692:
356:
268:
473:
these tank cars even though better protected cars (less liable to release the transported product when involved in accidents) are available." The TSBC instituted "Amendment
Schedule No. 21 to the Transportation of Dangerous Goods Regulations", which mandated "the use of revised tank car standard CAN/CGSB 43.147-94. This standard restricts the use of 111A tank cars, and removes over 80 dangerous goods previously authorized for transportation in Class 111 cars." The updated standard is available through the Canadian General Standards Board.
677:
344:
337:. The end without the hand brake is the A end. As trains are assembled, either end of a tank car may be placed in the front or rear position. The tank shells are constructed of several rings welded together, with six rings in a typical configuration. By convention, ring-1 is at the A end, and if there are six rings, ring-6 is at the B end. The tank rings can be welded in a "straight barrel" configuration, or with a "slope bottom" sloping down to a bottom outlet valve at the center of the tank.">
368:
433:
663:-inch (12.7 mm) thick half head shields must be provided. The AAR has also mandated a more robust housing or rollover skid for protection of top fittings. The new standards only apply to newly manufactured cars; there is no requirement to retrofit, repurpose, or retire existing DOT-111A cars built to the older design. The NTSB has called that design "inadequate," noting the older cars are "subject to damage and catastrophic loss of hazardous materials."
116:
124:
31:
1707:
1681:
1655:
942:...railroads have beaten pipelines to the punch by connecting refining hubs around the U.S. to the new hot-spots of oil production in such remote places as North Dakota, Oklahoma, and West Texas. In the first three months of 2013, trains moved more than 97,000 carloads of crude in the U.S.—900 percent more than in all of 2008.
1013:
249:
2013, crude-by-rail shipments rose 44 percent from the previous year to 93,312 carloads, equivalent to about 740,000 barrels per day or almost one tenth of U.S. production. That was down 14 percent from the second quarter of 2013 due to narrower oil spreads that made costlier rail shipments less economic.
488:
which occurred on 11 March 1996. The 1996 report concluded that "Class 111A tank cars are more susceptible to release product upon derailment and impact than pressure tank cars, and yet there are a number of toxic and volatile liquids that are still permitted to be carried in minimum standard Class
472:
which occurred on 30 January 1994. They cited report NTSB/SS-91/01 which questioned "the safety of DOT-111A tank cars and determined that this classification of tank car has a high incidence of tank integrity failure when involved in accidents and that certain hazardous materials are transported in
387:
committee report proposed mandatory minimum insurance for rail companies and recommended the creation of an online database with information on spills and other incidents from rail cars. Currently the railway industry lags the pipeline industry in value of mandatory insurance coverage, to a ratio of
328:
attaches the front sill pad to the body bolster pad and to the fillet weld attaching the body bolster pad to the tank shell. Fillet welds at the interior and exterior sides of the head brace attach the head brace to the front sill pad, and an exterior fillet weld attaches the head brace to the draft
312:
throughout the length of a train. The draft sills are attached to steel pads that are attached to the tank. If the cars do not incorporate a continuous center sill extending the entire length of the car, the two draft sills at each end are referred to as stub sills, and the tank carries draft forces
248:
stated in early
December 2013 that he expected as much as 90 per cent of that state's oil would be carried by train in 2014, up from the current 60 per cent. The number of crude oil carloads hauled by U.S. railroads surged from 10,840 in 2009 to a projected 400,000 in 2013. In the third quarter of
648:
of DOT-111 tank car designs and published new construction standards in a
Casualty Prevention Circular, with the intent to revise the AAR Manual for Standards and Recommended Practices for tank cars that are used to transport ethanol and crude oil. Beginning on October 1, 2011, the new AAR standard
476:
Approximately 230,000 litres (61,000 US gallons; 51,000 imperial gallons) of sulphuric acid was released, causing environmental damage, on 21 January 1995 near Gouin, Quebec. The 11 rail cars that released product were standard series CTC-111A tank cars. The derailment was caused by gauge loss, and
410:
Railway
Investigation Report R94T0029 section 1.13.1 documents DOT-112 tank car and DOT-114 tank car standards: the DOT-111 tank "cars are not considered to provide the same degree of derailment protection against loss of product as the classification 112 and 114 cars, designed to carry flammable
240:
wrote that "Recent derailments and resulting fires indicate that the type of crude oil being transported from the Bakken region may be more flammable than traditional heavy crude oil... Based on preliminary inspections conducted after recent derailments in North Dakota, Alabama and Lac-Megantic,
519:
to write an impartial report on "(1) the railroad tank car design process, including specifications development, design approval, repair process approval, repair accountability, and the process by which designs and repairs are presented, weighed, and evaluated, and, (2) railroad tank car design
1148:
444:
has noted that DOT-111 tank cars have a high incidence of tank failures during accidents. Previous NTSB investigations that identified the poor performance of DOT-111 tank cars in collisions include a May 1991 safety study as well as NTSB investigations of a June 30, 1992, derailment in
973:
Surviving cars that were pulled out of the blast had stenciled markings indicating that they were a type of steel car called DOT-111A in the United States and CTC-111A in Canada. ...in the Lac-MĂ©gantic tragedy...an out-of-control 72-car train barrelled downhill into the town centre and
355:
691:
595:
S was observed in the field and presented challenges such as "health and environmental risks, corrosion of wellbore, added expense with regard to materials handling and pipeline equipment, and additional refinement requirements". Holubnyak et al. write, further, that
465:, which released about 786,000 US gallons (2,980,000 L; 654,000 imp gal) of product. The Transportation Safety Board of Canada also noted that this car's design was flawed resulting in a "high incidence of tank integrity failure" during accidents.
1321:"Derailment of Burlington Northern Freight Train No. 01-142-30 and Release of Hazardous Materials in the Town of Superior, Wisconsin, June 30, 1992, Hazardous Materials Accident Report NTSB/HZM-94/01". Washington, DC: National Transportation Safety Board. 1994.
604:
and other defendants ought to have been aware of this two-year-old research when they ordered the DOT-111 tank cars (which were already in 2012 acknowledged by the US NTSB regulator to be deficient for these purposes) to be loaded on the Lac-MĂ©gantic train.
503:
crossing. The derailed equipment included five tank cars carrying dangerous goods. During the derailment, four of the tank cars sustained multiple punctures and released their products. The products ignited and a large fire engulfed the derailed cars.
419:
A report on "The State of Rail Safety in Canada" was commissioned by
Transport Canada in 2007. The report contains a 10-year statistical examination of its subject. Section 6 is entitled "Accidents involving dangerous goods". A formal review of the
231:
train was 106 cars and 1.6 km long, of which at least 10 car were destroyed. Reports were that another train carrying grain and running to the opposite direction derailed first, causing the adjacent train with tank cars carrying oil from the
1152:
172:
of July 2013 was made up of 72 of these cars, 63 of which derailed. Almost all of these derailed tank cars were damaged, and many had large breaches. About six million litres (1,600,000 US gal; 1,300,000 imp gal) of
1353:"Derailment of Canadian National Freight Train M33371 and Subsequent Release of Hazardous Materials in Tamaroa, Illinois, February 9, 2003, Accident Report NTSB/RAR-05/01". Washington, DC: National Transportation Safety Board. 2005.
279:
liquids. On the right, a lighter, smaller 16,640-US-gallon (62,989 L; 13,856 imp gal) capacity tank car has a higher load limit of 204,300 pounds (92,700 kg). It is stenciled and placarded for 50%
1601:
332:
Because rail cars have no front or rear, for descriptive purposes, the ends of the cars are designated "A" and "B." The B end of the car is the end equipped with the wheel or lever used to manually set the car's
1256:
1125:
1035:
436:
An older DOT-111 tank car manufactured in 1967 shown as it appeared in 1996. This car was equipped with an insulating jacket and had a capacity of 20,670 US gallons (78,200 L; 17,210 imp gal).
1183:
1635:
317:
support the tank and protect it against lateral forces. The draft sill center plate serves as the attachment point between the tank car body and the truck assembly. (See schematic cutaway at right.)
313:
between couplers. In this case, reinforcing bars may be extended underneath the tank between the draft sills. Body bolsters and their associated body bolster pads centered above the railcar
142:
designed to maintain vertical alignment to prevent couplers from overriding and puncturing the tank end frames in the event of an accident. These tank cars transport various types of liquid
716:
237:
520:
criteria, including whether head shields should be installed on all tank cars that carry hazardous materials." It is entitled "Ensuring
Railroad Tank Car Safety" and available as
275:. On the left is a 27,399-US-gallon (103,716 L; 22,814.4 imp gal) capacity tank car with a load limit of 196,500 pounds (89,100 kg), making it suitable for low
1172:
616:
employee said that roughly 10% of shipments through
Toronto contain hazardous materials that are often stored on DOT-111 tank cars, but that only first responders have access to
343:
919:
1043:
394:
DOT-112 tank cars and DOT-114 tank cars have been required since 1979 under
Regulation SOR/79-101 of the Canada Transportation Act for the transportation of gases such as
361:
Diagram of a DOT-111J100W1 tank car with an insulating jacket and external heating coils. It has a capacity of 20,000 US gallons (76,000 L; 17,000 imp gal).
1690:
955:
760:
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for DOT-111 tank cars requires tank heads and shells to be constructed of thicker steel. The new specification also requires that heads and shells be constructed of
670:
specification to supersede the DOT-111 design for all flammable class products, of which all examples would be required to be retired or rebuilt by May 2025.
546:, leading to a fire and explosion that led to many deaths and destruction of buildings. One issue raised by the Lac-MĂ©gantic derailment, and substantiated by
785:
1746:
822:
806:
736:
287:, which has a specific gravity of 1.5. This car is also equipped with an insulating jacket and external heating pipes to melt frozen contents if necessary.
867:
217:
628:
Thirteen DOT-111 tank cars lost about 324,000 US gallons (1,230,000 L; 270,000 imp gal) of ethanol contaminating a tributary of the
424:
was empanelled by the
Minister in February 2007. The review, which was tabled in Parliament later that year, has a different take on the subject.
508:
676:
512:
1114:
407:
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441:
165:
87:
inch (11.1 mm) and a maximum capacity of 34,500 US gallons (131,000 L; 28,700 imp gal). Tanks may be constructed from
1623:
260:. Nobody was injured but about 150 people were evacuated. The petroleum products originated in Western Canada and were destined for the
1136:
1201:"Derailment of CN Freight Train U70691-18 With Subsequent Hazardous Materials Release and Fire; Cherry Valley, Illinois; June 19, 2009"
367:
1718:
Derailment of CN Freight Train U70691-18 With
Subsequent Hazardous Materials Release and Fire; Cherry Valley, Illinois; June 19, 2009
641:
525:
1565:
986:
1741:
929:
566:
554:
516:
458:
267:
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sill. To the rear of the head brace, the draft sill is welded to the front sill pad, body bolster pad, and reinforcing bars.
896:
1484:
537:
1068:
477:
the number of defective ties north of the derailment area likely exceeded Canadian National's (CN) maintenance standard.
1577:"Officials Tighten Crude-Shipping Standards" Morris and Gold authors, also see Globe and Mail reprint on 8 August 2013
1267:
253:
861:"AAR Open Top Loading Rules Manual, Section 1, Appendix A, Preload Inspection Checklist and Equipment Plate Diagrams"
600:"may become soured through current oil field practices". At issue in the Lac-MĂ©gantic derailment, then, is whether
485:
454:
241:
Quebec, involving Bakken crude oil sufficiently degasify hazardous materials prior to and during transportation."
169:
496:
listed 10 railway derailments in the area over the past decade. Derailments caused no injuries over that period.
1098:
1510:
1470:
1292:
1587:
860:
69:
in common use in North America. Tank cars built to this specification must be circular in cross section, with
1636:"USDOT releases final rule on crude-by-rail safety, joins Transport Canada in introducing new tank-car class"
1073:
683:
637:
224:
189:
1576:
196:
company was the carrier for this 90-car train, of which 20 derailed and exploded. The train originated in
924:
569:. The US regulator had ignored until 8 August 2013 the corrosive contents of Bakken formation crude oil.
489:
111A tank cars." The report makes no recommendation to upgrade or limit the use of Class 111A tank cars.
205:
74:
1612:
1278:
1430:
1358:
1326:
1257:
postmedia: "Senate committee proposes mandatory minimum insurance for rail companies after Lac Megantic"
481:
determined that a retrofit of the top fittings of all Class 111A cars would exceed one billion dollars.
421:
305:
100:
391:
Railway operators are not required to inform Canadian municipalities about dangerous goods in transit.
1229:
562:
201:
193:
153:
766:. National Transportation Safety Board, Office of Railroad, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety
601:
446:
261:
185:
550:
complaints to the US regulator, is that Bakken crude oil is associated with a notable volatility.
432:
960:
197:
1173:
G+M: "Train carrying oil and propane still burning after derailment in New Brunswick" 8 Jan 2014
666:
In May 2015, the Federal Railroad Administration and Transport Canada jointly announced the new
127:
A damaged DOT-111A tank car. Note the AAR Type E double shelf coupler required for transporting
1664:
1411:
1184:
G+M: "New Brunswick train derailment fire renews questions of oil-by-rail’s dangers" 8 Jan 2014
160:
fields in the interior of North America has rapidly increased use of DOT-111 cars to transport
41:. This car has a capacity of 30,110 US gallons (113,979 L; 25,071.8 imp gal), a
842:
841:(1970 ed.). Association of American Railroads Mechanical Division. 1970. pp. 71–74.
698:
613:
542:
As mentioned above, derailment of a train containing Bakken crude oil derailed in the town of
521:
500:
461:(FRA) investigated the derailment of a unit train of DOT-111 tank cars loaded with ethanol in
450:
301:
135:
Up to 80% of the Canadian fleet and 69% of U.S. rail tank cars were DOT-111 type, as of 2013.
1456:
1115:
cbc.ca: "North Dakota train derailment, explosion, prompts evacuation from town" 30 Dec 2013
667:
650:
609:
572:
558:
478:
469:
384:
296:
The DOT-111 tank cars are constructed with a draft sill design. Draft sills incorporate the
284:
281:
276:
233:
181:
was quickly released and caught fire. The ensuing blaze and explosions left 47 people dead.
178:
42:
1385:
825:
271:
Two different 111A100W1 specification tank cars, both with 263,000-pound (119,000 kg)
1711:
1685:
1659:
1521:
1488:
1443:
1371:
1339:
1126:
G+M: "U.S. will have answers in weeks on crude-by-rail mishaps, regulator says" 8 Jan 2014
809:
739:
645:
272:
213:
174:
143:
128:
543:
468:
The Transportation Safety Board of Canada (TSBC) investigated a derailment incident near
1532:
1716:
1200:
403:
139:
104:
92:
54:
35:
608:
The Lac-MĂ©gantic runaway train had earlier passed through Toronto on its way from the
49:
of 65,000 pounds (29,500 kg) and a load limit of 198,000 pounds (89,800 kg).
1735:
1309:
702:
462:
334:
257:
561:
fields that contain volatile and/or corrosive chemicals, such as may issue from the
990:
597:
584:
325:
245:
147:
115:
88:
38:
349:
Schematic cutaway view (not to scale) of end of tank car showing major components.
216:. The accident happened in a depopulated wetlands area. Three cars experienced a
484:
The Transportation Safety Board of Canada (TSBC) investigated an occurrence near
1624:"Downsview man wants more info about dangerous freight" 11 August 2013 CBC story
1481:
557:
moved on 8 August 2013 to tighten standards for shipments of crude oil from the
499:
On 2 May 2002, a train collided with a transport truck at the Firdale, Manitoba
493:
321:
96:
46:
123:
1149:"DOT PHMSA "Safety Alert: Preliminary Guidance from Operation Classification""
1099:
Reuters: "Train carrying crude oil derails, cars ablaze in Alabama" 8 Nov 2013
705:, Canada awaiting their trip to be recycled. Photo taken on December 11, 2018.
583:), a gas which is toxic to humans and flammable, has been detected as well in
297:
633:
591:. The academic community commented in 2011 that increased concentration of H
440:
During a number of accident investigations over a period of years, the U.S.
209:
161:
157:
70:
846:
146:, including 40,000 cars in dedicated service carrying 219,000 car loads of
588:
580:
547:
252:
On 7 January 2014, 17 cars of a 122-car train derailed and exploded near
66:
320:
The body bolster pads and front sill pads are attached to the tank with
956:"Rail cars like those in Lac-MĂ©gantic disaster are prone to puncturing"
395:
30:
17:
1588:
environmentalchemistry.com website, search under "Petroleum crude oil"
987:"Lac-Mégantic : la sécurité du type de wagons déjà mise en cause"
897:"Safety rules lag as oil transport by train rises - British Columbia"
617:
399:
300:
behind each coupler that is designed to transfer longitudinal draft (
453:; and an October 20, 2006, derailment of an ethanol unit train in
431:
314:
309:
266:
122:
114:
29:
77:
heads set convex outward. They have a minimum plate thickness of
786:"Module 3: Transportation and Transfer of Ethanol-Blended Fuels"
228:
1511:
Link to Firdale, Manitoba Railway Investigation Report R02W0063
208:. The final destination for the shipment was to have been the
138:
DOT-111 cars are equipped with AAR Type E top and bottom shelf
1666:
Unclassified Safety Recommendation R-12-005-008, March 2, 2012
1137:
G+M: "U.S. issues warning over Bakken-sourced oil" 2 Jan 2014
513:
Hazardous Materials Transportation Uniform Safety Act (1990)
192:
involved a similar explosion of North Dakota crude oil. The
34:
A DOT-111 tank car, specification 111A100W1, constructed by
1566:
Montreal Gazette, 2013 08 02 report by Christopher Curtis
1210:. National Transportation Safety Board. February 14, 2012
236:
to derail one minute later. Three days later, the US DOT
1388:. National Transportation Safety Board. October 20, 2006
1288:
1286:
1268:
Sudbury Star on Lac-Megantic and rail safety 1 Aug 2013
492:
An investigative report published 3 August 2013 by the
1069:"Why Do These Tank Cars Carrying Oil Keep Blowing Up?"
717:
Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
65:
in Canada, is a type of unpressurized general service
920:"Will the Quebec Accident Derail the Oil Train Boom?"
223:
On 30 December 2013, a similar explosion occurred in
1545:"Search resumes in Lac-MĂ©gantic for 5 still missing"
1036:"Oil mars Ala. swamp months after crude train crash"
1012:
Betsy Morris; Cameron McWhirter (November 9, 2013).
636:in Illinois history. As a result of an accident in
839:Car and Locomotive Cyclopedia of American Practice
1252:
1250:
1405:
1403:
1230:"SPECIFICATIONS DOT 111A100W1 ETHANOL/METHANOL"
1062:
1060:
200:and was scheduled for a pipeline terminal in
164:to existing refineries along the coasts. The
8:
324:. At the rear edge of the front sill pad, a
1110:
1108:
1106:
644:studied several options for increasing the
1597:
1595:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1094:
1092:
1090:
27:North American tank car for rail transport
754:
752:
750:
748:
1466:
1464:
890:
888:
457:. In addition, on February 6, 2011, the
218:boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion
1500:"Railways refuse to reveal toxic cargo"
1410:Hersman, Deborah A.P. (March 2, 2012).
728:
697:A string of DOT-111 cars on the former
672:
509:United States National Research Council
339:
1638:. Progressive Railroading. May 1, 2015
1439:
1428:
1417:. National Transportation Safety Board
1367:
1356:
1335:
1324:
1279:Text of Canadian Regulation SOR-79-101
373:Draft sill structural and weld details
227:causing the town to be evacuated. The
1386:"Railroad Accident Report: RAR-08-02"
873:from the original on 24 February 2021
866:. Association of American Railroads.
408:Transportation Safety Board of Canada
7:
1726:National Transportation Safety Board
1700:National Transportation Safety Board
1674:National Transportation Safety Board
1412:"Safety Recommendation R-12-005-008"
449:; a February 9, 2003, derailment in
442:National Transportation Safety Board
166:Montreal, Maine and Atlantic Railway
1014:"Crude Oil Train Derails; Explodes"
1747:Rolling stock of the United States
565:process. Crude oil is classed as
45:of 100 psi (690 kPa), a
25:
1533:Ensuring Railroad Tank Car Safety
1067:Robbins, Michael W (2014-05-27).
642:Association of American Railroads
1710: This article incorporates
1705:
1684: This article incorporates
1679:
1658: This article incorporates
1653:
690:
675:
632:resulting in one of the largest
366:
354:
342:
184:A November 2013 derailment near
918:Philips. Matthew (2013-07-10).
759:Stancil, Paul L. (2012-02-17).
555:Federal Railroad Administration
517:Federal Railroad Administration
459:Federal Railroad Administration
1613:Holubnyak et al, SPE 141434-MS
1:
1602:Bloomberg report NP 13 August
895:Powers, Lucas (Jul 9, 2013).
511:was commissioned via the US
1482:TSBC Report Number R96M0011
954:Ha, Tu Thanh (2013-07-08).
1763:
1235:. American Railcar Leasing
1034:Reeves, Jay (2014-03-15).
624:New construction standards
538:Lac-MĂ©gantic rail disaster
535:
486:River Glade, New Brunswick
455:New Brighton, Pennsylvania
119:AAR Plate-C loading gauge.
761:"DOT-111 Tank Car Design"
1487:August 11, 2014, at the
567:Class 3 Flammable Liquid
1742:Rolling stock of Canada
1692:DOT-111 Tank Car Design
1023:(subscription required)
684:Cherry Valley, Illinois
638:Cherry Valley, Illinois
532:Lac-MĂ©gantic derailment
415:Accident investigations
225:Casselton, North Dakota
190:Pickens County, Alabama
170:Lac-MĂ©gantic derailment
1712:public domain material
1686:public domain material
1660:public domain material
1438:Cite journal requires
1366:Cite journal requires
1334:Cite journal requires
925:Bloomberg Businessweek
620:shipment information.
437:
288:
244:The oil regulator for
132:
120:
50:
612:fields of Dakota. A
435:
270:
194:Genesee & Wyoming
177:originating from the
168:runaway train in the
156:of new wells in the
150:annually in the U.S.
126:
118:
33:
1293:TSBC Report R94T0029
563:hydraulic fracturing
202:Walnut Hill, Florida
154:Hydraulic fracturing
61:, also known as the
1018:Wall Street Journal
653:, and in all cases
602:World Fuel Services
447:Superior, Wisconsin
262:Irving Oil Refinery
961:The Globe and Mail
438:
422:Railway Safety Act
289:
198:Amory, Mississippi
133:
121:
51:
701:Penetang Spur in
699:Canadian National
614:Canadian National
451:Tamaroa, Illinois
204:that is owned by
16:(Redirected from
1754:
1729:
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1709:
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1703:
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1215:
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1197:
1186:
1181:
1175:
1170:
1164:
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1161:
1160:
1151:. Archived from
1145:
1139:
1134:
1128:
1123:
1117:
1112:
1101:
1096:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1064:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1042:. Archived from
1031:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1009:
1003:
1002:
1000:
998:
983:
977:
976:
970:
968:
951:
945:
944:
939:
937:
932:on July 13, 2013
928:. Archived from
915:
909:
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906:
904:
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883:
882:
880:
878:
872:
865:
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743:
742:
733:
694:
679:
662:
661:
657:
651:normalized steel
573:Hydrogen sulfide
559:Bakken formation
479:Transport Canada
470:Westree, Ontario
385:Senate of Canada
370:
358:
346:
285:aqueous solution
282:sodium hydroxide
277:specific gravity
234:Bakken formation
179:Bakken formation
97:high alloy steel
86:
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59:DOT-111 tank car
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1547:. July 21, 2013
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646:crashworthiness
640:, in 2009, the
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273:gross rail load
214:Mobile, Alabama
175:light crude oil
144:dangerous goods
140:Janney couplers
129:dangerous goods
113:
83:
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28:
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15:
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1208:NTSB/RAR-12/01
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993:. July 8, 2013
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206:Genesis Energy
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105:fusion welding
93:aluminum alloy
55:rail transport
36:fusion welding
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1522:Firdale wreck
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1155:on 2014-01-08
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1046:on 2014-03-15
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44:
43:test pressure
40:
37:
32:
19:
1717:
1691:
1665:
1652:
1640:. Retrieved
1630:
1619:
1608:
1583:
1572:
1561:
1549:. Retrieved
1539:
1528:
1517:
1506:
1495:
1477:
1452:
1431:cite journal
1419:. Retrieved
1390:. Retrieved
1380:
1359:cite journal
1348:
1327:cite journal
1316:
1305:
1299:
1274:
1263:
1237:. Retrieved
1224:
1212:. Retrieved
1207:
1179:
1168:
1157:. Retrieved
1153:the original
1143:
1132:
1121:
1078:. Retrieved
1074:Mother Jones
1072:
1048:. Retrieved
1044:the original
1039:
1029:
1017:
1007:
995:. Retrieved
991:Radio-Canada
981:
972:
965:. Retrieved
959:
949:
941:
934:. Retrieved
930:the original
923:
913:
901:. Retrieved
875:. Retrieved
855:
838:
833:
817:
801:
789:. Retrieved
780:
768:. Retrieved
731:
665:
627:
607:
598:Bakken crude
585:Bakken crude
571:
552:
544:Lac-MĂ©gantic
541:
506:
498:
491:
483:
475:
467:
439:
418:
393:
390:
382:
331:
322:fillet welds
319:
304:) and buff (
295:
292:Construction
254:Plaster Rock
251:
246:North Dakota
243:
222:
212:refinery in
183:
152:
148:ethanol fuel
137:
134:
101:nickel plate
89:carbon steel
62:
58:
52:
39:carbon steel
1642:January 14,
877:24 February
823:49 CFR
807:49 CFR
737:49 CFR
494:Brandon Sun
379:Regulations
335:hand brakes
306:compression
57:, the U.S.
47:tare weight
1736:Categories
1310:RSA Review
1159:2014-01-08
1080:2014-07-01
1050:2014-03-15
1040:Missoulian
899:. CBC News
826:179.200-10
724:References
634:fish kills
630:Rock River
536:See also:
298:draft gear
186:Aliceville
71:elliptical
974:derailed.
810:179.200-7
740:179.200-3
428:Completed
326:butt weld
210:Shell Oil
162:crude oil
158:shale oil
103:steel by
1551:July 21,
1485:Archived
1471:R95D0016
868:Archived
711:See also
589:Enbridge
581:sour gas
548:Enbridge
411:gases."
67:tank car
1421:10 July
1392:10 July
1239:12 July
1214:12 July
997:July 8,
967:10 July
936:11 July
903:10 July
847:5245643
791:10 July
719:(PHMSA)
668:DOT-117
658:⁄
553:The US
515:by the
396:propane
383:A 2013
302:tension
82:⁄
18:DOT 111
845:
770:9 July
618:HAZMAT
610:Bakken
524:
400:butane
388:1:40.
315:trucks
310:forces
75:formed
63:TC-111
1722:(PDF)
1714:from
1696:(PDF)
1688:from
1670:(PDF)
1662:from
1415:(PDF)
1233:(PDF)
1204:(PDF)
871:(PDF)
864:(PDF)
764:(PDF)
402:, or
238:PHMSA
188:, in
111:Usage
99:, or
1644:2017
1553:2013
1444:help
1423:2013
1394:2013
1372:help
1340:help
1241:2013
1216:2013
999:2013
969:2013
938:2013
905:2013
879:2021
843:OCLC
793:2013
772:2013
522:ISBN
507:The
229:BNSF
587:by
579:S,
406:.
53:In
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