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Franklin's pulse glass consisted of two glass bulbs connected by a U-shaped tube; one of the bulbs was partially filled with water in equilibrium with its vapor. Holding the partially filled bulb in one's hand would cause the water to flow into the empty bulb. For videos of
Franklin's pulse glass in
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In the case of
Franklin's pulse glass, water in the filled bulb was caused to evaporate by heating the water in the filled bulb. In the case of Wollaston's cryophorus, water in the filled bulb was caused to evaporate by cooling and condensing the water vapor in the empty
48:. A typical cryophorus has a bulb at one end connected to a tube of the same material. When the liquid water is manipulated into the bulbed end and the other end is submerged into a freezing mixture (such as
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Wollaston's diagram of a cryophorus. When the empty ball on the right is immersed in a freezing mixture of snow and salt, the water in the ball on the left freezes in a few minutes.
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Wollaston was familiar with the pulse glass's construction: from (Wollaston, 1813), p. 73: "The mode of effecting this is well known to those who are accustomed to blow glass."
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Wollaston's cryophorus was a repurposed "pulse glass". The "pulse glass" or "pulse hammer" (German:
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Experiments And
Observations On Electricity, Made At Philadelphia in America …
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Rudiments of
Chemistry: With Illustrations of the Chemistry of Daily Life
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203:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 776.
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visited
Germany, saw a pulse hammer, and in 1768, improved it. See:
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Experimental
Science: Elementary, Practical and Experimental Physics
258:. Vol. 2. Edinburgh, Scotland: J. Murray. p. 14, footnote.
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in an 1813 paper titled, "On a method of freezing at a distance."
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291:(4th ed.). London, England: Hippolyte Bailliere. pp.
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Benjamin
Franklin's letter to John Winthrop of 2 July 1768
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94:"Wollaston's cryophosphorus – precursor of the heat pipe"
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Wollaston's cryophorus was a precursor to the modern
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Robison, John; Watt, James; Brewster, David (1822).
306:. New York, New York, USA: Munn & Co. pp.
247:. London, England: David Henry. pp. 489–492.
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141:"On a method of freezing at a distance"
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