1752:
145:
2755:
2696:
2674:
545:. Its vertebrae also featured hemal arches. Its vertebrae were rhachitomous with an enlarged intercentrum and small, paired pleurocentra. The bones of its forelimbs and hindlimbs are short, stout, and display several characteristics of aquatic organisms such as incomplete ossification and flattening of limb bones. Finally, prominent spinous processes found in the more caudal vertebrae indicate that
486:
2681:
652:β primary form of movement and predation in its aquatic environment was accomplished through the use of its strong tail and limbs, unlike many of its close relatives which used a wriggling motion in their torsos for movement. The unfused vertebrae featured in most species, likely provided increased flexibility of the axial skeleton, an adaptation well suited for a fully-aquatic environment.
523:
2688:
124:
695:
is thought to have been amongst those that went extinct, while its larval, fully-aquatic form persisted. The primitive traits, such as a thin skull roof and underdeveloped sense organs, found in the larval form, and subsequently lost in the mature form, better suited a fully aquatic lifestyle, and
505:
is roughly 40 inches in length, although some species could be larger, up to 2.5 meters. It featured smooth skin suited for an aquatic environment. Its head is a large, rounded triangular shape with sizable orbits that account for nearly 1/4 of the length of the skull. Of note,
717:
536:
featured a highly ossified branchial skeleton just posterior to the skull that would have provided support for 4 pairs of gills. Although gills were once considered as external, later study shows that are more likely to be internal gills like fish have. Additionally,
574:
is distinguished by the addition of a long interchoanal tooth row and distinct modifications to the bones of its forelimbs. It is also the largest of the species within the genus, with a measured skull length of 26 cm in contrast to a maximal length of 19.6 cm in
514:, it features large interpterygoid vacuities and a number of tusks dispersed throughout its palate. Its teeth consist of both large, recurved fangs and smaller, conical teeth, the combination of which suggests that it fed on fish or similarly sized tetrapods.
557:
There is, of course, a degree of variation on this description amongst species within this genus. Most distinctions between species arise in the form of minor modifications in jaw structure, but some differences are more easily noted. In
765:, a supercontinent comprising present day Africa, India, South America, Australia, and Antarctica. It is feasible that these relatives and Dvinosauran precursors dwelled on this supercontinent before migrating north to the regions where
397:
is thought to have been a gill-breathing, fully-aquatic tetrapod, characterized by a large, triangular head, short limbs, and a long powerful tail. A typical individual could grow to be approximately 40 in (100 cm) in length.
621:
was clearly carnivorous, primarily feeding on fish. It is likely that it relied on ambushing its prey by waiting on the bottom of riverbeds before quickly lunging to secure its prey. Within the
683:, or the retention of juvenile characteristics in adult forms of an organism. This phenomenon is largely thought to be due to the environmental pressures of the later portions of the
735:, it is thought that these localities may have undergone significant geographical shifting during continental drifts approximately 200 million years ago. Several close relatives of
672:, which states βan organism never returns exactly to a former state, even if it finds itself placed in conditions of existence identical to those in which it has previously lived.β
727:
is localized almost entirely to regions of
Eastern Europe, primarily in Western and Central Russia. While its distribution is restricted to regions containing rivers such as the
1357:
Sushkin, P.P. (1936). "Notes on the pre-Jurassic tetrapods from USSR. III. Dvinosaurus amalitzki, a perennibranchiate stegocephalian from the Upper
Permian of North Dvina".
1238:
Sushkin, P.P. (1936). "Notes on the pre-Jurassic tetrapods from USSR. III. Dvinosaurus amalitzki, a perennibranchiate stegocephalian from the Upper
Permian of North Dvina".
1566:
Ulyakhin, A.V. (2018). "Morphology of
Postdental Bones of the Lower Jaw in Late Perm Dvinosaurus (Amphibia: Temnospondyli ) as the Main Indicator of Special Differences".
1429:
2820:
1433:
401:
Within this genus, the number of documented species has varied over the years since its discovery. Prior to his untimely death, Amalitskii described three species,
595:
was a fully aquatic organism, typically occupying rivers and large streams. As a byproduct of its orbits being situated on the top of its head, it is thought that
1280:
Shishkin, M.A. (2018). "Comments on the Paper of B.P. Vjuschkov "Locality of
Permian Terrestrial Vertebrates in the Vicinities of the Town of Vyazniki"".
466:. Over the course of the next 8 years, Prof. Petr Sushkin carried out a thorough analysis of these notes in order to provide the first description of
664:β characteristics it was determined that this genus displayed a mixture of both primitive and progressive traits in relation to its larger subclass,
2807:
1785:
413:
as the latter two were found to be age-stages of the same species. Later in the century, Mikhail
Shishkin would describe two different species of
482:
and added to the depiction of the genus as whole in the process. What follows is a summary and general description of their combined findings.
1712:"The phylogeny of the 'higher' temnospondyls (Vertebrata: Choanata) and its implications for the monophyly and origins of the Stereospondyli"
1405:
1581:
Sennikov, Andrey (2012). "Upper
Permian vertebrate coprolites from Vyazniki and Gorokhovets, vyatkian regional stage, Russian platform".
1381:
Boyarinova, Elena (2019). "On the lifestyle of the Late
Permian Dvinosaurus (Amphibia, Temnospondyli) from the East European Platform".
687:. During this period, dry climate made life for land-dwelling amphibians near impossible and led to the extinction of many species of
570:
variation is seen in the vertebral column with the fusion of the hypocentrum and pleurocentrum. The most recently described species,
669:
562:
the loss of tooth rows on the coranoids and different positioning of palatal canines distinguishes this species from
Amalitskii's
455:
380:
233:
2874:
1547:
Shishkin, M.A. (1989). "The axial skeleton of early amphibians and the origin of resegmentation in tetrapod vertebrae".
549:
possessed a powerful tail that, in combination with its short, muscular limbs, could propel it rapidly toward its prey.
1778:
463:
144:
1525:
Gubin, Y.M. (2004). "A New
Dvinosaur (Amphibia, Temnospondyli) from the Upper Tatarian of the Middle Volga Region".
1315:
Gubin, Y.M. (2004). "A New Dvinosaur (Amphibia, Temnospondyli) from the Upper Tatarian of the Middle Volga Region".
541:
had a long vertebral column (pre-sacral vertebral count of 28) with short, thick ribs reminiscent of those found in
2884:
1207:
622:
478:
specimens were identified and analyzed by B.P. Vjuschkov and Mikhail Shishkin, who classified two new species of
471:
1885:
2695:
2653:
2370:
1448:
379:, approximately 265-254 million years ago. Its discovery was first noted in 1921 by Russian paleontologist
2775:
2758:
1771:
599:
preferred deeper rivers as this would allow for improved predation of the fish in the upper water levels.
425:
based on specimens from a locality south of Amalitskii's original site. Finally, in 2004 a new species of
437:, a locality centered around the Volga River, which runs through Western Russia before draining into the
2846:
1659:
Gould, Stephen Jay (1970). "Dollo on Dollo's law: Irreversibility and the status of evolutionary laws".
2680:
2576:
510:β skull lacks an otic notch, while also featuring a noticeably elongated occipital region. Like other
2458:
1590:
732:
705:
388:
237:
2673:
2205:
2879:
2404:
2155:
1967:
1757:
2687:
2334:
1692:
1641:
1606:
1423:
1297:
384:
139:
2851:
745:
2833:
2825:
2281:
2108:
1733:
1684:
1676:
1468:
1411:
1401:
2838:
1180:(Temnospondyli, Dvinosauria) from the Permian Sundyr Tetrapod Assemblage of Eastern Europe".
409:
Upon further analysis, however, these three proposed species would be reclassified as solely
2748:
2327:
2272:
2216:
2085:
1723:
1668:
1633:
1598:
1460:
1289:
1262:
1189:
1044:
869:
847:
688:
665:
629:
is thought to have been a mid-level predator, preying upon invertebrates, paleonisciforms,
2718:
2519:
2040:
1870:
1845:
716:
630:
1594:
2713:
2642:
2620:
2613:
2599:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2446:
2359:
2303:
2261:
2240:
2049:
1989:
1982:
1728:
1711:
1266:
1076:
968:
948:
884:
831:
797:
757:
668:. Initially these findings were puzzling and to some were thought to be a violation of
606:
372:
215:
40:
2868:
2606:
2585:
2471:
2411:
2063:
2056:
1945:
1923:
1897:
1836:
1794:
1645:
1464:
1031:
1016:
843:
634:
511:
368:
189:
81:
1696:
1610:
1301:
605:
is found most commonly in sandy localities and are thought to have preferred highly
383:
in a posthumously published paper that documents the findings of a site in Russia's
2733:
2627:
2592:
2558:
2528:
2376:
2318:
2289:
2169:
2124:
2117:
1959:
1854:
1827:
1059:
823:
740:
434:
376:
264:
44:
485:
1503:
Efremov, I.A. (1932). "On the Permo-Triassic labyrinthodonts from the U.S.S.R.".
2565:
2544:
2479:
2439:
2432:
2296:
2247:
2183:
2135:
2092:
2070:
2004:
1996:
1093:
901:
837:
827:
803:
777:
728:
638:
633:, and larval forms of other aquatic tetrapods, while conversely being hunted by
438:
202:
56:
24:
2798:
1624:
Sennikov, Andrey (2006). "Vyazniki biotic assemblage of the terminal Permian".
1602:
19:
This article is about the temnospondyl amphibian. For the therapsid genus, see
2743:
2738:
2723:
2551:
2486:
2077:
1747:
1637:
1293:
1193:
751:
101:
66:
20:
1737:
1680:
1505:
Works of the Paleozoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR
1472:
1415:
2425:
2397:
2388:
2348:
2225:
2190:
2176:
2148:
2016:
1974:
1253:
Bystrow, A.P. (1938). "Dvinosaurus als Neotenische Form der Stegocephalen".
992:
963:
934:
819:
813:
809:
781:
542:
522:
156:
106:
50:
1688:
123:
846:, which traditionally was classified under the larger amphibian subclass,
2792:
2728:
2341:
2233:
1818:
1449:"Bystrow's Paradox β gills, fossils, and the fish-to-tetrapod transition"
762:
176:
96:
91:
76:
71:
61:
2812:
2254:
2198:
1672:
684:
680:
361:
111:
86:
1176:
Uliakhin, A. V.; Golubev, V. K. (2024). "Ancient Species of the Genus
795:
belongs to the larger clade Dvinosauria, which also includes the taxa
708:
region and is thought to be primarily represented by its larval form.
2537:
2418:
1812:
166:
2769:
2029:
715:
521:
484:
364:
1763:
772:
There are currently 45 locations across Eastern Europe at which
2773:
1805:
1767:
387:. Its name is derived from the proximity of this site to the
371:
localized to regions of western and central Russia during the
776:
remains have been documented, most of which are found in the
1398:
The rise of amphibians : 365 million years of evolution
1359:
Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Trudy Paleozoologicheskogo Instituta
1240:
Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Trudy Paleozoologicheskogo Instituta
470:. Later in the century, at a site near the small town of
462:
were transferred to the Paleontological Institute of the
433:
was described by Y.M. Gubin based on deposits from the
501:
As detailed by Amalitskii and subsequently Sushkin,
336:
322:
308:
294:
271:
2782:
2641:
2575:
2527:
2518:
2457:
2387:
2358:
2317:
2271:
2215:
2134:
2107:
2039:
2015:
1943:
1896:
1869:
1396:Carroll, Robert L. (Robert Lynn), 1938- (2009).
780:district in northwestern Russia bordering the
1779:
1447:Schoch, Rainer R.; Witzmann, Florian (2011).
720:The Arkhangelsk Oblast in northwestern Russia
8:
1428:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
842:This clade falls under the group or "order"
700:to avoid extinction on land. Consequently,
2770:
2524:
2463:
2140:
2021:
1951:
1940:
1875:
1866:
1802:
1786:
1772:
1764:
1432:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
704:is the only labyrinthodont present in the
122:
30:
1727:
1716:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
769:ultimately appears in the fossil record.
675:The seemingly backward evolution seen in
403:Dvinosaurus primus, Dvinosaurus secundus,
1710:YATES, ADAM M.; WARREN, A. ANNE (2001).
679:, however, is now thought instead to be
1168:
1520:
1518:
1421:
1383:Kazan Golovkinsy Stratagraphic Meeting
1352:
1350:
1542:
1540:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
7:
1568:Fundamental and Applied Paleontology
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1051:
1009:
984:
955:
926:
876:
864:
853:
617:Based on its pattern of dentition,
1729:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2000.tb00650.x
1400:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
1267:10.1111/j.1463-6395.1938.tb00688.x
691:. A mature, land-dwelling form of
458:notes and initial observations of
14:
1661:Journal of the History of Biology
2754:
2753:
2694:
2686:
2679:
2672:
1750:
1465:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2010.00456.x
660:Interestingly, upon analysis of
381:Vladimir Prokhorovich Amalitskii
143:
1:
497:General description and skull
474:in western Russia, many more
454:Following his death in 1917,
346:Uliakhin & Golubev, 2024
464:Russian Academy of Sciences
16:Extinct genus of amphibians
2901:
1603:10.2110/palo.2012.p12-017r
18:
2708:
2670:
2466:
2143:
2024:
1954:
1939:
1920:
1878:
1865:
1801:
1638:10.1134/S0031030106100078
1294:10.1134/S0031030118020120
1194:10.1134/S0031030123600336
1090:
1073:
1056:
1049:
1029:
1014:
1007:
989:
982:
960:
953:
931:
924:
898:
881:
874:
862:
591:As previously mentioned,
553:Variation amongst species
291:
286:
270:
263:
140:Scientific classification
138:
130:
121:
33:
1626:Paleontological Journal
1583:Paleontological Journal
1527:Paleontological Journal
1317:Paleontological Journal
1282:Paleontological Journal
1182:Paleontological Journal
761:, inhabited regions of
712:Geographic distribution
445:History and description
721:
529:
493:
2875:Permian temnospondyls
2847:Paleobiology Database
784:in the Arctic Ocean.
719:
525:
518:Post-cranial elements
488:
423:Dvinosaurus purlensis
2459:Stereospondylomorpha
419:Dvinosaurus egregius
407:Dvinosaurus tertius.
389:Northern Dvina River
385:Arkhangelsk District
133:Dvinosaurus egregius
131:Life restoration of
23:. For the film, see
1758:Paleontology portal
1595:2013Palai..27..867O
1549:Progress in Zoology
435:Middle Volga Region
1673:10.1007/bf00137351
722:
530:
494:
276:Dvinosaurus primus
2885:Fossils of Russia
2862:
2861:
2834:Open Tree of Life
2776:Taxon identifiers
2767:
2766:
2704:
2703:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2637:
2636:
2313:
2312:
2282:Batrachosuchoides
2109:Dendrerpetontidae
2103:
2102:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1916:
1915:
1407:978-0-8018-9140-3
1159:
1158:
1150:
1149:
1141:
1140:
1132:
1131:
1123:
1122:
1114:
1113:
1105:
1104:
996:(Eobrachyopidae)
913:
912:
625:locality itself,
609:bodies of water.
532:It is known that
353:
352:
347:
333:
319:
305:
259:
240:
2892:
2855:
2854:
2842:
2841:
2829:
2828:
2816:
2815:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2771:
2757:
2756:
2749:Archegosauroidea
2699:
2698:
2691:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2676:
2577:Platyoposaurinae
2525:
2464:
2375:likely includes
2328:Acanthostomatops
2273:Tupilakosauridae
2217:Trimerorhachidae
2141:
2086:Procochleosaurus
2022:
1952:
1941:
1876:
1867:
1860:
1859:
1803:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1742:
1741:
1731:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1544:
1535:
1534:
1522:
1513:
1512:
1500:
1477:
1476:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1427:
1419:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1378:
1363:
1362:
1354:
1325:
1324:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1261:(1β2): 209β295.
1250:
1244:
1243:
1235:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1173:
1052:
1045:Tupilakosauridae
1010:
985:
956:
927:
877:
870:Trimerorhachidae
865:
854:
848:Labyrinthodontia
696:thereby allowed
345:
338:
331:
324:
317:
310:
303:
296:
281:Amalitzkii, 1921
273:
257:
250:
232:
227:
214:
201:
188:
148:
147:
126:
116:
53:
39:Temporal range:
31:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2850:
2845:
2837:
2832:
2824:
2819:
2811:
2806:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2778:
2768:
2763:
2719:Eutemnospondyli
2700:
2693:
2685:
2678:
2660:
2633:
2571:
2520:Archegosauridae
2514:
2453:
2383:
2354:
2309:
2267:
2211:
2130:
2099:
2041:Cochleosauridae
2035:
2011:
1948:
1927:
1912:
1892:
1886:Tetrapodomorpha
1871:Tetrapodomorpha
1861:
1846:Tetrapodomorpha
1808:
1807:
1797:
1792:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1589:(12): 417β424.
1580:
1579:
1575:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1546:
1545:
1538:
1524:
1523:
1516:
1502:
1501:
1480:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1420:
1408:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1380:
1379:
1366:
1356:
1355:
1328:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1237:
1236:
1225:
1216:
1214:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1151:
1142:
1133:
1124:
1115:
1106:
914:
790:
739:, most notably
714:
689:labyrinthodonts
666:labyrinthodonts
658:
647:
635:chroniosuchians
631:hybodontiformes
615:
589:
584:
555:
520:
499:
452:
447:
344:
330:
316:
302:
282:
279:
258:Amalitzky, 1921
256:
248:
231:
225:
212:
199:
186:
142:
117:
115:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
48:
47:
37:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2898:
2896:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2867:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2843:
2830:
2817:
2804:
2788:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2714:Batrachomorpha
2709:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2654:Stereospondyli
2647:
2645:
2643:Stereospondyli
2639:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2624:
2621:Platyoposaurus
2617:
2614:Kashmirosaurus
2610:
2603:
2600:Bashkirosaurus
2596:
2589:
2581:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2533:
2531:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2508:Syndyodosuchus
2504:
2501:Sclerocephalus
2497:
2494:Korkonterpeton
2490:
2483:
2476:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2447:Syndyodosuchus
2443:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2393:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2373:
2371:Dissorophoidea
2364:
2362:
2360:Dissorophoidea
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2345:
2338:
2331:
2323:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2304:Tupilakosaurus
2300:
2293:
2286:
2277:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2262:Trimerorhachis
2258:
2251:
2244:
2241:Nannospondylus
2237:
2230:
2221:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2206:Trypanognathus
2202:
2195:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2113:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2089:
2082:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2050:Adamanterpeton
2045:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2001:
1993:
1990:Palatinerpeton
1986:
1983:Iberospondylus
1979:
1971:
1964:
1955:
1949:
1944:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1902:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1879:
1873:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1848:
1839:
1830:
1821:
1815:
1806:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1744:
1743:
1702:
1667:(2): 189β212.
1651:
1632:(4): 475β481.
1616:
1573:
1558:
1536:
1514:
1478:
1459:(3): 251β265.
1453:Acta Zoologica
1439:
1406:
1388:
1364:
1326:
1307:
1288:(2): 175β187.
1272:
1255:Acta Zoologica
1245:
1223:
1212:paleobiodb.org
1199:
1188:(2): 204β225.
1167:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1077:Tupilakosaurus
1072:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
988:
983:
981:
978:
977:
974:
973:
969:Eobrachyopidae
959:
954:
952:
949:Dvinosauroidea
944:
943:
940:
939:
930:
925:
923:
920:
919:
916:
915:
911:
910:
907:
906:
897:
894:
893:
890:
889:
885:Trimerorhachis
880:
875:
873:
863:
861:
852:
832:Tupilakosaurus
798:Trimerorhachis
789:
788:Classification
786:
758:Batrachosuchus
733:Northern Dvina
713:
710:
706:Northern Dvina
657:
654:
646:
643:
614:
611:
588:
585:
583:
580:
554:
551:
519:
516:
498:
495:
451:
448:
446:
443:
367:of amphibious
351:
350:
349:
348:
334:
320:
318:Shishkin, 1968
306:
304:Shishkin, 1968
289:
288:
287:Other species
284:
283:
280:
268:
267:
261:
260:
246:
242:
241:
223:
219:
218:
216:Dvinosauroidea
210:
206:
205:
197:
193:
192:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
136:
135:
128:
127:
119:
118:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
54:
38:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2897:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2760:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2697:
2692:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2607:Collidosuchus
2604:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2586:Archegosaurus
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2472:Cheliderpeton
2469:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2412:Clamorosaurus
2409:
2407:
2406:
2405:Chelydosaurus
2402:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2378:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2156:Bermanerpeton
2153:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2064:Chenoprosopus
2061:
2059:
2058:
2057:Cochleosaurus
2054:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1946:Temnospondyli
1942:
1938:
1926:
1925:
1924:Temnospondyli
1919:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1898:Temnospondyli
1895:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1837:Sarcopterygii
1834:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1795:Temnospondyli
1789:
1784:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1759:
1748:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1722:(1): 77β121.
1721:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1562:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1246:
1241:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1154:
1146:
1145:
1137:
1136:
1128:
1127:
1119:
1118:
1110:
1109:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1054:
1053:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1032:Kourerpetidae
1027:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1017:Dvinosauridae
1012:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1001:
1000:
997:
995:
994:
987:
986:
980:
979:
976:
975:
972:
970:
966:
965:
958:
957:
950:
946:
945:
942:
941:
938:
937:
936:
929:
928:
922:
921:
918:
917:
909:
908:
905:
904:
903:
896:
895:
892:
891:
888:
887:
886:
879:
878:
871:
867:
866:
859:
856:
855:
851:
849:
845:
844:Temnospondyli
841:
839:
834:
833:
829:
825:
821:
816:
815:
811:
806:
805:
800:
799:
794:
787:
785:
783:
779:
775:
770:
768:
764:
760:
759:
754:
753:
748:
747:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
718:
711:
709:
707:
703:
699:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
673:
671:
667:
663:
655:
653:
651:
644:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
612:
610:
608:
604:
600:
598:
594:
586:
581:
579:
578:
573:
569:
568:D. purlensis,
565:
561:
552:
550:
548:
544:
540:
535:
528:
524:
517:
515:
513:
512:temnospondyls
509:
504:
496:
491:
487:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
449:
444:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
396:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
369:temnospondyls
366:
363:
359:
358:
343:
342:
335:
329:
328:
321:
315:
314:
307:
301:
300:
293:
292:
290:
285:
278:
277:
269:
266:
262:
255:
254:
247:
244:
243:
239:
235:
230:
229:Dvinosauridae
224:
221:
220:
217:
211:
209:Superfamily:
208:
207:
204:
198:
195:
194:
191:
190:Temnospondyli
185:
182:
181:
178:
175:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
146:
141:
137:
134:
129:
125:
120:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
52:
49:265β254
46:
42:
36:
32:
29:
26:
22:
2783:
2734:Eryopiformes
2677:
2628:Prionosuchus
2626:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2593:Bageherpeton
2591:
2584:
2564:
2559:Tryphosuchus
2557:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2529:Melosaurinae
2506:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2470:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2377:Lissamphibia
2347:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2319:Zatracheidae
2302:
2295:
2290:Slaugenhopia
2288:
2280:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2224:
2204:
2197:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2170:Erpetosaurus
2168:
2162:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2125:Dendrerpeton
2123:
2118:Balanerpeton
2116:
2091:
2084:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2028:
2003:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1973:
1966:
1960:Caerorhachis
1958:
1922:
1855:Stegocephali
1850:
1841:
1832:
1828:Osteichthyes
1823:
1719:
1715:
1705:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1567:
1561:
1552:
1548:
1530:
1526:
1508:
1504:
1456:
1452:
1442:
1397:
1391:
1382:
1358:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1239:
1215:. Retrieved
1211:
1202:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1092:
1091:
1075:
1074:
1060:Slaugenhopia
1058:
1057:
1030:
1015:
991:
990:
962:
961:
933:
932:
900:
899:
883:
882:
857:
836:
824:Slaugenhopia
818:
808:
802:
796:
792:
791:
773:
771:
766:
756:
750:
744:
741:Brachyopidae
736:
724:
723:
701:
697:
692:
676:
674:
661:
659:
649:
648:
626:
618:
616:
607:hydrodynamic
602:
601:
596:
592:
590:
582:Paleobiology
576:
572:D. campbelli
571:
567:
563:
560:D. egregious
559:
556:
546:
538:
533:
531:
526:
507:
502:
500:
489:
479:
475:
467:
459:
456:Amalitskii's
453:
431:D. campbelli
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
400:
394:
393:
377:late Permian
356:
355:
354:
340:
339:
327:D. campbelli
326:
325:
313:D. purlensis
312:
311:
298:
297:
275:
274:
265:Type species
252:
251:
228:
132:
45:Late Permian
34:
28:
2784:Dvinosaurus
2566:Uralosuchus
2545:Konzhukovia
2480:Glanochthon
2440:Stenokranio
2433:Osteophorus
2335:Chemnitzion
2297:Thabanchuia
2248:Neldasaurus
2184:Kourerpeton
2163:Dvinosaurus
2136:Dvinosauria
2093:Saharastega
2071:Macrerpeton
2005:Colosteidae
1997:Baphetoidea
1178:Dvinosaurus
1094:Thabanchuia
902:Neldasaurus
858:Dvinosauria
838:Thabanchuia
828:Kourerpeton
804:Neldasaurus
793:Dvinosaurus
774:Dvinosaurus
767:Dvinosaurus
737:Dvinosaurus
725:Dvinosaurus
702:Dvinosaurus
698:Dvinosaurus
693:Dvinosaurus
677:Dvinosaurus
670:Dollo's Law
662:Dvinosaurus
650:Dvinosaurus
639:Bystrowiana
627:Dvinosaurus
619:Dvinosaurus
603:Dvinosaurus
597:Dvinosaurus
593:Dvinosaurus
547:Dvinosaurus
539:Dvinosaurus
534:Dvinosaurus
508:Dvinosaurus
503:Dvinosaurus
480:Dvinosaurus
476:Dvinosaurus
468:Dvinosaurus
460:Dvinosaurus
439:Caspian Sea
427:Dvinosaurus
415:Dvinosaurus
395:Dvinosaurus
357:Dvinosaurus
332:Gubin, 2004
299:D. egregius
253:Dvinosaurus
203:Dvinosauria
35:Dvinosaurus
25:Dinosaurus!
2880:Dvinosaurs
2869:Categories
2744:Limnarchia
2739:Eryopoidea
2724:Rhachitomi
2712:See also:
2552:Melosaurus
2487:Intasuchus
2078:Nigerpeton
1907:see belowβ
1570:: 238β241.
1555:: 180β195.
1533:: 190β199.
1323:: 190β199.
1217:2020-03-02
1163:References
778:Arhangelsk
752:Bothriceps
645:Locomotion
577:D. primus.
564:D. primus.
234:Amalitzkii
196:Suborder:
21:Dinosaurus
2426:Onchiodon
2398:Actinodon
2389:Eryopidae
2349:Zatrachys
2226:Eugyrinus
2191:Perryella
2177:Isodectes
2149:Acroplous
2017:Edopoidea
1975:Casineria
1811:Kingdom:
1738:0024-4082
1681:0022-5010
1646:129507095
1473:1463-6395
1424:cite book
1416:231947315
993:Acroplous
964:Isodectes
935:Perryella
820:Isodectes
814:Acroplous
810:Perryella
782:White Sea
746:Brachyops
527:D. primus
490:D. primus
411:D. primus
341:D. gubini
163:Kingdom:
157:Eukaryota
2799:Q4155761
2793:Wikidata
2759:Category
2729:Euskelia
2342:Dasyceps
2234:Lafonius
1819:Chordata
1817:Phylum:
1813:Animalia
1697:45642853
1689:11609651
1611:55553300
1511:: 57β68.
1302:89750532
763:Gondwana
743:such as
637:such as
623:Vyazniki
543:Amphibia
472:Vyazniki
222:Family:
177:Chordata
173:Phylum:
167:Animalia
153:Domain:
2839:4133890
2826:1226669
2813:4815802
2255:Procuhy
2199:Timonya
1968:Capetus
1591:Bibcode
1047:
951:
872:
860:
685:Permian
681:neoteny
656:Neoteny
613:Feeding
587:Habitat
450:History
362:extinct
245:Genus:
183:Order:
2538:Koinia
2419:Eryops
1736:
1695:
1687:
1679:
1644:
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1471:
1414:
1404:
1300:
1208:"PBDB"
1043:
947:
868:
835:, and
755:, and
429:named
417:named
373:middle
360:is an
41:Middle
2852:37145
2821:IRMNG
2030:Edops
1851:Clade
1842:Clade
1833:Clade
1824:Clade
1693:S2CID
1642:S2CID
1607:S2CID
1298:S2CID
729:Volga
492:skull
365:genus
2808:GBIF
2652:see
2369:see
1884:see
1734:ISSN
1685:PMID
1677:ISSN
1469:ISSN
1434:link
1430:link
1412:OCLC
1402:ISBN
731:and
421:and
405:and
375:and
238:1921
57:Preκ
1724:doi
1720:128
1669:doi
1634:doi
1599:doi
1461:doi
1290:doi
1263:doi
1190:doi
566:In
2871::
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1457:92
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1426:}}
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1329:^
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1259:19
1257:.
1226:^
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1186:58
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850:.
830:,
826:,
822:,
817:,
812:,
807:,
801:,
749:,
641:.
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236:,
107:Pg
51:Ma
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2450:?
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2229:?
2194:?
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2081:?
2008:?
2000:?
1978:?
1963:?
1787:e
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1773:v
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967:(
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337:β
323:β
309:β
295:β
272:β
249:β
226:β
213:β
200:β
187:β
112:N
102:K
97:J
92:T
87:P
82:C
77:D
72:S
67:O
62:κ
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