of the second aspect extending it to the Crown in its other capacities. Rulings by the

2105: 1545:

If these three tests are satisfied, then the Act binds the Crown in respect of the Commonwealth. In Australia, there is no clear automatic Crown immunity or lack of it; as such there is a rebuttable presumption that the Crown is not bound by a statute, as noted in

1600:) have now rectified this anomaly by passing legislation which leaves the Crown liable in tort as a normal person would be. Thus, the tort liability of the government is a relatively new development in Canada, statute-based, and is not a fruit of common law." 2296:

was made according to this article. Officials who commit torts themselves are not liable, although the State or a public entity has the right to obtain reimbursement from the officers if there is intent or gross negligence on the part of them. The

3714:

Original: La persona del Rey de España es inviolable y no está sujeta a responsabilidad. Sus actos estarán siempre refrendados en la forma establecida en el artículo 64, careciendo de validez sin dicho refrendo, salvo lo dispuesto en el artículo

2098: 2780:, which waives the immunity over claims arising out of contracts to which the federal government is a party. The United States as a sovereign is immune from suit unless it unequivocally consents to being sued. The United States Supreme Court in 2811:(1795) re-affirms that states possess sovereign immunity and are therefore generally immune from being sued in federal court without their consent. In later cases, the Supreme Court has strengthened state sovereign immunity considerably. In 2468:

The person of the King is inviolable and shall not be held accountable. His acts shall always be countersigned in the manner established in section 64. Without such countersignature they shall not be valid, except as provided under section

2091: 1642:

for misappropriation of public funds, but invoked royal immunity on the basis that "the Queen can do no wrong". As per convention, the court did not disclose its reasons for not considering the matter. Thibault later petitioned the

2710:

As of 2022, there were more than 160 laws granting express immunity to the monarch or their property in some respects. For instance, employees of the monarchy cannot pursue anti-discrimination complaints such as those under the

2639:

which made the Crown (when acting as the government) liable as of right in proceedings where it was previously only liable by virtue of a grant of a fiat. With limited exceptions, this had the effect of allowing proceedings for

2771:

has sovereign immunity and may not be sued anywhere in the United States unless it has waived its immunity or consented to suit. The United States has waived sovereign immunity to a limited extent, mainly through the

2784:

observed: "It is an axiom of our jurisprudence. The government is not liable to suit unless it consents thereto, and its liability in suit cannot be extended beyond the plain language of the statute authorizing it."

1514:

in 1997. This case involved the arbitration of a dispute between Mr. Henderson and the Defence Housing Authority (DHA). Mr. Henderson owned a house which the DHA had leased to provide housing to members of the

3054: 1554: 1779:

The King shall not be answerable for his actions; his person shall be sacrosanct. The Ministers shall be responsible for the conduct of the government; their responsibility shall be determined by Statute.

1590:

Canada inherited the common law version of Crown immunity from British law. However, over time, the scope of Crown immunity has been steadily reduced by statute law. As of 1994, section 14 of Alberta's

1417:

or representative form (nor to a lesser extent the state) can be a defendant or subject of court proceedings, nor in most equivalent forums such as under arbitration awards and tribunal awards/damages.

2336:

or any ruler of a component state in the Special Court. This was previously impossible because every ruler of Malaysia was stated to be protected from being brought to court due to their royal status.

1476:

There is no automatic Crown immunity in Australia, and the Australian Constitution does not establish a state of unfettered immunity of the Crown in respect of the states and the Commonwealth. The

1373:

Sovereign immunity is the original forebear of state immunity based on the classical concept of sovereignty in the sense that a sovereign could not be subjected without his or her approval to the

3805: 2885: 2280:

states: "Every person may sue for redress as provided by law from the State or a public entity, in case he has suffered damage through illegal act of any public official." The State Redress Act

1495:

State acts may contain wording similar to: "This Act binds the Crown in right of and, in so far as the legislative power of the Parliament of permits, the Crown in all its other capacities."

2000: 2863: 544: 2729:

In United States law, state, federal and tribal governments generally enjoy immunity from lawsuits. Local governments typically enjoy immunity from some forms of suit, particularly in

2578: 2903: 1792:(The King's Law), currently still valid, which states: "They shall answer to no magistrate judges, but their first and last Judge shall be the King, or to whom He to that decrees." 3470: 1421:

Immunity from enforcement means that even if a person succeeds in any way against their sovereign or state, they and the judgment may find themselves without means of enforcement.

2808: 4233:" (p. 22); and "the constitutionality of the death penalty ... because of incontrovertible evidence that innocent people have been sentenced to death." (pp. 22, 24.) 1817: 2822:

sovereignty, and that a State will therefore not be subject to suit in federal court unless it has consented to suit, either expressly or in the "plan of the convention".

2056: 2892:

Additionally, Congress can abrogate state sovereign immunity when it acts pursuant to powers delegated to it by any amendments ratified after the Eleventh Amendment. The

3364: 4266: 1743:. During arbitration, Energoinvest was awarded damages against the Congolese government and SNEL. This was reassigned by Energoinvest to FG Hemisphere Associates LLC. 3385: 3105: 1488:

Many Acts passed in Australia, both at the state and at the federal level, contain a section declaring whether the Act binds the Crown, and, if so, in what respect:

2329: 1902: 3727:"El Rey perderá su inviolabilidad tras la abdicación pero puede pasar a ser aforado [The King will lose his immunity after abdicating but could keep it]" 2609:

has never been liable to be prosecuted or proceeded against in either criminal or civil cases. The only means by which civil proceedings could be brought were:

1734: 3073: 3416: 1508:

A landmark case which set a precedent for challenging broad Crown immunity and established tests for the applicability of state laws on the Commonwealth was

1482: 3276: 2460:

is personally immune from prosecution for acts committed by government ministers in the King's name, according to Title II, Section 56, Subsection 3 of the

3801: 2034: 2850:

incidental authority to subject the States to private suits as a means of achieving objectives otherwise within the scope of the enumerated powers".

2127:

Notwithstanding the foregoing, the president remains accountable in front of law for acts outside of his office in the same way as other citizens.

1931: 2879: 2768: 2724: 1713: 1712:

In 2011, the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal ruled that absolute sovereign immunity applies in Hong Kong, as the Court found that Hong Kong, as a

1524: 1185: 4135:

Zoldan, Evan (2006). "The King is Dead, Long Live the King!: Sovereign Immunity and the Curious Case of Nonappropriated Fund Instrumentalities".

3753: 2743:: pursuant to which a government actor may not be sued for the allegedly wrongful act, even if that person acted maliciously or in bad faith; and 1492:

Commonwealth Acts may contain wording similar to: "This Act binds the Crown in each of its capacities", or specify a more restricted application.

3345: 2625: 1697: 1151: 2988: 2211:

in 1922, and that accordingly the state could be sued for and held vicariously liable for the acts and omissions of its servants and agents.

1510: 778: 752: 2124:

decide to bring charges to the national court. The president cannot be charged for other crimes committed in the performance of his duties.

2749:: pursuant to which a government actor is shielded from liability only if specific conditions are met, as specified in statute or case law. 1321: 1754:

if absolute sovereign immunity had applied in Hong Kong, the Congolese government had waived their sovereign immunity rights in this case.

337: 3036: 2525: 2379: 1548: 737: 4238: 2804: 2661: 1621: 460: 2431:

states: "The King's person is sacred; he cannot be censured or accused. The responsibility rests with his Council." Accordingly, the

3988:

Absolute immunity applies to acts that, if subject to challenge, would significantly affect the operation of government. See, e.g.,

3164: 2631:

by actions against ministers or government departments where an Act of Parliament had specifically provided that immunity be waived.

2547: 2405: 2051: 1829: 1759: 3195: 3726: 1701: 3937: 3774: 3002: 2344:

Since 1848, article 42 of the Dutch constitution states: "The king is immune from prosecution; the ministers are responsible".

2260:

of the President (Art. 278), and until 2006 it was an offence to publicly give the President responsibility for actions of the

1192: 783: 579: 2873:(2003), and counties are not generally considered to have sovereign immunity, even when they "exercise a 'slice of state power 2703:

owned by the Crown, but present on another's land, cannot be taken in execution or for distress. The Crown is not subject to

2529: 2383: 1917: 907: 500: 58: 3151: 2813: 1433:

state dictates there be broad exceptions to immunity such as statutes which expressly bind the state (a prime example being

3234: 2853:

However, a "consequence of Court's recognition of preratification sovereignty as the source of immunity from suit is that

1751:

as restrictive sovereign immunity applied in Hong Kong, the Congolese government had no immunity in commercial proceedings.

3913: 3901: 3889: 3877: 3865: 3836: 3821: 3112: 2298: 1648:

eventually found guilty and sentenced to 18 months in jail, but was granted conditional release after serving six months.

1531:

In practice, three tests have been developed to determine whether a state law applies to the Commonwealth and vice versa:

619: 128: 1671: 2461: 2186: 1716:

of China, could not have policies on state immunity that were inconsistent with China. The ruling was an outcome of the

1639: 1627: 3991: 4283: 3327: 1910: 969: 4176: 3294: 2668: 2368: 3581: 3080: 4015: 2636: 1535:

Does the law seek to merely regulate the activities of the Commonwealth as opposed to deny, restrict or limit them?

1141: 964: 773: 653: 322: 4204: 2971: 2518: 2387: 2372: 1630:

do not enjoy the same immunity as the sovereign in matters not relating to the powers of the office. In 2013, the

2930: 2487: 2189:

as long as that person is holding either office. However, they can be impeached and then sued for their actions.

1582:

According to the constitution of Bhutan, the monarch is not answerable in a court of law for his or her actions.

1477: 1378: 1146: 1001: 747: 407: 352: 3607: 3239: 1516: 1314: 490: 440: 247: 2869: 589: 3220: 3136:

The law was passed during the reign of Elizabeth II, but now uses male pronouns after amendment by the

2773: 2582: 2204: 2166: 2009: 1961: 1881: 1772: 1631: 1567: 1501: 863: 470: 138: 3216: 3072:

Legal Department of the House of Representatives, with the collaboration of Mr A. MacLean (January 2009).

2920: 2589: 2561: 2491: 2428: 2309: 2157:, a distinct entity), claims sovereign immunity for the pope, supported by many international agreements. 1234: 981: 742: 549: 205: 1597: 2898: 2657: 2333: 2277: 2220: 2178: 2077: 1810: 1067: 1011: 86: 3313: 574: 362: 3851: 1980: 1847: 1422: 1094: 724: 713: 663: 624: 614: 564: 554: 372: 3137: 1624:

is immune from the jurisdiction of the courts in other provinces. However, this is now in question.

3346:"Chinese state-owned firms claim 'sovereign immunity' in US courts with foreign ministry's backing" 3016: 2925: 2893: 2302: 2231:

is not accountable, and is not responsible for any act of their office, unless they have committed

2014: 1952: 1784: 1604: 1571: 1538:

Is the state law constructed such that the act binds the Crown in respect of all of its capacities?

1307: 1239: 697: 684: 671: 397: 347: 195: 3632: 4226: 4117: 4109: 4035: 3258: 3022: 2945: 2746: 2653: 2565: 2432: 2224: 2182: 2154: 2072: 1924: 1592: 1462:

intervening in or taking any steps in any suit (other than for the purpose of claiming immunity).

1434: 1259: 1136: 1077: 1006: 804: 791: 765: 422: 267: 133: 3697: 4260: 4148: 4144: 3562: 3160: 2999:"The Commonwealth's Implied Constitutional Immunity From State Law - Legal Briefing Number 36" 2915: 2799: 2756: 2740: 2712: 2700: 2692: 2614: 2457: 2445: 1449:

Sovereign immunity of a state entity may be waived. A state entity may waive its immunity by:

1413: 1264: 1249: 1168: 858: 729: 676: 658: 604: 584: 569: 559: 392: 377: 327: 307: 175: 123: 118: 96: 91: 43: 3445: 2998: 2169:

the president can only be held accountable and be prosecuted with the consent of parliament.

4099: 4027: 3554: 3248: 2474: 2313: 2261: 2249: 2228: 2208: 2199: 1966: 1956: 1603:

Since 1918, it has been held that provincial legislatures cannot bind the federal Crown, as

1552:. The Crown's immunity may also apply to other parties in certain circumstances, as held in 1276: 1175: 1124: 609: 524: 220: 190: 143: 4205:"The Last of His Kind, review of The Making of a Justice: Reflections on My First 94 Years" 3059: 3041: 2993: 2776:, which waives the immunity if a tortious act of a federal employee causes damage, and the 3809: 3779: 3520: 3495: 2950: 2846: 2684: 1644: 1438: 1426: 1297: 868: 796: 760: 692: 599: 594: 539: 412: 387: 332: 3676: 3399: 2675:

above – by petition of right or by suit against the Attorney General for a declaration.

1678:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

1541:

Is there no inconsistency between a state law and a Commonwealth law on the same matter?

2828: 2044: 1975: 1888: 1481:

is no clearly established Crown immunity. The Australian Constitution does however, in

1362: 1350: 1342: 1106: 1028: 534: 292: 215: 170: 31: 1292: 4277: 4200: 4121: 4060: 3963: 3731: 3262: 1789: 1635: 1224: 1119: 1099: 1089: 902: 427: 417: 357: 317: 312: 153: 3545:

Harding, Andrew (July 1993). "Sovereigns immune? The Malaysian monarchy in crisis".

3365:"Case analysis: Democratic Republic of Congo and Ors v FG Hemisphere Associates LLC" 2940: 2232: 2039: 1895: 1857: 1740: 1430: 1401: 1374: 1358: 1084: 959: 924: 708: 529: 402: 367: 225: 4177:"Washington's Special Relationship Exception to the Public Duty Doctrine Doctrine" 3328:"Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Lu Kang's Regular Press Conference on May 11, 2016" 1411:

Immunity from suit means that neither a sovereign/head of state in person nor any

1018: 3849:

Sunkin, Maurice (2003). "Crown immunity from criminal liability in English law".

3170: 2867:(2006, emphasis added). Thus, cities and municipalities lack sovereign immunity, 4230: 3381: 2935: 2704: 2507: 2357: 1971: 1824: 1382: 1254: 1219: 991: 949: 895: 853: 823: 648: 382: 262: 163: 3558: 3055:

Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Baxter Healthcare Pty Limited

2777: 2257: 2245: 1862: 1111: 1062: 986: 917: 480: 302: 230: 81: 17: 3582:"Positie van het staatshoofd - Rol van het staatshoofd - Het Koninklijk Huis" 3566: 2592:

does to a certain extent have sovereign immunity subjected to clause 22K(4).

1731:

The Democratic Republic of the Congo and its state-owned electricity company

3431: 3277:"Lise Thibault, ex-Quebec lieutenant-governor, testifies at her fraud trial" 3253: 2906:, which explicitly allows Congress to enforce its guarantees on the states. 2696: 2606: 2448:

currently in force states: "The State may not be sued without its consent."

2063: 1244: 1229: 1180: 1131: 1040: 996: 976: 944: 888: 878: 833: 828: 450: 257: 240: 210: 3655: 1617:

take away or abridge any privilege of the Crown in right of the Dominion."

3692: 3690: 3140:, to reflect the accession of Charles III as King of Canada in 2022. 2649: 2645: 2325: 2150: 2142: 1214: 1158: 1023: 883: 643: 252: 185: 50: 2902:(1976), is most often implicated in cases that involve Section 5 of the 2316:

because he is "the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people".

4113: 4039: 2532: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1354: 1346: 1271: 1163: 1072: 954: 912: 873: 342: 200: 180: 148: 76: 34:

whereby a state or sovereign may not be amenable before foreign courts.

3824:, volume 12(1): "Crown Proceedings and Crown Practice", paragraph 101 3608:"Artikel 42: Ministeriële verantwoordelijkheid - Nederlandse Grondwet" 2207:

declared that sovereign immunity had not survived the creation of the

2667:

Criminal proceedings are still prohibited from being brought against

2265: 1638:

to have charges against her dropped. She was being prosecuted by the

1202: 235: 4104: 4087: 4031: 3839:, volume 8(1): "Constitutional Law and Human Rights", paragraph 382 2753:

In some situations, sovereign immunity may have been waived by law.

2618: 1798:

Separation of church and state in the history of the Catholic Church

1634:

refused to hear the request of former Lieutenant Governor of Quebec

2605:

Historically, the general rule in the United Kingdom has been that

2235:

or attempted to subvert the Constitution, as stated in Article 90:

3671: 3669: 3295:"Lise Thibault granted conditional release after serving 6 months" 2253: 1739:(SNEL) defaulted on payments of a debt owed to an energy company, 1555:

Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Baxter Healthcare

1207: 1197: 297: 158: 3434:. The official website of the Presidency of the Italian Republic. 1365:

is a similar, stronger doctrine, that applies to foreign courts.

3992:"Talking About Speech or Debate: Revisiting Legislative Immunit" 3138:

Demise of the Crown (Statutes) Amendment Regulation, AR 217/2022

2730: 2641: 2146: 2136: 1400:

immunity from suit (also known as immunity from jurisdiction or

1035: 2683:

The monarch is immune from arrest in all cases; members of the

2648:

to be brought against the Crown. Proceedings to bring writs of

2501: 2351: 1655: 3938:"Revealed: Queen's sweeping immunity from more than 160 laws" 3386:"Unofficial translation of the Constitutional Act of Denmark" 3332:

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China

2886:

Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle

2880:

Lake Country Estates, Inc. v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency

1725:

Democratic Republic of the Congo v FG Hemisphere Associates

1718:

Democratic Republic of the Congo v FG Hemisphere Associates

2332:

in 1993 made it possible to bring proceedings against the

2972:"A Selection of Legal Maxims, Classified and Illustrated" 2736:

In the US, sovereign immunity falls into two categories:

2671:

unless expressly permitted by the Crown Proceedings Act.

2181:

no legal action in the court of law can be taken against

4016:"Stump v. Sparkman and the History of Judicial Immunity" 2864:

Northern Insurance Company of New York v. Chatham County

2861:

possess immunity from suits authorized by federal law".

3916:, volume 12(1): "Crown and Royal Family", paragraph 54 3904:, volume 12(1): "Crown and Royal Family", paragraph 53 3892:, volume 12(1): "Crown and Royal Family", paragraph 52 3880:, volume 12(1): "Crown and Royal Family", paragraph 56 3868:, volume 12(1): "Crown and Royal Family", paragraph 47 1361:, strictly speaking in modern texts in its own courts. 4088:"New United States Policy Limiting Sovereign Immunity" 2494:

has sovereign immunity (during the period of office).

1620:

It has also been a constitutional convention that the

1676:. The reason given is: Major policy change upon the . 3656:"1987 Philippine Constitution - The LawPhil Project" 2312:

ruled that it does not have judicial power over the

4161:

United States v. Mitchell, 445 U.S. 535, 538 (1980)

2577:In Singapore, state immunities are codified in the 1459:

submitting to jurisdiction as a defendant in a suit

3580:Zaken, Ministerie van Algemene (January 8, 2015). 3376: 3374: 2301:enables the people to file lawsuits involving the 4239:"Holding States Accountable for Copyright Piracy" 2974:. T. & J.W. Johnson – via Google Books. 1674:may be compromised due to out-of-date information 1456:instituting proceedings without claiming immunity 3677:"Constitución española de 1978: 04 - Wikisource" 3219: at p. 194, 56 SCR 176 (5 March 1918), 2617:, which was dependent on the grant of the royal 2834: 2832:(1999), the Court explained that while it has 2819: 2581:, which closely resembles the United Kingdom's 2466: 2289: 2237: 1777: 1353:cannot commit a legal wrong and is immune from 3400:"LOV nr 20001 af 14/11/1665, Statsministeriet" 3235:"Interprovincial Sovereign Immunity Revisited" 2283: 3832: 3830: 2099: 1698:Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC) 1429:coupled with a political status other than a 1315: 8: 4265:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3645:Fliflet: Grunnloven - kommentarutgave, p. 98 2983: 2981: 2691:The monarch's goods cannot be taken under a 2635:The position was drastically altered by the 1732: 2473:At the time of the June 2014 abdication of 2386:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2078:Bp. Edward J. Slattery § Illegal immigrants 2001:History of Christian thought on persecution 1612: 1396:There are two forms of sovereign immunity: 3754:"Spain will have two kings and two queens" 3150:Alberta Law Reform Institute (July 1994). 2106: 2092: 1932:Church–state relations in Argentina § 2005 1794: 1322: 1308: 38: 4103: 4092:The American Journal of International Law 3802:Constitution of the Republic of Singapore 3252: 2759:is a specific form of absolute immunity. 2548:Learn how and when to remove this message 2406:Learn how and when to remove this message 2035:Evo Morales and the Roman Catholic Church 4237:Abott, Madigan, Mossoff, Osenga, Rosen. 2660:, because their actions derive from the 30:Not to be confused with the doctrine of 3633:"The Constitution of Norway in English" 2962: 2769:federal government of the United States 2725:Sovereign immunity in the United States 2699:be levied on land in their possession. 1797: 1523:, Mr. Henderson sought orders from the 49: 4258: 2896:, established by the Supreme Court in 2883:(1979). Nor are school districts, per 2814:Blatchford v. Native Village of Noatak 2040:Radio Maryja § Involvement in politics 1388:, meaning "the king can do no wrong". 753:Proclamation of the Republic in Brazil 3932: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3044:, (1990) 171 CLR 1 (20 June 1990) 2989:Henderson v Defence Housing Authority 2047:on the United States political system 1967:Society of Jesus § Political intrigue 1511:Henderson v Defence Housing Authority 7: 2931:Immunity (disambiguation) § Law 2530:adding citations to reliable sources 2384:adding citations to reliable sources 2057:Conscience clause in medicine in the 2003:and tolerance § The mid-20th-century 1863:Fourth vow § In the Society of Jesus 4086:Bishop, William W. (January 1953). 3363:Crossley, Kathryn (June 17, 2011). 3037:Bropho v State of Western Australia 2073:Bp. W. Francis Malooly on Canon 915 1549:Bropho v State of Western Australia 685:Establishment of the Dutch monarchy 2805:Supreme Court of the United States 2137:Pope § International position 1858:Dual loyalty § Historical examples 1574:; his ministers are accountable." 25: 3725:Ellakuría, Iñaki (June 3, 2014). 3698:"Inicio - Castellano - Error 404" 3153:The Presumption of Crown Immunity 2970:Broom, Herbert (March 25, 1845). 2817:(1991), the court explained that 2066:consistently promoting permissive 2059:United States § Catholic doctrine 1611:: "Provincial legislation cannot 3159:. Alberta Law Reform Institute. 2506: 2436:responsibility for the monarch. 2356: 2177:According to Article 361 of the 1983:(heresy) § The American response 1702:China National Building Material 1660: 1291: 654:Foundation of the Ottoman Empire 57: 4246:Regulatory Transparency Project 3169:. Report No. 71. Archived from 3003:Australian Government Solicitor 2789:, 174 U.S. 373, 375-76 (1899). 2517:needs additional citations for 2165:According to article 11 of the 1760:Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal 1735:Société nationale d'électricité 1622:Crown in right of each province 784:Spanish transition to democracy 461:Les Six livres de la République 3023:Residential Tenancies Act 2010 3017:Residential Tenancies Act 1987 2656:were always available against 2444:Article XVI, Section 3 of the 2149:is head (often referred to by 2015:Christian anarchism § Catholic 1918:Disputationes de Controversiis 1570:states: "The King's person is 1525:Residential Tenancies Tribunal 1521:Residential Tenancies Act 1997 1505:s. 109 test of inconsistency. 501:Democracy: The God That Failed 1: 3020:(NSW), since replaced by the 2330:amendment to the constitution 2299:Administrative Litigation Act 2155:Vatican or Vatican City State 1934:Episcopal Conference document 1853:Sovereign immunity § Holy See 1852: 1820:Catholic Church and the State 1714:Special Administrative Region 779:Birth of the Italian Republic 4229:to most meaningful forms of 4175:Marcus, Jennifer K. (1989). 3996:Yale Law & Policy Review 3612:www.denederlandsegrondwet.nl 2996:, 190 CLR 410, discussed in 2560:Chapter 5, Article 8 of the 2462:Spanish Constitution of 1978 2187:governors of states of India 4014:Block, J. Randolph (1980). 3446:"The Constitution of Japan" 2290: 2068:abortion or euthanasia laws 1911:Papal Jurisdiction Act 1560 738:Austro-Hungarian Compromise 664:Birth of the Dutch Republic 4300: 3990:Shenkman, Michael (2013). 3914:Halsbury's Laws of England 3902:Halsbury's Laws of England 3890:Halsbury's Laws of England 3878:Halsbury's Laws of England 3866:Halsbury's Laws of England 3837:Halsbury's Laws of England 3822:Halsbury's Laws of England 3521:"最高裁判所判例集事件番号平成1(行ツ)126" 3496:"最高裁判所判例集事件番号昭和49(オ)419" 3432:"The Italian Constitution" 3074:"The Belgian Constitution" 2763:Federal sovereign immunity 2722: 2637:Crown Proceedings Act 1947 2579:State Immunity Act of 1979 2308:On November 20, 1989, the 2134: 1640:Attorney General of Quebec 1407:immunity from enforcement. 774:Siamese revolution of 1932 29: 3559:10.1080/00358539308454165 2841:Writing for the Court in 2488:Constitution of Sri Lanka 2284: 1903:To the Christian Nobility 1478:Constitution of Australia 1379:constitutional monarchies 748:5 October 1910 Revolution 644:Birth of the Roman Empire 4209:New York Review of Books 4181:Washington Law Review Wa 3475:Japanese Law Translation 3450:Japanese Law Translation 3240:Osgoode Hall Law Journal 2870:Jinks v. Richland County 2793:State sovereign immunity 2669:His Majesty's Government 2205:Supreme Court of Ireland 2052:Catholic social teaching 1947:Historical controversies 1830:Politics of Vatican City 1517:Australian Defence Force 491:Considerations on France 3855:(Winter 2003): 716–729. 3254:10.60082/2817-5069.1608 3200:Duhaime.org - Learn Law 2774:Federal Tort Claims Act 2601:Immunity in proceedings 2583:State Immunity Act 1978 2167:Constitution of Iceland 2145:, of which the current 2064:Canon 915 § Politicians 2010:Letitia Dunbar-Harrison 1962:Investiture Controversy 1882:Donation of Constantine 1842:Sovereignty and loyalty 1773:Constitution of Denmark 1568:Constitution of Belgium 1502:High Court of Australia 1453:prior written agreement 1107:Emperor system of Japan 4203:(September 26, 2019). 3808:July 13, 2002, at the 3525:Supreme Court of Japan 3500:Supreme Court of Japan 3233:Walker, Janet (1997). 3196:"Government Liability" 3060:[2007] HCA 38 3042:[1990] HCA 24 2994:[1997] HCA 36 2921:Command responsibility 2839: 2824: 2787:Price v. United States 2782:Price v. United States 2590:President of Singapore 2492:President of Sri Lanka 2471: 2429:Constitution of Norway 2242: 1781: 1733: 1613: 1386:rex non potest peccare 982:Enlightened absolutism 3586:www.koninklijkhuis.nl 3106:"Constitution Bhutan" 3062: (29 August 2007) 2899:Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer 2628:for a declaration; or 2624:by suits against the 2278:Constitution of Japan 2179:Constitution of India 1818:Relations between the 1811:Two kingdoms doctrine 1519:(ADF). Under the NSW 87:Divine right of kings 4067:. Cornell Law School 4061:"Qualified immunity" 3970:. Cornell Law School 3964:"Sovereign immunity" 3118:on September 5, 2014 2904:Fourteenth Amendment 2562:Swedish Constitution 2526:improve this article 2380:improve this section 2045:Laudato si' § Impact 1905:of the German Nation 1848:Papal deposing power 1825:Catholic integralism 1813:in Roman Catholicism 1628:Lieutenant governors 1423:Separation of powers 1359:criminal prosecution 725:Unification of Italy 714:Second French Empire 3471:"State Redress Act" 3213:Gauthier v The King 2926:Diplomatic immunity 2894:abrogation doctrine 2303:government of Japan 1995:20th century topics 1953:Constantinian shift 1609:Gauthier v The King 1605:Charles Fitzpatrick 1598:Crown Liability Act 1435:constitutional laws 1298:Politics portal 698:First French Empire 672:Glorious Revolution 4284:Sovereign immunity 4227:U.S. Supreme Court 3804:, Section 22K(4). 3384:(August 6, 2009). 3301:. August 16, 2016. 3005:. August 30, 1997. 2946:Qualified immunity 2809:Eleventh Amendment 2747:Qualified immunity 2621:(i.e. permission); 2276:Article 17 of the 2183:President of India 1925:Dignitatis humanae 1771:Article 13 of the 1593:Interpretation Act 1566:Article 88 of the 1335:Sovereign immunity 1137:List of monarchies 938:Related ideologies 805:Nepalese Civil War 792:Iranian Revolution 766:Russian Revolution 761:Chinese Revolution 743:German unification 3681:es.wikisource.org 3086:on March 29, 2013 2916:Absolute immunity 2859:arms of the State 2800:Hans v. Louisiana 2757:Judicial immunity 2741:Absolute immunity 2713:Equality Act 2010 2693:writ of execution 2662:royal prerogative 2615:petition of right 2558: 2557: 2550: 2446:1987 Constitution 2427:Article 5 of the 2416: 2415: 2408: 2219:According to the 2116: 2115: 1783:Accordingly, the 1693: 1692: 1332: 1331: 730:Meiji Restoration 677:French Revolution 659:Tsarist autocracy 620:Popescu-Tăriceanu 119:Abdication system 97:Royal prerogative 92:Mandate of Heaven 16:(Redirected from 4291: 4270: 4264: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4243: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4162: 4159: 4153: 4152: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4107: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4020:Duke Law Journal 4011: 4009: 4007: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3934: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3722: 3716: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3694: 3685: 3684: 3673: 3664: 3663: 3652: 3646: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3604: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3553:(327): 305–214. 3542: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3428: 3422: 3418:Byrne v. Ireland 3414: 3408: 3407: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3378: 3369: 3368: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3256: 3230: 3224: 3210: 3204: 3203: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3176:on July 22, 2013 3175: 3158: 3147: 3141: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3117: 3111:. Archived from 3110: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3085: 3079:. Archived from 3078: 3069: 3063: 3051: 3045: 3033: 3027: 3013: 3007: 3006: 2985: 2976: 2975: 2967: 2876: 2679:Other immunities 2626:Attorney General 2553: 2546: 2542: 2539: 2533: 2510: 2502: 2475:King Juan Carlos 2411: 2404: 2400: 2397: 2391: 2360: 2352: 2295: 2293: 2287: 2286: 2250:criminal offence 2229:Italian Republic 2209:Irish Free State 2200:Byrne v. Ireland 2108: 2101: 2094: 1957:Constantinianism 1795: 1738: 1688: 1685: 1679: 1672:factual accuracy 1664: 1663: 1656: 1616: 1324: 1317: 1310: 1296: 1295: 1176:Philosopher king 506: 496: 486: 476: 466: 456: 446: 408:Kuehnelt-Leddihn 144:Crowned republic 129:Chinese Legalist 68:Central concepts 61: 39: 21: 4299: 4298: 4294: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4289: 4288: 4274: 4273: 4257: 4250: 4248: 4241: 4236: 4218: 4216: 4199: 4190: 4188: 4174: 4171: 4169:Further reading 4166: 4165: 4160: 4156: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4105:10.2307/2194154 4085: 4084: 4080: 4070: 4068: 4059: 4058: 4054: 4044: 4042: 4032:10.2307/1372180 4013: 4005: 4003: 3989: 3987: 3983: 3973: 3971: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3947: 3945: 3944:. July 14, 2022 3936: 3935: 3920: 3912: 3908: 3900: 3896: 3888: 3884: 3876: 3872: 3864: 3860: 3848: 3847: 3843: 3835: 3828: 3820: 3816: 3810:Wayback Machine 3800: 3796: 3786: 3784: 3783:. July 31, 2014 3780:TheGuardian.com 3773: 3772: 3768: 3758: 3756: 3752: 3751: 3747: 3737: 3735: 3724: 3723: 3719: 3713: 3709: 3702:www.casareal.es 3696: 3695: 3688: 3675: 3674: 3667: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3644: 3640: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3616: 3614: 3606: 3605: 3601: 3591: 3589: 3579: 3578: 3574: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3529: 3527: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3504: 3502: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3479: 3477: 3469: 3468: 3464: 3454: 3452: 3444: 3443: 3439: 3430: 3429: 3425: 3415: 3411: 3404:Retsinformation 3398: 3397: 3393: 3380: 3379: 3372: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3352:. May 12, 2016. 3344: 3343: 3339: 3326: 3325: 3321: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3293: 3292: 3288: 3275: 3274: 3270: 3232: 3231: 3227: 3211: 3207: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3179: 3177: 3173: 3167: 3156: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3135: 3131: 3121: 3119: 3115: 3108: 3104: 3103: 3099: 3089: 3087: 3083: 3076: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3052: 3048: 3034: 3030: 3014: 3010: 2997: 2986: 2979: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2951:State liability 2912: 2874: 2847:Anthony Kennedy 2795: 2765: 2727: 2721: 2685:royal household 2681: 2603: 2598: 2575: 2554: 2543: 2537: 2534: 2523: 2511: 2500: 2484: 2458:Spanish monarch 2454: 2442: 2425: 2412: 2401: 2395: 2392: 2377: 2361: 2350: 2342: 2322: 2281: 2274: 2217: 2195: 2175: 2163: 2139: 2133: 2121: 2112: 2083: 2082: 2067: 2065: 2058: 2046: 2030: 2022: 2021: 2017:Worker Movement 2016: 2004: 2002: 1996: 1988: 1987: 1982: 1948: 1940: 1939: 1933: 1904: 1876: 1868: 1867: 1843: 1835: 1834: 1819: 1812: 1806: 1769: 1729: 1710: 1689: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1669:This section's 1665: 1661: 1654: 1645:Court of Quebec 1588: 1580: 1564: 1474: 1469: 1447: 1439:judicial review 1427:natural justice 1394: 1377:of another. In 1371: 1328: 1290: 1285: 1284: 1283: 1057: 1049: 1048: 1047: 939: 931: 930: 929: 848: 840: 839: 838: 818: 810: 809: 801: 797:Modern Cambodia 770: 734: 718: 702: 693:Trienio Liberal 681: 639: 631: 630: 629: 519: 511: 510: 509: 504: 494: 484: 474: 464: 454: 444: 282: 274: 273: 272: 248:Self-proclaimed 113: 105: 104: 101: 69: 44:Politics series 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4297: 4295: 4287: 4286: 4276: 4275: 4272: 4271: 4234: 4201:Rakoff, Jed S. 4197: 4170: 4167: 4164: 4163: 4154: 4127: 4078: 4052: 4026:(5): 879–925. 3981: 3955: 3918: 3906: 3894: 3882: 3870: 3858: 3841: 3826: 3814: 3794: 3775:"The guardian" 3766: 3745: 3717: 3707: 3686: 3665: 3647: 3638: 3624: 3599: 3572: 3537: 3512: 3487: 3462: 3437: 3423: 3409: 3391: 3370: 3355: 3337: 3319: 3304: 3286: 3268: 3247:(2): 379–397. 3225: 3217:1918 CanLII 85 3205: 3187: 3165: 3142: 3129: 3097: 3064: 3046: 3028: 3008: 2977: 2961: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2954: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2911: 2908: 2829:Alden v. Maine 2807:held that the 2794: 2791: 2764: 2761: 2751: 2750: 2744: 2723:Main article: 2720: 2717: 2680: 2677: 2633: 2632: 2629: 2622: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2596:United Kingdom 2594: 2574: 2571: 2556: 2555: 2514: 2512: 2505: 2499: 2496: 2483: 2480: 2453: 2450: 2441: 2438: 2424: 2421: 2414: 2413: 2364: 2362: 2355: 2349: 2346: 2341: 2338: 2321: 2318: 2291:kokka baishōhō 2273: 2270: 2252:to insult the 2216: 2213: 2194: 2191: 2174: 2171: 2162: 2159: 2135:Main article: 2132: 2129: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2111: 2110: 2103: 2096: 2088: 2085: 2084: 2081: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2061: 2054: 2049: 2042: 2037: 2031: 2029:Current topics 2028: 2027: 2024: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2012: 2007: 1997: 1994: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1986: 1985: 1978: 1976:Ultramontanism 1969: 1964: 1959: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1928: 1921: 1914: 1908: 1899: 1892: 1889:Dictatus papae 1885: 1877: 1874: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1844: 1841: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1815: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1768: 1765: 1756: 1755: 1752: 1728: 1722: 1720:case in 2011. 1709: 1706: 1691: 1690: 1668: 1666: 1659: 1653: 1650: 1614:proprio vigore 1587: 1584: 1579: 1576: 1563: 1560: 1543: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1497: 1496: 1493: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1446: 1443: 1409: 1408: 1405: 1393: 1390: 1370: 1367: 1363:State immunity 1343:legal doctrine 1339:crown immunity 1330: 1329: 1327: 1326: 1319: 1312: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1287: 1286: 1282: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1269: 1268: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1211: 1210: 1205: 1195: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1178: 1173: 1172: 1171: 1166: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1134: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1122: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1070: 1065: 1059: 1058: 1056:Related topics 1055: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1046: 1045: 1044: 1043: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1021: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1009: 999: 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 973: 972: 970:Traditionalist 967: 957: 952: 947: 941: 940: 937: 936: 933: 932: 928: 927: 922: 921: 920: 915: 910: 900: 899: 898: 893: 892: 891: 886: 881: 871: 866: 864:Great Officers 861: 850: 849: 847:Administration 846: 845: 842: 841: 837: 836: 831: 826: 820: 819: 816: 815: 812: 811: 808: 807: 802: 800: 799: 794: 788: 786: 781: 776: 771: 769: 768: 763: 757: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 733: 732: 727: 721: 719: 717: 716: 711: 705: 703: 701: 700: 695: 689: 687: 682: 680: 679: 674: 668: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 640: 637: 636: 633: 632: 628: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 521: 520: 517: 516: 513: 512: 508: 507: 497: 487: 477: 467: 457: 447: 431: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 353:Crétineau-Joly 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 284: 283: 280: 279: 276: 275: 271: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 244: 243: 233: 228: 223: 218: 216:Personal union 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 171:Dynastic union 168: 167: 166: 156: 151: 146: 141: 139:Constitutional 136: 131: 126: 121: 115: 114: 111: 110: 107: 106: 103: 102: 100: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 73: 70: 67: 66: 63: 62: 54: 53: 47: 46: 32:state immunity 27:Legal doctrine 26: 24: 18:Crown immunity 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4296: 4285: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4268: 4262: 4247: 4240: 4235: 4232: 4228: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4158: 4155: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4131: 4128: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4098:(1): 93–106. 4097: 4093: 4089: 4082: 4079: 4066: 4062: 4056: 4053: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3985: 3982: 3969: 3965: 3959: 3956: 3943: 3939: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3910: 3907: 3903: 3898: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3883: 3879: 3874: 3871: 3867: 3862: 3859: 3854: 3853: 3845: 3842: 3838: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3818: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3798: 3795: 3782: 3781: 3776: 3770: 3767: 3755: 3749: 3746: 3734: 3733: 3732:La Vanguardia 3728: 3721: 3718: 3711: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3693: 3691: 3687: 3682: 3678: 3672: 3670: 3666: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3648: 3642: 3639: 3634: 3628: 3625: 3613: 3609: 3603: 3600: 3587: 3583: 3576: 3573: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3541: 3538: 3526: 3522: 3516: 3513: 3501: 3497: 3491: 3488: 3476: 3472: 3466: 3463: 3451: 3447: 3441: 3438: 3433: 3427: 3424: 3420: 3419: 3413: 3410: 3405: 3401: 3395: 3392: 3387: 3383: 3377: 3375: 3371: 3366: 3359: 3356: 3351: 3347: 3341: 3338: 3333: 3329: 3323: 3320: 3315: 3308: 3305: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3272: 3269: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3241: 3236: 3229: 3226: 3222: 3221:Supreme Court 3218: 3214: 3209: 3206: 3201: 3197: 3191: 3188: 3172: 3168: 3166:0-8886-4193-1 3162: 3155: 3154: 3146: 3143: 3139: 3133: 3130: 3114: 3107: 3101: 3098: 3082: 3075: 3068: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3056: 3050: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3038: 3032: 3029: 3025: 3024: 3019: 3018: 3012: 3009: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2991: 2990: 2984: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2966: 2963: 2956: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2913: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2888: 2887: 2882: 2881: 2872: 2871: 2866: 2865: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2848: 2844: 2838: 2833: 2831: 2830: 2823: 2818: 2816: 2815: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2801: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2738: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2726: 2719:United States 2718: 2716: 2714: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2688:that palace. 2686: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2670: 2665: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2630: 2627: 2623: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2611: 2610: 2608: 2600: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2564:states: "The 2563: 2552: 2549: 2541: 2538:November 2023 2531: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2515:This section 2513: 2509: 2504: 2503: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2470: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2430: 2422: 2420: 2410: 2407: 2399: 2396:November 2023 2389: 2385: 2381: 2375: 2374: 2370: 2365:This section 2363: 2359: 2354: 2353: 2347: 2345: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2310:Supreme Court 2306: 2304: 2300: 2292: 2279: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2241: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2201: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2138: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2118: 2109: 2104: 2102: 2097: 2095: 2090: 2089: 2087: 2086: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2062: 2060: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2026: 2025: 2018: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2005:Spanish model 1999: 1998: 1992: 1991: 1984: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1936: 1935: 1929: 1927: 1926: 1922: 1920: 1919: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1906: 1900: 1898: 1897: 1893: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1884: 1883: 1879: 1878: 1872: 1871: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1839: 1838: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1816: 1814: 1809: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1786: 1780: 1776: 1774: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1742: 1737: 1736: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1687: 1684:February 2024 1675: 1673: 1667: 1658: 1657: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1636:Lise Thibault 1633: 1632:Supreme Court 1629: 1625: 1623: 1618: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1599: 1594: 1585: 1583: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1561: 1559: 1557: 1556: 1551: 1550: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1512: 1506: 1503: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1479: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1450: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1406: 1403: 1399: 1398: 1397: 1391: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1368: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1325: 1320: 1318: 1313: 1311: 1306: 1305: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1288: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1273: 1270: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1225:Regnal number 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1157: 1153: 1152:Non-sovereign 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1053: 1052: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1004: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 971: 968: 966: 965:Authoritarian 963: 962: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 942: 935: 934: 926: 923: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 908:Crown Council 906: 905: 904: 903:Privy council 901: 897: 894: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 876: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 856: 855: 852: 851: 844: 843: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 821: 814: 813: 806: 803: 798: 795: 793: 790: 789: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 767: 764: 762: 759: 758: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 731: 728: 726: 723: 722: 720: 715: 712: 710: 707: 706: 704: 699: 696: 694: 691: 690: 688: 686: 683: 678: 675: 673: 670: 669: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 641: 635: 634: 626: 625:Zourabichvili 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 522: 515: 514: 503: 502: 498: 493: 492: 488: 483: 482: 478: 473: 472: 468: 463: 462: 458: 453: 452: 448: 443: 442: 438: 437: 436: 435: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 338:Chateaubriand 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 290: 289: 288: 278: 277: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 242: 239: 238: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 206:Non-sovereign 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 165: 162: 161: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 116: 109: 108: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 78: 75: 74: 72: 71: 65: 64: 60: 56: 55: 52: 48: 45: 41: 40: 37: 33: 19: 4249:. Retrieved 4245: 4217:. Retrieved 4212: 4208: 4189:. Retrieved 4184: 4180: 4157: 4140: 4137:Conn. L. Rev 4136: 4130: 4095: 4091: 4081: 4069:. Retrieved 4064: 4055: 4043:. Retrieved 4023: 4019: 4004:. Retrieved 3999: 3995: 3984: 3972:. Retrieved 3967: 3958: 3946:. Retrieved 3942:The Guardian 3941: 3909: 3897: 3885: 3873: 3861: 3850: 3844: 3817: 3797: 3785:. Retrieved 3778: 3769: 3757:. Retrieved 3748: 3736:. Retrieved 3730: 3720: 3710: 3701: 3680: 3659: 3650: 3641: 3627: 3615:. Retrieved 3611: 3602: 3590:. Retrieved 3585: 3575: 3550: 3546: 3540: 3528:. Retrieved 3524: 3515: 3503:. Retrieved 3499: 3490: 3478:. Retrieved 3474: 3465: 3453:. Retrieved 3449: 3440: 3426: 3417: 3412: 3403: 3394: 3358: 3349: 3340: 3331: 3322: 3307: 3298: 3289: 3280: 3271: 3244: 3238: 3228: 3212: 3208: 3199: 3190: 3178:. Retrieved 3171:the original 3152: 3145: 3132: 3120:. Retrieved 3113:the original 3100: 3088:. Retrieved 3081:the original 3067: 3053: 3049: 3035: 3031: 3021: 3015: 3011: 2987: 2965: 2941:Jurisdiction 2897: 2891: 2884: 2878: 2868: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2852: 2842: 2840: 2835: 2827: 2825: 2820: 2812: 2803:(1890), the 2798: 2796: 2786: 2781: 2766: 2755: 2752: 2735: 2728: 2709: 2690: 2682: 2673: 2666: 2634: 2604: 2587: 2576: 2559: 2544: 2535: 2524:Please help 2519:verification 2516: 2485: 2472: 2467: 2455: 2443: 2426: 2417: 2402: 2393: 2378:Please help 2366: 2343: 2323: 2307: 2275: 2264:(Art. 279 – 2244:The Italian 2243: 2238: 2233:high treason 2221:Constitution 2218: 2198: 2196: 2176: 2164: 2140: 2126: 2122: 1930: 1923: 1916: 1901: 1896:Unam sanctam 1894: 1887: 1880: 1782: 1778: 1770: 1757: 1745: 1741:Energoinvest 1730: 1724: 1717: 1711: 1694: 1681: 1670: 1626: 1619: 1608: 1602: 1589: 1581: 1565: 1553: 1547: 1544: 1530: 1520: 1509: 1507: 1498: 1487: 1475: 1448: 1431:totalitarian 1420: 1412: 1410: 1402:adjudication 1395: 1385: 1375:jurisdiction 1372: 1338: 1334: 1333: 1100:Illegitimate 1095:Family trees 960:Conservatism 925:Royal assent 709:Liberal Wars 499: 489: 479: 469: 459: 449: 439: 433: 432: 287:Philosophers 286: 285: 226:Principality 42:Part of the 36: 4231:gun control 3660:lawphil.net 3617:January 11, 3592:January 11, 3547:Round Table 3382:Folketinget 3314:"主权豁免的中国立场" 3122:October 18, 2936:Impeachment 2857:States and 2705:foreclosure 2654:prohibition 2440:Philippines 2340:Netherlands 2248:makes it a 1981:Americanism 1972:Cisalpinism 1414:in absentia 1383:legal maxim 1255:Interregnum 1220:Regnal list 1125:presumptive 950:Bonapartism 896:Royal guard 859:Appointment 824:Aristocracy 649:Magna Carta 615:Zhirinovsky 518:Politicians 445:(1265-1266) 373:Kierkegaard 4143:: 459–60. 4071:October 1, 4045:October 1, 4006:October 1, 3974:October 1, 3852:Public Law 3588:(in Dutch) 3530:August 10, 3505:August 13, 3480:August 10, 3180:January 1, 2957:References 2845:, Justice 2778:Tucker Act 2695:, nor can 2613:by way of 2262:Government 2246:Penal Code 1913:(Scotland) 1572:inviolable 1467:By country 1355:civil suit 1345:whereby a 1240:Succession 1112:Figurehead 1063:Coronation 1012:Luxembourg 992:Legitimism 987:Jacobitism 550:Metternich 481:Patriarcha 378:Dostoevsky 308:Bellarmine 281:Philosophy 231:Real union 196:Hereditary 82:Monarchism 4122:147086045 3787:August 5, 3567:0035-8533 3455:August 7, 3263:141661165 2658:ministers 2607:the Crown 2573:Singapore 2482:Sri Lanka 2367:does not 2266:abrogated 2225:President 1875:Documents 1790:Lex Regia 1708:Hong Kong 1607:noted in 1472:Australia 1347:sovereign 1260:Rebellion 1245:Anti-king 1230:Sovereign 1181:Pretender 1132:Kingmaker 1068:Criticism 1019:Orléanism 997:Miguelism 977:Despotism 945:Alfonsism 889:Favourite 879:Camarilla 869:Household 834:Oligarchy 829:Autocracy 605:Churchill 471:Leviathan 451:Monarchia 393:Bainville 268:Universal 241:Coregency 211:Pentarchy 134:Composite 4278:Category 4261:cite web 4187:(2): 401 4002:(2): 351 3948:July 14, 3806:Archived 3759:June 14, 3421:1 IR 241 3350:ABC News 3299:CBC news 3281:CBC News 3223:(Canada) 2910:See also 2889:(1977). 2701:Chattels 2697:distress 2650:mandamus 2646:contract 2326:Malaysia 2320:Malaysia 2258:prestige 2240:members. 2185:and the 2151:metonymy 2143:Holy See 2131:Holy See 1805:Overview 1775:states: 1215:Regicide 1159:Nobility 1120:apparent 1024:Royalism 1002:Orangism 884:Courtier 610:Renouvin 585:Bismarck 580:Castillo 570:Disraeli 560:Polignac 540:Consalvi 441:De Regno 413:Bogdanor 263:Triarchy 258:Tetrarch 253:Signoria 186:Ethnarch 176:Elective 124:Absolute 51:Monarchy 4251:May 15, 4219:July 6, 4191:July 6, 4149:1634687 4114:2194154 4040:1372180 3738:June 5, 3312:何, 志鹏. 3283:. 2014. 3215:, 3090:May 31, 2486:By the 2433:monarch 2388:removed 2373:sources 2348:Nigeria 2314:Emperor 2227:of the 2193:Ireland 2161:Iceland 2153:as the 2119:Finland 1785:monarch 1767:Denmark 1562:Belgium 1369:History 1341:, is a 1272:Usurper 1164:Peerage 1142:Current 1090:Descent 1073:Dynasty 1036:Toryism 1007:Belgium 955:Carlism 918:Riksråd 913:Makhzen 874:Retinue 638:History 600:Metaxas 595:Maurras 565:Decazes 555:Villèle 545:Plessis 530:Pius VI 525:Mazarin 418:Scruton 388:Maurras 343:Novalis 328:Maistre 323:Bossuet 293:Aquinas 236:Regency 221:Popular 201:Khanate 191:Federal 181:Emirate 149:Diarchy 77:Monarch 4147: 4120: 4112: 4038: 3565: 3261: 3163: 2498:Sweden 2490:, the 2469:65(2). 2423:Norway 2203:, the 1727:(2011) 1586:Canada 1578:Bhutan 1483:s. 109 1445:Waiver 1437:) and 1250:Crisis 1203:Empire 1147:Former 1085:Family 817:Polity 575:Cortés 505:(2001) 495:(1796) 485:(1680) 475:(1651) 465:(1576) 455:(1313) 428:Yarvin 383:Youwei 368:Balmes 363:Cortés 348:Balzac 333:Bonald 318:Hobbes 313:Filmer 4242:(PDF) 4118:S2CID 4110:JSTOR 4036:JSTOR 3715:65,2. 3259:S2CID 3174:(PDF) 3157:(PDF) 3116:(PDF) 3109:(PDF) 3084:(PDF) 3077:(PDF) 3058: 3040: 3026:(NSW) 2992: 2843:Alden 2452:Spain 2328:, an 2285:国家賠償法 2272:Japan 2254:honor 2215:Italy 2173:India 1652:China 1392:Forms 1351:state 1337:, or 1235:Style 1208:Reich 1198:Realm 1169:Realm 1116:Heir 1078:Lists 1029:Ultra 854:Court 590:Mella 535:Ruffo 434:Works 423:Hoppe 403:Evola 358:Gogol 303:Bodin 298:Dante 164:Grand 159:Duchy 112:Types 4267:link 4253:2021 4221:2020 4215:(14) 4193:2020 4145:SSRN 4073:2017 4047:2017 4024:1980 4008:2017 3976:2017 3950:2022 3789:2014 3761:2014 3740:2014 3619:2023 3594:2023 3563:ISSN 3532:2020 3507:2020 3482:2020 3457:2020 3182:2018 3161:ISBN 3124:2014 3092:2009 2855:only 2767:The 2731:tort 2652:and 2644:and 2642:tort 2619:fiat 2588:The 2566:King 2456:The 2371:any 2369:cite 2334:king 2256:and 2223:, a 2147:pope 2141:The 1974:vs. 1758:The 1700:and 1277:list 1193:Rank 1186:List 1041:High 398:Seca 154:Dual 4100:doi 4065:Wex 4028:doi 3968:Wex 3555:doi 3249:doi 2877:". 2826:In 2797:In 2528:by 2382:by 2324:In 2268:). 2197:In 1425:or 1357:or 1349:or 1265:War 4280:: 4263:}} 4259:{{ 4244:. 4213:66 4211:. 4207:. 4185:64 4183:. 4179:. 4141:38 4139:. 4116:. 4108:. 4096:47 4094:. 4090:. 4063:. 4034:. 4022:. 4018:. 4012:, 4000:32 3998:. 3994:. 3966:. 3940:. 3921:^ 3829:^ 3777:. 3729:. 3700:. 3689:^ 3679:. 3668:^ 3658:. 3610:. 3584:. 3561:. 3551:82 3549:. 3523:. 3498:. 3473:. 3448:. 3402:. 3373:^ 3348:. 3330:. 3297:. 3279:. 3257:. 3245:35 3243:. 3237:. 3198:. 3001:. 2980:^ 2733:. 2707:. 2664:. 2464:. 2305:. 2288:, 1955:/ 1704:. 1558:. 1441:. 4269:) 4255:. 4223:. 4195:. 4151:. 4124:. 4102:: 4075:. 4049:. 4030:: 4010:. 3978:. 3952:. 3812:. 3791:. 3763:. 3742:. 3704:. 3683:. 3662:. 3635:. 3621:. 3596:. 3569:. 3557:: 3534:. 3509:. 3484:. 3459:. 3406:. 3388:. 3367:. 3334:. 3316:. 3265:. 3251:: 3202:. 3184:. 3126:. 3094:. 2875:' 2551:) 2545:( 2540:) 2536:( 2522:. 2409:) 2403:( 2398:) 2394:( 2390:. 2376:. 2294:) 2282:( 2107:e 2100:t 2093:v 1686:) 1682:( 1404:) 1323:e 1316:t 1309:v 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index