165:, although more recent classifications put the boundaries at between 0.5 and 2 Hz. They are the slowest and highest amplitude classically described brainwaves, although recent studies have described slower (<0.1 Hz) oscillations Delta waves begin to appear in stage 3 sleep, but by stage 4 nearly all spectral activity is dominated by delta waves. Stage 3 sleep is defined as having less than 50% delta wave activity, while stage 4 sleep has more than 50% delta wave activity. These stages have recently been combined and are now collectively referred to as
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activity, although delta waves have also been shown to be increased during waking hours in more severe forms of schizophrenia. A recent study has shown that the right frontal and central delta wave dominance, seen in healthy individuals, is absent in patients with schizophrenia. In addition, the negative correlation between delta wave activity and age is also not observed in those with schizophrenia.
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decrease across the lifespan, with most of the decline seen in the mid-forties. By the age of about 75, stage four sleep and delta waves may be entirely absent. In addition to a decrease in the incidence of delta waves during slow-wave sleep in the elderly, the incidence of temporal delta wave activity is commonly seen in older adults, and incidences also increase with age.
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Initially, dreaming was thought to only occur in rapid eye movement sleep, though it is now known that dreaming may also occur during slow-wave sleep. Delta waves and delta wave activity are marked, in most people, by an apparently unconscious state, and the loss of physical awareness as well as the
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tumors. Disruptions in delta wave activity and slow wave sleep are seen in a wide array of disorders. In some cases there may be increases or decreases in delta wave activity, while others may manifest as disruptions in delta wave activity, such as alpha waves presenting in the EEG spectrum. Delta
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Alcoholism has been shown to produce sleep with less slow wave sleep and less delta power, while increasing stage 1 and REM incidence in both men and women. In long-term alcohol abuse, the influences of alcohol on sleep architecture and reductions in delta activity have been shown to persist even
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Disruptions in slow wave (delta) sleep have been shown to increase risk for development of Type II diabetes, potentially due to disruptions in the growth hormone secreted by the pituitary. In addition, hypoglycemia occurring during sleep may also disrupt delta-wave activity. Low-voltage irregular
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People with schizophrenia have shown disrupted EEG patterns, and there is a close association of reduced delta waves during deep sleep and negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia. During slow wave sleep (stages 3 and 4), people with schizophrenia have been shown to have reduced delta wave
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infant indicates that delta wave activity is predominant in that age, and still appears in a waking EEG of five-year-olds. Delta wave activity during slow-wave sleep declines during adolescence, with a drop of around 25% reported between the ages of 11 and 14 years. Delta waves have been shown to
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EEG-defined subtypes of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Adam R Clarke, Robert J Barry, Rory McCarthy, Mark
Selikowitz. Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 1 November 2001 (volume 112 issue 11 Pages
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Alfimova, M. V., & Uvarova, L. G. (2007). Changes in the EEG spectral power during perception of neutral and emotionally salient words in schizophrenic patients, their relatives and healthy individuals from general population. . Zhurnal
Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatelnosti Imeni I P Pavlova, 57(4),
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and sleep talking most often occur during periods of high delta wave activity. Sleep walkers have also been shown to have more hypersynchronous delta activity (HSD) compared to total time spent in stages 2, 3, and 4 sleep relative to healthy controls. HSD refers to the presence of continuous,
768:"Glossary. A resource from the Division of Sleep Medicine at Harvard Medical School, Produced in partnership with WGBH Educational Foundation". Harvard University. 2008. Retrieved 2009-03-11. "The 1968 categorization of the combined Sleep Stages 3–4 was reclassified in 2007 as Stage N3."
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Females have been shown to have more delta wave activity, and this is true across most mammal species . This discrepancy does not become apparent until early adulthood (in the 30s or 40s in humans), with males showing greater age-related reductions in delta wave activity than females.
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have been shown to regulate delta waves, as lesions to this area have been shown to cause disruptions in delta wave activity. In addition, delta waves show a lateralization, with right hemisphere dominance during sleep. Delta waves have been shown to be mediated in part by
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Inui, Koji, Eishi
Motomura, Hiroyuki Kaige, and Sen Nomura. "Temporal Slow Waves and Cerebrovascular Diseases - Inui - 2008 - Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences." Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 55.5 (2001): 525–31. Wiley Online Library. Web. 29 November
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Mistlberger, R. E., Bergmann, B. M., & Rechtschaffen, A. (1987). RELATIONSHIPS AMONG WAKE EPISODE LENGTHS, CONTIGUOUS SLEEP EPISODE LENGTHS, AND ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC DELTA WAVES IN RATS WITH SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI LESIONS. . Sleep, 10(1),
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Hiltunen T1, Kantola J, Abou
Elseoud A, Lepola P, Suominen K, Starck T, Nikkinen J, Remes J, Tervonen O, Palva S, Kiviniemi V, Palva JM. (2014). "Infra-slow EEG fluctuations are correlated with resting-state network dynamics in fMRI". .
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Colrain, I. M., Crowley, K. E., Nicholas, C. L., Afifi, L., Baker, F. C., Padilla, M., et al. (2010). Sleep evoked delta frequency responses show a linear decline in amplitude across the adult lifespan. . Neurobiology of Aging, 31(5),
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Inui, Koji, Hozumi
Kawamoto, Masahiko Kawakita, Kazuhisa Wako, Hiromichi Nakashima, Masanori Kamihara, and Junichi Nomura. "Temporal Delta Wave and Ischemic Lesions on MRI." Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 48.4 (1994): 891–98.
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Lopes, M.C., Guilleminault, C., Rosa, A., Passarelli, C., Roizenblatt, S., Tufik, S. Delta sleep instability in children with chronic arthritis. Brazilian
Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2008;41(10):
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wave disruptions may present as a result of physiological damage, changes in nutrient metabolism, chemical alteration, or may also be idiopathic. Disruptions in delta activity is seen in adults during states of
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Bagai, Kanika; Peltier, Amanda C.; Malow, Beth A.; Diedrich, André; Shibao, Cyndya A.; Black, Bonnie K.; Paranjape, Sachin Y.; Orozco, Carlos; Biaggioni, Italo; Robertson, David; Raj, Satish R. (15 May 2016).
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Inui, K., H. Sannan, H. Ota, Y. Uji, S. Nomura, H. Kaige, I. Kitayama, and J. Nomura. "EEG Findings in
Diabetic Patients with and without Retinopathy." Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 97.2 (1998): 107–09.
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has been suggested as a treatment for temporal lobe epilepsy, and theoretically acts to reduce inappropriate delta wave intrusion, although there has been limited clinical research in this area.
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Abdelkarim, T. H., Westin, T., Romaker, A., & Girish, M. (2002). Presence of delta waves in REM sleep during polysomnography as a sign of acute hypoglycemic encephalopathy. . Sleep, 25, 531.
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Lee, J., Kim, D., Shin, H. Lack of delta waves and sleep disturbances during non-rapid eye movement sleep in mice lacking a1g-subunit of T-type calcium channels. PNAS;101(52): 18195-18199.
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Maquet, P., Degueldre, C., Delfiore, G., Aerts, J., Peters, J. M., Luxen, A., et al. (1997). Functional neuroanatomy of human slow wave sleep. Journal of
Neuroscience, 17(8), 2807-2812.
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This is a screenshot of a patient during Slow Wave Sleep (stage 3). The high amplitude EEG is highlighted in red. This screenshot represents a 30-second epoch (30 seconds of data).
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Foldvary-Schaefer, N., I. De Leon
Sanchez, M. Karafa, D. Dinner, and H. H. Morris. "Gabapentin Increases Slow-wave Sleep in Normal Adults." Epilepsia 43.12 (2002): 1493–497. Print.
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Feinberg, I., T. Baker, R. Leder, and J. D. March. "Response of Delta (0-3 Hz) EEG and Eye
Movement Density to a Night with 100 Minutes of Sleep." Sleep 11.5 (1988): 473–87. Print.
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N3 slow-wave sleep. During N3 SWS, delta waves account for 20% or more of the EEG record during this stage. Delta waves occur in all mammals, and potentially all animals as well.
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While most drugs that affect sleep do so by stimulating sleep onset, or disrupting REM sleep, a number of chemicals and drugs have been shown to alter delta wave activity.
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Delta waves have also been classified according to the location of the activity into frontal (FIRDA), temporal (TIRDA), and occipital (OIRDA) intermittent delta activity.
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Colrain, I. M., S. Turlington, and F. C. Baker. "Impact of Alcoholism on Sleep Architecture and EEG Power Spectra in Men and Women." Sleep. 32.10 (2009): 1341–352. Print.
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Appearance of Parkinsonian Syndrome after Administration of Delta Sleep-inducing Peptide into the Rat Substantia Nigra." Biull Eksp Biol Med. 109.2 (1990): 119–21. Print.
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Hobson, J., & Pace-Schott, E. (2002). The Cognitive Neuroscience of Sleep: Neuronal Systems, Consciousness and Learning. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3(9), 679-693.
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The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Fifth Edition (American Psychiatric Press Textbook of Neuropsychiatry)
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Total sleep deprivation has been shown to increase delta wave activity during sleep recovery, and has also been shown to increase hypersynchronous delta activity.
77:(SWS), and aid in characterizing the depth of sleep. Suppression of delta waves leads to inability of body rejuvenation, brain revitalization and poor sleep.
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Afaghi, A., O'Connor, H., & Chow, C. (2008). Acute Effects of the Very Low Carbohydrate Diet on Sleep Indices. Nutritional Neuroscience, 11(4), 146-154.
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Pilon M; Zadra A; Joncas S et al. Hypersynchronous delta waves and somnambulism: brain topography and effect of sleep deprivation. SLEEP 2006;29(1): 77–84.
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Delta waves can arise either in the thalamus or in the cortex. When associated with the thalamus, they are thought to arise in coordination with the
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Brandenberger, G. (2003). The Ulradien Rhythm of Sleep: Diverse Relations with Pituitary and Adrenal Hormones. Revue Neurologique, 159(11), S5-S10.
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De Gennaro, L., Ferrara, M., & Bertini, M. (2000). "The spontaneous K-complex during stage 2 sleep: is it the 'forerunner' of delta waves?" .
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Nezu, Arthur M. ., Christine Maguth. Nezu, Pamela A. . Geller, and Irving B. . Weiner. Handbook of Psychology. New York: Wiley, 2003. Print.
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delta waves, have also been found in the left temporal lobe of diabetic patients, at a rate of 56% (compared to 14% in healthy controls).
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A delta wave, recorded in a one-second sample of an EEG (electroencephalograph). This particular wave has a frequency of around 1 Hz.
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Sekimoto, M., et al., Cortical regional differences of delta waves during all-night sleep in schizophrenia, Schizophr. Res. (2010),
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increase slow wave sleep, they do not increase delta wave activity, and instead increase spindle activity during slow wave sleep.
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134:. The reason given is: As of 2007, what was formerly known as Stage 3 and Stage 4 sleep was reclassified as one stage of sleep (
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Davenne, D. M. "Enhancement of Quiet Sleep in Rabbit Neonates by Muramyl Dipeptide." Am J Physiol. 253.4 (1987): 646–54. Print.
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257:, and thus have more delta wave activity. In fact, delta-waves are the predominant waveforms of infants. Analysis of the
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543:(MDP, N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine) has been shown to increase delta wave activity during slow wave sleep.
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brain diseases, particularly in association with small ischemic lesions and is seen to be indicative of early-stage
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high-voltage (> 150 ÎĽV) delta waves seen in sleep EEGs. Parasomnias which occur deep in NREM sleep also include
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D'haenen, H. A. H., Johan A. Den Boer, and Paul Willner. Biological Psychiatry. Chichester: Wiley, 2002. Print.
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The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology and Technical Specifications
241:. The secretion of (PRL), which is closely related to (GH), is also regulated by the pituitary. The release of
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showed that the delta wave activity of these patients in stages 3 and 4 sleep were often interrupted by
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Delta activity stimulates the release of several hormones, including growth hormone releasing hormone
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Lands, William. "Alcohol, Slow Wave Sleep, and the Somatotropic Axis." Alcohol 18.2 (1999): 109–22.
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Kara J. Pavone, Oluwaseun Akeju, Aaron L. Sampson, Kelly Ling, Patrick L. Purdon, Emery N. Brown.
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Hakim, Alan; De Wandele, Inge; O'Callaghan, Chris; Pocinki, Alan; Rowe, Peter (10 February 2017).
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Ehlers, C. L., and D. J. Kupfer. (1997). "Sleep: Do Young Adult Men and Women Age Differently?".
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Delta wave activity has also been purported to aid in declarative and explicit memory formation.
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Slow waves, including delta waves, are associated with seizure-like activity within the brain.
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Temporal low-voltage irregular delta wave activity has been commonly detected in patients with
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Iber C, Ancoli-Israel S, Chesson A, and Quan SF for the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.
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Walter WG. The location of cerebral tumors by electroencephalography. Lancet 1936;2: 305–8.
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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563:(GHB) increases delta slow-wave sleep as well as sleep-related growth hormone (GH).
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Regional delta wave activity not associated with NREM sleep was first described by
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machine (EEG) to detect alpha and delta waves. Delta waves can be quantified using
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Other disorders frequently associated with disrupted delta-wave activity include:
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Alcohol reduces SWS delta wave activity, thereby restricting the release of
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often report unrefreshing sleep. A study conducted in 1975 by Moldovsky
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is associated with transient, large amplitude slow-delta oscillations.
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1191:"Biofeedback for Epileptic Seizures; EEG Neurofeedback for Epilepsy"
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Abhang, Priyanka A; Gawali, Bharti W.; Mehrotra, Suresh C. (2016).
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and in those diagnosed with various neurological disorders such as
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Delta waves are often associated with another EEG phenomenon, the
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Brigo F (2011). "Intermittent rhythmic delta activity patterns".
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214:. During delta wave sleep, neurons are globally inhibited by
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330:, are often associated with disruptions in slow wave sleep.
65:. Delta waves, like other brain waves, can be recorded with
69:(EEG) and are usually associated with the deep stage 3 of
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Introduction to EEG- and Speech-Based Emotion Recognition
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Infants have been shown to spend a great deal of time in
245:(TSH), is decreased in response to delta-wave signaling.
529:, as the name suggests, induces delta wave EEG activity.
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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Delta waves, like all brain waves, can be detected by
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1381:" Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, Jan. 2016
434:was the first person to use delta waves from an
1053:Hales, Robert E.; Yudofsky, Stuart C. (2007).
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906:Psychology: the science of mind and behaviour
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483:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
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27:High amplitude low frequency brain wave
978:Taylor, Eric; Rutter, Michael (2002).
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233:, which in turn stimulates release of
986:. Oxford: Blackwell Science. p.
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2231:Contingent negative variation (CNV)
2170:Brainstem auditory evoked potential
197:Brain localization and biochemistry
107:quantitative electroencephalography
61:with a frequency between 0.5 and 4
1239:Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine
734:. Academic Press. pp. 51–79.
422:after long periods of abstinence.
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229:(PRL). GHRH is released from the
1573:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
1568:Central hypoventilation syndrome
861:10.1046/j.1365-2869.1997.00041.x
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1728:Periodic limb movement disorder
1695:Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder
1014:. ScienceDaily. 8 December 2006
982:Child and adolescent psychiatry
705:. Edinburgh: Chambers. p.
380:Diabetes and insulin resistance
355:Sleep disturbances, as well as
34:. For the television show, see
2165:Somatosensory evoked potential
644:Delta wave – (0.1 – 4 Hz)
632:Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome
485:(ADHD) and its three subtypes.
32:Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome
30:For the medical syndrome, see
1:
2361:Difference due to memory (Dm)
2000:Biphasic and polyphasic sleep
1808:Nocturnal clitoral tumescence
1670:Advanced sleep phase disorder
478:Obsessive–compulsive disorder
2160:Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
2131:Electroencephalography (EEG)
1680:Delayed sleep phase disorder
1608:Excessive daytime sleepiness
1124:10.1016/j.schres.2010.11.003
593:Delta sleep-inducing peptide
566:Administration of high-dose
527:Delta sleep-inducing peptide
511:"iteration of information".
2155:Electrocorticography (ECoG)
1813:Nocturnal penile tumescence
1685:Irregular sleep–wake rhythm
818:10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.11.009
757:The Journal of Neuroscience
243:thyroid stimulating hormone
113:Classification and features
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1675:Cyclic alternating pattern
904:Gross, Richard E. (1992).
506:Consciousness and dreaming
489:Juvenile chronic arthritis
339:and confusional arousals.
29:
1891:Behavioral sleep medicine
1700:Shift work sleep disorder
1648:Sleep state misperception
359:, are common features of
270:Disruptions and disorders
130:This section needs to be
1448:Rapid eye movement (REM)
2282:Late positive component
2150:Event-related potential
1769:Exploding head syndrome
1578:Obstructive sleep apnea
806:Epilepsy & Behavior
668:– (12.5 – 15.5 Hz)
350:
216:gamma-aminobutyric acid
212:T-type calcium channels
2397:Electroencephalography
2191:Bereitschaftspotential
2084:Sleeping while on duty
1633:Idiopathic hypersomnia
697:Walker, Peter (1999).
662:– (7.5 – 12.5 Hz)
605:Electroencephalography
561:Gamma-hydroxy butyrate
536:(GH) by the pituitary.
500:Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
444:temporal lobe epilepsy
426:Temporal lobe epilepsy
207:suprachiasmatic nuclei
159:electroencephalography
89:Background and history
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67:electroencephalography
48:
1906:Neuroscience of sleep
1638:Night eating syndrome
1623:Kleine–Levin syndrome
553:While hypnotics like
539:The muramyl peptide,
205:. In the cortex, the
103:electroencephalograph
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73:sleep, also known as
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2060:Sleep and creativity
1309:10.1002/ajmg.c.31542
1193:. Epilepsyhealth.com
792:Neuroscience Letters
680:– (32 – 100 Hz)
595: – Neuropeptide
442:and lesions causing
97:, who improved upon
2335:Sensorimotor rhythm
2292:Neural oscillations
2236:Mismatch negativity
2055:Sleep and breathing
1511:Sensorimotor rhythm
674:– (16 – 31 Hz)
620:Sensorimotor rhythm
361:Parkinson's disease
351:Parkinson's disease
280:cerebral hemisphere
203:reticular formation
59:neural oscillations
2065:Sleep and learning
1818:Nocturnal emission
1718:Nightmare disorder
1583:Periodic breathing
656:– (8 – 12 Hz)
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2278:(late positivity)
2180:Evoked potentials
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2075:Sleep deprivation
1914:
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1251:10.5664/jcsm.5806
1064:978-1-58562-239-9
759:, 34(2): 356–362.
650:– (4 – 7 Hz)
541:muramyl dipeptide
343:Sleep deprivation
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16:(Redirected from
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2010:Circadian rhythm
1757:Benign phenomena
1659:Circadian rhythm
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1079:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1050:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1008:
1002:
1001:
985:
975:
969:
966:
960:
957:
948:
945:
939:
935:
929:
926:
920:
919:
901:
895:
894:
888:
880:
844:
838:
837:
801:
795:
794:, 291(1), 41–43.
788:
782:
775:
769:
766:
760:
752:
746:
745:
727:
721:
720:
704:
694:
616:
601:
598:
326:, a category of
150:
147:
141:
125:
124:
117:
21:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2344:
2286:
2174:
2133:
2128:
2098:
2093:
1988:Procrastination
1941:Four-poster bed
1910:
1874:
1868:Polysomnography
1846:Sleep induction
1822:
1793:Sleep paralysis
1752:
1704:
1663:
1660:
1652:
1594:
1553:Mouth breathing
1531:Sleep disorders
1525:
1462:
1453:Quiescent sleep
1433:
1431:sleep disorders
1424:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1082:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1027:
1017:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1005:
998:
977:
976:
972:
967:
963:
958:
951:
946:
942:
936:
932:
927:
923:
916:
903:
902:
898:
881:
846:
845:
841:
803:
802:
798:
789:
785:
776:
772:
767:
763:
753:
749:
742:
729:
728:
724:
717:
696:
695:
691:
687:
641:
626:slow-wave sleep
614:
599:
596:
589:
577:
575:Effects of diet
520:
508:
456:
454:Other disorders
428:
419:
407:musculoskeletal
391:
382:
373:
353:
345:
328:sleep disorders
321:
313:cerebrovascular
305:
272:
255:slow-wave sleep
251:
199:
190:
188:Sex differences
185:
183:Neurophysiology
151:
145:
142:
139:
126:
122:
115:
91:
75:slow-wave sleep
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2410:
2408:
2400:
2399:
2389:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2104:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2015:Comfort object
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1886:Sleep medicine
1882:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1843:
1838:
1832:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1714:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1666:
1664:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1604:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1555:
1550:
1544:
1542:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1435:
1434:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1400:
1393:
1392:
1383:
1370:
1358:
1349:
1340:
1331:
1302:(1): 175–180.
1282:
1245:(5): 727–733.
1224:
1214:
1204:
1182:
1173:
1164:
1155:
1145:
1136:
1127:
1111:
1101:
1092:
1080:
1070:
1063:
1045:
1035:
1025:
1003:
996:
970:
961:
949:
940:
930:
921:
914:
896:
839:
796:
783:
770:
761:
747:
740:
722:
715:
688:
686:
683:
682:
681:
675:
669:
663:
657:
651:
645:
640:
637:
636:
635:
629:
623:
617:
608:
602:
588:
585:
581:ketogenic diet
576:
573:
572:
571:
564:
558:
551:
544:
537:
534:growth hormone
530:
519:
516:
507:
504:
503:
502:
497:
491:
486:
480:
475:
470:
465:
455:
452:
432:W. Grey Walter
427:
424:
418:
415:
393:Patients with
390:
387:
381:
378:
372:
369:
352:
349:
344:
341:
320:
317:
304:
301:
278:, who studied
276:W. Grey Walter
271:
268:
250:
247:
237:(GH) from the
235:growth hormone
198:
195:
189:
186:
184:
181:
153:
152:
129:
127:
120:
114:
111:
95:W. Grey Walter
90:
87:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2409:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2330:Sleep spindle
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:Related tests
2136:
2132:
2125:
2120:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1841:Sleep hygiene
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1798:Sleep inertia
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1749:
1748:Sleep-talking
1746:
1744:
1743:Sleep driving
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1516:Sleep spindle
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1228:
1225:
1218:
1215:
1208:
1205:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1149:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1105:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1071:
1066:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1046:
1039:
1036:
1029:
1026:
1013:
1007:
1004:
999:
997:0-632-05361-5
993:
989:
984:
983:
974:
971:
965:
962:
956:
954:
950:
944:
941:
934:
931:
925:
922:
917:
915:0-340-56136-X
911:
907:
900:
897:
892:
886:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
855:(3): 211–15.
854:
850:
843:
840:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
800:
797:
793:
787:
784:
780:
774:
771:
765:
762:
758:
751:
748:
743:
741:9780128044902
737:
733:
726:
723:
718:
716:0-550-14110-3
712:
708:
703:
702:
693:
690:
684:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
642:
638:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
612:
609:
606:
603:
594:
591:
590:
586:
584:
582:
574:
569:
568:nitrous oxide
565:
562:
559:
556:
552:
549:
545:
542:
538:
535:
531:
528:
525:
524:
523:
517:
515:
512:
505:
501:
498:
495:
492:
490:
487:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
460:
459:
453:
451:
449:
448:Neurofeedback
445:
441:
437:
433:
425:
423:
416:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
388:
386:
379:
377:
371:Schizophrenia
370:
368:
366:
362:
358:
348:
342:
340:
338:
337:sleep terrors
333:
332:Sleep walking
329:
325:
318:
316:
314:
310:
302:
300:
298:
297:schizophrenia
294:
290:
286:
281:
277:
269:
267:
264:
260:
256:
248:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
219:
217:
213:
208:
204:
196:
194:
187:
182:
180:
177:
175:
170:
168:
164:
160:
149:
146:February 2022
137:
133:
128:
119:
118:
112:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
88:
82:
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
57:
53:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2356:10-20 system
2320:Theta rhythm
2314:
1961:Sleeping bag
1738:Sleepwalking
1723:Night terror
1485:
1440:sleep cycles
1386:
1373:
1352:
1343:
1334:
1299:
1295:
1285:
1242:
1238:
1227:
1217:
1207:
1195:. Retrieved
1185:
1176:
1167:
1158:
1148:
1139:
1130:
1114:
1104:
1095:
1073:
1054:
1048:
1038:
1028:
1016:. Retrieved
1006:
981:
973:
964:
943:
933:
924:
905:
899:
885:cite journal
852:
848:
842:
812:(2): 254–6.
809:
805:
799:
791:
786:
778:
773:
764:
756:
750:
731:
725:
700:
692:
578:
521:
518:Pharmacology
513:
509:
457:
440:brain tumors
429:
420:
398:
395:fibromyalgia
392:
389:Fibromyalgia
383:
374:
354:
346:
322:
306:
285:intoxication
273:
252:
231:hypothalamus
220:
200:
191:
178:
171:
156:
143:
131:
92:
51:
50:
40:
2246:C1 & P1
2045:Second wind
2020:Dream diary
1896:Sleep study
1836:Sleep diary
1788:Hypnopompia
1783:Sleep onset
1774:Hypnic jerk
1613:Hypersomnia
1563:Catathrenia
1558:Sleep apnea
1468:Brain waves
1438:Stages of
1197:14 February
849:J Sleep Res
639:Brain waves
403:alpha waves
324:Parasomnias
319:Parasomnias
249:Development
99:Hans Berger
52:Delta waves
18:DELTA WAVES
2315:Delta wave
2310:Gamma wave
2300:Alpha wave
2242:Positivity
2187:Negativity
2079:Sleep debt
2025:Microsleep
2005:Chronotype
1919:Daily life
1803:Somnolence
1779:Hypnagogia
1710:Parasomnia
1628:Narcolepsy
1540:Anatomical
1521:Theta wave
1491:Gamma wave
1486:Delta wave
1476:Alpha wave
1212:2098-2105)
808:(Review).
685:References
678:Gamma wave
654:Alpha wave
648:Theta wave
548:Gabapentin
468:Depression
463:Narcolepsy
438:to locate
417:Alcoholism
365:Rotigotine
136:deep sleep
36:Delta Wave
2325:K-complex
2305:Beta wave
2206:Visual N1
2089:Sleepover
2040:Power nap
2035:Nightwear
1901:Melatonin
1863:Somnology
1828:Treatment
1661:disorders
1600:Dyssomnia
1506:PGO waves
1501:Mu rhythm
1496:K-complex
1481:Beta wave
1458:Slow-wave
1318:1552-4868
1259:1550-9389
672:Beta wave
611:K-complex
546:The drug
409:pain and
261:EEG of a
239:pituitary
227:prolactin
174:K-complex
56:amplitude
54:are high
2391:Category
1956:Mattress
1931:Bunk bed
1851:Hypnosis
1643:Nocturia
1618:Insomnia
1326:28186393
1277:26951415
1109:426-436.
1033:874-883.
1018:24 March
877:33542993
834:11689350
826:21276757
666:SMR wave
587:See also
555:zolpidem
357:dementia
315:damage.
309:ischemic
293:dementia
289:delirium
218:(GABA).
2340:Mu wave
1983:Bedtime
1978:Bedroom
1973:Bedding
1968:Bed bug
1951:Hammock
1856:Lullaby
1690:Jet lag
1590:Snoring
1548:Bruxism
1268:4865560
1222:938–43.
869:9358400
660:Mu wave
473:Anxiety
411:fatigue
263:newborn
132:updated
2371:EEGLAB
2349:Topics
2050:Siesta
1936:Daybed
1764:Dreams
1324:
1316:
1275:
1265:
1257:
1153:Print.
1078:Print.
1061:
994:
938:12-24.
912:
875:
867:
832:
824:
738:
713:
496:(PoTS)
399:et al.
259:waking
1993:Story
1946:Futon
1879:Other
1427:Sleep
1043:2010.
873:S2CID
830:S2CID
167:stage
63:hertz
2276:P600
2261:P300
2256:P200
2226:N400
2221:N2pc
2216:N200
2211:N170
2201:N100
2196:ELAN
1429:and
1322:PMID
1314:ISSN
1273:PMID
1255:ISSN
1199:2011
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