74:
169:
33:
363:
649:
screen mattes impossible on the format. The DV format further compressed the digital data at 5:1, meaning compromising the picture information by 80% to get 25 million bits per second onto a small tape moving at a slow speed. Compare the DV quality to 1986's D1, with 4:2:2, no compression, and 173~226 million bits per second of data preserved.
550:
Digital
Betacam could play previous analog Betacam/Betacam SP tapes which by now had built a library archive for broadcasters using its 1/2-inch tape format (as opposed to the bulkier 19mm D1/D2 cassettes). 1/2-inch Digital Betacam thus became the de facto standard-definition broadcast editing, delivery and archive standard.
571:
format, because the machines being uncompromising in quality reverted to component processing (where the luminance or black-and-white information of the picture) and its primary colors red, green and blue (RGB) were kept separate in a sampling algorithm known as 4:2:2, which is why many machines have
545:
in order to lower the bandwidth needed. This reduced D-2's price tag to half that of D-1. Since D-2 was composite digital as opposed to component, it could easily be dropped into the space and infrastructure of composite analog machines presently used at the time (2-inch
Quadruplex, 1-inch Type C and
644:
The next two 2s mean that R-Y and B-Y were sampled at every other pixel, skipping the one in-between. The eye should not be able to see the two in-between pixels not having the actual color information that the originating camera recorded – previous color pixel is simply replicated. Thus with 4:2:2,
459:
The uncompressed component video used enormous bandwidth for its time: 167 Mbit/sec (bit rate). One of the first D-1 VTRs, the Sony DVR-1000, required a separate, large video processor. Its successor, the DVR-2000, integrated it into the same chassis as the VTR. The maximum record time on a D-1
628:
is referred to as color difference processing). For example, if there are five black-and-white panda teddy bears in a box (Y); plus eight red apples (R-Y) and two blueberries (B-Y); and the total number of items has to equal 20, one can easily calculate how many remaining green apples there are, as
549:
As broadcasters would later convert from analog to digital wiring, component digital infrastructure became feasible. Sony's popular component
Digital Betacam supported this transition by keeping the colors separated in component digital space (D1/D5) rather than combined in composite space (D2/D3).
463:
The format uses helical scan, with an M wrap pattern in which the tape is wrapped around the head drum around the left and right side. The helical scan head drum rotates at 10,800 RPM for NTSC video, or at 9000 RPM for PAL. It is 75 mm in diameter and the helical tracks, read by video heads mounted
605:
Component video was rarely processed through a video facility as RGB, as it is in computer displays. There was a historical legacy need to maintain black-and-white signals. Further, as the human eye is more sensitive to black-and-white picture information than color, engineers calculated that with
601:
While early color television experiments were kept in the component domain of RGB, most color television broadcasting and post production was compromised in the 1960s and 1970s to simplify infrastructure and transmission by combining the color and luminance (composite). However, once the color and
503:
The D1 units are switchable between NTSC and PAL. Luma is sampled at 13.5 MHz and Chroma at 6.75 MHz with an overall data rate of 27 MHz. Sampling at 13.5 MHz was used as it is a common multiple of NTSC/PAL line rate (6 x 2.5 MHz). The first input/output interface was a 25
648:
The popular 1995/96 1/4-inch DV/DVCAM/DVCPRO format had a component digital YUV sampling of 4:1:1, meaning only 1 out of 4 pixels or 25% of the color is actually recorded, which is why the color looks "muddy" and not as vibrant when compared to any 4:2:2 recording. This further made perfect green
472:
Harry, Henry, Harriet, Hal or Abekas DDR) or via multiple analog machines running at once. Hard drives in the 1980s that stored broadcast-quality video would typically only hold 30 seconds to a few minutes of space, yet the systems that made them work could cost $ 500,000. By contrast, the D-1
578:
D-1 was the very first real-time digital broadcast-quality tape format. The original Sony DVR-1000 unveiled in 1986 had a U.S. MSRP (manufacturer suggested retail price) of $ 160,000. A few years later, Sony's engineers were able to drastically reduce the size of the machine by reducing the
632:
When engineers sought to process and record in real time the huge amount of digital data needed to make the first digital video tape format, keeping the Y, R-Y, B-Y or YUV algorithm was key to simplifying and reducing the initial picture information sampled, saving valuable space.
640:
In a given small sample of the video picture – for instance the first four pixels going across horizontally in the top-left corner of the screen, the first "4" means that the more important luminance/black-and-white picture detail was sampled in every pixel in that 4-sample.
256:
613:, or the detail of the video picture, in black-and-white. It contained the sync 'frame' needed to make a stable picture. If one connects only the "Y" cable, one can see a black-and-white image, but not if only connecting the other two color information channels.
652:
Modern high definition video recorders like Sony's HDCAM-SR format, SR stands for superior resolution, have the ability to switch between 4:2:2 and full RGB recording for giant-screen motion picture work, thus RGB is sampled at every pixel and branded 4:4:4.
467:
Because of the uncompromising picture quality, component processing and uncompressed recording, D-1 was most popular in high-end graphic and animation production – where multiple layering had previously been done in short run times via hard drives
645:
all color, red, green and blue, is sampled at half the rate of the black-and-white (luminance) picture detail. You could say that 50% of the color is actually recorded – because for the TV screen, it was good enough for the human eye.
636:
4:2:2 is Y, R-Y and B-Y; not RGB; 4:2:2 is often erroneously quoted as 4 meaning red, and the remaining 2s standing for green and blue. If this were true, it would produce an uneven recording of green and blue data compared to red.
546:
3/4-inch U-Matic). Since less information was recorded on D-2 than on D-1, tape speed could be reduced and hold a maximum of 208 minutes compared to D-1's 94 minutes. However, D-2 was still a compromise, being composite video.
371:
491:
A small variation removing the top 6 lines to save space was later introduced and made popular in the 1/4-inch DV/DVCAM/DVCPRO formats and for digital broadcasting, which have 720 x 480 pixels for NTSC; and is also used in
876:(Larcher, D. (2011). Digital Video Tape Recorder. Objects of Knowledge, of Art and of Friendship. A Small Technical Encyclopaedia. For Siegfried Zielinski. D. Lynk and N. Röller. Leipzig, Institut für Buchkunst: 30-31.)
593:
Peed, making them technically friendly for 24-frame telecine film transfers to D1 tape – and allowing a single tape to provide both NTSC (525 vertical lines) and PAL (625 lines) masters at one time.
530:
format has similar specifications, but sampled at 10-bits as opposed to D-1's 8-bits. It had the advantage of development time as it was released much later than Sony's D-1 and one year after Sony's
582:
An external single-rack unit would enable the machine to record an additional key (matte) channel (4:2:2:4) or double the horizontal resolution (8:4:4) by combining two VTRs running simultaneously.
553:
Even as HD broadcasting and delivery became more commonplace in the U.S. after 2008–2010, networks would often require standard definition copies on
Digital Betacam. Television shows such as CBS'
965:
575:
Early D-1 operations were plagued with difficulties, though the format quickly stabilized and is still renowned for its superb standard definition image quality.
84:
464:
on the head drum, are 40 microns wide. Writing speed at the heads is 33.63 m/s, linear tape speeds are 286.588 mm/s for NTSC, 286.875 mm/s for PAL.
609:
Sony's 1982 news-gathering 1/2-inch video format
Betacam, the first camcorder combination came up with a compromise, known as YUV. The "Y" was
1005:
834:
413:
1789:
928:
958:
898:
721:
606:
the size of the largest home television screen, the color video lines did not need to be sampled for every converted digital pixel.
405:
340:
230:
212:
60:
179:
1570:
579:
electronic processing to fit into the main cassette drive chassis, christened the DVR-2000, lowering the U.S. cost to $ 120,000.
567:
D-1 was notoriously expensive and the equipment required very large infrastructure changes in facilities which upgraded to this
1559:
1799:
1516:
951:
497:
99:
1794:
923:
142:
1385:
46:
194:
114:
1762:
1553:
1373:
1222:
1161:
908:
190:
1522:
1071:
711:
121:
1137:
1113:
1059:
1017:
1011:
509:
1709:
1469:
555:
428:
D-1 or 4:2:2 D-1 (1986) was a major feat in real time, broadcast quality digital video recording. It stores
1784:
1662:
1487:
1125:
849:
736:
321:
128:
1692:
1275:
1035:
445:
1481:
1083:
999:
110:
929:
The filmmaker's handbook: a comprehensive guide for the digital age, By Steven Ascher, Edward Pincus
903:
795:
767:
1717:
1391:
602:
luminance information was combined, it could never truly be uncombined as cleanly as originated.
460:
tape is 94 minutes. Medium tapes could record up to 34 minutes, and small tapes up to 6 minutes.
437:
516:(SDI, SMPTE 259M, 75Ω coax, 270 MHz). Ancillary data can be put in H/V blanking intervals.
924:
Multidimensional signal, image, and video processing and coding, page 381, By John
William Wood
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1510:
1409:
1149:
933:
894:
830:
717:
568:
429:
389:
1578:
1295:
1095:
1089:
1023:
919:
smpte.org, The User
Requirements for the 4:2:2 Component Digital VTR, by William C. Nicholls
456:
tape (though not to be confused with the ubiquitous 3/4-inch U-Matic/U-Matic SP cassette).
354:
326:
542:
433:
401:
52:
1463:
1457:
918:
277:
255:
913:
135:
1778:
1196:
513:
453:
409:
269:
1756:
1053:
314:
300:
624:(blue minus luminance). The green information was derived by the difference (thus
824:
1686:
1668:
1361:
1319:
1216:
1210:
538:
517:
73:
939:
TI CLC021 SMPTE 259M Digital Video
Serializer with EDH Generation and Insertion
1119:
938:
1750:
1680:
1647:
1504:
1397:
1379:
1346:
1289:
1283:
1240:
982:
863:
750:
610:
523:
520:
for Y’ B’-Y’ R’-Y’ is also defined in ITU Rec. 601 or Rec. 709 color space.
493:
1475:
1426:
1403:
1252:
485:
449:
441:
417:
17:
943:
362:
1729:
1650:
1540:
1534:
1444:
1432:
1264:
1258:
1246:
1228:
1155:
1143:
1107:
1077:
1047:
1029:
850:
https://archive.org/details/manual_DVR1000_SM_SONY_EN/page/n79/mode/1up
737:
https://archive.org/details/manual_DVR1000_SM_SONY_EN/page/n76/mode/1up
541:
format system from Sony and Ampex soon followed two years later, using
531:
469:
1528:
1065:
1041:
559:
were still recorded and archived on
Digital Betacam as late as 2012.
197:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
370:
1723:
1674:
1656:
1367:
1331:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1234:
1173:
1167:
1131:
991:
974:
527:
505:
393:
386:
369:
361:
1698:
1185:
914:
nfsa.gov.au The
National Film and Sound Archive of Australia, TV
477:
397:
344:
282:
947:
1438:
1325:
1179:
1101:
625:
621:
617:
481:
420:, which was derived from SMPTE 125M and EBU 3246-E standards.
286:
162:
91:
67:
26:
473:
machine allowed 94 minutes of recording on a $ 200 cassette.
934:
tech.ebu.ch Rec 601 the origins of the 4:2:2 DTV standard
476:
D-1 resolution is 720 (horizontal) × 486 (vertical) for
186:
95:
392:
video standard, introduced in 1986 through efforts by
1743:
1708:
1640:
1599:
1592:
1569:
1497:
1419:
1354:
1345:
1274:
1195:
990:
981:
350:
332:
320:
306:
292:
276:
265:
909:Sony History: The Beginning of the Digital Age
629:20 minus 15 would leave a difference of five.
959:
412:format. SMPTE standardized the format within
408:product and was the first major professional
8:
248:
100:introducing citations to additional sources
61:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1596:
1351:
987:
966:
952:
944:
254:
231:Learn how and when to remove this message
213:Learn how and when to remove this message
762:
760:
396:engineering committees. It started as a
243:Magnetic tape-based videocassette format
90:Relevant discussion may be found on the
699:
1560:CBHD (China Blue High-definition Disc)
891:American Cinematographer Video Manual.
705:
703:
444:raster format with 8 bits, along with
247:
572:a badge of "4:2:2" instead of "D-1."
484:systems; these resolutions come from
7:
1517:HVD (High-Definition Versatile Disc)
710:Tozer, E. P. J. (12 November 2012).
416:601 (orig. CCIR-601), also known as
826:Broadcast Engineer's Reference Book
713:Broadcast Engineer's Reference Book
249:D1 (a.k.a. 4:2:2 Component Digital)
889:Grotticelli, Michael, ed. (2001).
508:(SMPTE 125M) and later updated to
25:
616:The "UV" was a math algorithm of
42:This article has multiple issues.
1554:HVD (Holographic Versatile Disc)
452:on a 3/4 inch (19 mm)
167:
83:relies largely or entirely on a
72:
31:
585:Later "SP" and "OS" models ran
50:or discuss these issues on the
893:The ASC Press, Hollywood, CA.
498:standard-definition television
1:
1544:
1448:
852:Sony DVR-1000 service manual
739:Sony DVR-1000 service manual
1790:Products introduced in 1986
193:the claims made and adding
1816:
1763:Electronic Video Recording
620:(red minus luminance) and
480:systems and 720 × 576 for
366:Sony D-1 VTR control panel
1579:UHD-BD (Ultra HD Blu-ray)
1476:PVD (Personal Video Disc)
726:– via Google Books.
253:
1012:Ampex 2 inch helical VTR
829:. Taylor & Francis.
510:serial digital interface
448:audio tracks as well as
1511:Professional Disc (PFD)
1018:Sony 2 inch helical VTR
864:"Digital signal coding"
751:"Digital signal coding"
597:Relation to other tapes
383:4:2:2 Component Digital
1757:Electronicam kinescope
1744:Video recorded to film
904:Sony.com DVR-1000 page
862:Gaunt, R. (May 1997).
749:Gaunt, R. (May 1997).
375:
367:
1800:Videocassette formats
1571:Ultra-High Definition
975:Video storage formats
534:format was unveiled.
373:
365:
556:The Rachael Ray Show
96:improve this article
1795:Japanese inventions
823:Tozer, EPJ (2012).
250:
803:broadcaststore.com
775:broadcaststore.com
376:
368:
178:possibly contains
1772:
1771:
1739:
1738:
1588:
1587:
1535:BD (Blu-ray Disc)
1505:MUSE Hi-Vision LD
1341:
1340:
836:978-1-136-02418-4
569:digital recording
390:digital recording
374:BTS D1 VTR DCR500
360:
359:
260:Sony DVR-2000 VCR
241:
240:
233:
223:
222:
215:
180:original research
161:
160:
146:
65:
16:(Redirected from
1807:
1597:
1549:
1546:
1453:
1450:
1352:
988:
968:
961:
954:
945:
877:
874:
868:
867:
859:
853:
847:
841:
840:
820:
814:
813:
811:
809:
800:
792:
786:
785:
783:
781:
772:
764:
755:
754:
746:
740:
734:
728:
727:
707:
355:Video production
336:
327:Interlaced video
310:
296:
258:
251:
236:
229:
218:
211:
207:
204:
198:
195:inline citations
171:
170:
163:
156:
153:
147:
145:
104:
76:
68:
57:
35:
34:
27:
21:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1735:
1704:
1636:
1584:
1565:
1547:
1498:High Definition
1493:
1451:
1415:
1337:
1276:High Definition
1270:
1229:Digital Betacam
1191:
977:
972:
886:
881:
880:
875:
871:
861:
860:
856:
848:
844:
837:
822:
821:
817:
807:
805:
798:
794:
793:
789:
779:
777:
770:
766:
765:
758:
748:
747:
743:
735:
731:
724:
709:
708:
701:
696:
680:
664:
659:
599:
565:
543:composite video
532:Digital Betacam
434:component video
426:
334:
308:
294:
261:
244:
237:
226:
225:
224:
219:
208:
202:
199:
184:
172:
168:
157:
151:
148:
111:"D-1" Sony
105:
103:
89:
77:
36:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1813:
1811:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1777:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1714:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1603:
1601:
1600:Media agnostic
1594:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1575:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1358:
1356:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1280:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1241:Digital-S (D9)
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1201:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1003:
996:
994:
985:
979:
978:
973:
971:
970:
963:
956:
948:
942:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
885:
884:External links
882:
879:
878:
869:
854:
842:
835:
815:
787:
756:
741:
729:
722:
698:
697:
695:
692:
691:
690:
687:
684:
679:
676:
675:
674:
671:
668:
663:
660:
658:
655:
598:
595:
564:
561:
506:parallel cable
425:
422:
358:
357:
352:
348:
347:
338:
330:
329:
324:
318:
317:
312:
304:
303:
298:
290:
289:
280:
274:
273:
267:
263:
262:
259:
242:
239:
238:
221:
220:
175:
173:
166:
159:
158:
94:. Please help
80:
78:
71:
66:
40:
39:
37:
30:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1812:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1785:Video storage
1783:
1782:
1780:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
997:
995:
993:
989:
986:
984:
980:
976:
969:
964:
962:
957:
955:
950:
949:
946:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
899:0-935578-14-5
896:
892:
888:
887:
883:
873:
870:
865:
858:
855:
851:
846:
843:
838:
832:
828:
827:
819:
816:
804:
797:
791:
788:
776:
769:
763:
761:
757:
752:
745:
742:
738:
733:
730:
725:
723:9781136024184
719:
716:. CRC Press.
715:
714:
706:
704:
700:
693:
688:
685:
682:
681:
677:
672:
669:
666:
665:
661:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
627:
623:
619:
614:
612:
607:
603:
596:
594:
592:
588:
583:
580:
576:
573:
570:
562:
560:
558:
557:
551:
547:
544:
540:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
519:
515:
514:coaxial cable
511:
507:
501:
499:
495:
489:
487:
483:
479:
474:
471:
465:
461:
457:
455:
454:videocassette
451:
447:
443:
439:
436:, encoded at
435:
431:
423:
421:
419:
415:
411:
410:digital video
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
388:
384:
380:
372:
364:
356:
353:
349:
346:
342:
339:
331:
328:
325:
323:
319:
316:
313:
305:
302:
299:
291:
288:
284:
281:
279:
275:
271:
270:Magnetic Tape
268:
264:
257:
252:
246:
235:
232:
217:
214:
206:
196:
192:
188:
182:
181:
176:This article
174:
165:
164:
155:
144:
141:
137:
134:
130:
127:
123:
120:
116:
113: –
112:
108:
107:Find sources:
101:
97:
93:
87:
86:
85:single source
81:This article
79:
75:
70:
69:
64:
62:
55:
54:
49:
48:
43:
38:
29:
28:
19:
1204:
1054:Cartrivision
890:
872:
857:
845:
825:
818:
806:. Retrieved
802:
790:
778:. Retrieved
774:
744:
732:
712:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
615:
608:
604:
600:
590:
586:
584:
581:
577:
574:
566:
554:
552:
548:
536:
522:
502:
490:
475:
466:
462:
458:
438:Y'CbCr 4:2:2
430:uncompressed
427:
382:
378:
377:
315:Helical scan
301:Helical scan
245:
227:
209:
200:
177:
149:
139:
132:
125:
118:
106:
82:
58:
51:
45:
44:Please help
41:
1710:Solid state
1548: 2006
1452: 1996
1362:Phonovision
1320:D6 HDTV VTR
1060:Philips VCR
518:Color space
1779:Categories
1247:Betacam SX
1156:Betacam SP
1120:Video 2000
1000:Quadruplex
796:"DVR 2000"
768:"DVR 1000"
694:References
440:using the
432:digitized
266:Media type
187:improve it
152:April 2023
122:newspapers
47:improve it
1751:Kinescope
1681:AVC-Intra
1648:CamCutter
1631:DVCPRO HD
1398:Laserfilm
1380:LaserDisc
1347:Videodisc
1284:Sony HDVS
983:Videotape
611:luminance
524:Panasonic
494:DVD-Video
333:Developed
311:mechanism
297:mechanism
191:verifying
92:talk page
53:talk page
18:D1 (Sony)
1641:Tapeless
1625:DVCPRO50
1404:CD Video
1368:Ampex-HS
1332:HDCAM SR
1296:BCH 1000
1259:MPEG IMX
1253:Digital8
673:DVR-2100
670:DVR-2000
667:DVR-1000
486:Rec. 601
450:timecode
442:CCIR 601
418:Rec. 601
322:Standard
278:Encoding
272:, ¾-inch
203:May 2023
1759:(1950s)
1730:MicroP2
1651:Editcam
1593:Virtual
1445:MiniDVD
1433:MovieCD
1420:Digital
1265:MicroMV
1197:Digital
1174:S-VHS-C
1144:Betacam
1078:Betamax
1048:U-matic
1030:CV-2000
808:18 July
780:18 July
689:DCR-500
686:DCR-300
683:DCR-100
470:Quantel
185:Please
136:scholar
1765:(1967)
1753:(1947)
1732:(2012)
1726:(2007)
1720:(2004)
1701:(2012)
1695:(2009)
1693:iFrame
1689:(2007)
1683:(2006)
1677:(2006)
1671:(2005)
1665:(2004)
1663:GBA-TV
1659:(2003)
1653:(1995)
1633:(2000)
1627:(1997)
1621:(1996)
1615:(1995)
1613:DVCPRO
1609:(1995)
1581:(2016)
1562:(2008)
1556:(2007)
1541:MiniBD
1537:(2006)
1531:(2006)
1529:HD DVD
1525:(2006)
1519:(2004)
1513:(2003)
1507:(1994)
1490:(2005)
1484:(2004)
1478:(2003)
1472:(2003)
1466:(1998)
1460:(1998)
1441:(1996)
1435:(1996)
1429:(1993)
1412:(1990)
1406:(1987)
1400:(1984)
1394:(1983)
1388:(1981)
1382:(1978)
1376:(1975)
1370:(1967)
1364:(1927)
1355:Analog
1334:(2003)
1328:(2003)
1322:(2000)
1316:(1998)
1310:(1997)
1304:(1994)
1298:(1992)
1292:(1984)
1286:(1984)
1267:(2001)
1261:(2000)
1255:(1999)
1249:(1996)
1243:(1995)
1237:(1994)
1231:(1993)
1225:(1992)
1219:(1991)
1213:(1988)
1207:(1986)
1188:(1998)
1182:(1989)
1176:(1987)
1170:(1987)
1164:(1986)
1158:(1986)
1152:(1985)
1150:Video8
1146:(1982)
1140:(1982)
1134:(1982)
1128:(1980)
1122:(1980)
1116:(1979)
1110:(1977)
1104:(1976)
1098:(1976)
1096:Type C
1092:(1976)
1090:Type B
1086:(1975)
1080:(1975)
1074:(1974)
1068:(1974)
1066:V-Cord
1062:(1972)
1056:(1972)
1050:(1971)
1044:(1969)
1042:EIAJ-1
1038:(1967)
1032:(1965)
1026:(1965)
1024:Type A
1020:(1961)
1014:(1961)
1008:(1958)
1002:(1956)
992:Analog
897:
833:
720:
657:Models
424:Format
385:is an
335:
309:
295:
138:
131:
124:
117:
109:
1675:AVCHD
1657:XDCAM
1619:DVCAM
1314:D-VHS
1308:HDCAM
1302:W-VHS
1290:UniHi
1168:S-VHS
1132:VHS-C
799:(PDF)
771:(PDF)
414:ITU-R
402:Bosch
394:SMPTE
387:SMPTE
351:Usage
307:Write
143:JSTOR
129:books
1699:XAVC
1464:SVCD
1186:Ruvi
1036:Akai
1006:VERA
895:ISBN
831:ISBN
810:2023
782:2023
718:ISBN
662:Sony
537:The
504:pin
496:and
478:NTSC
400:and
398:Sony
345:Sony
293:Read
283:NTSC
115:news
1724:SxS
1687:TOD
1669:MOD
1523:VMD
1488:FVD
1482:UMD
1470:EVD
1458:CVD
1439:DVD
1427:VCD
1410:VSD
1392:VHD
1386:CED
1374:TeD
1326:HDV
1223:DCT
1180:Hi8
1162:MII
1126:CVC
1114:SVR
1102:VHS
1084:IVC
678:BTS
626:YUV
622:B-Y
618:R-Y
589:ff-
563:Use
539:D-2
528:D-5
526:'s
512:on
488:.
482:PAL
446:PCM
406:BTS
381:or
379:D-1
341:BTS
287:PAL
189:by
98:by
1781::
1718:P2
1607:DV
1545:c.
1449:c.
1235:D5
1217:D3
1211:D2
1205:D1
1108:VK
1072:VX
801:.
773:.
759:^
702:^
500:.
404:–
337:by
285:,
56:.
1550:)
1543:(
1454:)
1447:(
1138:M
967:e
960:t
953:v
866:.
839:.
812:.
784:.
753:.
591:S
587:O
468:(
343:/
234:)
228:(
216:)
210:(
205:)
201:(
183:.
154:)
150:(
140:·
133:·
126:·
119:·
102:.
88:.
63:)
59:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
